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Mokilese language

December 28, 2022

Mokilese also known as Mwoakilloan, Mwokilese, or Mwoakilese is a Micronesian language originally spoken on Mwoakilloa, Federated States of Micronesia. Of the 1200 Mokilese speakers, only about 500 live on Mwoakilloa.[2]

Mokilese
Mwoakilloa
Native toMicronesia
RegionMwoakilloa
Native speakers
(1,500 cited 1979–2010)[1]
Latin script
Language codes
ISO 639-3mkj
Glottologmoki1238
ELPMokilese

Introduction

History

Mokilese originated from the Mokil (or Mwoakilloa) Atoll, but speakers have also migrated approximately 100 miles west, to the Pohnpei Islands, and parts of the United States. Mwoakilloa and Pohnpei are both geographically part of the Caroline Islands just above Papua New Guinea. Mwoakilloa is a district of the outlying islands of Pohnpei of the Federated States of Micronesia.

Before Western contact, Mokilese only had contact with its neighboring islands: Pohnpei, Pingelap, Kosrae, and the Marshall Islands. After Spanish explorers "rediscovered" Mokil Atoll, they colonized it in 1886 (Hezel, 1992). Shortly after they lost the Spanish-American War in 1898, they sold it to Germany (Encyclopædia Britannica, 2014). Later, in 1914, it was seized by Japan and heavily fortified during World War II, until Japan surrendered and passed it on to the United States in August 1945 (Hezel, 1992). Thereafter, it became a part of the UN trust territory under U.S. jurisdiction in 1947 until the trust territory dissolved in 1986 (Encyclopædia Britannica, 2014).

Population

Mokilese is both the name of the Mokil population and the language which they speak. It is currently spoken on Mokil Atoll, the Pohnpei Islands, and in some parts of the United States. There are only approximately 1,500 speakers of this language left. 1,050 of whom reside in Micronesia; a little over 900 in Pohnpei and less than 150 in Mokil Atoll. The other 450 speakers are scattered across the United States (Lewis, Simons, & Fennig, 2013). Although this language originated in Mokil Atoll, there are now only around 150 speakers who live in Mokil Atoll, while the rest live in diaspora communities ―approximately 100 miles west― to Pohnpei, where they remain until this day (Rehg & Bender, 1990).

Classification

Mokilese is a Micronesian language, and therefore, a part of the Austronesian language family. Mokilese belongs to the Pohnpeic subgrouping, and is the sister language of Pingelapese and Pohnpeian. Mokilese shares approximately 79% lexical similarity with Pingelapese, and 75% with Pohnapeian (Lewis, Simons, & Fennig, 2013).

Sounds

Consonants

Mokilese has the following simple consonant phonemes:

In addition Mokilese constrasts between simple and geminate consonants and each consonant above has a geminate pair.[3] For example likkoau (clothes) contrasts with likoau (chapped). Geminate consonants only occur between vowels.[3]

Vowels

Mokilese has 7 simple phonemic vowels distinguishing between short and long varieties of each.

Although distinguished in the phonology /e/ and /ɛ/ are not distinguished in Mokilese orthography both being written ⟨e⟩.[3]

Mokilese also allows triphthongs in their language, which is rare among the Pacific languages.

  • jaua – sweet taro
  • doau – climb

Syllable structure

Mokilese uses words which begin and end with a consonant, begin and end with a vowel, begin with a vowel and end with a consonant, and even ones that begin with a consonant and end with a vowel. However, this does not mean that there are no rule at all. Mokilese syllables still maintain a set of rules as explained by Harrison and Albert (1976):

  1. In Mokilese, a sequence of consonants within a word does not normally belong to the same syllable, because it is difficult[clarification needed] to produce a sequence like CCV. If two consonants come together within a word, place a syllable boundary between them. (Remember that ng is a single consonant even though it is written with two letters.)
    angkoa 'anchor' ang-koa
    dipkelkel 'to stumble' dip-kel-kel
    janjal 'clear' jan-jal
  1. If a single consonant occurs between two vowels within a word, place a syllable boundary before the consonant.
    dangahnga 'lazy' da-ngah-nga
    widek 'to pour' wi-dek
    pere 'room' pe-re
  1. If two vowels come together within a word, place a syllable boundary between them.
    duhrion 'kind of tree' duh-ri-on
    injinjued 'sad' in-jin-ju-ed
    kia 'to not want' ki-a

Historical sound changes

Mokilese reflexes of Proto Oceanic consonants[4]
Proto Oceanic *mp *mp,ŋp *p *m *m,ŋm *k *ŋk *ŋ *y *w *t *s,nj *ns,j *j *nt,nd *d,R *l *n *ɲ
Proto Micronesian *p *pʷ *f *m *mʷ *k *x *ŋ *y *w *t *T *s *S *Z *c *r *l *n *ɲ
Proto Chuukic–Pohnpeic *p *pʷ *f *m *mʷ *k *∅,r[nb 1] *ŋ *y *w *t *j *t *t ∅ *c *r *l *n *ɲ
Proto-Pohnpeic *p[nb 2] *pʷ *p, ∅[nb 3] *m *mʷ *k *∅,r[nb 1] *ŋ *y *w *j,∅[nb 2]{_i,u,e[nb 4]} *j *t *t ∅ * c *r *l *n *∅,n{high V_}
Mokilese *p[nb 2] *pʷ *p, ∅[nb 3] *m *mʷ *k *∅,r[nb 1] *ŋ *∅,y *w *j[nb 2],∅{_i,u,e[nb 4]} *j *t̻ *t̻ ∅ *s *r *l *n *∅,n{high V_}
  1. ^ a b c Before /a/.
  2. ^ a b c d In the Pohnpeic languages, geminate obstruents are realized as homorganic nasal-obstruent clusters.
  3. ^ a b Often before /i/.
  4. ^ a b The reflex is *∅ sporadically before PMc *e.

Grammar

Basic word order

The basic word order for Mokilese is Subject-Verb-Object (Harrison & Albert, 1976).

ex. Woal lapp-o loakjid phon woss-o. Man old-that to fish on reef-that That old man is fishing on the reef.

This example shows the subject (man) comes first, then the verb (to fish), and lastly, the object (reef).

Reduplication

There are many forms of reduplication in Mokilese. The most common reduplication form is a reduplication of the first CVC of a word.

  • poadok –to plant something
    • poadpoadok – to be planting something
  • loang – fly
    • loangloang – full of flies

Next, there's the CVh reduplication form. This is the reduplication of the first CV of a word and lengthening of the vowel with /h/.

  • wia – to do
    • wihwi'a – to be doing
  • no – a wave
    • nohno – many waves

Another reduplication form Mokilese has is VCC. When reduplicating VC, the consonant is also geminated.

  • oapi – to pull something
    • oappoap – to pull
  • ir – to string
    • irrir – to be stringing

There is also the CV reduplication, which reduplicates the first CV of a word. However, sometimes the CV reduplication can become CVV.

  • mwahl – bad
    • mwamwahl – to treat badly
  • doa – to sew something
    • doadoa – to sew

Lastly, there is also the CVC reduplication form. CVC reduplicates the last CVC of a word rather than the first, and it is also a suffix, unlike the other forms, which are prefixes.

  • pwirej – dirt
    • pwirejrej – dirty
  • sakai – rock
    • sakaikai – rocky

Numerals

Mokilese has a base 10 counting system. Rather than having just one set of numbers, Mokilese has four sets, each used to count different things. Each number consist of a numeral prefix and a numeral classifier. Most of the numeral prefixes are similar across the four different sets, it is the general classifier that distinguishes one set from another. The four general classifiers are –w, –men, –pas, and –kij, as shown in the chart below.

-w -men -pas -kij
One e-w e-men e-pas e-kif
Two ria-w roah-men rah-pas riah-kij
Three jilu-w jil-men jil-pas jil-kij
Four pah-w pah-men pah-pas pah-kij
Five limoa-w lim-men lim-pas lim-kij
Six wono-w won-men won-pas won-kij
Seven iju-w ij-men ij-pas ij-kij
Eight walu-w wal-men wal-pas wal-lij
Nine duoa-w doh-man doh-pas doh-kij

–w is a general classifier; it is used to count numbers and describe other objects that are not covered by the other number classifiers.

  • puk riaw – two books

-men describes animate nouns such as people, bird, animal, fish, etc.

  • woal roahmen – two men

-pas is used to describe long objects like pencil, canoe, songs, stories, road, etc.

  • suhkoa rahpas – two trees

-kij is for describing things that have parts and pieces such as slices of bread, sheets of paper, fragment of a mirror, etc.

  • wija ijkij – seven pieces of land

Mokilese's numerals can also reach up to the billions. However, most of the higher numerals are rarely used because there are only so many things that they would need to count in millions or billions.

Vocabulary

Indigenous vocabulary

  • soa - leaf
  • ros - dark
  • ringoaingoai - thin
  • pik - sand
  • war - canoe
  • doahk - dog
  • ad - name

Loanwords

Mokilese has borrowed numerous words from languages of foreigners who traveled into Micronesia, as well as from other Micronesian languages. Some Micronesian languages that influenced Mokilese were Pohnpeian, Marshallese, Pingelapese, and Kusaiean (Rehg & Bender, 1990). The reason why Mokilese borrowed words from these languages was because they had lived in close contact with the people of these islands for many years. Because of how this borrowing occurred, it is hard to tell exactly when the words were borrowed, especially since there were hardly any documentations from back then. On top of that, not all loanwords are easy to identify because these languages are all, more or less, closely related to Mokilese. Sheldon P. Harrison (1976) believed there to be more loanwords from other Micronesian languages, but "it is difficult to tell exactly how many because of the problems in distinguishing such borrowings from native Mokilese words." With that said, a few loanwords from these places have been identified.

Words derived from Pohnpeian:

  • indan – popular
  • pohnkahke – lazy
  • rahnmwahu – greetings
  • wahnpoaroan – minister

Words derived from Marshallese:

  • moado – skilled navigator
  • mej – exhausted

Word derived from Marshallese:

  • doa – sugar cane

Mokilese also borrowed words from foreign languages such as German, Spanish, Japanese, and English. These borrowings occurred due to colonization. The first of these languages to come in contact with Mokilese was Spanish, which occurred in the 16th century, when Spanish explorers discovered Micronesia (Hezel, 1992). Then they colonized the Mokil Atoll in 1886. Shortly after, Spain sold the island to Germany after they lost the Spanish–American War in 1898 (Encyclopædia Britannica, 2014). Later, in 1914, the island was seized by Japan in 1919, and heavily fortified during World War II, until they surrendered and passed it on to United States in August 1945 (Hezel, 1992). Thereafter, it became part of a UN trust territory under U.S. jurisdiction in 1947 until the trust territory dissolved in 1986 (Encyclopædia Britannica, 2014). All this outside contact introduced many loanwords to Mokilese, although there are only a few for Spanish and German because their contact durations were shorter.

Word derived from Spanish:

  • pwohla (ball), compare with pelota
  • mihsa (mass), compare with masa

Word derived from German:

  • dois (Germany), compare with Deutsch
  • mahk (mark/German money), compare with Mark

Word derived from Japanese:

  • sasimi (raw fish), from 刺身 (sashimi)
  • middo (catcher's mitt), from ミット (mitto)
  • aramaki (belly band), from 腹巻き (haramaki)
  • ansu (apricot tree), from 杏子 (anzu)
  • ohdai (bandage), from 包帯 (hōtai)
  • jidohsa (car), from じどうしゃ (jidosha)
  • jikeng (test), from 試験 (shiken)
  • pehnggohsi (defender), from 弁護士 (bengoshi)

Word derived from English (before WWII):

  • sehpil (table)
  • jip (ship)
  • kepden (captain)
  • ama (hammer)
  • pilahwa (flour, bread)
  • roam (rum)
  • ju (shoe)
  • ehl (Hell)
  • krihn (green)
  • inj (inch)
  • dainj (dance)

Word derived from English (after WWII):

  • delpwohn (telephone)
  • kias (gasoline)
  • klohraks (bleach)
  • kirajiweid (graduate)
  • koangkiris (congress)

Endangerment

Vitality

Mokilese is an endangered language. It is only spoken at home, and the language acquisition is getting worse with each generation. This is because the younger generations are not fluent speakers, they prefer learning Pohnpeian and English instead, so only the elders and adults are actually fluent (Poll, 2013). This is just for the Mokilese speakers in Pohnpei and Mokil Atoll; the speakers in the U. S. are all old and have no domains of use, so when they die, there will be no more speakers in the United States (Lewis, Simons, & Fennig, 2013). On top of that, Mokilese not only does not have government recognition, there is not even a single school that teaches Mokilese (Poll, 2013).

Materials

Not only is the Mokilese language endangered, it also lacks extensive documentation. The complete published resources are a Mokilese-English Dictionary (Harrison & Albert, 1977) and a Mokilese Reference Grammar (Harrison & Albert, 1976). However these resources are fairly outdated since they were written in the 1960s and the language is changing rapidly. Other physical materials in Mokilese are books of chants, songs, accounts and tales of Mokil Atoll, which are few. There is also one short interview video, and a couple of war dance videos on YouTube. However, there are no websites, TV shows, or radio stations in their language.

Further reading

References

  1. ^ Mokilese at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com/.
  3. ^ a b c d e Harrison, Sheldon; Albert, Salich (1976), Mokilese Reference Grammar (PDF), University Press of Hawaii, ISBN 0824804120, OL 4875789M
  4. ^ Bender, Byron W. (2003). "Proto-Micronesian Reconstructions: 1". Oceanic Linguistics. 42 (1): 4, 5. doi:10.2307/3623449. JSTOR 3623449.

External links

    December 28, 2022
    mokilese, language, mokilese, also, known, mwoakilloan, mwokilese, mwoakilese, micronesian, language, originally, spoken, mwoakilloa, federated, states, micronesia, 1200, mokilese, speakers, only, about, live, mwoakilloa, mokilesemwoakilloanative, tomicronesia. Mokilese also known as Mwoakilloan Mwokilese or Mwoakilese is a Micronesian language originally spoken on Mwoakilloa Federated States of Micronesia Of the 1200 Mokilese speakers only about 500 live on Mwoakilloa 2 MokileseMwoakilloaNative toMicronesiaRegionMwoakilloaNative speakers 1 500 cited 1979 2010 1 Language familyAustronesian Malayo PolynesianOceanicMicronesianNuclear MicronesianChuukic PohnpeicPohnpeicMokileseWriting systemLatin scriptLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code mkj class extiw title iso639 3 mkj mkj a Glottologmoki1238ELPMokilese Contents 1 Introduction 1 1 History 1 2 Population 1 3 Classification 2 Sounds 2 1 Consonants 2 2 Vowels 2 3 Syllable structure 2 4 Historical sound changes 3 Grammar 3 1 Basic word order 3 2 Reduplication 3 3 Numerals 4 Vocabulary 4 1 Indigenous vocabulary 4 2 Loanwords 5 Endangerment 5 1 Vitality 5 2 Materials 6 Further reading 7 References 8 External linksIntroduction EditHistory Edit Mokilese originated from the Mokil or Mwoakilloa Atoll but speakers have also migrated approximately 100 miles west to the Pohnpei Islands and parts of the United States Mwoakilloa and Pohnpei are both geographically part of the Caroline Islands just above Papua New Guinea Mwoakilloa is a district of the outlying islands of Pohnpei of the Federated States of Micronesia Before Western contact Mokilese only had contact with its neighboring islands Pohnpei Pingelap Kosrae and the Marshall Islands After Spanish explorers rediscovered Mokil Atoll they colonized it in 1886 Hezel 1992 Shortly after they lost the Spanish American War in 1898 they sold it to Germany Encyclopaedia Britannica 2014 Later in 1914 it was seized by Japan and heavily fortified during World War II until Japan surrendered and passed it on to the United States in August 1945 Hezel 1992 Thereafter it became a part of the UN trust territory under U S jurisdiction in 1947 until the trust territory dissolved in 1986 Encyclopaedia Britannica 2014 Population Edit Mokilese is both the name of the Mokil population and the language which they speak It is currently spoken on Mokil Atoll the Pohnpei Islands and in some parts of the United States There are only approximately 1 500 speakers of this language left 1 050 of whom reside in Micronesia a little over 900 in Pohnpei and less than 150 in Mokil Atoll The other 450 speakers are scattered across the United States Lewis Simons amp Fennig 2013 Although this language originated in Mokil Atoll there are now only around 150 speakers who live in Mokil Atoll while the rest live in diaspora communities approximately 100 miles west to Pohnpei where they remain until this day Rehg amp Bender 1990 Classification Edit Mokilese is a Micronesian language and therefore a part of the Austronesian language family Mokilese belongs to the Pohnpeic subgrouping and is the sister language of Pingelapese and Pohnpeian Mokilese shares approximately 79 lexical similarity with Pingelapese and 75 with Pohnapeian Lewis Simons amp Fennig 2013 Sounds EditConsonants Edit Mokilese has the following simple consonant phonemes Consonants in Mokilese 3 Labial Alveolar DorsalBilabial Labio velarNasal m mʷ n ŋStop p pʷ d kFricative sApproximant l jTrill rIn addition Mokilese constrasts between simple and geminate consonants and each consonant above has a geminate pair 3 For example likkoau clothes contrasts with likoau chapped Geminate consonants only occur between vowels 3 Vowels Edit Mokilese has 7 simple phonemic vowels distinguishing between short and long varieties of each Vowels in Mokilese 3 Front BackClose i iː u uːClose mid e eː o oːOpen mid ɛ ɛː ɔ ɔːOpen a aːAlthough distinguished in the phonology e and ɛ are not distinguished in Mokilese orthography both being written e 3 Mokilese also allows triphthongs in their language which is rare among the Pacific languages jaua sweet taro doau climbSyllable structure Edit Mokilese uses words which begin and end with a consonant begin and end with a vowel begin with a vowel and end with a consonant and even ones that begin with a consonant and end with a vowel However this does not mean that there are no rule at all Mokilese syllables still maintain a set of rules as explained by Harrison and Albert 1976 In Mokilese a sequence of consonants within a word does not normally belong to the same syllable because it is difficult clarification needed to produce a sequence like CCV If two consonants come together within a word place a syllable boundary between them Remember that ng is a single consonant even though it is written with two letters angkoa anchor ang koa dipkelkel to stumble dip kel kel janjal clear jan jalIf a single consonant occurs between two vowels within a word place a syllable boundary before the consonant dangahnga lazy da ngah nga widek to pour wi dek pere room pe reIf two vowels come together within a word place a syllable boundary between them duhrion kind of tree duh ri on injinjued sad in jin ju ed kia to not want ki aHistorical sound changes Edit Mokilese reflexes of Proto Oceanic consonants 4 Proto Oceanic mp mp ŋp p m m ŋm k ŋk ŋ y w t s nj ns j j nt nd d R l n ɲProto Micronesian p pʷ f m mʷ k x ŋ y w t T s S Z c r l n ɲProto Chuukic Pohnpeic p pʷ f m mʷ k r nb 1 ŋ y w t j t t c r l n ɲProto Pohnpeic p nb 2 pʷ p nb 3 m mʷ k r nb 1 ŋ y w j nb 2 i u e nb 4 j t t c r l n n high V Mokilese p nb 2 pʷ p nb 3 m mʷ k r nb 1 ŋ y w j nb 2 i u e nb 4 j t t s r l n n high V a b c Before a a b c d In the Pohnpeic languages geminate obstruents are realized as homorganic nasal obstruent clusters a b Often before i a b The reflex is sporadically before PMc e Grammar EditBasic word order Edit The basic word order for Mokilese is Subject Verb Object Harrison amp Albert 1976 ex Woal lapp o loakjid phon woss o Man old that to fish on reef that That old man is fishing on the reef This example shows the subject man comes first then the verb to fish and lastly the object reef Reduplication Edit There are many forms of reduplication in Mokilese The most common reduplication form is a reduplication of the first CVC of a word poadok to plant something poadpoadok to be planting something loang fly loangloang full of fliesNext there s the CVh reduplication form This is the reduplication of the first CV of a word and lengthening of the vowel with h wia to do wihwi a to be doing no a wave nohno many wavesAnother reduplication form Mokilese has is VCC When reduplicating VC the consonant is also geminated oapi to pull something oappoap to pull ir to string irrir to be stringingThere is also the CV reduplication which reduplicates the first CV of a word However sometimes the CV reduplication can become CVV mwahl bad mwamwahl to treat badly doa to sew something doadoa to sewLastly there is also the CVC reduplication form CVC reduplicates the last CVC of a word rather than the first and it is also a suffix unlike the other forms which are prefixes pwirej dirt pwirejrej dirty sakai rock sakaikai rockyNumerals Edit Mokilese has a base 10 counting system Rather than having just one set of numbers Mokilese has four sets each used to count different things Each number consist of a numeral prefix and a numeral classifier Most of the numeral prefixes are similar across the four different sets it is the general classifier that distinguishes one set from another The four general classifiers are w men pas and kij as shown in the chart below w men pas kijOne e w e men e pas e kifTwo ria w roah men rah pas riah kijThree jilu w jil men jil pas jil kijFour pah w pah men pah pas pah kijFive limoa w lim men lim pas lim kijSix wono w won men won pas won kijSeven iju w ij men ij pas ij kijEight walu w wal men wal pas wal lijNine duoa w doh man doh pas doh kij w is a general classifier it is used to count numbers and describe other objects that are not covered by the other number classifiers puk riaw two books men describes animate nouns such as people bird animal fish etc woal roahmen two men pas is used to describe long objects like pencil canoe songs stories road etc suhkoa rahpas two trees kij is for describing things that have parts and pieces such as slices of bread sheets of paper fragment of a mirror etc wija ijkij seven pieces of landMokilese s numerals can also reach up to the billions However most of the higher numerals are rarely used because there are only so many things that they would need to count in millions or billions Vocabulary EditThis article or section should specify the language of its non English content using lang transliteration for transliterated languages and IPA for phonetic transcriptions with an appropriate ISO 639 code Wikipedia s multilingual support templates may also be used See why December 2021 Indigenous vocabulary Edit soa leaf ros dark ringoaingoai thin pik sand war canoe doahk dog ad nameLoanwords Edit Mokilese has borrowed numerous words from languages of foreigners who traveled into Micronesia as well as from other Micronesian languages Some Micronesian languages that influenced Mokilese were Pohnpeian Marshallese Pingelapese and Kusaiean Rehg amp Bender 1990 The reason why Mokilese borrowed words from these languages was because they had lived in close contact with the people of these islands for many years Because of how this borrowing occurred it is hard to tell exactly when the words were borrowed especially since there were hardly any documentations from back then On top of that not all loanwords are easy to identify because these languages are all more or less closely related to Mokilese Sheldon P Harrison 1976 believed there to be more loanwords from other Micronesian languages but it is difficult to tell exactly how many because of the problems in distinguishing such borrowings from native Mokilese words With that said a few loanwords from these places have been identified Words derived from Pohnpeian indan popular pohnkahke lazy rahnmwahu greetings wahnpoaroan ministerWords derived from Marshallese moado skilled navigator mej exhaustedWord derived from Marshallese doa sugar caneMokilese also borrowed words from foreign languages such as German Spanish Japanese and English These borrowings occurred due to colonization The first of these languages to come in contact with Mokilese was Spanish which occurred in the 16th century when Spanish explorers discovered Micronesia Hezel 1992 Then they colonized the Mokil Atoll in 1886 Shortly after Spain sold the island to Germany after they lost the Spanish American War in 1898 Encyclopaedia Britannica 2014 Later in 1914 the island was seized by Japan in 1919 and heavily fortified during World War II until they surrendered and passed it on to United States in August 1945 Hezel 1992 Thereafter it became part of a UN trust territory under U S jurisdiction in 1947 until the trust territory dissolved in 1986 Encyclopaedia Britannica 2014 All this outside contact introduced many loanwords to Mokilese although there are only a few for Spanish and German because their contact durations were shorter Word derived from Spanish pwohla ball compare with pelota mihsa mass compare with masaWord derived from German dois Germany compare with Deutsch mahk mark German money compare with MarkWord derived from Japanese sasimi raw fish from 刺身 sashimi middo catcher s mitt from ミット mitto aramaki belly band from 腹巻き haramaki ansu apricot tree from 杏子 anzu ohdai bandage from 包帯 hōtai jidohsa car from じどうしゃ jidosha jikeng test from 試験 shiken pehnggohsi defender from 弁護士 bengoshi Word derived from English before WWII sehpil table jip ship kepden captain ama hammer pilahwa flour bread roam rum ju shoe ehl Hell krihn green inj inch dainj dance Word derived from English after WWII delpwohn telephone kias gasoline klohraks bleach kirajiweid graduate koangkiris congress Endangerment EditVitality Edit Mokilese is an endangered language It is only spoken at home and the language acquisition is getting worse with each generation This is because the younger generations are not fluent speakers they prefer learning Pohnpeian and English instead so only the elders and adults are actually fluent Poll 2013 This is just for the Mokilese speakers in Pohnpei and Mokil Atoll the speakers in the U S are all old and have no domains of use so when they die there will be no more speakers in the United States Lewis Simons amp Fennig 2013 On top of that Mokilese not only does not have government recognition there is not even a single school that teaches Mokilese Poll 2013 Materials Edit Not only is the Mokilese language endangered it also lacks extensive documentation The complete published resources are a Mokilese English Dictionary Harrison amp Albert 1977 and a Mokilese Reference Grammar Harrison amp Albert 1976 However these resources are fairly outdated since they were written in the 1960s and the language is changing rapidly Other physical materials in Mokilese are books of chants songs accounts and tales of Mokil Atoll which are few There is also one short interview video and a couple of war dance videos on YouTube However there are no websites TV shows or radio stations in their language Further reading EditEncyclopaedia Britannica 2014 Caroline Islands archipelago Pacific Ocean Encyclopaedia Britannica http www britannica com EBchecked topic 96488 Caroline Islands Harrison S P amp Albert S Y 1976 Mokilese Reference Grammar Honolulu University Press of Hawaii Harrison S P amp Albert S Y 1977 Mokilese English Dictionary Honolulu University Press of Hawaii Hezel F X 1992 The Expensive Taste for Modernity Caroline and Marshall Islands from Micronesian Seminar http micsem org pubs articles historical frames exptstmodfr htm Poll D 2013 July 23 Mokilese language use status and importance K D Harrison Interviewer Retrieved February 11 2014 from http www endangeredlanguages com lang 4672 samples 8393 Rehg K L amp Bender B W 1990 JSTOR Oceanic Linguistics Vol 29 No 1 Summer Lexical Transfer from Marshallese to Mokilese A Case of Intra Micronesian Borrowing 1990 pp 1 26 Oceanic Linguistics 29 1 1 26 https www jstor org stable 3623202References Edit Mokilese at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Lewis M Paul ed 2009 Ethnologue Languages of the World Sixteenth edition Dallas Tex SIL International Online version http www ethnologue com a b c d e Harrison Sheldon Albert Salich 1976 Mokilese Reference Grammar PDF University Press of Hawaii ISBN 0824804120 OL 4875789M Bender Byron W 2003 Proto Micronesian Reconstructions 1 Oceanic Linguistics 42 1 4 5 doi 10 2307 3623449 JSTOR 3623449 External links EditA Mokilese Grammar Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mokilese language amp oldid 1093095039, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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