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International recognition of Transnistria

January 31, 2023

International recognition of Transnistria (also known as Pridnestrovie) – a disputed region in Eastern Europe located between Moldova and Ukraine – is controversial. Although Transnistria declared independence in 1990, no United Nations member recognises its sovereignty and the region is considered by the UN to be part of Moldova. Currently, only Abkhazia, the Republic of Artsakh and South Ossetia recognise its independence, all themselves states with limited recognition. Despite not officially recognizing Transnistria's independence, Russia has close relations with Transnistria and even established a consulate in the territory.

History

Main article: Political status of Transnistria

In 1990, a Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR (PMR) was proclaimed in the region by a number of conservative local Soviet officials opposed to perestroika. This action was immediately declared void by the then General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Moldova, including Transnistria, became independent. The PMR side said Moldova's declaration of independence was ill-conceived and that it considers the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact to be null and void. The PMR side argues that if this is so, then the Moldovans themselves had agreed to relinquish Transnistria, as this territory never belonged to Moldova, nor to Romania before the signing of the agreement between the USSR and Germany.

During the 1992 Transnistria War some villages changed hands between the PMR government and Moldova proper. PMR forces have often clashed with Moldova's representatives.

Foreign policy

Government documents from Transnistria state that the republic has "established and maintained friendly relations with countries seeking recognition." To this end, it said that relations would continue to develop in a friendly manner with the three states/political entities it has relations with: the Republic of Abkhazia, the Republic of Artsakh, and the Republic of South Ossetia.

It sought to have relations with other foreign countries and international organizations, especially those of Europe, which were seen as "of paramount importance". The pro-European orientation was a consequence of a "general understanding of fundamental values of the world civilization. A lot of Pridnestrovian foreign interests lie in this area. The importance of a harmonic inclusion of Pridnestrovie into the international democratic community makes necessary an active cooperation." Another avenue of importance was cooperation with the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe because its importance "as a mediator in the negotiation process between Moldova and Pridnestrovie... in ensuring regional stability." Transnistria's goal was to "rest on the European experience in the future for its positive political, economic, scientific and technical, and cultural development."[1]

Transnistria is member state of the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations. The government of Moldova does not actively prevent or seek to prevent representatives of other states from interacting with the government of Transnistria.[2]

States which formally recognise Transnistria as independent

 
International recognition of Transnistria
  Transnistria
  States that recognise Transnistria as independent (all unrecognised or partially recognised)

UN non-member states

Entity Date of recognition Notes
  Abkhazia 22 January 1993 or before[note 1] Mutual recognition.[3]
  Artsakh 4 July 2001 or before[note 1] Mutual recognition.[1][4]
  South Ossetia 12 October 1994 or before[note 1] Mutual recognition.[3]

States that do not recognise Transnistria as independent

UN member states

State Notes
  Albania Along with other states on the Council Common Position 2009/139/CFSP of 16 February 2009 Albania supported "renewing restrictive measures against the leadership of the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova."[5]
  Belarus Officially Belarus does not recognise Transnistria as independent.[6] De facto Belarusian corporations and officials treat Transnistria as independent.[7][8][9][10][11][12]
  Bosnia and Herzegovina Along with other states on the Council Common Position 2009/139/CFSP of 16 February 2009 Bosnia supported "renewing restrictive measures against the leadership of the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova."[5]
  Croatia Along with other states on the Council Common Position 2009/139/CFSP of 16 February 2009 Croatia supported "renewing restrictive measures against the leadership of the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova."[5]
  Georgia Along with other states on the Council Common Position 2009/139/CFSP of 16 February 2009 Georgia supported "renewing restrictive measures against the leadership of the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova."[5]
  Liechtenstein Along with other states on the Council Common Position 2009/139/CFSP of 16 February 2009 Liechtenstein supported "renewing restrictive measures against the leadership of the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova."[5]
  North Macedonia Along with other states on the Council Common Position 2009/139/CFSP of 16 February 2009 North Macedonia supported "renewing restrictive measures against the leadership of the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova."[5]
  Moldova Moldova's Prime Minister Vlad Filat wanted to see the Russian army presence replaced with an international civil mission and hoped for European support.[13] Deputy Prime Minister Victor Osipov said that Moldova was a European problem. When the EU passed the Lisbon Treaty and created the new position of High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy he said "The results of these efforts (to have more powerful tools for an effective foreign policy) will be very important, along with the place that the Transnistrian problem will occupy on the agenda of the EU and its new institution. Our task here is to attract attention to the Transnistrian problem, precisely so that it will occupy a higher place in the foreign and security policy agenda of the EU. We will always seek a solution through peaceful means, but we should never forget that we are talking about a conflict. We are talking about an administration [in the city of Tiraspol] that has and is developing military capabilities and a very fragile situation that could deteriorate and create risky situations in the East of Europe. This affects the Republic of Moldova, Ukraine, Russia and Romania – because Romania is not indifferent to the developments – and other countries from the region. Experiences from other frozen conflicts show that it is not a good idea to wait until a major incident happens."[14]
  Montenegro Along with other states on the Council Common Position 2009/139/CFSP of 16 February 2009 Montenegro supported "renewing restrictive measures against the leadership of the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova."[5]
  Norway Along with other states on the Council Common Position 2009/139/CFSP of 16 February 2009 Norway supported "renewing restrictive measures against the leadership of the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova."[5]
  Russia
Main article: Russia–Transnistria relations
During a visit to Kyiv, President Dmitri Medvedev said he supported "special status" for Transnistria and recognised the "important and stabilising" role of the Russian army.[13] There have been calls from Russian figures to recognize the separatist republic.[15] However, to date, Russia officially recognizes Moldovan sovereignty over Transnistria.
  Serbia Along with other states on the Council Common Position 2009/139/CFSP of 16 February 2009 Serbia supported "renewing restrictive measures against the leadership of the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova."[5] In November 2015 Serbian politicians participated in a conference in Tiraspol. At the end of the conference, those politicians adopted a resolution, which proclaimed that the "Transnistrian Moldovan Republic (PMR) and the Republic of Serbia are interested in broadening their multifaceted cooperation with the Russian Federation, including in the military-political sphere."[16]
  Turkey Along with other states on the Council Common Position 2009/139/CFSP of 16 February 2009 Turkey supported "renewing restrictive measures against the leadership of the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova."[5]
  Ukraine
Main article: Transnistria–Ukraine relations
In June 1992, then Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk said that Ukraine would guarantee the independence of Transnistria in case of a Moldovan-Romanian union.[17] Over the following two decades Ukraine had an ambivalent relationship with Transnistria. In 2014, then Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko has said that Pridnestrovie is not a sovereign state, but rather, the name of a region along the Ukraine–Moldova border.[18] In 2017, Transnistrian president Vadim Krasnoselsky said that Transnistria had "traditionally good relations with (Ukraine), we want to maintain them" and "we must build our relations with Ukraine – this is an objective necessity".[19]

Positions taken by international organizations

Organization Notes
  European Union European Union took note of and welcomed "the objectives of Council Common Position 2009/139/CFSP of 16 February 2009, renewing restrictive measures against the leadership of the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova".[5] The EU was asked to restart negotiations for the 5+2 format.[13]
  Commonwealth of Independent States In June 2015, the Secretary General of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), Nikolay Bordyuzha, said that "[there] is no military solution to [the] Transnistria conflict. If a war breaks out in the region it will last for a long time and cause great bloodshed."[20]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c The date when Abkhazia, Artsakh, South Ossetia and Transnistria recognized each other is not clear. Abkhazia and Transnistria signed a Treaty on Friendship and Cooperation on 22 January 1993, Artsakh and Transnistria signed one on 4 July 2001, and South Ossetia and Transnistria signed another one on 12 October 1994.

References

  1. ^ a b . Pridnestrovie. 26 May 2010. Archived from the original on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
  2. ^ Berg, E./Pegg, S.: Scrutinizing a Policy of "Engagement without Recognition": US Requests for Diplomatic Actions with De Facto States, in: Foreign Policy Analysis, Vol. 12 (2017).
  3. ^ a b "Абхазия, Южная Осетия и Приднестровье признали независимость друг друга и призвали всех к этому же". Newsru. 17 November 2006. Retrieved 26 August 2008.
  4. ^ Вице-спикер парламента Абхазии: Выборы в НКР соответствуют всем международным стандартам: "Абхазия, Южная Осетия, НКР и Приднестровье уже давно признали независимость друг друга и очень тесно сотрудничают между собой", – сказал вице-спикер парламента Абхазии. ... "...Абхазия признала независимость Нагорно-Карабахской Республики..." – сказал он."
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k (PDF). Council of the European Union. 13 March 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  6. ^ Vladislav V. Froltsov: Belarus: A Pragmatic Approach toward Moldova, in: Marcin Kosienkowski, William Schreiber (ed.): Moldova: Arena of International Influences, Lanham (Maryland) 2012, pp. 1-12 (here: p. 2).
  7. ^ Belarus, Transnistria to foster cooperation, eng.belta.by 29 May 2013.[permanent dead link] Copy of the article.
  8. ^ Belarus’ companies ready to expand cooperation with Transnistria, eng.belta.by 26 April 2013.[permanent dead link]
  9. ^ Belarus mulls transport engineering, farm projects in Transnistria, eng.belta.by 18 December 2012.[permanent dead link]
  10. ^ Minsk donates buses, trolleybuses, ambulances to Tiraspol, eng.belta.by 14 August 2012.[permanent dead link]
  11. ^ Minsk is ready to continue cooperation with Tiraspol, novostipmr.com 13 January 2016.
  12. ^ Президент ПМР провел встречу с Комиссаром по правам человека в Республике Беларусь, president.gospmr.org 31 August 2021.
  13. ^ a b c . Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  14. ^ . Archived from the original on 26 May 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  15. ^ Botnarenco, Iurii (18 November 2020). "Primele atacuri din Rusia după victoria Maiei Sandu. Jirinovski: Chișinăul va încerca să ocupe Transnistria pe cale militară. Trebuie să o apărăm". Adevărul (in Romanian).
  16. ^ Transnistria and Serbia confirm interest to cooperate with Russia, infotag.md 27 November 2015.
  17. ^ Moldawiens Präsident: Wir haben Krieg mit Rußland, in: Süddeutsche Zeitung, 23.06.1992.
  18. ^ "Не существует государства ПМР, существует лишь приднестровский участок границы - Порошенко". UNIAN (in Russian). 23 October 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
  19. ^ Президент Приднестровья рассказал, почему не подпишет "Меморандум Козака-2", mk.ru 9. November 2017.
  20. ^ . Archived from the original on 26 December 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.

January 31, 2023
international, recognition, transnistria, also, known, pridnestrovie, disputed, region, eastern, europe, located, between, moldova, ukraine, controversial, although, transnistria, declared, independence, 1990, united, nations, member, recognises, sovereignty, . International recognition of Transnistria also known as Pridnestrovie a disputed region in Eastern Europe located between Moldova and Ukraine is controversial Although Transnistria declared independence in 1990 no United Nations member recognises its sovereignty and the region is considered by the UN to be part of Moldova Currently only Abkhazia the Republic of Artsakh and South Ossetia recognise its independence all themselves states with limited recognition Despite not officially recognizing Transnistria s independence Russia has close relations with Transnistria and even established a consulate in the territory Contents 1 History 1 1 Foreign policy 2 States which formally recognise Transnistria as independent 2 1 UN non member states 3 States that do not recognise Transnistria as independent 3 1 UN member states 4 Positions taken by international organizations 5 See also 6 Notes 7 ReferencesHistory EditMain article Political status of Transnistria In 1990 a Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR PMR was proclaimed in the region by a number of conservative local Soviet officials opposed to perestroika This action was immediately declared void by the then General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 Moldova including Transnistria became independent The PMR side said Moldova s declaration of independence was ill conceived and that it considers the Molotov Ribbentrop Pact to be null and void The PMR side argues that if this is so then the Moldovans themselves had agreed to relinquish Transnistria as this territory never belonged to Moldova nor to Romania before the signing of the agreement between the USSR and Germany During the 1992 Transnistria War some villages changed hands between the PMR government and Moldova proper PMR forces have often clashed with Moldova s representatives Foreign policy Edit Government documents from Transnistria state that the republic has established and maintained friendly relations with countries seeking recognition To this end it said that relations would continue to develop in a friendly manner with the three states political entities it has relations with the Republic of Abkhazia the Republic of Artsakh and the Republic of South Ossetia It sought to have relations with other foreign countries and international organizations especially those of Europe which were seen as of paramount importance The pro European orientation was a consequence of a general understanding of fundamental values of the world civilization A lot of Pridnestrovian foreign interests lie in this area The importance of a harmonic inclusion of Pridnestrovie into the international democratic community makes necessary an active cooperation Another avenue of importance was cooperation with the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe because its importance as a mediator in the negotiation process between Moldova and Pridnestrovie in ensuring regional stability Transnistria s goal was to rest on the European experience in the future for its positive political economic scientific and technical and cultural development 1 Transnistria is member state of the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations The government of Moldova does not actively prevent or seek to prevent representatives of other states from interacting with the government of Transnistria 2 States which formally recognise Transnistria as independent Edit International recognition of Transnistria Transnistria States that recognise Transnistria as independent all unrecognised or partially recognised UN non member states Edit Entity Date of recognition Notes Abkhazia 22 January 1993 or before note 1 Mutual recognition 3 Artsakh 4 July 2001 or before note 1 Mutual recognition 1 4 South Ossetia 12 October 1994 or before note 1 Mutual recognition 3 States that do not recognise Transnistria as independent EditUN member states Edit State Notes Albania Along with other states on the Council Common Position 2009 139 CFSP of 16 February 2009 Albania supported renewing restrictive measures against the leadership of the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova 5 Belarus Officially Belarus does not recognise Transnistria as independent 6 De facto Belarusian corporations and officials treat Transnistria as independent 7 8 9 10 11 12 Bosnia and Herzegovina Along with other states on the Council Common Position 2009 139 CFSP of 16 February 2009 Bosnia supported renewing restrictive measures against the leadership of the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova 5 Croatia Along with other states on the Council Common Position 2009 139 CFSP of 16 February 2009 Croatia supported renewing restrictive measures against the leadership of the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova 5 Georgia Along with other states on the Council Common Position 2009 139 CFSP of 16 February 2009 Georgia supported renewing restrictive measures against the leadership of the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova 5 Liechtenstein Along with other states on the Council Common Position 2009 139 CFSP of 16 February 2009 Liechtenstein supported renewing restrictive measures against the leadership of the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova 5 North Macedonia Along with other states on the Council Common Position 2009 139 CFSP of 16 February 2009 North Macedonia supported renewing restrictive measures against the leadership of the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova 5 Moldova Moldova s Prime Minister Vlad Filat wanted to see the Russian army presence replaced with an international civil mission and hoped for European support 13 Deputy Prime Minister Victor Osipov said that Moldova was a European problem When the EU passed the Lisbon Treaty and created the new position of High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy he said The results of these efforts to have more powerful tools for an effective foreign policy will be very important along with the place that the Transnistrian problem will occupy on the agenda of the EU and its new institution Our task here is to attract attention to the Transnistrian problem precisely so that it will occupy a higher place in the foreign and security policy agenda of the EU We will always seek a solution through peaceful means but we should never forget that we are talking about a conflict We are talking about an administration in the city of Tiraspol that has and is developing military capabilities and a very fragile situation that could deteriorate and create risky situations in the East of Europe This affects the Republic of Moldova Ukraine Russia and Romania because Romania is not indifferent to the developments and other countries from the region Experiences from other frozen conflicts show that it is not a good idea to wait until a major incident happens 14 Montenegro Along with other states on the Council Common Position 2009 139 CFSP of 16 February 2009 Montenegro supported renewing restrictive measures against the leadership of the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova 5 Norway Along with other states on the Council Common Position 2009 139 CFSP of 16 February 2009 Norway supported renewing restrictive measures against the leadership of the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova 5 Russia Main article Russia Transnistria relations During a visit to Kyiv President Dmitri Medvedev said he supported special status for Transnistria and recognised the important and stabilising role of the Russian army 13 There have been calls from Russian figures to recognize the separatist republic 15 However to date Russia officially recognizes Moldovan sovereignty over Transnistria Serbia Along with other states on the Council Common Position 2009 139 CFSP of 16 February 2009 Serbia supported renewing restrictive measures against the leadership of the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova 5 In November 2015 Serbian politicians participated in a conference in Tiraspol At the end of the conference those politicians adopted a resolution which proclaimed that the Transnistrian Moldovan Republic PMR and the Republic of Serbia are interested in broadening their multifaceted cooperation with the Russian Federation including in the military political sphere 16 Turkey Along with other states on the Council Common Position 2009 139 CFSP of 16 February 2009 Turkey supported renewing restrictive measures against the leadership of the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova 5 Ukraine Main article Transnistria Ukraine relations In June 1992 then Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk said that Ukraine would guarantee the independence of Transnistria in case of a Moldovan Romanian union 17 Over the following two decades Ukraine had an ambivalent relationship with Transnistria In 2014 then Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko has said that Pridnestrovie is not a sovereign state but rather the name of a region along the Ukraine Moldova border 18 In 2017 Transnistrian president Vadim Krasnoselsky said that Transnistria had traditionally good relations with Ukraine we want to maintain them and we must build our relations with Ukraine this is an objective necessity 19 Positions taken by international organizations EditOrganization Notes European Union European Union took note of and welcomed the objectives of Council Common Position 2009 139 CFSP of 16 February 2009 renewing restrictive measures against the leadership of the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova 5 The EU was asked to restart negotiations for the 5 2 format 13 Commonwealth of Independent States In June 2015 the Secretary General of the Collective Security Treaty Organization CSTO Nikolay Bordyuzha said that there is no military solution to the Transnistria conflict If a war breaks out in the region it will last for a long time and cause great bloodshed 20 See also EditPolitical status of Transnistria Foreign relations of Transnistria Kosovo independence precedent List of states with limited recognitionNotes Edit a b c The date when Abkhazia Artsakh South Ossetia and Transnistria recognized each other is not clear Abkhazia and Transnistria signed a Treaty on Friendship and Cooperation on 22 January 1993 Artsakh and Transnistria signed one on 4 July 2001 and South Ossetia and Transnistria signed another one on 12 October 1994 References Edit a b In detail The foreign policy of Pridnestrovie Pridnestrovie 26 May 2010 Archived from the original on 11 May 2008 Retrieved 29 June 2010 Berg E Pegg S Scrutinizing a Policy of Engagement without Recognition US Requests for Diplomatic Actions with De Facto States in Foreign Policy Analysis Vol 12 2017 a b Abhaziya Yuzhnaya Osetiya i Pridnestrove priznali nezavisimost drug druga i prizvali vseh k etomu zhe Newsru 17 November 2006 Retrieved 26 August 2008 Vice spiker parlamenta Abhazii Vybory v NKR sootvetstvuyut vsem mezhdunarodnym standartam Abhaziya Yuzhnaya Osetiya NKR i Pridnestrove uzhe davno priznali nezavisimost drug druga i ochen tesno sotrudnichayut mezhdu soboj skazal vice spiker parlamenta Abhazii Abhaziya priznala nezavisimost Nagorno Karabahskoj Respubliki skazal on a b c d e f g h i j k Declaration by the Presidency on behalf of the European Union on the Council Common Position 2009 139 CFSP of 16 February 2009 renewing restrictive measures against the leadership of the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova PDF Council of the European Union 13 March 2009 Archived from the original PDF on 21 August 2010 Retrieved 27 June 2010 Vladislav V Froltsov Belarus A Pragmatic Approach toward Moldova in Marcin Kosienkowski William Schreiber ed Moldova Arena of International Influences Lanham Maryland 2012 pp 1 12 here p 2 Belarus Transnistria to foster cooperation eng belta by 29 May 2013 permanent dead link Copy of the article Belarus companies ready to expand cooperation with Transnistria eng belta by 26 April 2013 permanent dead link Belarus mulls transport engineering farm projects in Transnistria eng belta by 18 December 2012 permanent dead link Minsk donates buses trolleybuses ambulances to Tiraspol eng belta by 14 August 2012 permanent dead link Minsk is ready to continue cooperation with Tiraspol novostipmr com 13 January 2016 Prezident PMR provel vstrechu s Komissarom po pravam cheloveka v Respublike Belarus president gospmr org 31 August 2021 a b c The Transnistrian conflict Russia and Ukraine talk about coordinated effort Russia in Foreign Media RIA Novosti Archived from the original on 18 October 2012 Retrieved 27 June 2010 Moldova Deputy PM Transnistria is a European problem EurActiv Archived from the original on 26 May 2010 Retrieved 27 June 2010 Botnarenco Iurii 18 November 2020 Primele atacuri din Rusia după victoria Maiei Sandu Jirinovski Chișinăul va incerca să ocupe Transnistria pe cale militară Trebuie să o apărăm Adevărul in Romanian Transnistria and Serbia confirm interest to cooperate with Russia infotag md 27 November 2015 Moldawiens Prasident Wir haben Krieg mit Russland in Suddeutsche Zeitung 23 06 1992 Ne sushestvuet gosudarstva PMR sushestvuet lish pridnestrovskij uchastok granicy Poroshenko UNIAN in Russian 23 October 2014 Retrieved 9 December 2014 Prezident Pridnestrovya rasskazal pochemu ne podpishet Memorandum Kozaka 2 mk ru 9 November 2017 CSTO secretary general Any war in Karabakh and Transnistria will last for long time and cause great bloodshed en apa az 18 June 2015 Archived from the original on 26 December 2015 Retrieved 26 December 2015 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title International recognition of Transnistria amp oldid 1115631209, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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