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Gdańsk

January 11, 2024

"Danzig" redirects here. For other uses, see Danzig (disambiguation) and Gdańsk (disambiguation).

Gdańsk (/ɡəˈdænsk/ gə-DANSK, US also /ɡəˈdɑːnsk/ gə-DAHNSK;[5] Polish: [ɡdaj̃sk] ⓘ; Kashubian: Gduńsk [ɡduɲsk];[6] German: Danzig [ˈdantsɪç] ⓘ or [ˈdantsɪk] ⓘ; Latin: Gedanum, Dantiscum)[7] is a city on the Baltic coast of northern Poland. With a population of 486,492,[8] Gdańsk is the capital and largest city of the Pomeranian Voivodeship. It is Poland's principal seaport and the country's fourth-largest metropolitan area.[9][7]

Gdańsk
Motława River
Artus Court
St. Mary's Church and Main Town Hall
Mannerist Great Armoury
Neptune's Fountain
World War II Museum
Westerplatte Monument
Flag
Coat of arms
Grand coat of arms
Motto(s): 
Nec temere, nec timide
(Neither rashly, nor timidly)
Gdańsk
Gdańsk
Gdańsk
Coordinates: 54°20′51″N 18°38′43″E / 54.34750°N 18.64528°E / 54.34750; 18.64528
CountryPoland
VoivodeshipPomeranian
Countycity county
Established10th century
City rights1263
Government
 • City mayorAleksandra Dulkiewicz (I)
Area
[2][3]
 • City266 km2 (103 sq mi)
Highest elevation
180 m (590 ft)
Population
 (30 June 2023)
 • City486,492 (6th)[1]
 • Density1,800/km2 (5,000/sq mi)
 • Metro
1,080,700
GDP
[4]
 • Tricity€20.529 billion (2020)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
80-008 to 80–958
Area code+48 58
Car platesGD
Websitegdansk.pl

The city lies at the southern edge of Gdańsk Bay, close to the city of Gdynia and resort town of Sopot; these form a metropolitan area called the Tricity (Trójmiasto), with a metropolitan (including rural localities) population of approximately 1.5 million.[10] Gdańsk lies at the mouth of the Motława River, connected to the Leniwka, a branch in the delta of the Vistula River, which connects Gdańsk with the Polish capital Warsaw.

The city has a complex history, having had periods of Polish, German and self rule. An important shipbuilding and trade port since the Middle Ages, in 1361 it became a member of the Hanseatic League which influenced its economic, demographic and urban landscape. It also served as Poland's principal seaport, and was the largest city of Poland in the 15th-17th centuries. In 1793, within the Partitions of Poland, the city became part of Prussia, from 1920 to 1939 it was a Free City under the protection of the League of Nations. On 1 September 1939 it was the scene of the first clash of World War II at Westerplatte. The contemporary city was shaped by extensive border changes, expulsions and new settlement after 1945. In the 1980s, Gdańsk was the birthplace of the Solidarity movement, which helped precipitate the collapse of the Eastern Bloc, the fall of the Berlin Wall and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact.

Gdańsk is home to the University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk University of Technology, the National Museum, the Gdańsk Shakespeare Theatre, the Museum of the Second World War, the Polish Baltic Philharmonic, the Polish Space Agency and the European Solidarity Centre. Among Gdańsk's most notable historical landmarks are the Town Hall, the Green Gate, Artus Court, Neptune's Fountain, and St. Mary's Church, one of the largest brick churches in the world. The city is served by Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport, the country's third busiest airport and the most important international airport in northern Poland.

Gdańsk is among the most visited cities in Poland, having received 3.4 million tourists according to data collected in 2019.[11] The city also hosts St. Dominic's Fair, which dates back to 1260,[12] and is regarded as one of the biggest trade and cultural events in Europe.[13] Gdańsk has also topped rankings for the quality of life, safety and living standards worldwide, and its historic city center has been listed as one of Poland's national monuments.[14][15][16][17]

Names edit

Origin edit

 
A manuscript fragment featuring gyddanyzc

The name of the city was most likely derived from Gdania, a river presently known as Motława on which the city is situated.[18] Linguists argue that the name stems from the Proto-Slavic adjective/prefix gъd-, which meant wet or moist with the addition of the morpheme ń/ni and the suffix -sk.[19]

History edit

The name of the settlement was recorded after St. Adalbert's death in 997 CE as urbs Gyddanyzc and it was later written as Kdanzk in 1148, Gdanzc in 1188, Danceke[20] in 1228, Gdańsk in 1236,[a] Danzc in 1263, Danczk in 1311,[b] Danczik in 1399,[c] Danczig in 1414, and Gdąnsk in 1656.[21]

In Polish documents, the form Gdańsk was always used. The German form Danzig developed later, simplifying the consonant clusters to something easier for German speakers to pronounce.[22] The cluster "gd" became "d" (Danzc from 1263),[23] the combination "ns" became "nts" (Danczk from 1311).,[23] and finally an epenthetical "i" broke up the final cluster (Danczik from 1399).[23]

In Polish, the modern name of the city is pronounced [ɡdaj̃sk] ⓘ. In English (where the diacritic over the "n" is frequently omitted) the usual pronunciation is /ɡəˈdænsk/ or /ɡəˈdɑːnsk/. The German name, Danzig, is usually pronounced [ˈdantsɪç] ⓘ, or alternatively [ˈdantsɪk] ⓘ in more Southern German-speaking areas. The city's Latin name may be given as either Gedania, Gedanum, or Dantiscum; the variety of Latin names reflects the mixed influence of the city's Polish, German and Kashubian heritage. Other former spellings of the name include Dantzig, Dantsic, and Dantzic.

Ceremonial names edit

On special occasions, the city is also referred to as "The Royal Polish City of Gdańsk" (Polish: Królewskie Polskie Miasto Gdańsk, Latin: Regia Civitas Polonica Gedanensis, Kashubian: Królewsczi Pòlsczi Gard Gduńsk).[24][25][26] In the Kashubian language the city is called Gduńsk. Although some Kashubians may also use the name "Our Capital City Gduńsk" (Nasz Stoleczny Gard Gduńsk) or "The Kashubian Capital City Gduńsk" (Stoleczny Kaszëbsczi Gard Gduńsk), the cultural and historical connections between the city and the region of Kashubia are debatable and use of such names rises controversy among Kashubians.[27]

History edit

Main article: History of Gdańsk
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Gdańsk.

Ancient history edit

The oldest evidence found for the existence of a settlement on the lands of what is now Gdańsk comes from the Bronze Age (which is estimated to be from 2500–1700 BCE). The settlement that is now known as Gdańsk began in the 9th century, being mostly an agriculture and fishing-dependent village.[28][29] In the beginning of the 10th century, it began becoming an important centre for trade (especially between the Pomeranians) until its annexation in c. 975 by Mieszko I.[30]

Early Poland edit

 
The largest medieval port crane in Europe, situated over the river Motława.[31]

The first written record thought to refer to Gdańsk is the vita of Saint Adalbert. Written in 999, it describes how in 997 Saint Adalbert of Prague baptised the inhabitants of urbs Gyddannyzc, "which separated the great realm of the duke [i.e., Bolesław the Brave of Poland] from the sea."[32] No further written sources exist for the 10th and 11th centuries.[32] Based on the date in Adalbert's vita, the city celebrated its millennial anniversary in 1997.[33]

Archaeological evidence for the origins of the town was retrieved mostly after World War II had laid 90 percent of the city centre in ruins, enabling excavations.[34] The oldest seventeen settlement levels were dated to between 980 and 1308.[33] Mieszko I of Poland erected a stronghold on the site in the 980s, thereby connecting the Polish state ruled by the Piast dynasty with the trade routes of the Baltic Sea.[35] Traces of buildings and housing from the 10th century have been found in archaeological excavations of the city.[36]

Pomeranian Poland edit

 
Excavated remains of 12th-century buildings in Gdańsk

The site was ruled as a duchy of Poland by the Samborides. It consisted of a settlement at the modern Long Market, settlements of craftsmen along the Old Ditch, German merchant settlements around St Nicholas's church and the old Piast stronghold.[37] In 1186, a Cistercian monastery was set up in nearby Oliwa, which is now within the city limits. In 1215, the ducal stronghold became the centre of a Pomerelian splinter duchy. At that time the area of the later city included various villages. From at least 1224/25 a German market settlement with merchants from Lübeck existed in the area of today's Long Market.[38]

In 1224/25, merchants from Lübeck were invited as hospites (immigrants with specific privileges) but were soon (in 1238) forced to leave by Swietopelk II of the Samborides during a war between Swietopelk and the Teutonic Knights, during which Lübeck supported the latter. Migration of merchants to the town resumed in 1257.[39] Significant German influence did not reappear until the 14th century, after the takeover of the city by the Teutonic Knights.[40]

At latest in 1263 Pomerelian duke, Swietopelk II granted city rights under Lübeck law to the emerging market settlement.[38] It was an autonomy charter similar to that of Lübeck, which was also the primary origin of many settlers.[37] In a document of 1271 the Pomerelian duke Mestwin II addressed the Lübeck merchants settled in the city as his loyal citizens from Germany.[41][42]

In 1300, the town had an estimated population of 2,000. While overall the town was far from an important trade centre at that time, it had some relevance in the trade with Eastern Europe. Low on funds, the Samborides lent the settlement to Brandenburg, although they planned to take the city back and give it to Poland. Poland threatened to intervene, and the Brandenburgians left the town. Subsequently, the city was taken by Danish princes in 1301.[43]

Teutonic Knights edit

 
Monument to defenders of Polish Gdańsk also commemorates the victims of the 1308 massacre carried out by the Teutonic Knights.
Main article: Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)

In 1308, the town was taken by Brandenburg and the Teutonic Knights restored order. Subsequently, the Knights took over control of the town. Primary sources record a massacre carried out by the Teutonic Knights against the local population,[44] of 10,000 people, but the exact number killed is subject of dispute in modern scholarship.[45] Multiple authors accept the number given in the original sources,[46] while others consider 10,000 to have been a medieval exaggeration, although scholarly consensus is that a massacre of some magnitude did take place.[45] The events were used by the Polish crown to condemn the Teutonic Knights in a subsequent papal lawsuit.[45][47]

The knights colonized the area, replacing local Kashubians and Poles with German settlers.[46] In 1308, they founded Osiek Hakelwerk near the town, initially as a Slavic fishing settlement.[44] In 1340, the Teutonic Knights constructed a large fortress, which became the seat of the knights' Komtur.[48] In 1346 they changed the Town Law of the city, which then consisted only of the Rechtstadt, to Kulm law.[49] In 1358, Danzig joined the Hanseatic League, and became an active member in 1361.[50] It maintained relations with the trade centres Bruges, Novgorod, Lisboa, and Sevilla.[50] Around 1377, the Old Town was equipped with city rights as well.[51] In 1380, the New Town was founded as the third, independent settlement.[44]

After a series of Polish-Teutonic Wars, in the Treaty of Kalisz (1343) the Order had to acknowledge that it would hold Pomerelia as a fief from the Polish Crown. Although it left the legal basis of the Order's possession of the province in some doubt, the city thrived as a result of increased exports of grain (especially wheat), timber, potash, tar, and other goods of forestry from Prussia and Poland via the Vistula River trading routes, although after its capture, the Teutonic Knights tried to actively reduce the economic significance of the town. While under the control of the Teutonic Order German migration increased. The Order's religious networks helped to develop Danzig's literary culture.[52] A new war broke out in 1409, culminating in the Battle of Grunwald (1410), and the city came under the control of the Kingdom of Poland. A year later, with the First Peace of Thorn, it returned to the Teutonic Order.[53]

Kingdom of Poland edit

 
Apotheosis of Gdańsk by Izaak van den Blocke. The Vistula-borne trade of goods in Poland was the main source of prosperity during the city's Golden Age.

In 1440, the city participated in the foundation of the Prussian Confederation which was an organisation opposed to the rule of the Teutonic Knights. The organisation in its complaint of 1453 mentioned repeated cases in which the Teutonic Knights imprisoned or murdered local patricians and mayors without a court verdict.[54] On the request of the organisation King Casimir IV of Poland reincorporated the territory to the Kingdom of Poland in 1454.[55] This led to the Thirteen Years' War between Poland and the State of the Teutonic Order (1454–1466). Since 1454, the city was authorized by the King to mint Polish coins.[56] The local mayor pledged allegiance to the King during the incorporation in March 1454 in Kraków,[57] and the city again solemnly pledged allegiance to the King in June 1454 in Elbląg, recognizing the prior Teutonic annexation and rule as unlawful.[58] On 25 May 1457 the city gained its rights as an autonomous city.[59]

On 15 May 1457, Casimir IV of Poland granted the town the Great Privilege, after he had been invited by the town's council and had already stayed in town for five weeks.[60] With the Great Privilege, the town was granted full autonomy and protection by the King of Poland.[61] The privilege removed tariffs and taxes on trade within Poland, Lithuania, and Ruthenia (present day Belarus and Ukraine), and conferred on the town independent jurisdiction, legislation and administration of her territory, as well as the right to mint its own coin.[60] Furthermore, the privilege united Old Town, Osiek, and Main Town, and legalised the demolition of New Town, which had sided with the Teutonic Knights.[60] By 1457, New Town was demolished completely, no buildings remained.[44]

Gaining free and privileged access to Polish markets, the seaport prospered while simultaneously trading with the other Hanseatic cities. After the Second Peace of Thorn (1466) between Poland and the Teutonic Order the warfare ended permanently; Gdańsk became part of Royal Prussia under the Polish crown. After the Union of Lublin between Poland and Lithuania in 1569 the city continued to enjoy a large degree of internal autonomy (cf. Danzig law). Being the largest and one of the most influential cities of Poland, it enjoyed voting rights during the royal election period in Poland.

In the 1560s and 1570s, a large Mennonite community started growing in the city, gaining significant popularity.[62] In the 1575 election to the Polish throne, Danzig supported Maximilian II in his struggle against Stephen Báthory. It was the latter who eventually became monarch but the city, encouraged by the secret support of Denmark and Emperor Maximilian, shut its gates against Stephen. After the Siege of Danzig, lasting six months, the city's army of 5,000 mercenaries was utterly defeated in a field battle on 16 December 1577. However, since Stephen's armies were unable to take the city by force, a compromise was reached: Stephen Báthory confirmed the city's special status and her Danzig law privileges granted by earlier Polish kings. The city recognised him as ruler of Poland and paid the enormous sum of 200,000 guldens in gold as payoff ("apology").[63]

During the Polish–Swedish War of 1626–1629, in 1627, the naval Battle of Oliwa was fought near the city, and it is one of the greatest victories in the history of the Polish Navy. During the Swedish invasion of Poland of 1655–1660, commonly known as the Deluge, the city was unsuccessfully besieged by Sweden. In 1660, the war was ended with the Treaty of Oliwa, signed in the present-day district of Oliwa.[64]

Around 1640, Johannes Hevelius established his astronomical observatory in the Old Town. Polish King John III Sobieski regularly visited Hevelius numerous times.[65]

Beside a majority of German-speakers,[66] whose elites sometimes distinguished their German dialect as Pomerelian,[67] the city was home to a large number of Polish-speaking Poles, Jewish Poles, Latvian-speaking Kursenieki, Flemings, and Dutch. In addition, a number of Scots took refuge or migrated to and received citizenship in the city. During the Protestant Reformation, most German-speaking inhabitants adopted Lutheranism. Due to the special status of the city and significance within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the city inhabitants largely became bi-cultural sharing both Polish and German culture and were strongly attached to the traditions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.[68]

The city suffered a last great plague and a slow economic decline due to the wars of the 18th century. As a stronghold of Stanisław Leszczyński's supporters during the War of the Polish Succession, it was taken by the Russians after the Siege of Danzig in 1734. However, by the end of the 18th century, Gdańsk was still one of the most economically integrated cities in Poland. It was well-connected and traded actively with German cities, while other Polish cities became less well-integrated towards the end of the century, mostly due to greater risks for long-distance trade, given the number of violent conflicts along the trade routes.[69] The Danzig Research Society, which became defunct in 1936, was founded in 1743.[70]

In 1772 the First Partition of Poland took place and Prussia annexed almost all of the former Royal Prussia, which became the Province of West Prussia. However, Gdańsk and Toruń remained a part of Poland-Lithuania, with Gdańsk now an exclave separated from the rest of Poland.

Prussia and Germany edit

Danzig was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1793,[71] in the Second Partition of Poland. Both the Polish and the German-speaking population largely opposed the Prussian annexation and wished the city to remain part of Poland.[72][unreliable source?] The mayor of the city stepped down from his office due to the annexation.[73] The notable city councilor Jan (Johann) Uphagen, historian and art collector, also resigned as a sign of protest against the annexation. His house exemplifies Baroque in Poland and is now a museum, known as Uphagen's House[74] An attempted student uprising against Prussia led by Gottfried Benjamin Bartholdi was crushed quickly by the authorities in 1797.[75][76][77]

The Prussian king cut off Danzig and Toruń with a military controlled barrier, also blocking shipping links to foreign ports, on the pretense that a cattle plague may otherwise break out. Danzig declined in its economic significance. After peace was restored in 1721, Danzig experienced steady economic recovery. In the 1740s and 1750s Danzig was restored and Danzig port was again the most significant grain exporting in the Baltic region.[78]

During the Napoleonic Wars, in 1807, the city was besieged and captured by a coalition of French, Polish, Italian, Saxon, and Baden forces. Afterwards, it was a free city from 1807 to 1814, when it was captured by combined Prussian-Russian forces.

 
Colorized photo, c. 1900, showing prewar roof of the Krantor crane (Brama Żuraw).

In 1815, after France's defeat in the Napoleonic Wars, it again became part of Prussia and became the capital of Regierungsbezirk Danzig within the province of West Prussia. Since the 1820s, the Wisłoujście Fortress served as a prison, mainly for Polish political prisoners, including resistance members, protesters, insurgents of the November and January uprisings and refugees from the Russian Partition of Poland fleeing conscription into the Russian Army,[79] and insurgents of the November Uprising were also imprisoned in Biskupia Górka (Bischofsberg).[80] In May–June 1832 and November 1833, more than 1,000 Polish insurgents departed partitioned Poland through the city's port, boarding ships bound for France, the United Kingdom and the United States (see Great Emigration).[81][82]

The city's longest serving mayor was Robert von Blumenthal, who held office from 1841, through the revolutions of 1848, until 1863. With the unification of Germany in 1871 under Prussian hegemony, the city became part of the German Empire and remained so until 1919, after Germany's defeat in World War I.[71] Starting from the 1850s, long-established Danzig families often felt marginalized by the new town elite originating from mainland Germany. This situation caused the Polish to allege that the Danzig people were oppressed by German rule and for this reason allegedly failed to articulate their natural desire for strong ties with Poland.[83]

Free City of Danzig and World War II edit

Main article: Free City of Danzig

When Poland regained its independence after World War I with access to the sea as promised by the Allies on the basis of Woodrow Wilson's "Fourteen Points" (point 13 called for "an independent Polish state", "which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea"), the Poles hoped the city's harbour would also become part of Poland.[84]

However, in the end – since Germans formed a majority in the city, with Poles being a minority (in the 1923 census 7,896 people out of 335,921 gave Polish, Kashubian, or Masurian as their native language)[85] – the city was not placed under Polish sovereignty. Instead, in accordance with the terms of the Versailles Treaty, it became the Free City of Danzig, an independent quasi-state under the auspices of the League of Nations with its external affairs largely under Polish control.[86]

Poland's rights also included free use of the harbour, a Polish post office, a Polish garrison in Westerplatte district, and customs union with Poland.[86] The Free City had its own constitution, national anthem, parliament, and government (Senat). It issued its own stamps as well as its currency, the Danzig gulden.[84]

 
An aerial view of the historic city centre around 1920
 
A 1920s map of the city

With the growth of Nazism among Germans, anti-Polish sentiment increased and both Germanisation and segregation policies intensified, in the 1930s the rights of local Poles were commonly violated and limited by the local administration.[86] Polish children were refused admission to public Polish-language schools, premises were not allowed to be rented to Polish schools and preschools.[87] Due to such policies, only 8 Polish-language public schools existed in the city, and Poles managed to organize 7 more private Polish schools.[87]

In 1937, Poles who sent their children to private Polish schools were required to transfer children to German schools, under threat of police intervention, and attacks were carried out on Polish schools and Polish youth.[87] German militias carried out numerous beatings of Polish activists, scouts and even postal workers, as "punishment" for distributing the Polish press.[88] German students attacked and expelled Polish students from the technical university.[88] Dozens of Polish surnames were forcibly Germanized,[88] while Polish symbols that reminded that for centuries Gdańsk was part of Poland were removed from the city's landmarks, such as the Artus Court and the Neptune's Fountain.[89]

From 1937, the employment of Poles by German companies was prohibited, and already employed Poles were fired, the use of Polish in public places was banned and Poles were not allowed to enter several restaurants, in particular those owned by Germans.[89] In 1939, before the German invasion of Poland and outbreak of World War II, local Polish railwaymen were victims of beatings, and after the invasion, they were also imprisoned and murdered in concentration camps.[90]

In the early 1930s, the local Nazi Party capitalised on pro-German sentiments and in 1933 garnered 50% of vote in the parliament. Thereafter, the Nazis under Gauleiter Albert Forster achieved dominance in the city government, which was still nominally overseen by the League of Nations' High Commissioner. The German government officially demanded the return of Danzig to Germany along with an extraterritorial (meaning under German jurisdiction) highway through the area of the Polish Corridor for land-based access from the rest of Germany. Hitler used the issue of the status of the city as a pretext for attacking Poland and in May 1939, during a high-level meeting of German military officials explained to them: "It is not Danzig that is at stake. For us it is a matter of expanding our Lebensraum in the east", adding that there will be no repeat of the Czech situation, and Germany will attack Poland at first opportunity, after isolating the country from its Western Allies.[91][92][93][94][95]

After the German proposals to solve the three main issues peacefully were refused, German-Polish relations rapidly deteriorated. Germany attacked Poland on 1 September after having signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union.[96]

 
The German battleship SMS Schleswig-Holstein firing at the Polish Military Transit Depot during the Battle of Westerplatte in September 1939

The German attack began in Danzig, with a bombardment of Polish positions at Westerplatte by the German battleship Schleswig-Holstein, and the landing of German infantry on the peninsula. Outnumbered Polish defenders at Westerplatte resisted for seven days before running out of ammunition. Meanwhile, after a fierce day-long fight (1 September 1939), defenders of the Polish Post office were tried and executed then buried on the spot in the Danzig quarter of Zaspa in October 1939. In 1998 a German court overturned their conviction and sentence.[96]

 
Captured Polish defenders of the Polish Post Office in Danzig shortly before their trial and execution by the Wehrmacht.

The city was officially annexed by Nazi Germany and incorporated into the Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia. About 50 percent of members of the Jewish community had left the city within a year after a pogrom in October 1937,[97] after the Kristallnacht riots in November 1938, the community decided to organize its emigration[98] and in March 1939 a first transport to Palestine started.[99] By September 1939 barely 1,700 mostly elderly Jews remained. In early 1941, just 600 Jews were still living in Danzig, most of whom were later murdered in the Holocaust.[97][100]

Out of the 2,938 Jewish community in the city 1,227 were able to escape from the Nazis before the outbreak of war.[101][dubious – discuss] Nazi secret police had been observing Polish minority communities in the city since 1936, compiling information, which in 1939 served to prepare lists of Poles to be captured in Operation Tannenberg. On the first day of the war, approximately 1,500 ethnic Poles were arrested, some because of their participation in social and economic life, others because they were activists and members of various Polish organisations. On 2 September 1939, 150 of them were deported to the Sicherheitsdienst camp Stutthof some 50 km (30 mi) from Danzig, and murdered.[102] Many Poles living in Danzig were deported to Stutthof or executed in the Piaśnica forest.[103]

During the war, the Germans operated a Nazi prison in the city,[104] an Einsatzgruppen-operated penal camp,[105] a camp for Romani people,[106] two subcamps of the Stalag XX-B prisoner-of-war camp for Allied POWs,[107] and several subcamps of the Stutthof concentration camp within the present-day city limits.[108]

In 1941, Hitler ordered the invasion of the Soviet Union, eventually causing the fortunes of war to turn against Germany. As the Soviet Army advanced in 1944, German populations in Central and Eastern Europe took flight, resulting in the beginning of a great population shift. After the final Soviet offensives began in January 1945, hundreds of thousands of German refugees converged on Danzig, many of whom had fled on foot from East Prussia, some tried to escape through the city's port in a large-scale evacuation involving hundreds of German cargo and passenger ships. Some of the ships were sunk by the Soviets, including the Wilhelm Gustloff after an evacuation was attempted at neighbouring Gdynia. In the process, tens of thousands of refugees were killed.[109]

The city also endured heavy Allied and Soviet air raids. Those who survived and could not escape had to face the Soviet Army, which captured the heavily damaged city on 30 March 1945,[110] followed by large-scale rape[111] and looting.[112][113] In line with the decisions made by the Allies at the Yalta and Potsdam conferences, the city was annexed by Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which stayed in power until the Fall of Communism in the 1980s. The remaining German residents of the city who had survived the war fled or were expelled to postwar Germany. The city was repopulated by ethnic Poles; up to 18 percent (1948) of them had been deported by the Soviets in two major waves from pre-war eastern Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union.[114]

Post World War II (1945-1989) edit

 
Example of Dutch-style buildings rebuilt after the war: The Old Arsenal by Anthony van Obberghen, Jan Strakowski and Abraham van den Blocke, 1602–1605.[115]

In 1946, the communists executed 17-year-old Danuta Siedzikówna and 42-year-old Feliks Selmanowicz, Polish resistance members, in the local prison.[116][117]

The port of Gdańsk was one of the three Polish ports through which Greeks and Macedonians, refugees of the Greek Civil War, reached Poland.[118] In 1949, four transports of Greek and Macedonian refugees arrived at the port of Gdańsk, from where they were transported to new homes in Poland.[118]

Parts of the historic old city of Gdańsk, which had suffered large-scale destruction during the war, were rebuilt during the 1950s and 1960s. The reconstruction sought to dilute the "German character" of the city, and set it back to how it supposedly looked like before the annexation to Prussia in 1793.[119][120][121] Nineteenth-century transformations were ignored as "ideologically malignant" by post-war administrations, or regarded as "Prussian barbarism" worthy of demolition,[122][123] while Flemish/Dutch, Italian and French influences were emphasized in order to "neutralize" the German influx on the general outlook of the city.[124]

 
The Gdańsk Shipyard strike in 1980

Boosted by heavy investment in the development of its port and three major shipyards for Soviet ambitions in the Baltic region, Gdańsk became the major shipping and industrial centre of the People's Republic of Poland. In December 1970, Gdańsk was the scene of anti-regime demonstrations, which led to the downfall of Poland's communist leader Władysław Gomułka. During the demonstrations in Gdańsk and Gdynia, military as well as the police opened fire on the demonstrators causing several dozen deaths. Ten years later, in August 1980, Gdańsk Shipyard was the birthplace of the Solidarity trade union movement.[125]

In September 1981, to deter Solidarity, Soviet Union launched Exercise Zapad-81, the largest military exercise in history, during which amphibious landings were conducted near Gdańsk. Meanwhile, the Solidarity held its first national congress in Hala Olivia, Gdańsk when more than 800 deputies participated. Its opposition to the Communist regime led to the end of Communist Party rule in 1989, and sparked a series of protests that overthrew the Communist regimes of the former Eastern Bloc.[126]

Contemporary history (1990-present) edit

Solidarity's leader, Lech Wałęsa, became President of Poland in 1990. In 2014 the European Solidarity Centre, a museum and library devoted to the history of the movement, opened in Gdańsk.[126]

On 9 July 2001, the city was flooded, with 200 million zł being estimated in damage, 4 people killed, and 304 evacuated. As a result, the city has built 50 reservoirs, the number of which is rising.[127][128]

 
UEFA Euro 2012 in Gdańsk

Gdańsk native Donald Tusk became Prime Minister of Poland in 2007, and President of the European Council in 2014.[129] In 2014, the remains of Danuta Siedzikówna and Feliks Selmanowicz were found at the local Garrison Cemetery, and then their state burial was held in Gdańsk in 2016, with the participation of thousands of people from all over Poland and the highest Polish authorities.[117]

In January 2019, the Mayor of Gdańsk, Paweł Adamowicz, was assassinated by a man who had just been released from prison for violent crimes. After stabbing the mayor in the abdomen near the heart, the man claimed that the mayor's political party had been responsible for imprisoning him. Though Adamowicz underwent a multi-hour surgery, he died the next day.[130][131]

In October 2019, the City of Gdańsk was awarded the Princess of Asturias Award in the Concord category as a recognition of the fact that "the past and present in Gdańsk are sensitive to solidarity, the defense of freedom and human rights, as well as to the preservation of peace".[132]

Geography edit

Gdańsk lies at the mouth of the Motława river to the Martwa Wisła, a branch of the Vistula. It is located on the border between different physiographic regions: Vistula Spit (waterside part of the city), Vistula Fens (eastern part of the city), Kashubian Coastland (north-western part of the city) and Kashubian Lake District (western part of the city).

Climate edit

Gdańsk
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
29
 
 
1
−4
 
 
23
 
 
2
−3
 
 
28
 
 
6
−1
 
 
31
 
 
11
3
 
 
55
 
 
17
8
 
 
68
 
 
20
11
 
 
68
 
 
23
14
 
 
69
 
 
23
13
 
 
64
 
 
18
10
 
 
49
 
 
13
6
 
 
46
 
 
6
1
 
 
39
 
 
3
−2
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: World Meteorological Organisation
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
1.1
 
 
35
25
 
 
0.9
 
 
36
26
 
 
1.1
 
 
43
31
 
 
1.2
 
 
53
38
 
 
2.2
 
 
62
46
 
 
2.7
 
 
67
52
 
 
2.7
 
 
73
56
 
 
2.7
 
 
73
56
 
 
2.5
 
 
64
50
 
 
1.9
 
 
55
42
 
 
1.8
 
 
43
34
 
 
1.5
 
 
37
28
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

Gdańsk has a climate with both oceanic and continental influences. According to some categorizations, it has an oceanic climate (Cfb), while others classify it as belonging to the continental climate zone (Dfb).[133] It actually depends on whether the mean reference temperature for the coldest winter month is set at −3 °C (27 °F) or 0 °C (32 °F). Gdańsk's dry winters and the precipitation maximum in summer are indicators of continentality. However seasonal extremes are less pronounced than those in inland Poland.[134]

The city has moderately cold and cloudy winters with mean temperature in January and February near or below 0 °C (32 °F) and mild summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms. Average temperatures range from −1.0 to 17.2 °C (30 to 63 °F) and average monthly rainfall varies 17.9 to 66.7 mm (1 to 3 in) per month with a rather low annual total of 507.3 mm (20 in). In general, the weather is damp, variable, and mild.[134]

The seasons are clearly differentiated. Spring starts in March and is initially cold and windy, later becoming pleasantly warm and often increasingly sunny. Summer, which begins in June, is predominantly warm but hot at times with temperature reaching as high as 30 to 35 °C (86 to 95 °F) at least couple times a year with plenty of sunshine interspersed with heavy rain. Gdańsk averages 1,700 hours of sunshine per year. July and August are the warmest months. Autumn comes in September and is at first warm and usually sunny, turning cold, damp, and foggy in November. Winter lasts from December to March and includes periods of snow. January and February are the coldest months with the temperature sometimes dropping as low as −15 °C (5 °F).[134]

Climate data for Gdańsk (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 13.4
(56.1) 		18.1
(64.6) 		24.5
(76.1) 		30.6
(87.1) 		32.3
(90.1) 		34.6
(94.3) 		36.0
(96.8) 		35.8
(96.4) 		31.7
(89.1) 		28.1
(82.6) 		21.1
(70.0) 		13.7
(56.7) 		36.0
(96.8)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 7.6
(45.7) 		8.4
(47.1) 		14.9
(58.8) 		22.1
(71.8) 		25.9
(78.6) 		28.9
(84.0) 		30.0
(86.0) 		29.9
(85.8) 		24.8
(76.6) 		19.2
(66.6) 		11.8
(53.2) 		8.4
(47.1) 		31.8
(89.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.7
(35.1) 		2.9
(37.2) 		6.6
(43.9) 		12.1
(53.8) 		16.8
(62.2) 		20.4
(68.7) 		22.6
(72.7) 		22.9
(73.2) 		18.5
(65.3) 		12.7
(54.9) 		6.7
(44.1) 		3.1
(37.6) 		12.3
(54.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.4
(29.5) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		1.8
(35.2) 		6.9
(44.4) 		11.9
(53.4) 		15.5
(59.9) 		17.7
(63.9) 		17.3
(63.1) 		12.9
(55.2) 		8.0
(46.4) 		3.4
(38.1) 		0.1
(32.2) 		7.7
(45.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.3
(26.1) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		3.6
(38.5) 		8.1
(46.6) 		11.6
(52.9) 		14.2
(57.6) 		13.9
(57.0) 		10.4
(50.7) 		5.8
(42.4) 		1.9
(35.4) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		5.1
(41.2)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −15.6
(3.9) 		−13.5
(7.7) 		−9.7
(14.5) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		0.0
(32.0) 		4.3
(39.7) 		7.5
(45.5) 		7.2
(45.0) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		−6.3
(20.7) 		−11.3
(11.7) 		−19.1
(−2.4)
Record low °C (°F) −27.4
(−17.3) 		−29.8
(−21.6) 		−22.8
(−9.0) 		−7.7
(18.1) 		−4.3
(24.3) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		2.1
(35.8) 		4.4
(39.9) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−16.9
(1.6) 		−23.3
(−9.9) 		−29.8
(−21.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 28.5
(1.12) 		23.7
(0.93) 		27.5
(1.08) 		32.0
(1.26) 		53.3
(2.10) 		58.8
(2.31) 		79.4
(3.13) 		70.0
(2.76) 		64.5
(2.54) 		54.8
(2.16) 		42.6
(1.68) 		36.0
(1.42) 		571.0
(22.48)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 16.67 14.25 14.03 11.43 13.07 14.03 13.43 14.03 12.40 15.27 15.93 17.97 172.51
Average relative humidity (%) 87.7 85.9 82.5 75.5 71.6 72.2 74.7 78.1 82.6 84.6 89.1 89.8 81.2
Average dew point °C (°F) −3
(27) 		−3
(27) 		−1
(30) 		2
(36) 		6
(43) 		10
(50) 		13
(55) 		12
(54) 		9
(48) 		6
(43) 		2
(36) 		−1
(30) 		4
(40)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 39 70 134 163 244 259 236 225 174 105 45 32 1,726
Average ultraviolet index 1 2 2 4 4 5 5 4 4 3 1 1 3
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142]
Source 2: meteomodel.pl,[d][143] Weather Atlas (UV),[144] Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)[145]

Economy edit

 
Gdańsk Shipyard in 2009

The industrial sections of the city are dominated by shipbuilding, petrochemical, and chemical industries, as well as food processing. The share of high-tech sectors such as electronics, telecommunications, IT engineering, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals is on the rise.[146] Amber processing is also an important part of the local economy, as the majority of the world's amber deposits lie along the Baltic coast. The Pomeranian Voivodeship, including Gdańsk, is also a major tourist destination in the summer, as millions of Poles and other European tourists flock to the beaches of the Baltic coastline.

Major companies based in Gdańsk include Remontowa, the Gdańsk Shipyard, Elektrociepłownie Wybrzeże, Polnord Energobudowa, Ziaja, and BreakThru Films. The city also served as a major base for Grupa Lotos, with the Gdańsk Refinery having being the second-largest in Poland with a capacity of 210,000 bbl/d (33,000 m3/d).

Main sights edit

 
View of Gdańsk's Main Town from the Motława River (2012)

Architecture edit

Sights at the Royal Route
 
Highland Gate
 
Mansion of the Society of Saint George and Golden Gate
 
Ulica Długa
 
Artus Court
 
Sculptures at the top of the Golden House
 
Neptune's Fountain and Długi Targ

The city has some buildings surviving from the time of the Hanseatic League. Most tourist attractions are located in the area of the Main City of Gdańsk,[147] along or near Ulica Długa (Long Street) and Długi Targ (Long Market), a pedestrian thoroughfare surrounded by buildings reconstructed in historical (primarily during the 17th century) style and flanked at both ends by elaborate city gates. This part of the city is sometimes referred to as the Royal Route, since it was once the path of processions for visiting Kings of Poland.

Walking from end to end, sites encountered on or near the Royal Route include:

  • Highland Gate (Brama Wyżynna), which marks the beginning of the Royal Route
  • Torture House (Katownia) and Prison Tower (Wieża więzienna), now housing the Amber Museum (Muzeum Bursztynu)
  • Mansion of the Society of Saint George (Dwór Bractwa św. Jerzego)
  • Golden Gate (Złota Brama)[148]
  • Ulica Długa ("Long Lane"), filled with picturesque tenements[149]
  • Długi Targ ("Long Market")
    • Artus' Court (Dwór Artusa)[151]
    • Neptune's Fountain (Fontanna Neptuna), a masterpiece by architect Abraham van den Blocke, 1617.[152][153] It is the oldest working fountain in Poland.[154]
    • New Jury House (Nowy Dom Ławy), in which the seemingly 17th-century Maiden in the Window appears every day during the tourist season, referring to a popular novel Panienka z okienka ("Maiden in the Window") by Jadwiga Łuszczewska, set in 17th-century Gdańsk[155]
    • Golden House (Złota Kamienica), a distinctive Renaissance townhouse from the early 17th century, decorated with numerous reliefs and sculptures[156]
  • Green Gate (Zielona Brama), a Mannerist gate, built as a formal residence of Polish kings, now housing a branch of the National Museum in Gdańsk[157]
  • Olivia Business Centre, a district made up of six buildings
    • Olivia Star is the tallest building in North Poland. It was finished in 2018 and measures at 512 Feet.[158]
 
Royal Chapel of the Polish King – John III Sobieski was built in baroque style between 1678 and 1681 by Tylman van Gameren.[159]
 
St. Mary's Church – the largest brick church in the world
 
Polish Post Office, site of the 1939 battle

Gdańsk has a number of historical churches, including St. Catherine's Church and St. Mary's Church (Bazylika Mariacka). This latter is a municipal church built during the 15th century, and is the largest brick church in the world.[149]

The city's 17th-century fortifications represent one of Poland's official national Historic Monuments (Pomnik historii), as designated on 16 September 1994 and tracked by the National Heritage Board of Poland.

Other main sights in the historical city centre include:[149]

Main sights outside the historical city centre include:

Museums edit

 
Abbot's Palace in Oliwa
 
Archeological Museum and Mariacka Gate
 
Museum of the Second World War, opened in 2017

Entertainment edit

Transport edit

 
Pesa Atribo of the Szybka Kolej Miejska in Gdańsk
 
Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport (2012, before the 2022 expansion)
 
Maersk container ship in the Port of Gdańsk

In 2011–2015 the Warsaw-Gdańsk-Gdynia railway route underwent a major upgrading costing $3 billion, partly funded by the European Investment Bank, including track replacement, realignment of curves and relocation of sections of track to allow speeds up to 200 km/h (124 mph), modernization of stations, and installation of the most modern ETCS signalling system, which was completed in June 2015. In December 2014 new Alstom Pendolino high-speed trains were put into service between Gdańsk, Warsaw and Kraków reducing the rail travel time from Gdańsk to Warsaw to 2 hours 58 minutes,[174][175] further reduced in December 2015 to 2 hours 39 minutes.[176]

  • A new railway, Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna (PKM, the 'Pomeranian Metropolitan Railway'), commenced service on 1 September 2015, connecting Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport with Wrzeszcz and downtown Gdańsk. It connects to the Szybka Kolej Miejska (Tricity) (SKM) which provides further connections to the entire area served by SKM.
  • City buses and trams are operated by ZTM Gdańsk (Zarząd Transportu Miejskiego w Gdańsku).
  • From 1 October 2018 selected circuits of line 31 from PKT Gdynia go to bus stop Sopot Ergo Arena without trolley pole. Small part of this rote passes through Gdańsk.
  • Port of Gdańsk – a seaport located on the southern coast of Gdańsk Bay within the city;[177]
  • Obwodnica Trojmiejska – part of expressway S6 that bypasses the cities of Gdańsk, Sopot and Gdynia.
  • The A1 motorway connects the port and city of Gdańsk with the southern border of the country. As of 2014, some fragments of the A1 motorway are still incomplete.

Gdańsk is the starting point of the EuroVelo 9 cycling route which continues southward through Poland, then into the Czech Republic, Austria and Slovenia before ending at the Adriatic Sea in Pula, Croatia.

Additionally, Gdańsk is part of the Rail-2-Sea project. This project's objective is to connect the city with the Romanian Black Sea port of Constanța with a 3,663 km (2,276 mi) long railway line passing through Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania.[178][179]

Sport edit

 
Stadion Miejski
 
Ergo Arena

There are many popular professional sports teams in the Gdańsk and Tricity area. Amateur sports are played by thousands of Gdańsk citizens and also in schools of all levels (elementary, secondary, university).

The city's professional football club is Lechia Gdańsk.[180] Founded in 1945, they play in the Ekstraklasa, Poland's top division. Their home stadium, Stadion Miejski,[181] was one of the four Polish stadiums to host the UEFA Euro 2012 competition,[182] as well as the host of the 2021 UEFA Europa League Final.[183] Other notable football clubs are Gedania 1922 Gdańsk and SKS Stoczniowiec Gdańsk, which both played in the second tier in the past.

Other notable clubs include:

The city's Hala Olivia was a venue for the official 2009 EuroBasket,[184] and the Ergo Arena was one of the 2013 Men's European Volleyball Championship, 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship and 2016 European Men's Handball Championship venues.

Politics and local government edit

Main article: Politics of Gdańsk
 
Pomeranian Voivodeship Office in Gdańsk

Contemporary Gdańsk is one of the major centres of economic and administrative life in Poland. It has been the seat of a Polish central institution, the Polish Space Agency,[185] several supra-regional branches of further central institutions such as the Energy Regulatory Office, the Office of Electronic Communications, the Civil Aviation Authority, the Office of Rail Transport and the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection, as well as the supra-regional (appellate-level) institutions of justice: the Court of Appeals, the Regional Public Prosecutor's Office, and the branch of the Institute of National Remembrance. As the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship it has been the seat of the Pomeranian Voivodeship Office, the Sejmik, and the Marshall's Office of the Pomeranian Voivodeship and other voivodeship-level institutions.

Regional centre edit

Gdańsk Voivodeship was extended in 1999 to include most of former Słupsk Voivodeship, the western part of Elbląg Voivodeship and Chojnice County from Bydgoszcz Voivodeship to form the new Pomeranian Voivodeship.[186] The area of the region was thus extended from 7,394 to 18,293 km2 (2,855 to 7,063 sq mi) and the population rose from 1,333,800 (1980) to 2,198,000 (2000). By 1998, Tricity constituted an absolute majority of the population; almost half of the inhabitants of the new region live in the centre.

Municipal government edit

 
Gdańsk New Town Hall, seat of the city council

Legislative power in Gdańsk is vested in a unicameral Gdańsk City council (Rada Miasta), which comprises 34 members. Council members are elected directly every four years. Like most legislative bodies, the City Council divides itself into committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government.

City Council in 2002–2006
[187]
City Council in 2006–2010
[188]
City Council in 2010–2014
[189]
 
Gdańsk City Council composition from 2018
City Council in 2014–2018
[190]
City Council in 2018–2023
[191]

Districts edit

Gdańsk is divided into 34 administrative divisions: 6 dzielnicas and 28 osiedles. Gdańsk dzielnicas include Chełm, Piecki-Migowo, Przymorze Wielkie, Śródmieście, Wrzeszcz Dolny, Wrzeszcz Górny.

Osiedles are Aniołki, Brętowo, Brzeźno, Jasień, Kokoszki, Krakowiec-Górki Zachodnie, Letnica, Matarnia, Młyniska, Nowy Port, Oliwa, Olszynka, Orunia-Św. Wojciech-Lipce, Osowa, Przeróbka, Przymorze Małe, Rudniki, Siedlce, Sobieszewo Island, Stogi, Strzyża, Suchanino, Ujeścisko-Łostowice, VII Dwór, Wzgórze Mickiewicza, Zaspa-Młyniec, Zaspa-Rozstaje, Żabianka-Wejhera-Jelitkowo-Tysiąclecia.

Education and science edit

 
Gdańsk University of Technology
 
Polish Baltic Philharmonic on the Motława river

There are 15 higher schools including three universities. In 2001 there were 60,436 students, including 10,439 graduates.

Scientific and regional organizations edit

International relations edit

Twin towns – sister cities edit

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Gdańsk is twinned with:[199]

Former twin towns edit

On 3 March 2022, Gdańsk City Council passed a unanimous resolution to terminate the cooperation with the Russian cities of Kaliningrad and Saint Petersburg as a response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[200][201]

Partnerships and cooperation edit

Gdańsk also cooperates with:[199]

World Scout Jamboree edit

The city was chosen as the location for the 26th World Scout Jamboree set to take place July 27, 2027 – August 6, 2027.[204]

Demographics edit

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1890120,338—    
1910170,337+41.5%
1929256,403+50.5%
1945139,078−45.8%
1946117,894−15.2%
1950194,633+65.1%
1960286,940+47.4%
1970365,600+27.4%
1980456,707+24.9%
1990465,143+1.8%
2000462,995−0.5%
2010456,967−1.3%
2020470,805+3.0%
source [205]
 
Gdańsk population pyramid in 2021
Further information: Repatriation of Poles (1944–1946), Repatriation of Poles (1955–1959), and Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II

The 1923 census conducted in the Free City of Danzig indicated that of all inhabitants, 95% were German, and 3% were Polish and Kashubian. The end of World War II is a significant break in continuity with regard to the inhabitants of Gdańsk.[206]

German citizens began to flee en masse as the Soviet Red Army advanced, composed of both spontaneous flights driven by rumors of Soviet atrocities, and organised evacuation starting in the summer of 1944 which continued into the spring of 1945.[207] Approximately 1% (100,000) of the German civilian population residing east of the Oder–Neisse line perished in the fighting prior to the surrender in May 1945.[208] German civilians were also sent as "reparations labour" to the Soviet Union.[209][210]

Poles from other parts of Poland replaced the former German-speaking population, with the first settlers arriving in March 1945.[211] On 30 March 1945, the Gdańsk Voivodeship was established as the first administrative Polish unit in the Recovered Territories.[212] As of 1 November 1945, around 93,029 Germans remained within the city limits.[213] The locals of German descent who declared Polish nationality were permitted to remain, as of 1 January 1949 13,424 persons who had received Polish citizenship in a post-war "ethnic vetting" process lived in Gdańsk.[214]

The settlers can be grouped according to their background:

  • Poles that had been freed from forced labor in Nazi Germany[215][216]
  • Repatriates: Poles expelled from the areas east of the new Polish-Soviet border. This included assimilated minorities such as the Polish-Armenian community[215][216]
  • Poles incl. Kashubians relocating from nearby villages and small towns[217]
  • Settlers from central Poland migrating voluntarily[215]
  • Non-Poles forcibly resettled during Operation Vistula in 1947. Large numbers of Ukrainians were forced to move from south-eastern Poland under a 1947 Polish government operation aimed at dispersing, and therefore assimilating, those Ukrainians who had not been expelled eastward already, throughout the newly acquired territories. Belarusians living around the area around Białystok were also pressured into relocating to the formerly German areas for the same reasons. This scattering of members of non-Polish ethnic groups throughout the country was an attempt by the Polish authorities to dissolve the unique ethnic identity of groups like the Ukrainians, Belarusians, and Lemkos, and broke the proximity and communication necessary for strong communities to form.[218]
  • Jewish Holocaust survivors, most of them Polish repatriates from the Eastern Borderlands.[219]
  • Greeks and Slav Macedonians, refugees of the Greek Civil War.[220]

People edit

Main article: List of people from Gdańsk

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Also in 1454, 1468, 1484, and 1590
  2. ^ Also in 1399, 1410, and 1414–1438
  3. ^ Also in 1410, 1414
  4. ^ Record temperatures are from all Gdańsk stations.

References edit

  1. ^ [1] 2023-02-01 at the Wayback Machine (in Polish)
  2. ^ "Największe miasta w Polsce. Warszawa wyprzedzona, jest nowy lider". TVN24. 27 July 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  3. ^ "Powierzchnia i ludność w przekroju terytorialnym w 2023 roku". Główny Urząd Statystyczny. 20 July 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  4. ^ "Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions". ec.europa.eu.
  5. ^ "the definition of gdansk". Dictionary.com.
  6. ^ Stefan Ramułt, Słownik języka pomorskiego, czyli kaszubskiego, Kraków 1893, Gdańsk 2003, ISBN 83-87408-64-6.
  7. ^ a b Johann Georg Theodor Grässe, Orbis latinus oder Verzeichniss der lateinischen Benennungen der bekanntesten Städte etc., Meere, Seen, Berge und Flüsse in allen Theilen der Erde nebst einem deutsch-lateinischen Register derselben. T. Ein Supplement zu jedem lateinischen und geographischen Wörterbuche. Dresden: G. Schönfeld's Buchhandlung (C. A. Werner), 1861, p. 71, 237.
  8. ^ "Local Data Bank". Statistics Poland. Retrieved 18 July 2022. Data for territorial unit 2261000.
  9. ^ "Poland – largest cities (per geographical entity)". World Gazetteer. Retrieved 5 May 2009.[dead link]
  10. ^ "Obszar Metropolitalny Gdańsk-Gdynia-Sopot" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  11. ^ "Wszystkie Strony Miasta. Rok 2019 rekordowy w gdańskiej turystyce - 3,4 mln gości". gdansk.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  12. ^ "Saint Dominic's Fair is 760 years old!". from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  13. ^ "Millions at Gdansk's St. Dominic's Fair". www.pap.pl. 21 August 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  14. ^ . nid.pl. Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa. n.d. Archived from the original on 11 October 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
  15. ^ "Quality of Life Index by City 2019 Mid-Year". www.numbeo.com. from the original on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  16. ^ "Wyborcza.pl". trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl. from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  17. ^ . en.ug.edu.pl. Archived from the original on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  18. ^ Breza, Edward (2002). Nazwiska Pomorzan. Pochodzenie i zmiany. Vol. 2. Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego. p. 90. ISBN 9788373260573. OCLC 643402493. from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  19. ^ Mamok, Szymon (8 October 2020). "Gdańsk. Skąd wzięła się nazwa miasta". Historia Gdańska. from the original on 31 October 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
  20. ^ Gumowski, Marian (1966). Handbuch der polnischen Siegelkunde (in German). from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  21. ^ Tighe, Carl (1990). Gdańsk: national identity in the Polish-German borderlands. Pluto Press. ISBN 9780745303468. from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  22. ^ Treder, Jerzy (2007). "Historyk o nazwach "Gdańsk" i "Gdania"". Acta Cassubiana. 9: 48.
  23. ^ a b c Śliwiński 2006, p. 12.
  24. ^ Gdańsk, in: Kazimierz Rymut, Nazwy Miast Polski, Ossolineum, Wrocław 1987
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January 11, 2024
gdańsk, danzig, redirects, here, other, uses, danzig, disambiguation, disambiguation, dansk, also, ɑː, dahnsk, polish, ɡdaj, kashubian, gduńsk, ɡduɲsk, german, danzig, ˈdantsɪç, ˈdantsɪk, latin, gedanum, dantiscum, city, baltic, coast, northern, poland, with, . Danzig redirects here For other uses see Danzig disambiguation and Gdansk disambiguation Gdansk ɡ e ˈ d ae n s k ge DANSK US also ɡ e ˈ d ɑː n s k ge DAHNSK 5 Polish ɡdaj sk Kashubian Gdunsk ɡduɲsk 6 German Danzig ˈdantsɪc or ˈdantsɪk Latin Gedanum Dantiscum 7 is a city on the Baltic coast of northern Poland With a population of 486 492 8 Gdansk is the capital and largest city of the Pomeranian Voivodeship It is Poland s principal seaport and the country s fourth largest metropolitan area 9 7 GdanskMotlawa RiverArtus CourtSt Mary s Church and Main Town HallMannerist Great ArmouryNeptune s FountainWorld War II MuseumWesterplatte MonumentFlagCoat of armsGrand coat of armsMotto s Nec temere nec timide Neither rashly nor timidly GdanskShow map of PolandGdanskShow map of Pomeranian VoivodeshipGdanskShow map of Baltic SeaCoordinates 54 20 51 N 18 38 43 E 54 34750 N 18 64528 E 54 34750 18 64528CountryPolandVoivodeshipPomeranianCountycity countyEstablished10th centuryCity rights1263Government City mayorAleksandra Dulkiewicz I Area 2 3 City266 km2 103 sq mi Highest elevation180 m 590 ft Population 30 June 2023 City486 492 6th 1 Density1 800 km2 5 000 sq mi Metro1 080 700GDP 4 Tricity 20 529 billion 2020 Time zoneUTC 1 CET Summer DST UTC 2 CEST Postal code80 008 to 80 958Area code 48 58Car platesGDWebsitegdansk plThe city lies at the southern edge of Gdansk Bay close to the city of Gdynia and resort town of Sopot these form a metropolitan area called the Tricity Trojmiasto with a metropolitan including rural localities population of approximately 1 5 million 10 Gdansk lies at the mouth of the Motlawa River connected to the Leniwka a branch in the delta of the Vistula River which connects Gdansk with the Polish capital Warsaw The city has a complex history having had periods of Polish German and self rule An important shipbuilding and trade port since the Middle Ages in 1361 it became a member of the Hanseatic League which influenced its economic demographic and urban landscape It also served as Poland s principal seaport and was the largest city of Poland in the 15th 17th centuries In 1793 within the Partitions of Poland the city became part of Prussia from 1920 to 1939 it was a Free City under the protection of the League of Nations On 1 September 1939 it was the scene of the first clash of World War II at Westerplatte The contemporary city was shaped by extensive border changes expulsions and new settlement after 1945 In the 1980s Gdansk was the birthplace of the Solidarity movement which helped precipitate the collapse of the Eastern Bloc the fall of the Berlin Wall and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact Gdansk is home to the University of Gdansk Gdansk University of Technology the National Museum the Gdansk Shakespeare Theatre the Museum of the Second World War the Polish Baltic Philharmonic the Polish Space Agency and the European Solidarity Centre Among Gdansk s most notable historical landmarks are the Town Hall the Green Gate Artus Court Neptune s Fountain and St Mary s Church one of the largest brick churches in the world The city is served by Gdansk Lech Walesa Airport the country s third busiest airport and the most important international airport in northern Poland Gdansk is among the most visited cities in Poland having received 3 4 million tourists according to data collected in 2019 11 The city also hosts St Dominic s Fair which dates back to 1260 12 and is regarded as one of the biggest trade and cultural events in Europe 13 Gdansk has also topped rankings for the quality of life safety and living standards worldwide and its historic city center has been listed as one of Poland s national monuments 14 15 16 17 Contents 1 Names 1 1 Origin 1 2 History 1 3 Ceremonial names 2 History 2 1 Ancient history 2 2 Early Poland 2 3 Pomeranian Poland 2 4 Teutonic Knights 2 5 Kingdom of Poland 2 6 Prussia and Germany 2 7 Free City of Danzig and World War II 2 8 Post World War II 1945 1989 2 9 Contemporary history 1990 present 3 Geography 3 1 Climate 4 Economy 5 Main sights 5 1 Architecture 5 2 Museums 5 3 Entertainment 6 Transport 7 Sport 8 Politics and local government 8 1 Regional centre 8 2 Municipal government 8 3 Districts 9 Education and science 9 1 Scientific and regional organizations 10 International relations 10 1 Twin towns sister cities 10 2 Former twin towns 10 3 Partnerships and cooperation 10 4 World Scout Jamboree 11 Demographics 12 People 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 SourcesNames editOrigin edit nbsp A manuscript fragment featuring gyddanyzcThe name of the city was most likely derived from Gdania a river presently known as Motlawa on which the city is situated 18 Linguists argue that the name stems from the Proto Slavic adjective prefix gd which meant wet or moist with the addition of the morpheme n ni and the suffix sk 19 History edit The name of the settlement was recorded after St Adalbert s death in 997 CE as urbs Gyddanyzc and it was later written as Kdanzk in 1148 Gdanzc in 1188 Danceke 20 in 1228 Gdansk in 1236 a Danzc in 1263 Danczk in 1311 b Danczik in 1399 c Danczig in 1414 and Gdansk in 1656 21 In Polish documents the form Gdansk was always used The German form Danzig developed later simplifying the consonant clusters to something easier for German speakers to pronounce 22 The cluster gd became d Danzc from 1263 23 the combination ns became nts Danczk from 1311 23 and finally an epenthetical i broke up the final cluster Danczik from 1399 23 In Polish the modern name of the city is pronounced ɡdaj sk In English where the diacritic over the n is frequently omitted the usual pronunciation is ɡ e ˈ d ae n s k or ɡ e ˈ d ɑː n s k The German name Danzig is usually pronounced ˈdantsɪc or alternatively ˈdantsɪk in more Southern German speaking areas The city s Latin name may be given as either Gedania Gedanum or Dantiscum the variety of Latin names reflects the mixed influence of the city s Polish German and Kashubian heritage Other former spellings of the name include Dantzig Dantsic and Dantzic Ceremonial names edit On special occasions the city is also referred to as The Royal Polish City of Gdansk Polish Krolewskie Polskie Miasto Gdansk Latin Regia Civitas Polonica Gedanensis Kashubian Krolewsczi Polsczi Gard Gdunsk 24 25 26 In the Kashubian language the city is called Gdunsk Although some Kashubians may also use the name Our Capital City Gdunsk Nasz Stoleczny Gard Gdunsk or The Kashubian Capital City Gdunsk Stoleczny Kaszebsczi Gard Gdunsk the cultural and historical connections between the city and the region of Kashubia are debatable and use of such names rises controversy among Kashubians 27 History editMain article History of Gdansk For a chronological guide see Timeline of Gdansk Ancient history edit The oldest evidence found for the existence of a settlement on the lands of what is now Gdansk comes from the Bronze Age which is estimated to be from 2500 1700 BCE The settlement that is now known as Gdansk began in the 9th century being mostly an agriculture and fishing dependent village 28 29 In the beginning of the 10th century it began becoming an important centre for trade especially between the Pomeranians until its annexation in c 975 by Mieszko I 30 Early Poland edit nbsp The largest medieval port crane in Europe situated over the river Motlawa 31 The first written record thought to refer to Gdansk is the vita of Saint Adalbert Written in 999 it describes how in 997 Saint Adalbert of Prague baptised the inhabitants of urbs Gyddannyzc which separated the great realm of the duke i e Boleslaw the Brave of Poland from the sea 32 No further written sources exist for the 10th and 11th centuries 32 Based on the date in Adalbert s vita the city celebrated its millennial anniversary in 1997 33 Archaeological evidence for the origins of the town was retrieved mostly after World War II had laid 90 percent of the city centre in ruins enabling excavations 34 The oldest seventeen settlement levels were dated to between 980 and 1308 33 Mieszko I of Poland erected a stronghold on the site in the 980s thereby connecting the Polish state ruled by the Piast dynasty with the trade routes of the Baltic Sea 35 Traces of buildings and housing from the 10th century have been found in archaeological excavations of the city 36 Pomeranian Poland edit nbsp Excavated remains of 12th century buildings in GdanskThe site was ruled as a duchy of Poland by the Samborides It consisted of a settlement at the modern Long Market settlements of craftsmen along the Old Ditch German merchant settlements around St Nicholas s church and the old Piast stronghold 37 In 1186 a Cistercian monastery was set up in nearby Oliwa which is now within the city limits In 1215 the ducal stronghold became the centre of a Pomerelian splinter duchy At that time the area of the later city included various villages From at least 1224 25 a German market settlement with merchants from Lubeck existed in the area of today s Long Market 38 In 1224 25 merchants from Lubeck were invited as hospites immigrants with specific privileges but were soon in 1238 forced to leave by Swietopelk II of the Samborides during a war between Swietopelk and the Teutonic Knights during which Lubeck supported the latter Migration of merchants to the town resumed in 1257 39 Significant German influence did not reappear until the 14th century after the takeover of the city by the Teutonic Knights 40 At latest in 1263 Pomerelian duke Swietopelk II granted city rights under Lubeck law to the emerging market settlement 38 It was an autonomy charter similar to that of Lubeck which was also the primary origin of many settlers 37 In a document of 1271 the Pomerelian duke Mestwin II addressed the Lubeck merchants settled in the city as his loyal citizens from Germany 41 42 In 1300 the town had an estimated population of 2 000 While overall the town was far from an important trade centre at that time it had some relevance in the trade with Eastern Europe Low on funds the Samborides lent the settlement to Brandenburg although they planned to take the city back and give it to Poland Poland threatened to intervene and the Brandenburgians left the town Subsequently the city was taken by Danish princes in 1301 43 Teutonic Knights edit nbsp Monument to defenders of Polish Gdansk also commemorates the victims of the 1308 massacre carried out by the Teutonic Knights Main article Teutonic takeover of Danzig Gdansk In 1308 the town was taken by Brandenburg and the Teutonic Knights restored order Subsequently the Knights took over control of the town Primary sources record a massacre carried out by the Teutonic Knights against the local population 44 of 10 000 people but the exact number killed is subject of dispute in modern scholarship 45 Multiple authors accept the number given in the original sources 46 while others consider 10 000 to have been a medieval exaggeration although scholarly consensus is that a massacre of some magnitude did take place 45 The events were used by the Polish crown to condemn the Teutonic Knights in a subsequent papal lawsuit 45 47 The knights colonized the area replacing local Kashubians and Poles with German settlers 46 In 1308 they founded Osiek Hakelwerk near the town initially as a Slavic fishing settlement 44 In 1340 the Teutonic Knights constructed a large fortress which became the seat of the knights Komtur 48 In 1346 they changed the Town Law of the city which then consisted only of the Rechtstadt to Kulm law 49 In 1358 Danzig joined the Hanseatic League and became an active member in 1361 50 It maintained relations with the trade centres Bruges Novgorod Lisboa and Sevilla 50 Around 1377 the Old Town was equipped with city rights as well 51 In 1380 the New Town was founded as the third independent settlement 44 After a series of Polish Teutonic Wars in the Treaty of Kalisz 1343 the Order had to acknowledge that it would hold Pomerelia as a fief from the Polish Crown Although it left the legal basis of the Order s possession of the province in some doubt the city thrived as a result of increased exports of grain especially wheat timber potash tar and other goods of forestry from Prussia and Poland via the Vistula River trading routes although after its capture the Teutonic Knights tried to actively reduce the economic significance of the town While under the control of the Teutonic Order German migration increased The Order s religious networks helped to develop Danzig s literary culture 52 A new war broke out in 1409 culminating in the Battle of Grunwald 1410 and the city came under the control of the Kingdom of Poland A year later with the First Peace of Thorn it returned to the Teutonic Order 53 Kingdom of Poland edit nbsp Apotheosis of Gdansk by Izaak van den Blocke The Vistula borne trade of goods in Poland was the main source of prosperity during the city s Golden Age In 1440 the city participated in the foundation of the Prussian Confederation which was an organisation opposed to the rule of the Teutonic Knights The organisation in its complaint of 1453 mentioned repeated cases in which the Teutonic Knights imprisoned or murdered local patricians and mayors without a court verdict 54 On the request of the organisation King Casimir IV of Poland reincorporated the territory to the Kingdom of Poland in 1454 55 This led to the Thirteen Years War between Poland and the State of the Teutonic Order 1454 1466 Since 1454 the city was authorized by the King to mint Polish coins 56 The local mayor pledged allegiance to the King during the incorporation in March 1454 in Krakow 57 and the city again solemnly pledged allegiance to the King in June 1454 in Elblag recognizing the prior Teutonic annexation and rule as unlawful 58 On 25 May 1457 the city gained its rights as an autonomous city 59 On 15 May 1457 Casimir IV of Poland granted the town the Great Privilege after he had been invited by the town s council and had already stayed in town for five weeks 60 With the Great Privilege the town was granted full autonomy and protection by the King of Poland 61 The privilege removed tariffs and taxes on trade within Poland Lithuania and Ruthenia present day Belarus and Ukraine and conferred on the town independent jurisdiction legislation and administration of her territory as well as the right to mint its own coin 60 Furthermore the privilege united Old Town Osiek and Main Town and legalised the demolition of New Town which had sided with the Teutonic Knights 60 By 1457 New Town was demolished completely no buildings remained 44 Gaining free and privileged access to Polish markets the seaport prospered while simultaneously trading with the other Hanseatic cities After the Second Peace of Thorn 1466 between Poland and the Teutonic Order the warfare ended permanently Gdansk became part of Royal Prussia under the Polish crown After the Union of Lublin between Poland and Lithuania in 1569 the city continued to enjoy a large degree of internal autonomy cf Danzig law Being the largest and one of the most influential cities of Poland it enjoyed voting rights during the royal election period in Poland In the 1560s and 1570s a large Mennonite community started growing in the city gaining significant popularity 62 In the 1575 election to the Polish throne Danzig supported Maximilian II in his struggle against Stephen Bathory It was the latter who eventually became monarch but the city encouraged by the secret support of Denmark and Emperor Maximilian shut its gates against Stephen After the Siege of Danzig lasting six months the city s army of 5 000 mercenaries was utterly defeated in a field battle on 16 December 1577 However since Stephen s armies were unable to take the city by force a compromise was reached Stephen Bathory confirmed the city s special status and her Danzig law privileges granted by earlier Polish kings The city recognised him as ruler of Poland and paid the enormous sum of 200 000 guldens in gold as payoff apology 63 During the Polish Swedish War of 1626 1629 in 1627 the naval Battle of Oliwa was fought near the city and it is one of the greatest victories in the history of the Polish Navy During the Swedish invasion of Poland of 1655 1660 commonly known as the Deluge the city was unsuccessfully besieged by Sweden In 1660 the war was ended with the Treaty of Oliwa signed in the present day district of Oliwa 64 Around 1640 Johannes Hevelius established his astronomical observatory in the Old Town Polish King John III Sobieski regularly visited Hevelius numerous times 65 Beside a majority of German speakers 66 whose elites sometimes distinguished their German dialect as Pomerelian 67 the city was home to a large number of Polish speaking Poles Jewish Poles Latvian speaking Kursenieki Flemings and Dutch In addition a number of Scots took refuge or migrated to and received citizenship in the city During the Protestant Reformation most German speaking inhabitants adopted Lutheranism Due to the special status of the city and significance within the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth the city inhabitants largely became bi cultural sharing both Polish and German culture and were strongly attached to the traditions of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth 68 The city suffered a last great plague and a slow economic decline due to the wars of the 18th century As a stronghold of Stanislaw Leszczynski s supporters during the War of the Polish Succession it was taken by the Russians after the Siege of Danzig in 1734 However by the end of the 18th century Gdansk was still one of the most economically integrated cities in Poland It was well connected and traded actively with German cities while other Polish cities became less well integrated towards the end of the century mostly due to greater risks for long distance trade given the number of violent conflicts along the trade routes 69 The Danzig Research Society which became defunct in 1936 was founded in 1743 70 In 1772 the First Partition of Poland took place and Prussia annexed almost all of the former Royal Prussia which became the Province of West Prussia However Gdansk and Torun remained a part of Poland Lithuania with Gdansk now an exclave separated from the rest of Poland Prussia and Germany edit Danzig was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1793 71 in the Second Partition of Poland Both the Polish and the German speaking population largely opposed the Prussian annexation and wished the city to remain part of Poland 72 unreliable source The mayor of the city stepped down from his office due to the annexation 73 The notable city councilor Jan Johann Uphagen historian and art collector also resigned as a sign of protest against the annexation His house exemplifies Baroque in Poland and is now a museum known as Uphagen s House 74 An attempted student uprising against Prussia led by Gottfried Benjamin Bartholdi was crushed quickly by the authorities in 1797 75 76 77 The Prussian king cut off Danzig and Torun with a military controlled barrier also blocking shipping links to foreign ports on the pretense that a cattle plague may otherwise break out Danzig declined in its economic significance After peace was restored in 1721 Danzig experienced steady economic recovery In the 1740s and 1750s Danzig was restored and Danzig port was again the most significant grain exporting in the Baltic region 78 During the Napoleonic Wars in 1807 the city was besieged and captured by a coalition of French Polish Italian Saxon and Baden forces Afterwards it was a free city from 1807 to 1814 when it was captured by combined Prussian Russian forces nbsp Colorized photo c 1900 showing prewar roof of the Krantor crane Brama Zuraw In 1815 after France s defeat in the Napoleonic Wars it again became part of Prussia and became the capital of Regierungsbezirk Danzig within the province of West Prussia Since the 1820s the Wisloujscie Fortress served as a prison mainly for Polish political prisoners including resistance members protesters insurgents of the November and January uprisings and refugees from the Russian Partition of Poland fleeing conscription into the Russian Army 79 and insurgents of the November Uprising were also imprisoned in Biskupia Gorka Bischofsberg 80 In May June 1832 and November 1833 more than 1 000 Polish insurgents departed partitioned Poland through the city s port boarding ships bound for France the United Kingdom and the United States see Great Emigration 81 82 The city s longest serving mayor was Robert von Blumenthal who held office from 1841 through the revolutions of 1848 until 1863 With the unification of Germany in 1871 under Prussian hegemony the city became part of the German Empire and remained so until 1919 after Germany s defeat in World War I 71 Starting from the 1850s long established Danzig families often felt marginalized by the new town elite originating from mainland Germany This situation caused the Polish to allege that the Danzig people were oppressed by German rule and for this reason allegedly failed to articulate their natural desire for strong ties with Poland 83 Free City of Danzig and World War II edit Main article Free City of Danzig When Poland regained its independence after World War I with access to the sea as promised by the Allies on the basis of Woodrow Wilson s Fourteen Points point 13 called for an independent Polish state which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea the Poles hoped the city s harbour would also become part of Poland 84 However in the end since Germans formed a majority in the city with Poles being a minority in the 1923 census 7 896 people out of 335 921 gave Polish Kashubian or Masurian as their native language 85 the city was not placed under Polish sovereignty Instead in accordance with the terms of the Versailles Treaty it became the Free City of Danzig an independent quasi state under the auspices of the League of Nations with its external affairs largely under Polish control 86 Poland s rights also included free use of the harbour a Polish post office a Polish garrison in Westerplatte district and customs union with Poland 86 The Free City had its own constitution national anthem parliament and government Senat It issued its own stamps as well as its currency the Danzig gulden 84 nbsp An aerial view of the historic city centre around 1920 nbsp A 1920s map of the cityWith the growth of Nazism among Germans anti Polish sentiment increased and both Germanisation and segregation policies intensified in the 1930s the rights of local Poles were commonly violated and limited by the local administration 86 Polish children were refused admission to public Polish language schools premises were not allowed to be rented to Polish schools and preschools 87 Due to such policies only 8 Polish language public schools existed in the city and Poles managed to organize 7 more private Polish schools 87 In 1937 Poles who sent their children to private Polish schools were required to transfer children to German schools under threat of police intervention and attacks were carried out on Polish schools and Polish youth 87 German militias carried out numerous beatings of Polish activists scouts and even postal workers as punishment for distributing the Polish press 88 German students attacked and expelled Polish students from the technical university 88 Dozens of Polish surnames were forcibly Germanized 88 while Polish symbols that reminded that for centuries Gdansk was part of Poland were removed from the city s landmarks such as the Artus Court and the Neptune s Fountain 89 From 1937 the employment of Poles by German companies was prohibited and already employed Poles were fired the use of Polish in public places was banned and Poles were not allowed to enter several restaurants in particular those owned by Germans 89 In 1939 before the German invasion of Poland and outbreak of World War II local Polish railwaymen were victims of beatings and after the invasion they were also imprisoned and murdered in concentration camps 90 In the early 1930s the local Nazi Party capitalised on pro German sentiments and in 1933 garnered 50 of vote in the parliament Thereafter the Nazis under Gauleiter Albert Forster achieved dominance in the city government which was still nominally overseen by the League of Nations High Commissioner The German government officially demanded the return of Danzig to Germany along with an extraterritorial meaning under German jurisdiction highway through the area of the Polish Corridor for land based access from the rest of Germany Hitler used the issue of the status of the city as a pretext for attacking Poland and in May 1939 during a high level meeting of German military officials explained to them It is not Danzig that is at stake For us it is a matter of expanding our Lebensraum in the east adding that there will be no repeat of the Czech situation and Germany will attack Poland at first opportunity after isolating the country from its Western Allies 91 92 93 94 95 After the German proposals to solve the three main issues peacefully were refused German Polish relations rapidly deteriorated Germany attacked Poland on 1 September after having signed a non aggression pact with the Soviet Union 96 nbsp The German battleship SMS Schleswig Holstein firing at the Polish Military Transit Depot during the Battle of Westerplatte in September 1939The German attack began in Danzig with a bombardment of Polish positions at Westerplatte by the German battleship Schleswig Holstein and the landing of German infantry on the peninsula Outnumbered Polish defenders at Westerplatte resisted for seven days before running out of ammunition Meanwhile after a fierce day long fight 1 September 1939 defenders of the Polish Post office were tried and executed then buried on the spot in the Danzig quarter of Zaspa in October 1939 In 1998 a German court overturned their conviction and sentence 96 nbsp Captured Polish defenders of the Polish Post Office in Danzig shortly before their trial and execution by the Wehrmacht The city was officially annexed by Nazi Germany and incorporated into the Reichsgau Danzig West Prussia About 50 percent of members of the Jewish community had left the city within a year after a pogrom in October 1937 97 after the Kristallnacht riots in November 1938 the community decided to organize its emigration 98 and in March 1939 a first transport to Palestine started 99 By September 1939 barely 1 700 mostly elderly Jews remained In early 1941 just 600 Jews were still living in Danzig most of whom were later murdered in the Holocaust 97 100 Out of the 2 938 Jewish community in the city 1 227 were able to escape from the Nazis before the outbreak of war 101 dubious discuss Nazi secret police had been observing Polish minority communities in the city since 1936 compiling information which in 1939 served to prepare lists of Poles to be captured in Operation Tannenberg On the first day of the war approximately 1 500 ethnic Poles were arrested some because of their participation in social and economic life others because they were activists and members of various Polish organisations On 2 September 1939 150 of them were deported to the Sicherheitsdienst camp Stutthof some 50 km 30 mi from Danzig and murdered 102 Many Poles living in Danzig were deported to Stutthof or executed in the Piasnica forest 103 During the war the Germans operated a Nazi prison in the city 104 an Einsatzgruppen operated penal camp 105 a camp for Romani people 106 two subcamps of the Stalag XX B prisoner of war camp for Allied POWs 107 and several subcamps of the Stutthof concentration camp within the present day city limits 108 In 1941 Hitler ordered the invasion of the Soviet Union eventually causing the fortunes of war to turn against Germany As the Soviet Army advanced in 1944 German populations in Central and Eastern Europe took flight resulting in the beginning of a great population shift After the final Soviet offensives began in January 1945 hundreds of thousands of German refugees converged on Danzig many of whom had fled on foot from East Prussia some tried to escape through the city s port in a large scale evacuation involving hundreds of German cargo and passenger ships Some of the ships were sunk by the Soviets including the Wilhelm Gustloff after an evacuation was attempted at neighbouring Gdynia In the process tens of thousands of refugees were killed 109 The city also endured heavy Allied and Soviet air raids Those who survived and could not escape had to face the Soviet Army which captured the heavily damaged city on 30 March 1945 110 followed by large scale rape 111 and looting 112 113 In line with the decisions made by the Allies at the Yalta and Potsdam conferences the city was annexed by Poland although with a Soviet installed communist regime which stayed in power until the Fall of Communism in the 1980s The remaining German residents of the city who had survived the war fled or were expelled to postwar Germany The city was repopulated by ethnic Poles up to 18 percent 1948 of them had been deported by the Soviets in two major waves from pre war eastern Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union 114 Post World War II 1945 1989 edit nbsp Example of Dutch style buildings rebuilt after the war The Old Arsenal by Anthony van Obberghen Jan Strakowski and Abraham van den Blocke 1602 1605 115 In 1946 the communists executed 17 year old Danuta Siedzikowna and 42 year old Feliks Selmanowicz Polish resistance members in the local prison 116 117 The port of Gdansk was one of the three Polish ports through which Greeks and Macedonians refugees of the Greek Civil War reached Poland 118 In 1949 four transports of Greek and Macedonian refugees arrived at the port of Gdansk from where they were transported to new homes in Poland 118 Parts of the historic old city of Gdansk which had suffered large scale destruction during the war were rebuilt during the 1950s and 1960s The reconstruction sought to dilute the German character of the city and set it back to how it supposedly looked like before the annexation to Prussia in 1793 119 120 121 Nineteenth century transformations were ignored as ideologically malignant by post war administrations or regarded as Prussian barbarism worthy of demolition 122 123 while Flemish Dutch Italian and French influences were emphasized in order to neutralize the German influx on the general outlook of the city 124 nbsp The Gdansk Shipyard strike in 1980Boosted by heavy investment in the development of its port and three major shipyards for Soviet ambitions in the Baltic region Gdansk became the major shipping and industrial centre of the People s Republic of Poland In December 1970 Gdansk was the scene of anti regime demonstrations which led to the downfall of Poland s communist leader Wladyslaw Gomulka During the demonstrations in Gdansk and Gdynia military as well as the police opened fire on the demonstrators causing several dozen deaths Ten years later in August 1980 Gdansk Shipyard was the birthplace of the Solidarity trade union movement 125 In September 1981 to deter Solidarity Soviet Union launched Exercise Zapad 81 the largest military exercise in history during which amphibious landings were conducted near Gdansk Meanwhile the Solidarity held its first national congress in Hala Olivia Gdansk when more than 800 deputies participated Its opposition to the Communist regime led to the end of Communist Party rule in 1989 and sparked a series of protests that overthrew the Communist regimes of the former Eastern Bloc 126 Contemporary history 1990 present edit Solidarity s leader Lech Walesa became President of Poland in 1990 In 2014 the European Solidarity Centre a museum and library devoted to the history of the movement opened in Gdansk 126 On 9 July 2001 the city was flooded with 200 million zl being estimated in damage 4 people killed and 304 evacuated As a result the city has built 50 reservoirs the number of which is rising 127 128 nbsp UEFA Euro 2012 in GdanskGdansk native Donald Tusk became Prime Minister of Poland in 2007 and President of the European Council in 2014 129 In 2014 the remains of Danuta Siedzikowna and Feliks Selmanowicz were found at the local Garrison Cemetery and then their state burial was held in Gdansk in 2016 with the participation of thousands of people from all over Poland and the highest Polish authorities 117 In January 2019 the Mayor of Gdansk Pawel Adamowicz was assassinated by a man who had just been released from prison for violent crimes After stabbing the mayor in the abdomen near the heart the man claimed that the mayor s political party had been responsible for imprisoning him Though Adamowicz underwent a multi hour surgery he died the next day 130 131 In October 2019 the City of Gdansk was awarded the Princess of Asturias Award in the Concord category as a recognition of the fact that the past and present in Gdansk are sensitive to solidarity the defense of freedom and human rights as well as to the preservation of peace 132 Geography editGdansk lies at the mouth of the Motlawa river to the Martwa Wisla a branch of the Vistula It is located on the border between different physiographic regions Vistula Spit waterside part of the city Vistula Fens eastern part of the city Kashubian Coastland north western part of the city and Kashubian Lake District western part of the city Climate edit GdanskClimate chart explanation J F M A M J J A S O N D 29 1 4 23 2 3 28 6 1 31 11 3 55 17 8 68 20 11 68 23 14 69 23 13 64 18 10 49 13 6 46 6 1 39 3 2 Average max and min temperatures in C Precipitation totals in mmSource World Meteorological OrganisationImperial conversionJFMAMJJASOND 1 1 35 25 0 9 36 26 1 1 43 31 1 2 53 38 2 2 62 46 2 7 67 52 2 7 73 56 2 7 73 56 2 5 64 50 1 9 55 42 1 8 43 34 1 5 37 28 Average max and min temperatures in F Precipitation totals in inchesGdansk has a climate with both oceanic and continental influences According to some categorizations it has an oceanic climate Cfb while others classify it as belonging to the continental climate zone Dfb 133 It actually depends on whether the mean reference temperature for the coldest winter month is set at 3 C 27 F or 0 C 32 F Gdansk s dry winters and the precipitation maximum in summer are indicators of continentality However seasonal extremes are less pronounced than those in inland Poland 134 The city has moderately cold and cloudy winters with mean temperature in January and February near or below 0 C 32 F and mild summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms Average temperatures range from 1 0 to 17 2 C 30 to 63 F and average monthly rainfall varies 17 9 to 66 7 mm 1 to 3 in per month with a rather low annual total of 507 3 mm 20 in In general the weather is damp variable and mild 134 The seasons are clearly differentiated Spring starts in March and is initially cold and windy later becoming pleasantly warm and often increasingly sunny Summer which begins in June is predominantly warm but hot at times with temperature reaching as high as 30 to 35 C 86 to 95 F at least couple times a year with plenty of sunshine interspersed with heavy rain Gdansk averages 1 700 hours of sunshine per year July and August are the warmest months Autumn comes in September and is at first warm and usually sunny turning cold damp and foggy in November Winter lasts from December to March and includes periods of snow January and February are the coldest months with the temperature sometimes dropping as low as 15 C 5 F 134 Climate data for Gdansk 1991 2020 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 13 4 56 1 18 1 64 6 24 5 76 1 30 6 87 1 32 3 90 1 34 6 94 3 36 0 96 8 35 8 96 4 31 7 89 1 28 1 82 6 21 1 70 0 13 7 56 7 36 0 96 8 Mean maximum C F 7 6 45 7 8 4 47 1 14 9 58 8 22 1 71 8 25 9 78 6 28 9 84 0 30 0 86 0 29 9 85 8 24 8 76 6 19 2 66 6 11 8 53 2 8 4 47 1 31 8 89 2 Mean daily maximum C F 1 7 35 1 2 9 37 2 6 6 43 9 12 1 53 8 16 8 62 2 20 4 68 7 22 6 72 7 22 9 73 2 18 5 65 3 12 7 54 9 6 7 44 1 3 1 37 6 12 3 54 1 Daily mean C F 1 4 29 5 0 8 30 6 1 8 35 2 6 9 44 4 11 9 53 4 15 5 59 9 17 7 63 9 17 3 63 1 12 9 55 2 8 0 46 4 3 4 38 1 0 1 32 2 7 7 45 9 Mean daily minimum C F 3 3 26 1 2 7 27 1 0 4 31 3 3 6 38 5 8 1 46 6 11 6 52 9 14 2 57 6 13 9 57 0 10 4 50 7 5 8 42 4 1 9 35 4 1 6 29 1 5 1 41 2 Mean minimum C F 15 6 3 9 13 5 7 7 9 7 14 5 3 8 25 2 0 0 32 0 4 3 39 7 7 5 45 5 7 2 45 0 3 0 37 4 2 2 28 0 6 3 20 7 11 3 11 7 19 1 2 4 Record low C F 27 4 17 3 29 8 21 6 22 8 9 0 7 7 18 1 4 3 24 3 0 5 31 1 2 1 35 8 4 4 39 9 1 9 28 6 7 0 19 4 16 9 1 6 23 3 9 9 29 8 21 6 Average precipitation mm inches 28 5 1 12 23 7 0 93 27 5 1 08 32 0 1 26 53 3 2 10 58 8 2 31 79 4 3 13 70 0 2 76 64 5 2 54 54 8 2 16 42 6 1 68 36 0 1 42 571 0 22 48 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 16 67 14 25 14 03 11 43 13 07 14 03 13 43 14 03 12 40 15 27 15 93 17 97 172 51Average relative humidity 87 7 85 9 82 5 75 5 71 6 72 2 74 7 78 1 82 6 84 6 89 1 89 8 81 2Average dew point C F 3 27 3 27 1 30 2 36 6 43 10 50 13 55 12 54 9 48 6 43 2 36 1 30 4 40 Mean monthly sunshine hours 39 70 134 163 244 259 236 225 174 105 45 32 1 726Average ultraviolet index 1 2 2 4 4 5 5 4 4 3 1 1 3Source 1 Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 Source 2 meteomodel pl d 143 Weather Atlas UV 144 Time and Date dewpoints 2005 2015 145 Economy edit nbsp Gdansk Shipyard in 2009The industrial sections of the city are dominated by shipbuilding petrochemical and chemical industries as well as food processing The share of high tech sectors such as electronics telecommunications IT engineering cosmetics and pharmaceuticals is on the rise 146 Amber processing is also an important part of the local economy as the majority of the world s amber deposits lie along the Baltic coast The Pomeranian Voivodeship including Gdansk is also a major tourist destination in the summer as millions of Poles and other European tourists flock to the beaches of the Baltic coastline Major companies based in Gdansk include Remontowa the Gdansk Shipyard Elektrocieplownie Wybrzeze Polnord Energobudowa Ziaja and BreakThru Films The city also served as a major base for Grupa Lotos with the Gdansk Refinery having being the second largest in Poland with a capacity of 210 000 bbl d 33 000 m3 d Main sights edit nbsp View of Gdansk s Main Town from the Motlawa River 2012 Architecture edit Sights at the Royal Route nbsp Highland Gate nbsp Mansion of the Society of Saint George and Golden Gate nbsp Ulica Dluga nbsp Artus Court nbsp Sculptures at the top of the Golden House nbsp Neptune s Fountain and Dlugi Targ The city has some buildings surviving from the time of the Hanseatic League Most tourist attractions are located in the area of the Main City of Gdansk 147 along or near Ulica Dluga Long Street and Dlugi Targ Long Market a pedestrian thoroughfare surrounded by buildings reconstructed in historical primarily during the 17th century style and flanked at both ends by elaborate city gates This part of the city is sometimes referred to as the Royal Route since it was once the path of processions for visiting Kings of Poland Walking from end to end sites encountered on or near the Royal Route include Highland Gate Brama Wyzynna which marks the beginning of the Royal Route Torture House Katownia and Prison Tower Wieza wiezienna now housing the Amber Museum Muzeum Bursztynu Mansion of the Society of Saint George Dwor Bractwa sw Jerzego Golden Gate Zlota Brama 148 Ulica Dluga Long Lane filled with picturesque tenements 149 Uphagen s House Dom Uphagena branch of the Museum of Gdansk Lion s Castle Lwi Zamek Main Town Hall Ratusz Glownego Miasta built 1378 1492 150 Dlugi Targ Long Market Artus Court Dwor Artusa 151 Neptune s Fountain Fontanna Neptuna a masterpiece by architect Abraham van den Blocke 1617 152 153 It is the oldest working fountain in Poland 154 New Jury House Nowy Dom Lawy in which the seemingly 17th century Maiden in the Window appears every day during the tourist season referring to a popular novel Panienka z okienka Maiden in the Window by Jadwiga Luszczewska set in 17th century Gdansk 155 Golden House Zlota Kamienica a distinctive Renaissance townhouse from the early 17th century decorated with numerous reliefs and sculptures 156 Green Gate Zielona Brama a Mannerist gate built as a formal residence of Polish kings now housing a branch of the National Museum in Gdansk 157 Olivia Business Centre a district made up of six buildings Olivia Star is the tallest building in North Poland It was finished in 2018 and measures at 512 Feet 158 nbsp Royal Chapel of the Polish King John III Sobieski was built in baroque style between 1678 and 1681 by Tylman van Gameren 159 nbsp St Mary s Church the largest brick church in the world nbsp Polish Post Office site of the 1939 battleGdansk has a number of historical churches including St Catherine s Church and St Mary s Church Bazylika Mariacka This latter is a municipal church built during the 15th century and is the largest brick church in the world 149 The city s 17th century fortifications represent one of Poland s official national Historic Monuments Pomnik historii as designated on 16 September 1994 and tracked by the National Heritage Board of Poland Other main sights in the historical city centre include 149 Royal Chapel of the Polish King John III Sobieski Zuraw medieval port crane 160 Gradowa Hill Granaries on the Olowianka and Granary Islands Great Armoury John III Sobieski Monument Old Town Hall 161 Jan Heweliusz Monument Great Mill 1350 Small Mill Mariacka Street 162 House of Research Society Polish Post Office site of the 1939 battle brick gothic town gates i e Mariacka Gate Straganiarska Gate Cow GateMain sights outside the historical city centre include Abbot s Palace in the Oliwa Park Lighthouse in Nowy Port Oliwa Cathedral 149 Pacholek Hill an observation point in Oliwa Pier in Brzezno Medieval city walls Westerplatte 163 Wisloujscie Fortress 164 Gdansk Zoo 165 Museums edit nbsp Abbot s Palace in Oliwa nbsp Archeological Museum and Mariacka Gate nbsp Museum of the Second World War opened in 2017National Museum Muzeum Narodowe 166 Department of Ancient Art contains a number of important artworks including Hans Memling s Last Judgement Green Gate Department of Modern Art in the Abbot s Palace in Oliwa Ethnography Department in the Abbot s Granary in Oliwa Gdansk Photography Gallery Historical Museum Muzeum Historyczne Miasta Gdanska 167 Main Town Hall Artus Court Uphagen s House Amber Museum Muzeum Bursztynu Museum of the Polish Post Muzeum Poczty Polskiej Wartownia nr 1 na Westerplatte Museum of Tower Clocks Muzeum Zegarow Wiezowych Wisloujscie Fortress National Maritime Museum Gdansk Narodowe Muzeum Morskie Zuraw Crane Granaries in Olowianka museum ship SS Soldek is anchored on the Motlawa River and was the first ship built in post war Poland European Solidarity Centre Museum and library dedicated to the history of the Solidarity movement 168 Archeological Museum Muzeum Archeologiczne Gdansk Nowy Port Lighthouse Latarnia Morska Gdansk Nowy Port Izba Pamieci Wincentego Pola w Gdansku Sobieszewie Archdiocese Museum Muzeum Archidiecezjalne Museum of the Second World War 169 Entertainment edit Polish Baltic Philharmonic Baltic Opera Teatr Wybrzeze Gdansk Shakespeare Theatre is a Shakespearean theatre built on the historical site of a 17th century playhouse where English travelling players came to perform The new theatre completed in 2014 hosts the annual Gdansk Shakespeare Festival 170 Transport edit nbsp Pesa Atribo of the Szybka Kolej Miejska in Gdansk nbsp Gdansk Lech Walesa Airport 2012 before the 2022 expansion nbsp Maersk container ship in the Port of Gdansk nbsp Gdansk Glowny railway stationGdansk Lech Walesa Airport an international airport located in Gdansk 171 The Szybka Kolej Miejska SKM 172 the Fast Urban Railway functions as a Metro system for the Tricity area including Gdansk Sopot and Gdynia operating frequent trains to 27 stations covering the Tricity 173 The service is operated by electric multiple unit trains at a varying frequency Railways The principal station in Gdansk is Gdansk Glowny railway station served by both SKM local trains and PKP long distance trains In addition long distance trains also stop at Gdansk Oliwa railway station Gdansk Wrzeszcz railway station Sopot and Gdynia Gdansk also has nine other railway stations served by local SKM trains Long distance trains are operated by PKP Intercity which provides connections with all major Polish cities including Warsaw Krakow Lodz Poznan Katowice Szczecin and Czestochowa and with the neighbouring Kashubian Lakes region In 2011 2015 the Warsaw Gdansk Gdynia railway route underwent a major upgrading costing 3 billion partly funded by the European Investment Bank including track replacement realignment of curves and relocation of sections of track to allow speeds up to 200 km h 124 mph modernization of stations and installation of the most modern ETCS signalling system which was completed in June 2015 In December 2014 new Alstom Pendolino high speed trains were put into service between Gdansk Warsaw and Krakow reducing the rail travel time from Gdansk to Warsaw to 2 hours 58 minutes 174 175 further reduced in December 2015 to 2 hours 39 minutes 176 A new railway Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna PKM the Pomeranian Metropolitan Railway commenced service on 1 September 2015 connecting Gdansk Lech Walesa Airport with Wrzeszcz and downtown Gdansk It connects to the Szybka Kolej Miejska Tricity SKM which provides further connections to the entire area served by SKM City buses and trams are operated by ZTM Gdansk Zarzad Transportu Miejskiego w Gdansku From 1 October 2018 selected circuits of line 31 from PKT Gdynia go to bus stop Sopot Ergo Arena without trolley pole Small part of this rote passes through Gdansk Port of Gdansk a seaport located on the southern coast of Gdansk Bay within the city 177 Obwodnica Trojmiejska part of expressway S6 that bypasses the cities of Gdansk Sopot and Gdynia The A1 motorway connects the port and city of Gdansk with the southern border of the country As of 2014 update some fragments of the A1 motorway are still incomplete Gdansk is the starting point of the EuroVelo 9 cycling route which continues southward through Poland then into the Czech Republic Austria and Slovenia before ending at the Adriatic Sea in Pula Croatia Additionally Gdansk is part of the Rail 2 Sea project This project s objective is to connect the city with the Romanian Black Sea port of Constanța with a 3 663 km 2 276 mi long railway line passing through Poland Slovakia Hungary and Romania 178 179 Sport edit nbsp Stadion Miejski nbsp Ergo ArenaThere are many popular professional sports teams in the Gdansk and Tricity area Amateur sports are played by thousands of Gdansk citizens and also in schools of all levels elementary secondary university The city s professional football club is Lechia Gdansk 180 Founded in 1945 they play in the Ekstraklasa Poland s top division Their home stadium Stadion Miejski 181 was one of the four Polish stadiums to host the UEFA Euro 2012 competition 182 as well as the host of the 2021 UEFA Europa League Final 183 Other notable football clubs are Gedania 1922 Gdansk and SKS Stoczniowiec Gdansk which both played in the second tier in the past Other notable clubs include Speedway club Wybrzeze Gdansk which competes in the second tier as of 2020 but for decades competed in Poland s top division most recently in 2014 where it finished 2nd in 1967 1978 and 1985 Rugby club Lechia Gdansk which competes in Poland s top division 13 times Polish champions most recently in 2014 Handball club GKS Wybrzeze Gdansk which plays in the Poland s top division 10 times Polish champions most recently in 2001 two times European Cup runners up Ice hockey club Stoczniowiec Gdansk which competes in Poland s top division finishing 3rd in 2003 Volleyball club Trefl Gdansk which competes in Poland s top division and finished 2nd in 2015 The city s Hala Olivia was a venue for the official 2009 EuroBasket 184 and the Ergo Arena was one of the 2013 Men s European Volleyball Championship 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men s World Championship and 2016 European Men s Handball Championship venues Politics and local government editMain article Politics of Gdansk nbsp Pomeranian Voivodeship Office in GdanskContemporary Gdansk is one of the major centres of economic and administrative life in Poland It has been the seat of a Polish central institution the Polish Space Agency 185 several supra regional branches of further central institutions such as the Energy Regulatory Office the Office of Electronic Communications the Civil Aviation Authority the Office of Rail Transport and the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection as well as the supra regional appellate level institutions of justice the Court of Appeals the Regional Public Prosecutor s Office and the branch of the Institute of National Remembrance As the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship it has been the seat of the Pomeranian Voivodeship Office the Sejmik and the Marshall s Office of the Pomeranian Voivodeship and other voivodeship level institutions Regional centre edit Gdansk Voivodeship was extended in 1999 to include most of former Slupsk Voivodeship the western part of Elblag Voivodeship and Chojnice County from Bydgoszcz Voivodeship to form the new Pomeranian Voivodeship 186 The area of the region was thus extended from 7 394 to 18 293 km2 2 855 to 7 063 sq mi and the population rose from 1 333 800 1980 to 2 198 000 2000 By 1998 Tricity constituted an absolute majority of the population almost half of the inhabitants of the new region live in the centre Municipal government edit nbsp Gdansk New Town Hall seat of the city councilLegislative power in Gdansk is vested in a unicameral Gdansk City council Rada Miasta which comprises 34 members Council members are elected directly every four years Like most legislative bodies the City Council divides itself into committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government City Council in 2002 2006 187 Civic Platform 15 seats Democratic Left Alliance Labour Union 6 seats Law and Justice 6 seats League of Polish Families 5 seats Self Defence of the Republic of Poland 1 seat Bogdan Borusewicz 1 seatCity Council in 2006 2010 188 Civic Platform 21 seats Law and Justice 13 seatsCity Council in 2010 2014 189 Civic Platform 26 seats Law and Justice 7 seats Democratic Left Alliance 1 seat nbsp Gdansk City Council composition from 2018City Council in 2014 2018 190 Civic Platform 22 seats Law and Justice 12 seatsCity Council in 2018 2023 191 Civic Coalition 15 seats Law and Justice 12 seats All for Gdansk 7 seatsDistricts edit Gdansk is divided into 34 administrative divisions 6 dzielnicas and 28 osiedles Gdansk dzielnicas include Chelm Piecki Migowo Przymorze Wielkie Srodmiescie Wrzeszcz Dolny Wrzeszcz Gorny Osiedles are Aniolki Bretowo Brzezno Jasien Kokoszki Krakowiec Gorki Zachodnie Letnica Matarnia Mlyniska Nowy Port Oliwa Olszynka Orunia Sw Wojciech Lipce Osowa Przerobka Przymorze Male Rudniki Siedlce Sobieszewo Island Stogi Strzyza Suchanino Ujescisko Lostowice VII Dwor Wzgorze Mickiewicza Zaspa Mlyniec Zaspa Rozstaje Zabianka Wejhera Jelitkowo Tysiaclecia Education and science edit nbsp Gdansk University of Technology nbsp Polish Baltic Philharmonic on the Motlawa riverThere are 15 higher schools including three universities In 2001 there were 60 436 students including 10 439 graduates University of Gdansk Uniwersytet Gdanski 192 Gdansk University of Technology Politechnika Gdanska 193 Gdansk Medical University Gdanski Uniwersytet Medyczny 194 Arts Academy Akademia Sztuk Pieknych 195 Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery of the Polish Academy of Sciences Instytut Maszyn Przeplywowych im Roberta Szewalskiego PAN 196 WSB Merito Universities WSB Merito University in Gdansk 197 Scientific and regional organizations edit Gdansk Scientific Society Baltic Institute Instytut Baltycki established 1925 in Torun since 1946 in Gdansk IBNGR Instytut Badan nad Gospodarka Rynkowa The Gdansk Institute for Market Economics 198 International relations editTwin towns sister cities edit See also List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland Gdansk is twinned with 199 nbsp Helsingor Denmark nbsp Bremen Germany nbsp Cleveland United States nbsp Kalmar Sweden nbsp Nice France nbsp Astana Kazakhstan nbsp Rotterdam Netherlands nbsp Sefton United Kingdom nbsp Turku Finland nbsp Vilnius Lithuania nbsp Komadi Hungary nbsp Soroksar Hungary Former twin towns edit nbsp Kaliningrad Russia nbsp Saint Petersburg RussiaOn 3 March 2022 Gdansk City Council passed a unanimous resolution to terminate the cooperation with the Russian cities of Kaliningrad and Saint Petersburg as a response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine 200 201 Partnerships and cooperation edit Gdansk also cooperates with 199 nbsp Ghent Belgium 202 nbsp Le Havre France 203 nbsp Marseille France nbsp Odesa UkraineWorld Scout Jamboree edit The city was chosen as the location for the 26th World Scout Jamboree set to take place July 27 2027 August 6 2027 204 Demographics editHistorical populationYearPop 1890120 338 1910170 337 41 5 1929256 403 50 5 1945139 078 45 8 1946117 894 15 2 1950194 633 65 1 1960286 940 47 4 1970365 600 27 4 1980456 707 24 9 1990465 143 1 8 2000462 995 0 5 2010456 967 1 3 2020470 805 3 0 source 205 nbsp Gdansk population pyramid in 2021Further information Repatriation of Poles 1944 1946 Repatriation of Poles 1955 1959 and Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II The 1923 census conducted in the Free City of Danzig indicated that of all inhabitants 95 were German and 3 were Polish and Kashubian The end of World War II is a significant break in continuity with regard to the inhabitants of Gdansk 206 German citizens began to flee en masse as the Soviet Red Army advanced composed of both spontaneous flights driven by rumors of Soviet atrocities and organised evacuation starting in the summer of 1944 which continued into the spring of 1945 207 Approximately 1 100 000 of the German civilian population residing east of the Oder Neisse line perished in the fighting prior to the surrender in May 1945 208 German civilians were also sent as reparations labour to the Soviet Union 209 210 Poles from other parts of Poland replaced the former German speaking population with the first settlers arriving in March 1945 211 On 30 March 1945 the Gdansk Voivodeship was established as the first administrative Polish unit in the Recovered Territories 212 As of 1 November 1945 around 93 029 Germans remained within the city limits 213 The locals of German descent who declared Polish nationality were permitted to remain as of 1 January 1949 13 424 persons who had received Polish citizenship in a post war ethnic vetting process lived in Gdansk 214 The settlers can be grouped according to their background Poles that had been freed from forced labor in Nazi Germany 215 216 Repatriates Poles expelled from the areas east of the new Polish Soviet border This included assimilated minorities such as the Polish Armenian community 215 216 Poles incl Kashubians relocating from nearby villages and small towns 217 Settlers from central Poland migrating voluntarily 215 Non Poles forcibly resettled during Operation Vistula in 1947 Large numbers of Ukrainians were forced to move from south eastern Poland under a 1947 Polish government operation aimed at dispersing and therefore assimilating those Ukrainians who had not been expelled eastward already throughout the newly acquired territories Belarusians living around the area around Bialystok were also pressured into relocating to the formerly German areas for the same reasons This scattering of members of non Polish ethnic groups throughout the country was an attempt by the Polish authorities to dissolve the unique ethnic identity of groups like the Ukrainians Belarusians and Lemkos and broke the proximity and communication necessary for strong communities to form 218 Jewish Holocaust survivors most of them Polish repatriates from the Eastern Borderlands 219 Greeks and Slav Macedonians refugees of the Greek Civil War 220 People editMain article List of people from GdanskSee also edit nbsp Poland portal nbsp European Union portalTourism in Poland List of honorary citizens of Gdansk 764 Gedania a minor planet orbiting the Sun Danzig Highflyer Father Eugeniusz Dutkiewicz SAC Hospice Kashubians Kursenieki List of neighbourhoods of Gdansk St Mary s Church Gdansk Laznia Centre for Contemporary Art Ronald Reagan Park Live in GdanskNotes edit Also in 1454 1468 1484 and 1590 Also in 1399 1410 and 1414 1438 Also in 1410 1414 Record temperatures are from all Gdansk stations References edit 1 Archived 2023 02 01 at the Wayback Machine in Polish Najwieksze miasta w Polsce Warszawa wyprzedzona jest nowy lider TVN24 27 July 2023 Retrieved 31 August 2023 Powierzchnia i ludnosc w przekroju terytorialnym w 2023 roku Glowny Urzad Statystyczny 20 July 2023 Retrieved 31 August 2023 Gross domestic product GDP at current market prices by metropolitan regions ec europa eu the definition of gdansk Dictionary com Stefan Ramult Slownik jezyka pomorskiego czyli kaszubskiego Krakow 1893 Gdansk 2003 ISBN 83 87408 64 6 a b Johann Georg Theodor Grasse Orbis latinus oder Verzeichniss der lateinischen Benennungen der bekanntesten Stadte etc Meere Seen Berge und Flusse in allen Theilen der Erde nebst einem deutsch lateinischen Register derselben T Ein Supplement zu jedem lateinischen und geographischen Worterbuche Dresden G Schonfeld s Buchhandlung C A Werner 1861 p 71 237 Local Data Bank Statistics Poland Retrieved 18 July 2022 Data for territorial unit 2261000 Poland largest cities per geographical entity World Gazetteer Retrieved 5 May 2009 dead link Obszar Metropolitalny Gdansk Gdynia Sopot PDF Archived PDF from the original on 17 April 2021 Retrieved 17 April 2021 Wszystkie Strony Miasta Rok 2019 rekordowy w gdanskiej turystyce 3 4 mln gosci gdansk pl in Polish Retrieved 17 December 2022 Saint Dominic s Fair is 760 years old Archived from the original on 29 September 2020 Retrieved 5 August 2020 Millions at Gdansk s St Dominic s Fair www pap pl 21 August 2016 Retrieved 30 December 2016 Pomniki historii nid pl Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa n d Archived from the original on 11 October 2021 Retrieved 11 October 2021 Quality of Life Index by City 2019 Mid Year www numbeo com Archived from the original on 12 June 2019 Retrieved 20 September 2019 Wyborcza pl trojmiasto wyborcza pl Archived from the original on 12 March 2020 Retrieved 20 September 2019 Gdansk high in Quality of Life Index en ug edu pl Archived from the 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88 476 0517 6 Archived from the original on 11 October 2013 Retrieved 26 February 2010 Simson Paul October 2009 Geschichte Der Stadt Danzig BiblioBazaar LLC ISBN 978 1 115 53256 3 Archived from the original on 11 October 2013 Retrieved 26 February 2010 Sliwinski Blazej 2006 O rzece Gdani i poczatkach Gdanska Uwagi historyka do ustalen jezykoznawcow About the river Gdania and the beginnings of Gdansk Historian s comments on the findings of linguists Acta Cassubiana 8 11 23 nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gdansk nbsp Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Danzig nbsp Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Gdansk nbsp Look up Gdansk in Wiktionary the free dictionary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gdansk amp oldid 1194261857, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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