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Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine

January 19, 2024

The Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine are areas of Ukraine that are currently controlled by Russia in the course of the Russo-Ukrainian War. In Ukrainian law, they are defined as the "temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine" (Ukrainian: Тимчасово окупована територія України, romanized: Tymchasovo okupovana terytoriia Ukrainy).

  Areas and cities occupied by Russia
(For another, semi up-to-date, interactive map, see here)
Map showing Russia in dark red with Russian-occupied territories in Europe in light red, as follows:

The occupation started in 2014 following Russia's invasion and annexation of the Crimean peninsula, and its de facto takeover of Ukraine's Donbas[1] during a war in eastern Ukraine.[2] In 2022, Russian forces initiated a full-scale invasion of the nation and successfully occupied more territory throughout the country. However, due to continued fierce Ukrainian resistance, coupled with logistical challenges[3] (e.g. the stalled Russian Kyiv convoy), the Russian Armed Forces announced their withdrawal from Chernihiv, Kyiv, Sumy, and Zhytomyr oblasts in early April.[4]

In early September 2022, Ukrainian forces ended the months-long stalemate on the front lines with a successful counteroffensive in the Kharkiv region, inflicting a major defeat on Russian forces by forcing their retreat.[5] Then later in November, Ukrainian forces once again achieved a major success with a southern counteroffensive retaking the city of Kherson on 11 November.

On 30 September 2022, Russia announced the annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts, despite only occupying part of the claimed territory. The UN General Assembly responded by passing a resolution rejecting this annexation as illegal and upholding Ukraine's right to territorial integrity.[6]

Before 2022, Russia occupied 42,000 km2 (16,000 sq mi) of Ukrainian territory (Crimea, and parts of Donetsk and Luhansk), and occupied an additional 119,000 km2 (46,000 sq mi) after its full-scale invasion by March 2022, a total of 161,000 km2 (62,000 sq mi) or almost 27% of Ukraine's territory.[7] By 11 November, the Institute for the Study of War calculated that Ukrainian forces had liberated an area of 74,443 km2 (28,743 sq mi) from Russian occupation,[8] leaving Russia with control of about 18% of Ukraine's territory.[9]

Background

Main article: Historical background of the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine
See also: Euromaidan and Revolution of Dignity
 
Pro-EU demonstration in Kyiv, 27 November 2013, during the Euromaidan protests

With the Euromaidan and Revolution of Dignity since November 2013, popular protests across Ukraine led to the dismissal of pro-Russian Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych by the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament), as he fled to Russia.[10] The growing pro-European sentiment at the center of this period of upheaval caused unease in the Kremlin, and Russian president Vladimir Putin immediately mobilized Russian army and airborne forces to invade Crimea, and they swiftly took control of major government buildings and blockaded the Ukrainian military in their bases across the peninsula.[11] Soon after, Russian-installed officials announced and carried out a referendum for the region to join Russia, which western and independent organizations labeled as illegitimate.[12] The Kremlin rejected these claims and soon officially annexed Crimea into Russia, with western nations issuing sanctions against Russia in response.[13] In addition, with pro-Russian counter-protests across Eastern and Southern Ukraine in response to the ousting of Yanukovych,[14] Russia allegedly supported Russian and pro-Russian militant separatists in the Donbas region in taking control of major government buildings.[15] These separatists eventually created the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics,[16] and have since been at conflict with the now-pro-European Ukrainian government, known as the war in Donbas (Russia announced their "annexation" after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine).

In response to Russian military intervention, the Parliament of Ukraine adopted government laws (with further updates and extensions) to qualify the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and parts of Donetsk and Luhansk regions as temporarily occupied and uncontrolled territories:

  1. Autonomous Republic of Crimea:
    • Law of Ukraine No. 1207-VII (15 April 2014) "Assurance of Citizens' Rights and Freedom, and Legal Regulations on Temporarily Occupied Territory of Ukraine".[17]
  2. Separate Raions of Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts:
    • Order of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 1085-р (7 November 2014) "A List of Settlements on Territory Temporarily Uncontrolled by Government Authorities, and a List of Landmarks Located at the Contact Line".[18]
    • Law of Ukraine No. 254-19-VIII (17 March 2015) "On Recognition of Separate Raions, Cities, Towns and Villages in Donetsk and Luhansk Regions as Temporarily Occupied Territories".[19]

Petro Poroshenko, one of the opposition leaders during Euromaidan, won a landslide victory in the election to succeed interim president Turchynov, three months after the ousting of Yanukovych.[20]

Before February 2022

Further information: Russian occupation of Crimea, Russian occupation of Donetsk Oblast, and Russian occupation of Luhansk Oblast
See also: Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation and War in Donbas (2014–2022)
 
Ukraine (2014 – February 2022), with the annexed Crimea at bottom and two self-proclaimed separatist republics in Donbas at right

Since Russia annexed Crimea in March 2014, it administers the peninsula under two federal subjects: the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol. Ukraine continues to claim the peninsula as an integral part of its territory, which is supported by most foreign governments through the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262,[21] even though Russia and some other UN member states have expressed support for the 2014 Crimean referendum, implying recognition of Crimea as part of the Russian Federation. In 2015, the Ukrainian parliament officially set 20 February 2014 as the date of "the beginning of the temporary occupation of Crimea and Sevastopol by Russia".[22]

The uncontrolled portions of the Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts are commonly abbreviated as "ORDLO" from Ukrainian, especially among Ukrainian news media. ("certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts", Ukrainian: Окремі райони Донецької та Луганської областей, romanized: Okremi raiony Donetskoi ta Luhanskoi oblastei)[23] The term first appeared in Law of Ukraine №1680-VII (October 2014).[24] Documents of the Minsk Protocol and the OSCE refer to them as "certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk regions" (CADLR) of Ukraine.[25]

The Ministry of Reintegration of Temporarily Occupied Territories is the Ukrainian government ministry that oversees government policy towards the regions.[26] As of 2019, the government considered 7% of Ukraine's territory to be under occupation.[27] The United Nations General Assembly resolution 73/194, adopted on 17 December 2018, designated Crimea as under "temporary occupation".[28]

The Ukrainian army was concerned in 2019 about the deployment of 3M-54 Kalibr cruise missiles on Russian naval and coast guard vessels operating in the Sea of Azov, which is adjacent to the temporarily occupied territories. As a result, Mariupol and Berdiansk, two main Pryazovian seaports, suffer from an increase in insecurity[29] (both cities were captured in 2022).

Temryuk and Taganrog, two other ports on the Sea of Azov, have allegedly been used to disguise the provenance of anthracite coal and liquefied natural gas (LNG) from the temporarily occupied territories.[29]

Territories affected

 
Pro-Russian protesters in Donetsk on 8 March 2014, as the Kremlin deliberately stoked separatist sentiment among some local residents.[30]
 
Russian-armed separatist militants in Donetsk, May 2018
 
Propaganda poster of grandmother with red flag in Saky, Crimea, 9 May 2022

Since the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014, the Government of Ukraine is issuing (as extension to government order no. 1085-р and law no. 254-VIII) up-to-date "List of Temporarily Occupied Regions and Settlements" and a "List of Landmarks Bordering the Anti-Terrorist Operation Zone".[31] As of 16 September 2020, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine has made four updates to order no. 1085-р and law no. 254-VIII:

  • Addendum No. 128-р as of 18 February 2015[32]
  • Addendum No. 428-р as of 5 May 2015[33]
  • Addendum No. 1276-р as of 2 December 2015[34]
  • Addendum No. 79-р as of 7 February 2018[35]
  • Addendum No. 410-р as of 13 June 2018[36]
  • Addendum No. 505-р as of 5 July 2019[37]
  • Addendum No. 1125-р as of 16 September 2020[38]

Some settlements' names are the result of 2016 Decommunization in Ukraine.[39][40]

The list below is based on the extension as of 7 February 2018. The borders of some raions have changed since 2015.

Since the 2022 invasion

Main articles: 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Southern Ukraine campaign, Eastern Ukraine offensive, and Northern Ukraine campaign
See also: Annexation of Southern and Eastern Ukraine
 
Regions of Ukraine annexed by Russia, with a red line marking the area of actual control by Russia on 30 September 2022

After Russia's full-scale invasion in February 2022, the Russian military and Russian proxy forces further occupied additional Ukrainian territory. By early April, Russian forces withdrew from Northern Ukraine, including the capital Kyiv,[41] after stagnating progress amid fierce Ukrainian resistance in order to focus on consolidating control over Eastern and Southern Ukraine. On June 2, 2022, Zelenskyy announced that Russia occupied approximately 20% of Ukrainian territory.[42]

On 27 April 2023 Vladimir Putin issued a decree under which Ukrainian citizens of the occupied territories who refused to take a Russian passport would be deemed foreigners, and deported for that reason as a result. The Ombudsman of Ukraine called this another act of genocide. Simultaneously, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) recognized the practice of forcible deportation or displacement of Ukrainian children to Russia as genocide.[43]

Kharkiv Oblast

Further information: Russian occupation of Kharkiv Oblast

The occupation began on February 24, 2022, immediately after Russian troops invaded Ukraine and began seizing parts of the Kharkiv Oblast. Since April, Russian forces tried to consolidate control in the region and capture the major city of Kharkiv after their withdrawal from Northern Ukraine. However, by mid-May, the Ukrainian forces pushed the Russians back towards the periphery of the Russian border,[44] indicating that Ukrainians continue to garner stiff resistance against Russian advances. In early September 2022, Ukrainian forces began a major counteroffensive and by 11 September 2022, Russia had retreated from most of the settlements it previously occupied in the oblast,[45] and the Russian Ministry of Defense announced a formal withdrawal of Russian forces from nearly all of Kharkiv Oblast stating that an "operation to curtail and transfer troops" was underway."[46][47]

Kherson Oblast

Further information: Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast
 
Sergey Kiriyenko became Putin's point man in the Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine.[48]

On February 24, 2022, Russian troops from Crimea invaded Henichesk and Skadovsk Raions. During the first days of the offensive, the Russians surrounded most of the cities and towns in the oblast, blocking the entrances to them with roadblocks, but not entering the cities themselves. Significant battles were fought for the Antonivskyi Bridge, which crosses the Dnipro River between Russian positions on the South bank and the Ukrainian city of Kherson on the North bank. The Russian military's overwhelming firepower forced the Ukrainian forces to retreat, and the city fell to Russian control on March 2.[49] On June 29, the Russian occupation authorities in Kherson Oblast announced preparations for holding a referendum of annexation.[50] On July 9, the Ukrainian government announced preparations for an imminent counteroffensive in the South, and urged the residents of occupied parts of Kherson and Zaporizhzhia Oblasts to shelter or evacuate to minimize civilian casualties in the operation.[51] Following the destruction of the Antonivskyi Bridge and the advance of Ukrainian troops from the west, the lack of sustainable supply lines amid heavy Ukrainian shelling compelled the Russian forces to retreat. They eventually retreated from all areas on the North bank of the Dnipro River, including the city of Kherson, which the Ukrainian forces recaptured soon after, known as the liberation of Kherson.

 
Liberated Kherson after shelling by the Russian army on 15 January 2023

Raions of Kherson Oblast that are occupied:

Zaporizhzhia Oblast

Further information: Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast
 
Damage to a residential building in Ukrainian-controlled Zaporizhzhia following the airstrike of 9 October 2022

On February 26, 2022, the city of Berdiansk came under Russian control, followed by Melitopol on March 1 after fierce fighting between Russian and Ukrainian forces. Russian troops also besieged and captured the city of Enerhodar, where the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant is located, which came under Russian control on March 4. Since July, there have been increased tensions around the power plant as both Russia and Ukraine accuse each other of missile strikes around the plant,[52] causing fears of a potential repeat of the Chernobyl Disaster.

Raions of Zaporizhzhia Oblast that are occupied:

Donetsk Oblast

Further information: Donetsk People's Republic
 
Ethnic Russians by region (2001 census). Russia used the "protection" of ethnic Russians and Russian speakers in Ukraine as one of the pretexts for the invasion and occupation.[53][54]

Since the invasion, the Russian military, along with the Russian-backed Donetsk People's Republic, built on territorial gains they have made during the war in Donbas and captured additional territory, most significantly the port of Mariupol after a prolonged siege.

By February 24, 2022, the following raions of Donetsk Oblast were occupied:

After February 24, 2022, the following raions of Donetsk Oblast were captured:

Luhansk Oblast

Further information: Luhansk People's Republic

By February 24, 2022, the following raions of Luhansk Oblast were occupied:

After February 24, 2022, the following raions of Luhansk Oblast were captured:

On July 3, 2022, the Russian military claimed that the entire Luhansk Oblast has been "liberated",[55] suggesting that Russian forces has succeeded in occupying the entire oblast and marked a major milestone for their goal of capturing the Donbas in Eastern Ukraine.

However, by September 19, Ukraine recaptured Bilohorivka.[56] By early October, Ukrainian forces have liberated several more settlements as their counteroffensive operations shifts focus into the main territory of the oblast,[57] specifically the half north of the Siverskyi Donets in the Battle of the Svatove–Kreminna line.

Mykolaiv Oblast

Further information: Russian occupation of Mykolaiv Oblast

The occupation of Mykolaiv Oblast began on February 26, 2022 with Russian troops crossing into the oblast through the Kherson Oblast from Crimea. In March, Russia attempted to advance towards Voznesensk, Mykolaiv and Nova Odesa, but were met with stiff resistance and failed. By May, Russia occupied Snihurivka, Tsentralne, Novopetrivka and numerous other small villages within the oblast. All these were retaken on 10–11 November 2022 during the Ukrainian counteroffensive, which followed the withdrawal of Russian troops from the right bank of the Dnieper.

Raions of Mykolaiv Oblast that are occupied:

Formerly occupied territories

Main articles: Russian invasion of Ukraine and Northern Ukraine campaign
 
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy with soldiers who distinguished themselves during the liberation of Kherson, 14 November 2022
 
Civilians during Zelenskyy's visit following the liberation of Kherson, 14 November 2022

Chernihiv Oblast

Further information: Russian occupation of Chernihiv Oblast

Russia started the occupation as part of the northern campaign in the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The occupying forces occupied a large part of the oblast, and eventually laid siege to the oblast capital, but failed to capture the city. Eventually, their stagnant progress led to their complete withdrawal from the oblast by early April, ending the occupation.

Dnipropetrovsk Oblast

Further information: Russian occupation of Dnipropetrovsk and Poltava oblasts

The occupation began during the early days of March, with Russian troops spilling over from areas near Velyka Novosilka-Novopol, Donetsk Oblast and later near Vysokopillya, Kherson Oblast. Russian forces occupied a small area, later withdrew to secure positions southwards. Some areas occupied were Hannivka and Berezove.

Kyiv Oblast

Further information: Russian occupation of Kyiv Oblast
 
Zelenskyy in the Kyiv Oblast following the recapture of the region by Ukraine, 4 April 2022

Russia started the occupation as part of the northern offensive in the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. Russian troops occupied a large part of the oblast, even approaching the borders of Kyiv city proper. However, the invaders' stagnant progress led to their failure to capture the Ukrainian capital, and eventually led to a complete withdrawal from the oblast by early April, ending the occupation.

Odesa Oblast

Further information: 2022 Snake Island campaign

From 24 February to 30 June 2022, Russian forces occupied Snake Island in Odesa Oblast, but later withdrew after suffering heavy missile, artillery and drone strikes from the Ukrainian forces.[58]

Poltava Oblast

Further information: Russian occupation of Dnipropetrovsk and Poltava oblasts

During the battles of Lebedyn and Okhtyrka, Sumy Oblast, Russian forces spilled over and attacked Hadiach, and captured small areas around it, and advanced near Zinkiv. They were soon afterwards repelled which was known as the "Hadiach Safari", since people used shotguns and rifles to hunt for Russian soldiers. Some notable areas captured were Pirky and Bobryk.

Sumy Oblast

Further information: Russian occupation of Sumy Oblast

Russia started the occupation as part of the northern offensive in the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The Russian military occupied a large part of the oblast, but failed to take the oblast capital. Eventually, the stagnant progress of the Russian Ground Forces led to their complete withdrawal from the oblast by early April, ending the occupation.

Zhytomyr Oblast

Further information: Russian occupation of Zhytomyr Oblast

Russia started the occupation as part of the Northern offensive in the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The Russians occupied a small portion of the oblast, and never attempted to capture the oblast capital. Eventually, the culmination of the drive on Kyiv led to their complete withdrawal from the oblast by early April, ending the occupation.

Collaboration

Following the liberation of occupied territories, thousands of civilians were accused of collaboration. They are tried by a single judge without a jury. The offense is punished by up to ten years of prison, with some of those convicted getting three or five years of prison. The accused include people who worked as volunteers and held administrative positions during the occupation.[59]

International reactions

See also: International reactions to the Euromaidan, International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War, International reactions to the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, and International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic
 
On 12 October 2022, the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution ES 11/4 declaring that the staged referendums and attempted annexation are invalid and illegal under international law.
  In favour: 143
  Against: 5
  Abstained: 35
  Absent: 10

On 20 April 2016 Ukraine officially established government Ministry of Temporarily Occupied Territories and Internally Displaced Persons.[60] It was subsequently renamed the Temporarily Occupied Territories, IDPs and veterans and then the Ministry of Reintegration of Temporarily Occupied Territories. The current minister is Iryna Vereshchuk, appointed on 4 November 2021.[61]

In March 2014, in a vote at the United Nations, 100 member states out of 193[62] did not recognize the annexation of the Crimea by Russia, with only Armenia, Belarus, Bolivia, Cuba, Nicaragua, North Korea, Russia, Sudan, Syria, Venezuela, Zimbabwe voting against the resolution[63] (see United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262).

The United Nations passed three resolutions regarding the issue of "human rights in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol", first in December 2016,[64] then again a year later in December 2017,[65] and lastly yet another in December 2018.

The UN's position according to the resolution adopted in 2018:

Condemning the ongoing temporary occupation of part of the territory of Ukraine, namely, the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol (hereinafter referred to as "Crimea"), by the Russian Federation, and reaffirming the non-recognition of its annexation[28]

In April 2018, PACE's emergency assembly recognized occupied regions of Ukraine as "territories under effective control by the Russian Federation".[66][67] Chairman of the Ukrainian delegation to PACE, MP Volodymyr Aryev mentioned that recognition of the fact that part of the occupied Donbas is under Russia's control is so important for Ukraine. "The responsibility for all the crimes committed in the uncontrolled territories is removed from Ukraine. Russia becomes responsible", Aryev wrote on Facebook.[68]

In early March 2022, in response to Russia's invasion, the United Nations General Assembly convened an emergency special session to discuss the latest developments regarding the peace situation in Ukraine, and adopted the United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1 to condemn Russia's invasion and Belarus's involvement.[69]

See also

References

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January 19, 2024
russian, occupied, territories, ukraine, areas, ukraine, that, currently, controlled, russia, course, russo, ukrainian, ukrainian, they, defined, temporarily, occupied, territories, ukraine, ukrainian, Тимчасово, окупована, територія, України, romanized, tymch. The Russian occupied territories of Ukraine are areas of Ukraine that are currently controlled by Russia in the course of the Russo Ukrainian War In Ukrainian law they are defined as the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine Ukrainian Timchasovo okupovana teritoriya Ukrayini romanized Tymchasovo okupovana terytoriia Ukrainy Areas and cities occupied by Russia For another semi up to date interactive map see here Map showing Russia in dark red with Russian occupied territories in Europe in light red as follows In Moldova Transnistria 1 since 1992 In Georgia Abkhazia 2 and South Ossetia 3 since 2008 In Ukraine Crimea 4 and parts of Luhansk Oblast 5 and Donetsk Oblast 6 since 2014 and parts of Zaporizhzhia Oblast 7 and Kherson Oblast 8 since 2022The occupation started in 2014 following Russia s invasion and annexation of the Crimean peninsula and its de facto takeover of Ukraine s Donbas 1 during a war in eastern Ukraine 2 In 2022 Russian forces initiated a full scale invasion of the nation and successfully occupied more territory throughout the country However due to continued fierce Ukrainian resistance coupled with logistical challenges 3 e g the stalled Russian Kyiv convoy the Russian Armed Forces announced their withdrawal from Chernihiv Kyiv Sumy and Zhytomyr oblasts in early April 4 In early September 2022 Ukrainian forces ended the months long stalemate on the front lines with a successful counteroffensive in the Kharkiv region inflicting a major defeat on Russian forces by forcing their retreat 5 Then later in November Ukrainian forces once again achieved a major success with a southern counteroffensive retaking the city of Kherson on 11 November On 30 September 2022 Russia announced the annexation of Donetsk Kherson Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts despite only occupying part of the claimed territory The UN General Assembly responded by passing a resolution rejecting this annexation as illegal and upholding Ukraine s right to territorial integrity 6 Before 2022 Russia occupied 42 000 km2 16 000 sq mi of Ukrainian territory Crimea and parts of Donetsk and Luhansk and occupied an additional 119 000 km2 46 000 sq mi after its full scale invasion by March 2022 a total of 161 000 km2 62 000 sq mi or almost 27 of Ukraine s territory 7 By 11 November the Institute for the Study of War calculated that Ukrainian forces had liberated an area of 74 443 km2 28 743 sq mi from Russian occupation 8 leaving Russia with control of about 18 of Ukraine s territory 9 Contents 1 Background 2 Before February 2022 2 1 Territories affected 3 Since the 2022 invasion 3 1 Kharkiv Oblast 3 2 Kherson Oblast 3 3 Zaporizhzhia Oblast 3 4 Donetsk Oblast 3 5 Luhansk Oblast 3 6 Mykolaiv Oblast 4 Formerly occupied territories 4 1 Chernihiv Oblast 4 2 Dnipropetrovsk Oblast 4 3 Kyiv Oblast 4 4 Odesa Oblast 4 5 Poltava Oblast 4 6 Sumy Oblast 4 7 Zhytomyr Oblast 5 Collaboration 6 International reactions 7 See also 8 ReferencesBackgroundMain article Historical background of the 2014 pro Russian unrest in Ukraine See also Euromaidan and Revolution of Dignity nbsp Pro EU demonstration in Kyiv 27 November 2013 during the Euromaidan protestsWith the Euromaidan and Revolution of Dignity since November 2013 popular protests across Ukraine led to the dismissal of pro Russian Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych by the Verkhovna Rada Ukraine s parliament as he fled to Russia 10 The growing pro European sentiment at the center of this period of upheaval caused unease in the Kremlin and Russian president Vladimir Putin immediately mobilized Russian army and airborne forces to invade Crimea and they swiftly took control of major government buildings and blockaded the Ukrainian military in their bases across the peninsula 11 Soon after Russian installed officials announced and carried out a referendum for the region to join Russia which western and independent organizations labeled as illegitimate 12 The Kremlin rejected these claims and soon officially annexed Crimea into Russia with western nations issuing sanctions against Russia in response 13 In addition with pro Russian counter protests across Eastern and Southern Ukraine in response to the ousting of Yanukovych 14 Russia allegedly supported Russian and pro Russian militant separatists in the Donbas region in taking control of major government buildings 15 These separatists eventually created the Donetsk and Luhansk People s Republics 16 and have since been at conflict with the now pro European Ukrainian government known as the war in Donbas Russia announced their annexation after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine In response to Russian military intervention the Parliament of Ukraine adopted government laws with further updates and extensions to qualify the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and parts of Donetsk and Luhansk regions as temporarily occupied and uncontrolled territories Autonomous Republic of Crimea Law of Ukraine No 1207 VII 15 April 2014 Assurance of Citizens Rights and Freedom and Legal Regulations on Temporarily Occupied Territory of Ukraine 17 Separate Raions of Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts Order of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No 1085 r 7 November 2014 A List of Settlements on Territory Temporarily Uncontrolled by Government Authorities and a List of Landmarks Located at the Contact Line 18 Law of Ukraine No 254 19 VIII 17 March 2015 On Recognition of Separate Raions Cities Towns and Villages in Donetsk and Luhansk Regions as Temporarily Occupied Territories 19 Petro Poroshenko one of the opposition leaders during Euromaidan won a landslide victory in the election to succeed interim president Turchynov three months after the ousting of Yanukovych 20 Before February 2022Further information Russian occupation of Crimea Russian occupation of Donetsk Oblast and Russian occupation of Luhansk OblastSee also Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation and War in Donbas 2014 2022 nbsp Ukraine 2014 February 2022 with the annexed Crimea at bottom and two self proclaimed separatist republics in Donbas at rightSince Russia annexed Crimea in March 2014 it administers the peninsula under two federal subjects the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol Ukraine continues to claim the peninsula as an integral part of its territory which is supported by most foreign governments through the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68 262 21 even though Russia and some other UN member states have expressed support for the 2014 Crimean referendum implying recognition of Crimea as part of the Russian Federation In 2015 the Ukrainian parliament officially set 20 February 2014 as the date of the beginning of the temporary occupation of Crimea and Sevastopol by Russia 22 The uncontrolled portions of the Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts are commonly abbreviated as ORDLO from Ukrainian especially among Ukrainian news media certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts Ukrainian Okremi rajoni Doneckoyi ta Luganskoyi oblastej romanized Okremi raiony Donetskoi ta Luhanskoi oblastei 23 The term first appeared in Law of Ukraine 1680 VII October 2014 24 Documents of the Minsk Protocol and the OSCE refer to them as certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk regions CADLR of Ukraine 25 The Ministry of Reintegration of Temporarily Occupied Territories is the Ukrainian government ministry that oversees government policy towards the regions 26 As of 2019 update the government considered 7 of Ukraine s territory to be under occupation 27 The United Nations General Assembly resolution 73 194 adopted on 17 December 2018 designated Crimea as under temporary occupation 28 The Ukrainian army was concerned in 2019 about the deployment of 3M 54 Kalibr cruise missiles on Russian naval and coast guard vessels operating in the Sea of Azov which is adjacent to the temporarily occupied territories As a result Mariupol and Berdiansk two main Pryazovian seaports suffer from an increase in insecurity 29 both cities were captured in 2022 Temryuk and Taganrog two other ports on the Sea of Azov have allegedly been used to disguise the provenance of anthracite coal and liquefied natural gas LNG from the temporarily occupied territories 29 Territories affected nbsp Pro Russian protesters in Donetsk on 8 March 2014 as the Kremlin deliberately stoked separatist sentiment among some local residents 30 nbsp Russian armed separatist militants in Donetsk May 2018 nbsp Propaganda poster of grandmother with red flag in Saky Crimea 9 May 2022Since the start of the Russo Ukrainian War in 2014 the Government of Ukraine is issuing as extension to government order no 1085 r and law no 254 VIII up to date List of Temporarily Occupied Regions and Settlements and a List of Landmarks Bordering the Anti Terrorist Operation Zone 31 As of 16 September 2020 the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine has made four updates to order no 1085 r and law no 254 VIII Addendum No 128 r as of 18 February 2015 32 Addendum No 428 r as of 5 May 2015 33 Addendum No 1276 r as of 2 December 2015 34 Addendum No 79 r as of 7 February 2018 35 Addendum No 410 r as of 13 June 2018 36 Addendum No 505 r as of 5 July 2019 37 Addendum No 1125 r as of 16 September 2020 38 Some settlements names are the result of 2016 Decommunization in Ukraine 39 40 The list below is based on the extension as of 7 February 2018 The borders of some raions have changed since 2015 Autonomous Republic of Crimea entire region Donetsk Oblast Cities of regional importance and nearby settlements Donetsk Horlivka Debaltseve Dokuchaievsk Yenakiieve Zhdanivka Khrestivka Makiivka Snizhne Chystiakove Khartsyzk Shakhtarsk Ridkodub Yasynuvata Amvrosiivka Raion all settlements Bakhmut Raion Bulavynske Vuhlehirsk Oleksandrivske Olenivka Vesela Dolyna Danylove Illinka Kamianka Bulavyne Hrozne Kaiutyne Vozdvyzhenka Stupakove Savelivka Debaltsivske Kalynivka Lohvynove Novohryhorivka Nyzhnie Lozove Sanzharivka Olkhovatka Pryberezhne Dolomitne Travneve Lozove Volnovakha Raion Andriivka Dolia Liubivka Malynove Molodizhne Novomykolaivka Nova Olenivka Petrivske Chervone Pikuzy Mariinka Raion Kreminets Luhanske Oleksandrivka Staromykhailivka Syhnalne Novoazovsk Raion all settlements Starobesheve Raion all settlements Boikivske Raion all settlements Shakhtarsk Raion all settlements Yasynuvata Raion Vesele Betmanove Mineralne Spartak Yakovlivka Kruta Balka Kashtanove Lozove Vasylivka Luhansk Oblast Cities of regional importance and nearby settlements Luhansk Alchevsk Antratsyt Brianka Holubivka Khrustalnyi Sorokyne Pervomaisk known as Oleksandrivka Rovenky Dovzhansk Kadiivka Antratsyt Raion all settlements Sorokyne Raion all settlements Lutuhyne Raion all settlements Novoaidar Raion Sokilnyky Perevalsk Raion all settlements Popasna Raion Berezivske Holubivske Zholobok Kalynove Kalynove Borshchuvate Kruhlyk Molodizhne Mius Novooleksandrivka Chornukhyne Zolote except Zolote 1 2 3 4 Dovzhansk Raion all settlements Slovianoserbsk Raion all settlements Stanytsia Luhanska Raion Burchak Mykhailivka Lobacheve Mykolaivka Sukhodil Sevastopol entire city Since the 2022 invasionMain articles 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Southern Ukraine campaign Eastern Ukraine offensive and Northern Ukraine campaignSee also Annexation of Southern and Eastern Ukraine nbsp Regions of Ukraine annexed by Russia with a red line marking the area of actual control by Russia on 30 September 2022After Russia s full scale invasion in February 2022 the Russian military and Russian proxy forces further occupied additional Ukrainian territory By early April Russian forces withdrew from Northern Ukraine including the capital Kyiv 41 after stagnating progress amid fierce Ukrainian resistance in order to focus on consolidating control over Eastern and Southern Ukraine On June 2 2022 Zelenskyy announced that Russia occupied approximately 20 of Ukrainian territory 42 On 27 April 2023 Vladimir Putin issued a decree under which Ukrainian citizens of the occupied territories who refused to take a Russian passport would be deemed foreigners and deported for that reason as a result The Ombudsman of Ukraine called this another act of genocide Simultaneously the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe PACE recognized the practice of forcible deportation or displacement of Ukrainian children to Russia as genocide 43 Kharkiv Oblast Further information Russian occupation of Kharkiv Oblast The occupation began on February 24 2022 immediately after Russian troops invaded Ukraine and began seizing parts of the Kharkiv Oblast Since April Russian forces tried to consolidate control in the region and capture the major city of Kharkiv after their withdrawal from Northern Ukraine However by mid May the Ukrainian forces pushed the Russians back towards the periphery of the Russian border 44 indicating that Ukrainians continue to garner stiff resistance against Russian advances In early September 2022 Ukrainian forces began a major counteroffensive and by 11 September 2022 Russia had retreated from most of the settlements it previously occupied in the oblast 45 and the Russian Ministry of Defense announced a formal withdrawal of Russian forces from nearly all of Kharkiv Oblast stating that an operation to curtail and transfer troops was underway 46 47 Kherson Oblast Further information Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast nbsp Sergey Kiriyenko became Putin s point man in the Russian occupied territories of Ukraine 48 On February 24 2022 Russian troops from Crimea invaded Henichesk and Skadovsk Raions During the first days of the offensive the Russians surrounded most of the cities and towns in the oblast blocking the entrances to them with roadblocks but not entering the cities themselves Significant battles were fought for the Antonivskyi Bridge which crosses the Dnipro River between Russian positions on the South bank and the Ukrainian city of Kherson on the North bank The Russian military s overwhelming firepower forced the Ukrainian forces to retreat and the city fell to Russian control on March 2 49 On June 29 the Russian occupation authorities in Kherson Oblast announced preparations for holding a referendum of annexation 50 On July 9 the Ukrainian government announced preparations for an imminent counteroffensive in the South and urged the residents of occupied parts of Kherson and Zaporizhzhia Oblasts to shelter or evacuate to minimize civilian casualties in the operation 51 Following the destruction of the Antonivskyi Bridge and the advance of Ukrainian troops from the west the lack of sustainable supply lines amid heavy Ukrainian shelling compelled the Russian forces to retreat They eventually retreated from all areas on the North bank of the Dnipro River including the city of Kherson which the Ukrainian forces recaptured soon after known as the liberation of Kherson nbsp Liberated Kherson after shelling by the Russian army on 15 January 2023Raions of Kherson Oblast that are occupied Henichesk Raion Kakhovka Raion Skadovsk Raion Half of Kherson RaionZaporizhzhia Oblast Further information Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast nbsp Damage to a residential building in Ukrainian controlled Zaporizhzhia following the airstrike of 9 October 2022On February 26 2022 the city of Berdiansk came under Russian control followed by Melitopol on March 1 after fierce fighting between Russian and Ukrainian forces Russian troops also besieged and captured the city of Enerhodar where the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant is located which came under Russian control on March 4 Since July there have been increased tensions around the power plant as both Russia and Ukraine accuse each other of missile strikes around the plant 52 causing fears of a potential repeat of the Chernobyl Disaster Raions of Zaporizhzhia Oblast that are occupied Melitopol Raion Berdiansk Raion Most of Vasylivka Raion Most of Polohy RaionDonetsk Oblast Further information Donetsk People s Republic nbsp Ethnic Russians by region 2001 census Russia used the protection of ethnic Russians and Russian speakers in Ukraine as one of the pretexts for the invasion and occupation 53 54 Since the invasion the Russian military along with the Russian backed Donetsk People s Republic built on territorial gains they have made during the war in Donbas and captured additional territory most significantly the port of Mariupol after a prolonged siege By February 24 2022 the following raions of Donetsk Oblast were occupied Horlivka Raion Donetsk Raion Kalmiuske RaionAfter February 24 2022 the following raions of Donetsk Oblast were captured Mariupol Raion Half of Volnovakha Raion Eastern portions of Bakhmut RaionLuhansk Oblast Further information Luhansk People s Republic By February 24 2022 the following raions of Luhansk Oblast were occupied Alchevsk Raion Dovzhansk Raion Luhansk Raion Rovenky RaionAfter February 24 2022 the following raions of Luhansk Oblast were captured Shchastia Raion Staroblisk Raion Most of Svatove Raion Most of Sievierodonetsk RaionOn July 3 2022 the Russian military claimed that the entire Luhansk Oblast has been liberated 55 suggesting that Russian forces has succeeded in occupying the entire oblast and marked a major milestone for their goal of capturing the Donbas in Eastern Ukraine However by September 19 Ukraine recaptured Bilohorivka 56 By early October Ukrainian forces have liberated several more settlements as their counteroffensive operations shifts focus into the main territory of the oblast 57 specifically the half north of the Siverskyi Donets in the Battle of the Svatove Kreminna line Mykolaiv Oblast Further information Russian occupation of Mykolaiv Oblast The occupation of Mykolaiv Oblast began on February 26 2022 with Russian troops crossing into the oblast through the Kherson Oblast from Crimea In March Russia attempted to advance towards Voznesensk Mykolaiv and Nova Odesa but were met with stiff resistance and failed By May Russia occupied Snihurivka Tsentralne Novopetrivka and numerous other small villages within the oblast All these were retaken on 10 11 November 2022 during the Ukrainian counteroffensive which followed the withdrawal of Russian troops from the right bank of the Dnieper Raions of Mykolaiv Oblast that are occupied Extreme southern portion of Mykolaiv Raion Kinburn Peninsula Formerly occupied territoriesMain articles Russian invasion of Ukraine and Northern Ukraine campaign nbsp Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy with soldiers who distinguished themselves during the liberation of Kherson 14 November 2022 nbsp Civilians during Zelenskyy s visit following the liberation of Kherson 14 November 2022Chernihiv Oblast Further information Russian occupation of Chernihiv Oblast Russia started the occupation as part of the northern campaign in the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 The occupying forces occupied a large part of the oblast and eventually laid siege to the oblast capital but failed to capture the city Eventually their stagnant progress led to their complete withdrawal from the oblast by early April ending the occupation Dnipropetrovsk Oblast Further information Russian occupation of Dnipropetrovsk and Poltava oblasts The occupation began during the early days of March with Russian troops spilling over from areas near Velyka Novosilka Novopol Donetsk Oblast and later near Vysokopillya Kherson Oblast Russian forces occupied a small area later withdrew to secure positions southwards Some areas occupied were Hannivka and Berezove Kyiv Oblast Further information Russian occupation of Kyiv Oblast nbsp Zelenskyy in the Kyiv Oblast following the recapture of the region by Ukraine 4 April 2022Russia started the occupation as part of the northern offensive in the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 Russian troops occupied a large part of the oblast even approaching the borders of Kyiv city proper However the invaders stagnant progress led to their failure to capture the Ukrainian capital and eventually led to a complete withdrawal from the oblast by early April ending the occupation Odesa Oblast Further information 2022 Snake Island campaign From 24 February to 30 June 2022 Russian forces occupied Snake Island in Odesa Oblast but later withdrew after suffering heavy missile artillery and drone strikes from the Ukrainian forces 58 Poltava Oblast Further information Russian occupation of Dnipropetrovsk and Poltava oblasts During the battles of Lebedyn and Okhtyrka Sumy Oblast Russian forces spilled over and attacked Hadiach and captured small areas around it and advanced near Zinkiv They were soon afterwards repelled which was known as the Hadiach Safari since people used shotguns and rifles to hunt for Russian soldiers Some notable areas captured were Pirky and Bobryk Sumy Oblast Further information Russian occupation of Sumy Oblast Russia started the occupation as part of the northern offensive in the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 The Russian military occupied a large part of the oblast but failed to take the oblast capital Eventually the stagnant progress of the Russian Ground Forces led to their complete withdrawal from the oblast by early April ending the occupation Zhytomyr Oblast Further information Russian occupation of Zhytomyr Oblast Russia started the occupation as part of the Northern offensive in the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 The Russians occupied a small portion of the oblast and never attempted to capture the oblast capital Eventually the culmination of the drive on Kyiv led to their complete withdrawal from the oblast by early April ending the occupation CollaborationFollowing the liberation of occupied territories thousands of civilians were accused of collaboration They are tried by a single judge without a jury The offense is punished by up to ten years of prison with some of those convicted getting three or five years of prison The accused include people who worked as volunteers and held administrative positions during the occupation 59 International reactionsSee also International reactions to the Euromaidan International sanctions during the Russo Ukrainian War International reactions to the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation and International recognition of the Donetsk People s Republic and the Luhansk People s Republic nbsp On 12 October 2022 the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution ES 11 4 declaring that the staged referendums and attempted annexation are invalid and illegal under international law In favour 143 Against 5 Abstained 35 Absent 10On 20 April 2016 Ukraine officially established government Ministry of Temporarily Occupied Territories and Internally Displaced Persons 60 It was subsequently renamed the Temporarily Occupied Territories IDPs and veterans and then the Ministry of Reintegration of Temporarily Occupied Territories The current minister is Iryna Vereshchuk appointed on 4 November 2021 61 In March 2014 in a vote at the United Nations 100 member states out of 193 62 did not recognize the annexation of the Crimea by Russia with only Armenia Belarus Bolivia Cuba Nicaragua North Korea Russia Sudan Syria Venezuela Zimbabwe voting against the resolution 63 see United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68 262 The United Nations passed three resolutions regarding the issue of human rights in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol first in December 2016 64 then again a year later in December 2017 65 and lastly yet another in December 2018 The UN s position according to the resolution adopted in 2018 Condemning the ongoing temporary occupation of part of the territory of Ukraine namely the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol hereinafter referred to as Crimea by the Russian Federation and reaffirming the non recognition of its annexation 28 In April 2018 PACE s emergency assembly recognized occupied regions of Ukraine as territories under effective control by the Russian Federation 66 67 Chairman of the Ukrainian delegation to PACE MP Volodymyr Aryev mentioned that recognition of the fact that part of the occupied Donbas is under Russia s control is so important for Ukraine The responsibility for all the crimes committed in the uncontrolled territories is removed from Ukraine Russia becomes responsible Aryev wrote on Facebook 68 In early March 2022 in response to Russia s invasion the United Nations General Assembly convened an emergency special session to discuss the latest developments regarding the peace situation in Ukraine and adopted the United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES 11 1 to condemn Russia s invasion and Belarus s involvement 69 See also2022 protests in Russian occupied Ukraine List of military occupations Joint Forces Operation Ukraine Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 Russian military presence in Transnistria Russian occupied territories Russian occupied territories in Georgia Russian temporary administrative agencies in Occupied Ukraine Territorial control during the Russo Ukrainian WarReferences Plokhy Serhii 2023 The Russo Ukrainian war the return of history New York NY WW Norton p 126 ISBN 978 1 324 05119 0 Migacheva Katya Oberholtzer Jenny Nichiporuk Brian Radin Andrew Kofman Michael Tkacheva Olesya 2017 Lessons from Russia s Operations in Crimea and Eastern Ukraine Santa Monica RAND Corporation p 44 ISBN 978 0833096067 Why the Russian military is bogged down by logistics in Ukraine The Washington Post 30 March 2022 Retrieved 3 October 2022 Hunder Max 4 April 2022 Ukraine s northern regions say Russian troops have mostly withdrawn Reuters Retrieved 3 October 2022 Russian troops retreat as Ukrainian counteroffensive makes rapid progress CBS News 11 September 2022 Retrieved 25 January 2023 So called referenda in Russian controlled Ukraine cannot be regarded as legal UN political affairs chief UN News 27 September 2022 Archived from the original on 28 September 2022 Retrieved 29 September 2022 Croker Natalie Manley Byron Lister Tim 30 September 2022 The turning points in 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