fbpx
Wikipedia

Ingushetia

February 02, 2023

For other uses, see Ingushetia (disambiguation).

Ingushetia (/ɪŋɡʊˈʃɛtiə/; Ingush: ГӀалгӏайче, romanized: Ghalghayče; Russian: Ингуше́тия), officially the Republic of Ingushetia,[a] is a republic of Russia located in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe. The republic is part of the North Caucasian Federal District, and shares land borders with the country of Georgia to its south; and borders the Russian republics of North Ossetia–Alania and Chechnya to its west and east, respectively; while having a border with Stavropol Krai to its north. It also is one of the least-populated republics of Russia at under 500,000.

Republic of Ingushetia
Республика Ингушетия
Republic
Official titular nation transcription(s)
 • IngushГӏалгӏай Мохк
Flag
Coat of arms
Anthem: Ġalġayçen gimn
(State Anthem of Ingushetia)
Coordinates: 43°12′N 44°58′E / 43.200°N 44.967°E / 43.200; 44.967Coordinates: 43°12′N 44°58′E / 43.200°N 44.967°E / 43.200; 44.967
CountryRussia
Federal districtNorth Caucasian
Economic regionNorth Caucasus
CapitalMagas
Largest cityNazran
Government
 • TypePeople's Assembly[1]
 • Head[1]Mahmud-Ali Kalimatov[2]
Area
[3]
 • Total4,000 km2 (2,000 sq mi)
Population
 (2021 Census)[4]
 • Total 509,541
 • Rank74th
 • Density163.16/km2 (422.6/sq mi)
 • Urban
54.8%
 • Rural
45.2%
Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK[5])
ISO 3166 codeRU-IN
Vehicle registration06
Official language(s)Ingush[6] • Russian[7]
Websiteingushetia.ru

Its capital is the town of Magas, while the largest city is Nazran. At 4,000 square km, in terms of area, the republic is the smallest of Russia's non-city federal subjects. It was established on June 4, 1992, after the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was split in two.[8][9] The republic is home to the indigenous Ingush, a people of Nakh ancestry. As of the 2021 Census, its population was 509,541.[4]Estimation of the number of resident population by constituent entities of the Russian Federation

Largely due to the insurgency in the North Caucasus, Ingushetia remains one of the poorest and most unstable regions of Russia. Although the violence has died down in recent years,[10][11] the insurgency in neighboring Chechnya has occasionally spilled into Ingushetia. According to Human Rights Watch in 2008, the republic has been destabilized by corruption, a number of high-profile crimes (including kidnapping and murder of civilians by government security forces),[12] anti-government protests, attacks on soldiers and officers, Russian military excesses and a deteriorating human rights situation.[13][14] According to Russian media, Ingushetia has the lowest alcohol consumption in Russia.[15]

Map of the Caucasian Isthmus; Designed and drawn by Joseph Grassl (1856)

Etymology

The name Ingushetia is derived from the ancient village Angusht, which was renamed Tarskoye and transferred to North Ossetia in 1944 after the deportation of 23 February 1944, a.k.a. "Operation Lentil".

The Ingush ethnic group

 
Ingush, 19th century

The Ingush, a nationality group indigenous to the Caucasus, mostly inhabit Ingushetia. According to the linguist Johanna Nichols, the Ingush speak the Ingush language, which is different from Chechen but is placed into the same language group due to the passive bilingualism of the Ingush people.

The Ingush are, to a great extent, traditionally a classless society based on a clan system and unwritten law. Approximately 350 clans live in Ingushetia today. Every clan, and each clan member, are viewed as equal. Unlike the neighboring nations in the Caucasus (excluding Chechens), the Ingush rarely had social superiors or inferiors.[citation needed]

The history of the Ingush is closely related to that of the Chechens. Byzantine and Georgian missionaries partially Christianised the Ingush, although Christianity was weakened by the Mongol invasions. The remains of several churches, notably the Tkhaba-Yerdy and the Albe-Yerd can be found in Ingushetia. The Ingush gradually converted to Islam throughout the 18th–19th century. Vakhushti of Kartli wrote in 1745 that the inhabitants of the village Angushti were Sunni Muslims.

Endonyms and exonyms

 
1855 Atlas Map of Turkey and the North Caucasus. The map drawn by the American cartographer J.H.Colton at the request of the U.S. Congress. Gelia, Lesgistan, and Dagestan are shown on the map, top right corner.

The Ingush refer to themselves as Ghalghai (from Ingush: Ghala ('fortress' or 'town') and ghai ('inhabitants' or 'citizens').

The Ingush and Ingushetians were also known by the following ethnonyms or demonyms:

Exonyms: Gelia (American cartographer J. H. Colton, Strabo), Tschetschna (German geographers Joseph Grassl and Joseph Meyer), Kist (Georgian), Gergar, Dzurdzuk (Georgian), Ghlighvi (Georgian), Angushtini (Russian), Machaloni (Ossetian); Chechen highlanders called Ingush Makhaloni or Makhloi (according to Chechen historian Khalid Oshayev).

Endonyms: These self-namings represent different Vainakh tribes which make up the Ingush population today.[16]

Ghalghai or Gelgai, Nakh (meaning 'people'), Vainakh (meaning 'our people'), Orstkhoi, Nart-Orstkhoi, Galash, Tsori, Dzheirakhoi, Khamhoi, Metshal, Fyappi, and Nyasareth.

Population origins

According to Leonti Mroveli, the 11th-century Georgian chronicler, the word Caucasian is derived from the Vainakh ancestor Kavkas.[17]

According to Professor George Anchabadze of Ilia State University:[18][19]

The Vainakhs are the ancient natives of the Caucasus. It is noteworthy, that according to the genealogical table drawn up by Leonti Mroveli, the legendary forefather of the Vainakhs was "Kavkas", hence the name Kavkasians, one of the ethnicons met in the ancient Georgian written sources, signifying the ancestors of the Chechens and Ingush. As appears from the above, the Vainakhs, at least by name, are presented as the most "Caucasian" people of all the Caucasians (Caucasus – Kavkas – Kavkasians) in the Georgian historical tradition.

The Soviet-Russian anthropologists and scientists, N.Ya. Marr, V.V. Bounak, R.M. Munchaev, I.M Dyakonov, E.I. Krupnov, and G.A. Melikashvilli, wrote: "Among Ingush the Caucasian type is preserved better than among any other North Caucasian nation".[20] Professor G.F. Debets recognized that Ingush Caucasian anthropologic type is the most Caucasian among Caucasians.[21]

In an article in Science magazine, Bernice Wuethrich states that American linguist Dr. Johanna Nichols "has used language to connect modern people of the Caucasus region to the ancient farmers of the Fertile Crescent" and that her research suggests that "farmers of the region were proto-Nakh-Daghestanians". Nichols is quoted as stating that "The Nakh–Dagestanian languages are the closest thing we have to a direct continuation of the cultural and linguistic community that gave rise to Western civilization"[22]

Population genetics

The Ingush have 89% of J2 Y-DNA which is the highest known frequency in the world and J2 is closely associated with the Fertile Crescent.[23]

The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of the Ingush differs from other Caucasian populations and the rest of the world. "The Caucasus populations exhibit, on average, less variability than other [World] populations for the eight Alu insertion polymorphisms analyzed here. The average heterozygosity is less than that of any other region of the world, with the exception of Sahul. Within the Caucasus, the Ingush have much lower levels of variability than any of the other populations. The Ingush also showed unusual patterns of mtDNA variation when compared with other Caucasus populations (Nasidze and Stoneking, submitted), which indicates that some feature of the Ingush population history, or of this particular sample of the Ingush, must be responsible for their different patterns of genetic variation at both mtDNA and the Alu insertion loci."[24][25]

History

Prehistory

 
Map of Vakhushti Bagrationi in Russian clearly shows three Ingush societies: Kisti (Kist), Tsurtsuki (Dzurdzuki), Ghligvi (Gligvi) as parts of one country and Chechens (Chachans) as part of Daghestan without common border with the Ingush
 
Pottery: an ancient Ingush vessel with three handles. The side handles used to tie the knots, and the vessel itself is well balanced for an operator to pour water down with one hand. Dzheirakhovski district of Ingushetia.
 
Koorkhars (600 BC – 1800s AD) is a traditional Ingush female head cover (hair is put into the "horns") which comes either single "horn" for usage as cushion with helmet, or double "horns" during peacetime which are covered in jewelry.
 
Ingush pre-Islamic beliefs. Temple Tkhabya-Yerd (temple of 2000) was initially a cuboid cyclopean masonry structure, which was rebuilt during the spread of Christianity in Ingushetia. The rebuilt wall was done with smaller stones shown at the entrance side.
 
Ingush male warrior helmet.
 
Typical Ingush medieval castle. Many of the towers and walls were destroyed by Russian army in 19th and 20th centuries.
10,000–8000 BC
According to Bernice Wuethrich's article "Peering Into the Past, With Words", Johanna Nichols showed that linguistic evidence indicates the ancestors of Nakh people migrated to the slopes of the Caucasus from the Fertile Crescent where farming and raising sheep and cattle had been discovered. Nichols stated: "The Nakh–Dagestanian languages are the closest thing we have to a direct continuation of the cultural and linguistic community that gave rise to Western civilisation." Anthropologist Henry Harpending of the University of Utah is impressed by her research.[26]
6000–4000 BC
Neolithic era. Pottery is known to the region. Old settlements near Ali-Yurt and Magas, discovered in the modern times, revealed tools made out of stone: stone axes, polished stones, stone knives, stones with holes drilled in them, clay dishes etc. Settlements made out of clay bricks discovered in the plains. In the mountains, there were discovered settlements made out of stone surrounded by walls some of them dated back to 8000 BC.[27]
4000–3000 BC
Invention of the wheel (3000 BC), horseback riding, metal works (copper, gold, silver, iron) dishes, armor, daggers, knives, arrow tips. The artifacts were found near Nasare-Cort, Muzhichi, Ja-E-Bortz (also known as Surkha-khi), Abbey-Gove (also known as Nazran or Nasare).[27]
20 BC
Strabo first mentions Geli, or Galgai in his reference to a nation in the center of the Caucasus. O.W. Wahl in 1875 in his book "The Land of the Czar" page 239 mentioned "These two opinions mentioned by Strabo come after all to the same point ; for the Legi are the modern Lesghi, and the Geli the Ingush tribe Galgai, and the Keraunian Mountains are the northern ranges of the Caucasus as far as the Beshtaú."[28] The same statement about Gelia being Ingush was made by a German professor Karl Koch in 1843 in his book "Reise durch Russland nach dem kaukasischen Isthmus" page 489.[29] Jacobus Van Wijk Roelandszoon, Jacobus van Wijk (Roelandszoon) in 1821 book "Algemeen aardrijkskundig woordenboek volgens de nieuwste staatkundige veranderingen, en de laatste, beste en zekerste berigten" page 1050 also mention that Gelli or Gelad are the Ingush people which is mentioned by Zonaras.[30]
900 AD – 1200 AD
the kingdom in the center of the Caucasus splits into Alania and Noble Alania (known from Russian as Царственные Аланы). German scientist Peter Simon Pallas believed that Ingush people (Kist) were the direct descendants from Alania.[31][32]
1239 AD
Destruction of the Alania capital of Maghas (both names known solely from Muslim Arabs) and Alan confederacy of the Northern Caucasian highlanders, nations, and tribes by Batu Khan (a Mongol leader and a grandson of Genghis Khan) "Magas was destroyed in the beginning of 1239 by the hordes of Batu Khan. Historically Magas was located at approximately the same place on which the new capital of Ingushetia is now built" – D.V.Zayats[33]
1300 AD – 1400 AD
War between the Alans, Tamerlan, Tokhtamysh, and the Battle of the Terek River. The Alan tribes build fortresses, castles, and defense walls locking the mountains from the invaders. Part of the lowland tribes occupied by Mongols. The insurgency against Mongols begins. "One map of the area during the Mongol period gives us a clue why there was not much written about the Vainakh— as the area of Chechnya-Ingushetia on that map is simply marked as "ungovernable". This is not surprising, as the majority of armies moving north or south would be interested in passing through the mountains and getting to their ultimate destinations as quickly as possible— leaving the peoples between the two passes relatively unmolested." – Schaefer, Robert W. "Insurgency in Chechnya and the North Caucasus: From Gazavat to Jihad" p. 51. In 1991 the Jordanian historian Abdul-Ghani Khassan presented the photocopy from old Arabic scripts claiming that Alania was in Chechnya and Ingushetia, and the document from Alanian historian Azdin Vazzar (1395–1460) who claimed to be from Nokhcho tribe of Alania.[34][35]
1558 AD
Russian conquest of the Caucasus. 1558 Temryuk of Kabarda sends his emissaries to Moscow requesting help against Ingush tribes from Ivan the Terrible. Ivan the Terrible marries Temryuk's daughter Maria Temryukovna the Circassian (Kabardin) tsaritsa. Alliance formed to gain the ground in the central Caucasus for the expanding Tsardom of Russia against stubborn Vainakh defenders.[36]
1562 AD
Joint Russian, Kabardian, and Nogay forces attack Ingush. According to Russian sources 164 Ingush settlements were completely destroyed in this war. Lowland Ingushetia occupied by Russia and their Kabardian allies.[36]

In Caucasian War and as part of Terek Cossacks Okrug

In the 18th century, Ingush were mostly pagan and Christian with some Muslim minority. Beginning 1588 some Chechen societies joined Russia (Shikh Okotsky [ru]; Albir-Murza Batayev [ru]). Russian historians claim that the Ingush volunteered to become a part of Russia. This conclusion is based mostly on the document signed on 13 June 1810, by General-Major Delpotso and representatives of 2 Ingush clans. Other clans resisted the Russian conquest. In 1811 Russian envoy of a German origin Moritz von Engelhardt at czar's request visited mountainous Ingushetia and offered Ingush people to join Russia promising many benefits from czar. The representative of the Ingush people rejected the proposal with the reply: "Above my hat I see only sky". This encounter later will be used by Goethe in his "Freisinn"[37]

On June 29, 1832, Russian baron Rozen reported in letter No.42 to count Chernishev that "on the 23rd of this month I exterminated eight Ghalghai (Ingush) villages. On the 24th I exterminated nine more villages near Targim." By November 12, 1836 (letter no.560, he was claiming that highlanders of Dzheirkah, Kist, and Ghalghai had been temporarily conquered.[38] In 1829 Imam Shamil starts the rebellion against Russia. He conquers Dagestan, Chechnya and then attacks Ingushetia hoping to convert Ingush people into Islam thus gaining strategic ally. Ingush defeated Imam Shamil forces then and later in 1858 when he tried again two more times to capture Ingushetia. Locked in warfare with two strong opponents and their allies, Ingush forces were decimated. According to Russian officer Fedor Tornau who fought the Ingush with the aid of Ossetian allies, at most Ingush had only six hundred warriors.[39] However, the Russian conquest in Ingushetia was extremely difficult and the Russian forces began to rely on the method of colonization: extermination of the local population and repopulation of the area with Cossack and Ossetian loyalists.

Colonization of Ingush land by Russians and Ossetians started in the middle of the 19th century. Russian General Evdokimov and Ossetian colonel Kundukhov in 'Opis no. 436' "gladly reported" that "the result of colonization of Ingush land was successful":

  • Ingush village Ghazhien-Yurt was renamed to Stanitsa Assinovskaya in 1847.
  • Ingush village Ebarg-Yurt was renamed to Stanitsa Troitskaya in 1847.
  • Ingush town Dibir-Ghala was renamed to Stanitsa Sleptsovskaya in 1847.
  • Ingush village Magomet-Khite was renamed to Stanitsa Voznesenskaya in 1847.
  • Ingush village Akhi-Yurt was renamed to Stanitsa Sunzhenskaya in 1859.
  • Ingush village Ongusht was renamed to Stanitsa Tarskaya in 1859.
  • Ingush town Ildir-Ghala was renamed to Stanitsa Karabulakskaya in 1859.
  • Ingush village Alkhaste was renamed to Stanitsa Feldmarshalskaya in 1860.
  • Ingush village Tauzen-Yurt was renamed to Stanitsa Vorontsov-Dashkov in 1861.
  • Ingush village Sholkhi was renamed to Khutor Tarski in 1867.[40]

After multiple losses of Imam Shamil at the end of Caucasian War, Russians and Chechens unify their forces. Former Chechen rebels and their men join Russian ranks. 3 November 1858 General Evdokimov ordered (order N1896) a former rebel commander naib Saib-Dulla Gekhinski (Saadulla Ospanov) of Chechnya to attack and destroy Ingush settlements near Assa and Fortanga rivers: Dattikh, Meredzhi, Aseri, Shagot-Koch and others.[41] After the losses, the remaining Ingush clans resorted mostly to underground resistance.[42]

The Russians built the fortress Vladikavkaz ("ruler of the Caucasus") on the place of Ingush village of Zaur.[43] Russian General Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov wrote in a letter to the Tsar of Russia, "It would be a grave mistake for Russia to alienate such a militaristic nation as the Ingush." He suggested the separation of the Ingush and Chechens in order for Russia to win the war in the Caucasus. In another letter from General Ermolov to Lanski (dated 12 January 1827) on the impossibility of forceful Christianization of the Ingush, Yermolov wrote: "This nation, the most courageous and militaristic among all the highlanders, cannot be allowed to be alienated ..."

The last organized rebellion (the so-called "Nazran insurrection") in Ingushetia occurred in 1858 when 5,000 Ingush started a fight but lost to superior Russian forces. The rebellion signaled the end of the First Russo-Caucasian War. In the same year, the Russian Tsar encouraged the emigration of Ingush and Chechens to Turkey and the Middle East by claiming that "Muslims need to live under Muslim rulers". It seems that he wanted to liberate the land for Ossetians and Cossacks.[42] Some Ingush became exiled to deserted territory in the Middle East where many of them died. The remainder were assimilated. It was estimated that 80% of the Ingush left Ingushetia for the Middle East in 1865.[44][45]

After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Soviets promised the Ingush that the villages and towns annexed during the colonization would be returned to the Ingush. Ingushetia becomes a major battleground between the old archenemies: general Denikin and Ingush resistance fighters. In his memoirs, general Denikin writes:[46]

Ingush people are the least numerous, most welded, and strongly martial organization. They were, in essence, the supreme arbiter of the North Caucasus. The moral of the appearance was defined long ago in Russian text-books of geography, "the chief occupation – animal husbandry and robbery  ..." The last one of the two reached special art in the society. Political aspirations came from the same trend. The Ingush are mercenaries of the Soviet regime, they support it but don't let the spread of it in their province. At the same time, they tried to strike up relations with Turkey and sought the assistance from the Turks from Elisavetpol, and Germany – from Tiflis. In August, when the Cossacks and Ossetians captured Vladikavkaz, the Ingush intervened and saved the Soviet Board of Commissioners of Terek, but sacked the city and captured the state bank and mint. They robbed all the neighbors: the Cossacks and Ossetians in the name of "correcting historical errors" for a shortage of land, the Bolsheviks – in return for their services, Vladikavkaz citizens – for their helplessness, and the Kabardins – just out of habit. They were hated by everyone, and they did their "craft" in unison, well organized, in a big way, becoming the richest tribe in the Caucasus.

— Anton Denikin, Essays on the Russian Troubles (1925)

As part of the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus

On December 21, 1917 Ingushetia, Chechnya, and Dagestan declared independence from Russia and formed a single state called the "United Mountain Dwellers of the North Caucasus" (also known as Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus), which was recognized by Central Powers (Germany, Austro-Hungary and Turkey), Georgia, and Azerbaijan (which declared their independence from Russia in 1918) as an independent state.[47] For example, Anna Zelkina writes that in May 1918 the first country to recognize independence was Turkey:[48]

The First Congress of the North Caucasus formed a Provisional Government of the North Caucasian Free State (SeveroKavkazskoye Svobodnoye Gosudarstvo) and in May 1918 declared the establishment of the North Caucasian Republic. The only country to recognize it was Turkey.

Later Germany and others followed the recognition. According to P. Kosok:[49]

Azerbaidzhan and Armenia (May 28, 1918). All three states then concluded independent treaties with Turkey, which similarly acknowledged the independence of the Northern Caucasus and concluded a treaty of friendship with it on June 8, 1918. An exchange of diplomatic notes then took place between the head of the German Extraordinary Delegation, General von Lossov, and the North Caucasian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Bammat, resulting in the de facto recognition by Germany of the independence of the Northern Caucasus.

According to British War Office, Germans tried to establish the military base in Ingushetia.[50][51]

...the German Command with the object of securing the presence of German regiments within Ingush territory. The Ingushi declare that all attempts of any foreign armed force to enter into the Terek region will be regarded by the Ingushi as an attack upon themselves, and the Ingushi will oppose all their forces to such attempts.

The capital of the new state was moved to Temir-Khan-Shura (Dagestan).[52][53][54] The first prime minister of the state was elected Tapa Chermoyev, a Chechen prominent statesman; the second prime minister was Ingush statesman Vassan-Girey Dzhabagiev who also was the author of the Constitution of the land in 1917. In 1920 he was reelected for a third term. In 1921 Russians attacked and occupied the country and forcefully merged it with the Soviet state. The Caucasian war for independence continued and the government went into exile.[55]

As part of Chechen-Ingush ASSR

Cossack General Andrei Shkuro in his book writes:[56]

Ingushetia was the most unanimous and entirely Bolshevik. Ever since the conquest of the Caucasus, the brave and freedom-loving Ingush, who were desperately defending their independence, were partly exterminated and partly driven into barren mountains. The Terek Cossacks were settled on the fertile lands that had belonged to them, and Cossacks founded their villages on the wedge that had cut into Ingushetia. Deprived of the opportunity to earn their bread in an honest way, the Ingush lived by robbery and raids on the Cossack lands. Even in peacetime, the Terek Cossacks bordering Ingush did not go to the field without rifles. Not a day went by without shooting and bloodshed. Considering the Cossacks as oppressors, and the Cossack lands were still theirs, the Ingush mercilessly took revenge on them. The relationship was created completely irreconcilable; further cohabitation was unthinkable. It was necessary either to exterminate the Ingush completely, or to evict the Cossacks from the former Ingush lands, returning those to their former owners.

The Soviets confiscated the remaining Ingush properties by collectivization and dekulakization[57] and unified Chechnya and Ingushetia into Chechen-Ingush ASSR.

During World War II Ingush youth were drafted into the Russian army. In August 1942 Nazi German forces captured half of the North Caucasus within thirty-three days moving from Rostov-On-Don to Mozdok 560 km or almost 17 km per day (see Battle of the Caucasus). From Mozdok to Malgobek same thirty three days, 20 km the German forces moved roughly 600 meters per day and were stopped only at Ordzhonikidze (modern-day Vladikavkaz) and Malgobek which were mostly populated by Ingush before the genocide of 23 February 1944. The fighting for the Malgobek was so intense that the small town was captured and recaptured four times until the Germans finally retreated.

According to the Soviet military newspaper Red Star, after receiving the news about German brutality toward civilians in Kabardino-Balkaria, Ingush people declare Jihad(Gazavat) against Germans. Stalin planned the expansion of the USSR in the south through Turkey. Muslim Chechens and Ingush could become a threat to the expansion.[58] In February 1944 near the end of World War II, Russian Army and NKVD units flooded the Chechen-Ingush ASSR. The maneuvers were disguised as military exercises of the southern district.

Genocide of 1944

Main article: Aardakh
 
World War II, 1942 The Northern Caucasian battle, front line in Chechen-Ingush ASSR from Ordzhonikidze (Vladikavkaz) to Malgobek.

During World War II, in 1942 German forces entered the North Caucasus. For three weeks Germans captured over half of the North Caucasus. They were only stopped at two Chechen-Ingush cities: Malgobek and Ordzhonikidze (a.k.a. "Vladikavkaz") by heroic resistance of natives of Chechen-Ingush ASSR.[59] Soviet propaganda portrayed Chechens and Ingush as "traitors". On 23 February 1944, Ingush and Chechens were falsely accused of collaborating with the Nazis, and the entire Ingush and Chechen populations were deported to Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Siberia in Operation Lentil, on the orders of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, while the majority of their men were fighting on the front. The initial phase of the deportation was carried out on American-supplied Studebaker trucks specifically modified with three submachine gun-nest compartments above the deported to prevent escapes. American historian Norman Naimark writes:

Troops assembled villagers and townspeople, loaded them onto trucks – many deportees remembered that they were Studebakers, fresh from Lend-Lease deliveries over the Iranian border – and delivered them at previously designated railheads. ...Those who could not be moved were shot. ...[A] few fighters aside, the entire Chechen and Ingush nations, 496,460 people, were deported from their homeland.[60]

The deportees were gathered on the railroad stations and during the second phase transferred to the cattle railroad carts. Up to 30% of the population perished during the journey or in the first year of the exile.[61][62][63] The Prague Watchdog claims that "in the early years of their exile about half of the Chechens and Ingush died from hunger, cold and disease".[64] The deportation was classified by the European Parliament in 2004 as genocide.[65] After the deportation Ingush resistance against Soviets rises again. Those who escaped the deportation, shepherds who were high in the mountains during the deportation combine forces and form rebel groups which constantly attack Russian forces in Ingushetia. Major rebel groups were led by Akhmed Khuchbarov, Tsitskiev brothers, and Ingush femalesniper Laisat Baisarova. The last one of the male Ingush rebels was killed in 1977 by the KGB officers, while Baisarova was never captured or killed.[66] American professor Johanna Nichols, who specializes in Chechen and Ingush philology, provided the theory behind the deportation:[67]

In 1944 the nationalities themselves were abolished and their lands resettled when the Chechen and Ingush, together with the Karachay-Balkar, Crimean Tatars, and other nationalities were deported en masse to Kazakhstan and Siberia, losing at least one-quarter and perhaps half of their population in transit. (The reason, never clarified, seems to have been Stalin's wish to clear all Muslims from the main invasion routes in a contemplated attack on Turkey.)

After return from Central Asia

After 13 years of exile, the Ingush were allowed to return to Chechen-Ingushetia (but not to Ordzhonikidze a.k.a. "Vladikavkaz" or the Prigorodny District). Most of Ingushetia's territory had been settled by Ossetians and part of the region had been transferred to North Ossetia. The returning Ingush faced considerable animosity from the Ossetians. The Ingush were forced to buy their homes back from the Ossetians and Russians. These hardships and injustices led to a peaceful Ingush protest in Grozny on 16 January 1973, which was crushed by the Soviet troops[68] In 1989, the Ingush were officially rehabilitated along with other peoples that had been subjected to repressions.[69]

Post-Soviet period

In 1991, when the Chechens declared independence from the Soviet Union to form the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, the Ingush chose to secede from the Chechen-Ingush Republic. Thus, in 1992 the Ingush joined the newly created Russian Federation to try to resolve the conflict with Ossetia peacefully, also in the hope that the Russians would return their land as a token of their loyalty.

Ethnic cleansing of 1992

However, ethnic tensions in North Ossetia which were orchestrated by Ossetian nationalists (per Helsinki Human Right Watch), led to an outbreak of violence in the Ossetian–Ingush conflict in October–November 1992, when another ethnic cleansing of the Ingush population started.[70] According to media reports, Ingush hostages were held in 1992 in Beslan high school gymnasium. The hostages were all kept in the same gymnasium, and deprived of food and water; at least one newborn, and several dozen male Ingush hostages were executed.[71][72][73][74]

In a possible retaliation in 2004, Chechen and Ingush militants took over 500 Osset hostages in Beslan high-school. (It was the same building where Ossetian militants had held hundreds of Ingush hostages in 1992). Over 60,000 Ingush civilians were forced from their homes in the Prigorodny District of North Ossetia.[42] As a result of the conflict, pro-Russian general Ruslan Aushev, a decorated war hero from the War in Afghanistan, was appointed by the Russian government as the first president of Ingushetia to stop the spread of the conflict. Partial stability returned under his rule.

First and Second Chechen Wars

For broader coverage of this topic, see First Chechen War and Second Chechen War.

In 1994, when the First Chechen War started, the number of refugees in Ingushetia from both conflicts doubled. According to the UN, for every citizen of Ingushetia, one refugee arrived from Ossetia or Chechnya. This influx was very problematic for the economy, which collapsed after Aushev's success. The second Russo-Chechen war which started in 1999 brought more refugees (at some point there was one refugee for every Ingush citizen: 240,000 from Chechnya plus 60,000 from North Ossetia at the peak in 2000) and misery to Ingushetia. In 2001, Aushev was forced to leave his presidency and was succeeded by Murat Zyazikov, a former KGB general. The situation worsened under his rule. Many young Ingush men were abducted by Russian and Ossetian death squads.[75][76][77][78] according to Human rights watchdogs Memorial[79] and Mashr.[80] The Ingush mountains are closed for Ingush nationals.[81]

The number of rebel attacks in Ingushetia rose, especially after the number of Russian security forces was tripled. For example, according to a Russian news agency a murder of an ethnic-Russian school teacher in Ingushetia was committed by two ethnic-Russian and ethnic-Ossetian soldiers; Issa Merzhoev the Ingush Police detective who solved the crime was shot at and killed by "unknown" assailants shortly after he had identified the murderer.[82] At least four people were injured when a vehicle exploded on 24 March 2008. An upsurge in violence in these months targeted local police officers and security forces. In January 2008, the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation launched a "counter-terrorism" operation in Ingushetia after receiving information that insurgents had been preparing a series of attacks.[83]

Early in August 2008, the war between Georgia and South Ossetia broke out, in which the Russian Federation subsequently became involved.[84] After the outbreak of the war, there were virtually no more attacks or abductions of Ingush civilians by "unknown" forces. Most of the Russian forces were transferred to North and South Ossetia[85] 31 August 2008 Magomed Yevloyev, the head of Ingush opposition and the owner of the website ingushetiya.ru, was killed by Russian security forces[86] Shortly before the unrecognised opposition group People's Parliament of Ingushetia Mekhk-Kkhel called for the recognition of the Russian semi-autonomous republic's independence, opposition activist Magomed Khazbiyev proclaimed, "We must ask Europe or America to separate us from Russia."[87][88]

On October 18, 2008, a Russian military convoy came under grenade attack and machine gun fire near Nazran. Official Russian reports of the ambush, which has been blamed on local Muslim separatists, said two soldiers were killed and at least seven injured. Reports from Ingush opposition sources suggested as many as forty to fifty Russian soldiers were killed.[89][90]

On October 30, 2008, Zyazikov was dismissed from his office (he himself claimed he resigned voluntarily). On the next day, Yunus-Bek Yevkurov was nominated by Dmitry Medvedev and approved as President by the People's Assembly of Ingushetia (later the title President was renamed to Head). This move was endorsed by major Russian political parties and by the Ingush opposition.[91][92] Under the current rule of Yevkurov, Ingushetia seems much calmer, showing some semblance of the Russian government. Attacks on policemen have fallen by 40% and abductions by 80%.[93]

Military history

According to professor Johanna Nichols, in all the recorded history and reconstructable prehistory, the Ingush people have never undertaken battle except in defense.[42] In the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC Pharnavaz, his son Saurmag the Iberian kings, and the relatives of Ingush people per Leonti Mroveli, received military assistance from Ingush people in defense of Iberia against the Kartli occupation.[94]

During World War I, 500 cavalrymen from an Ingush regiment of the Wild Division attacked the German Iron Division. The Russian Emperor Nicholas II, assessing the performance of the Ingush and Chechen regiments during the Brusilov breakthrough on the Russian-German front in 1915 wrote in a telegram to the Governor-General of the Tersky region Fleisher:

The Ingush regiment pounced upon the German "Iron Division" like an avalanche. It was immediately supported by the Chechen regiment. The Russian history, including the history of our Preobrazhensky regiment, does not know a single instance of a horse cavalry attacking an enemy force armed with heavy artillery: 4.5 thousand killed, 3.5 thousand taken prisoner, 2.5 thousand wounded. Less than in an hour and a half the "Iron Division" ceased to exist, the division that had aroused fear in the best armies of our allies. On behalf of me, the royal court and the whole of the Russian army send our best regards to fathers, mothers, sisters, wives and brides of those brave sons of the Caucasus whose heroism paved the way for the destruction of German hordes. Russia bows low to the heroes and will never forget them. I extend my fraternal greetings, Nicholas II, August 25, 1915.[95]

In 1941, when Germans attacked the USSR, the whole Russian front was retreating 40 km a day. Out of 6,500 defenders of Brest Fortress, 6,000 Soviet troops capitulated. 500 troops were fresh conscripts of Ingush and Chechen origin. Defenders held the fortress for over a month against the Germans and even managed to stage several attacks from the Fortress. The last defender's name has been unknown for a long time; his documents identified him as a man called Barkhanoyev. Decades later, official records revealed it was Umatgirei Barkhanoyev from the Ingush village of Yandare. Recently, the memoirs of Stankus Antanas, a Lithuanian national and former Waffen SS officer, were published in Ingushetia. He recalls that in July 1941, his regiment was ordered to "finish off" the remaining Soviet soldiers in the fortress. When the Nazis decided that no defenders had been left alive, an SS general lined up his soldiers on the parade ground to award them with decorations for capturing the fortress. Then, a Red Army officer came out from the fortress's underground bunker:

He was blind because of his wounds and walked with his left arm extended forward. His right hand rested on a gun holster. He walked along the parade grounds wearing a ragged uniform, but his head was held high. The entire division was shocked at the sight. Approaching a shell-hole, he turned his face toward the west. The German general suddenly saluted this last defender of the Brest Fortress, and the rest of the officers followed suit. The Red Army officer drew a handgun and shot himself in the head. He fell on the ground facing Germany. A deep-drawn sigh aired over the parade grounds. We all stood "frozen" in awe of this brave man.[96]

In 1994–1996 Ingush volunteers fought alongside Chechens in the First Chechen War. Aside from a few incidents (including the killings of Ingush civilians by Russian soldiers), Ingushetia was largely kept out of the war by a determined policy of non-violence pursued by President Ruslan Aushev.[42]

This changed after the beginning of the Second Chechen War, and especially since Murat Zyazikov became the second Russian appointed president of Ingushetia in 2002. The first major rebel attack of the conflict, in which a military convoy was destroyed occurred in May 2000 and caused the deaths of 19 soldiers. In the June 2004 Nazran raid, Chechen and Ingush rebels attacked government buildings and military bases across Ingushetia, resulting in the deaths of at least 90 Ingush people and an unknown number of Russian troops. Among them the Republic's acting interior minister Abukar Kostoyev, his deputy Zyaudin Kotiyev. In response to a sharp escalation in attacks by insurgents since the summer of 2007,[97] Moscow sent in an additional 25,000 MVD and FSB troops, tripling the number of special forces in Ingushetia.

Resistance

 
Famous Ingush rebels. Top left: Ingush sniper Laisat Baisarova. Lower left: Sulom-beck Sagopshinski. Right: Akhmed Khuchbarov.
  • 1800s–1860s: Insurgency against Russian conquest.
  • 1860s–1890s: Raids of Ingush abreks on the Georgian Military Highway and Mozdok.
  • 1890s–1917: Insurgency of Ingush resistance under Chechen abrek Zelimkhan Gushmazukaev and Ingush abrek Sulom-beck Sagopshinski, execution of Russian viceroy to Ingushetia colonel Mitnik by Ingush resistance fighter Buzurtanov.
  • 1917–1920s: Insurgency of Ingush resistance fighters against combined Russian White Guards, Cossacks, Ossetians, and general Denikin forces.
  • 1920s–1930s: Insurgency of Ingush people against Communists, executions of Communist leader of Ingushetia Chernoglaz by Ingush rebel Uzhakhov. Execution of Communist party leader of Ingushetia Ivanov by Ingush rebels.
  • 1944–1977: Ingush rebels avenging the deportation of the Ingush nation. Scores of Russian army units and NKVD, KGB officers killed.
  • 1992: Ossetian-Ingush conflict. In combat operations Ingush rebels capture armor which later transferred to Chechens or given back to Russian army after the conflict ended.
  • 1994: Nazran. Ingush civilians stop Russian army, flip armor, burn military trucks which were on the march to Chechnya in Russian-Chechen war. First Russian casualties reported from hands of Ingush rebels.
  • 1994–1996: Ingush rebels defend Grozny and participate in combat operations on Chechen side.
  • 1999–2006: Ingush rebels join Chechen rebels, the independence war turns into Jihad.
  • 13 July 2001: Ingush people protest "defiling and desecration" of historical Christian Ingush church Tkhaba-Yerdy after Russian troops made the church into a public toilet. Though Ingush are Muslims they highly respect their Christian past.[98]
  • 15 September 2003: Ingush rebels use bomb truck and attack FSB headquarters in Maghas. Several dozens of Russian FSB officers killed including the senior officer overseeing the FSB in Chechen republic. The several story HQ building is severely damaged.[99]
  • 6 April 2004: Ingush rebels attack Russian appointed president of Ingushetia Murat Zyazikov. He was wounded when a car bomb was rammed into his motorcade.
  • 22 June 2004: Chechen and Ingush rebels raid on Russian troops in Ingushetia. Hundreds of Russian troops killed.
  • 10 July 2006: In the night, Chechen politician and leader of the terrorists Shamil Basayev and other four militants were killed in the village of the Ekazhevo during a truck explosion.
  • 31 August 2008: Execution of Magomed Yevloyev Ingush dissident, journalist, lawyer, businessman, and the owner of the news website Ingushetiya.ru, known for being highly critical of Russian regime in Ingushetia. He was shot in the temple.[100] Awarded posthumously, and his name is engraved in stone on the monuments at the Journalists' Memorials in Bayeux, France and Washington D.C., the United States.[101]
  • 30 September 2008: A suicide bomber attacked the motorcade of Ruslan Meiriyev, Ingushetia's top police official.
  • 10 June 2009: Snipers killed Aza Gazgireyeva, deputy chief justice of the regional Supreme Court, as she dropped her children off at school. Russian news agencies also cited investigators as saying she was likely killed for her role in investigating the 2004 attack on Ingush police forces by Chechen fighters.[102]
  • 13 June 2009: Two gunmen sprayed former deputy prime minister Bashir Aushev with automatic-weapon fire as he got out of his car at the gate outside his home in the region's main city, Nazran.[103]
  • 22 June 2009: Russian appointed president of Ingushetia Yunus-Bek Yevkurov was badly hurt when a suicide bomber detonated a car packed with explosives as the president's convoy drove past. The attack killed three bodyguards.[104]
  • 12 August 2009: Gunmen killed construction minister Ruslan Amerkhanov in his office in the Ingush capital, Magas.[105]
  • 17 August 2009: A suicide bomber killed 21 Ingush police officers and unknown numbers of Russian Internal Ministry troops which were stationed in Nazran, after he drove a truck full of explosives into a MVD police base.
  • 25 October 2009: Execution of Maksharip Aushev, an Ingush businessman, dissident, and a vocal critic of Russian regime policies in Ingushetia. His body had over 60 bullet holes. Awarded posthumously by the U.S. Department of State in 2009.[106]
  • 2 March 2010: Another terrorist has been killed in the village of the Ekazhevo, his name is Said Buryatsky, but his real one is Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Tikhomirov, although he was born in Republic of Buryatia.
  • 5 April 2010: A suicide bomber injured three police officers in the town of Karabulak. Two officers died at the hospital as a result of their injuries. While investigators arrived on scene, another car bomb was set off by remote. Nobody was hurt in the second blast.[107]
  • 24 January 2011: A suicide bomber, Magomed Yevloyev (same first and last name as the slain Ingush opposition journalist Magomed Yevloyev), killed 37 people at Domodedovo airport, Moscow, Russia.
  • 2012: Ingush rebels participate in war against Assad, Iranian, and Russian advisors in Syria which is largely viewed by the Ingush rebels as war against Russia and the Iranian-speaking Ossetians. The rebel Ingush commanders are veterans of Ossetian-Ingush conflict, wars in Chechnya, Daud Khalukhayev from Ingush village of Palanazh (Katsa), and a descendant of Ingush deportees of 1860's Syrian-born Ingush Walid Didigov.[108][109]
  • 6 June 2013: Accusation of Ingush rebel leader Ali "Maghas" Taziev in Rostov-On-Don regional Russian court, who was captured after he voluntarily given himself up in on 9 June 2010 to Russian forces in Ingushetia on the agreement that Russians will liberate his relatives held hostage on one of the Russian military bases.
  • 27 August 2013: Execution of the head of security of Ingushetia Akhmet Kotiev and his bodyguard by Ingush rebels. Kotiev was actively involved in the assassination of Magomed Yevloyev.
  • 10 December 2013: Ingush opposition leader Magomed Khazbiev, who was a close friend of assassinated Magomed Yevloyev, attends Euromaidan in Ukraine and participates in anti-Russian campaign there after which his parents were threatened and harassed in Russia. On his website he writes: "the fact that Putin's slaves harass my parents do not make any sense, if you [Russians] want me to stop you have to kill me like Magomed Yevloyev and Makhsharip Aushev".[110]
  • 2 February 2014: Russian FSB officially confirms that in the middle of December 2013 four North Caucasian instructors operate in Ukraine, and prepare Ukrainians for street battles against Russian interests.[111]
  • 20 April 2014: Famous Ingush human rights defender Ibrgim Lyanov stated that Ingushetia wants to separate from Russia and become an independent state using the example of the Crimean separation from Ukraine.[112]
  • 24 May 2014: Ingush rebel leader Arthur Getagazhev, 4 rebels, and 2 civilians were killed in action in the village of Sagopshi by Russian forces.[113]
  • 2 July 2014: After several months of denial, pro-Russian president of Ingushetia finally recognizes that Ingush rebels are fighting in Ukraine against pro-Russia forces.[114]
  • 2 July 2014: Ingush rebels attack Russian armored military convoy killing 1 and wounding 7 soldiers.[115]
  • 6 July 2014: Russian special forces prepared an ambush near the morgue in Nazran hospital where the body of Arthur Getagazhev was located. The intelligence reported that Ingush rebels will try to recover the body of the slain leader. The intelligence was correct. Radio Free Europe (section specializing in the Caucasus), reports that in the middle of the day 2 Ingush rebels attacked the ambush, according to unofficial source two rebels killed 7 and wounded 4 Russian FSB and spetsnaz officers in less than 40 seconds, after which the rebels left the scene unharmed. The source in Ingush police who wanted to stay anonymous said that exact number of killed are known only by the FSB but nobody would dare to declare if officially.[116] According to pro-Kremlin LifeNews released video the attack lasted less than 19 seconds.[117]
  • 17 January 2015: Maghas. Rise of anti-Western sentiments. Over 20,000 Ingush citizens protest against European terrorism toward Muslims.[118][119]
  • 28 February 2015: Russian opposition leader Nemtsov's death linked to Ingushetia by Russian police.[120]
  • 26 March 2019: Thousands of people in Ingushetia have protested against a controversial border deal with neighboring Chechnya, denouncing land swaps under the agreement and calling for Ingushetia head Yunus-Bek Yevkurov to step down.
  • 25 June 2019: Yunus-Bek Yevkurov, has announced his resignation after almost 11 years in the position. De facto Ingushetia has no active leader. Civil protests continue, Ingush people boycotting the Russian appointed elections.

Politics

Up until the dissolution of the Soviet state, Ingushetia was part of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR of the Russian Soviet Socialist Republic. In the late 1920s – early 1930s the Soviet officials were eager to enforce the Chechen-Ingush merger as an "objective" and "natural" process. The Soviet linguist Nikolay Yakovlev, who was a supporter of the merger, suggested that an inclusive name of "Veinakh" ("our people") had to be used for both the Chechens and Ingush. According to his views, the rapid urbanization and rapprochement of the Chechens and Ingush within one and the same republic might encourage the formation of a common culture and language and the establishment of a unified "Veinakh" people.

During the late 80's, together with the separatist tendencies across the Soviet Union, the Second Congress of the Ingush People was held in Grozny on September 9–10, 1989. The gathering was directed at the top leadership of the Soviet Union, and included a request to "restore the Ingush people's autonomy within their historical borders, the Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic with a capital in the right-bank part of the city of Ordzhonikidze". The Ingush Republic was to be organized out of six traditional Ingush districts (including the contested Prigorodny District). The rise of the Russian Federation gave the Ingushetians the independence they vowed for. During the 1990s, Ingushetia was ruled by its elected president Ruslan Aushev, a former Soviet general and hero of the war in Afghanistan.

The head of government and the highest executive post in Ingushetia is the Head.

Recent heads:

Recent Chairmen of the Government:

  • Ruslan Tatiyev: March 24, 1993 – July 5, 1993
  • Tamerlan Didigov: July 5, 1993 – March 21, 1994
  • Mukharbek Didigov: March 21, 1994 – December 9, 1996
  • Belan Khamchiyev: December 10, 1996 – August 3, 1998
  • Magomed-Bashir Darsigov: August 3, 1998 – November 24, 1999
  • Akhmed Malsagov: November 24, 1999 – June 14, 2002
  • Viktor Aleksentsev: August 26, 2002 – June 3, 2003
  • Timur Mogushkov: June 3, 2003 – June 30, 2005
  • Ibragim Malsagov: June 30, 2005 – March 13, 2008
  • Kharun Dzeytov: March 14, 2008 – November 12, 2008
  • Rashid Gaysanov: November 13, 2008 – October 5, 2009
  • Aleksey Vorobyov: October 5, 2009 – March 10, 2010
  • Musa Chiliyev: March 21, 2011 – September 19, 2013
  • Abubakar Malsagov: September 19, 2013 – November 18, 2016
  • Ruslan Gagiyev: November 18, 2016 – September 9, 2018
  • Zyalimkhan Yevloyev: September 9, 2018 – September 8, 2019
  • Konstantin Surikov: September 9, 2019 – January 27, 2020
  • Vladimir Slastenin: March 26, 2020–present

The parliament of the Republic is the People's Assembly, composed of 34 deputies elected for a four-year term. The People's Assembly is headed by the Chairman. As of 2022, the Chairman of the People's Assembly is Vladimir Slastenin.

The Constitution of Ingushetia was adopted on February 27, 1994.

Ingushetia is a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization.

The capital was moved from Nazran to Magas in December 2002.

The most recent election was held in 2013.

Administrative divisions

 
Administrative divisions of Ingushetia.
  • Cities under republic's jurisdiction (as of 2016):
    •   Magas (Магас) (capital)
    •   Nazran (Назрань)
    •   Malgobek (Малгобек)
    •   Karabulak (Карабулак)
    •   Sunzha (Сунжа)[122]
  • Districts:
Main article: Administrative divisions of the Republic of Ingushetia

Demographics

 
The Republic of Ingushetia (in green).

Population: 509,541 (2021 Census);[123] 412,529 (2010 Census);[124] 467,294 (2002 Census).[125]

Vital statistics

Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service
Average population (× 1000) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Total fertility rate
1995 6,889 1,867 5,022 25.3 6.8 18.4
1996 5,980 1,958 4,022 20.9 6.8 14.0
1997 6,055 1,957 4,098 20.6 6.7 14.0
1998 5,929 2,064 3,865 19.8 6.9 12.9
1999 6,624 1,953 4,671 20.6 6.1 14.6
2000 8,463 2,117 6,346 21.5 5.4 16.2
2001 8,753 1,875 6,878 19.4 4.2 15.3
2002 7,578 1,874 5,704 16.4 4.1 12.4
2003 7,059 1,785 5,274 15.3 3.9 11.4
2004 6,794 1,751 5,043 15.0 3.9 11.1
2005 6,777 1,821 4,956 15.2 4.1 11.1
2006 7,391 1,830 5,561 16.9 4.2 12.7
2007 8,284 1,625 6,659 19.3 3.8 15.5
2008 9,215 1,561 7,654 21.8 3.7 18.1
2009 9,572 1,877 7,695 22.9 4.5 18.4 2.51
2010 11,178 1,857 9,321 27.1 4.5 22.6 2.99
2011 414 11,408 1,705 9,703 27.0 4.0 23.0 2.94
2012 430 9,350 1,595 7,755 21.4 3.7 17.7 2.27
2013 442 9,498 1,568 7,930 21.2 3.5 17.7 2.23
2014 453 9,858 1,586 8,272 21.5 3.5 18.0 2.28
2015 463 8,647 1,557 7,090 18.5 3.3 15.2 1.97
2016 472 7,750 1,555 6,195 16.3 3.3 13.0 1.75
2017 480 7,890 1,554 6,336 16.3 3.2 13.1 1.77
2018 488 8,048 1,548 6,500 16.3 3.1 13.2 1.79
2019 497 8,252 1,529 6,723 16.4 3.0 13.4 1.83
2020 507 8,463 1,891 6,572 16.6 3.7 12.9 1.85
2021 513 8,480 2,194 6,286 16.3 4.2 12.1 1.87

Note: Total fertility rate 2009, 2010, 2011 source:[126]

Life expectancy

See also: List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy

Ingushetia has life expectancy noticeably higher than in any other federal subjects of the Russian Federation.[127][128] In such way, Ingushetia is a Russian "blue zone". In the pre-pandemic 2019, life expectancy in Ingushetia was the same as in Switzerland, according to estimation of WHO, — 83.4 years.

2019 2021
Average: 83.4 years 80.5 years
Male: 80.0 years 77.3 years
Female: 86.3 years 83.3 years
  •  

    Life expectancy at birth in Ingushetia

  •  

    Life expectancy with calculated differences

  •  

    Life expectancy in Ingushetia in comparison with other regions of the North Caucasus

  •  

    Interactive chart of comparison of male and female life expectancy for 2021. Open the original svg-file in a separate window and hover over a bubble to highlight it.

  •  

    Analogious interactive chart of comparison of urban and rural life expectancy.
    Original interactive file.

Ethnic groups

 
Ingush People

According to the 2021 Russian census,[4] ethnic Ingush make up 96.4% of the republic's population. The Ingush, a nationality group indigenous to the Caucasus, mostly inhabit Ingushetia. They refer to themselves as Ghalghai (from Ingush: Ghala ('fortress' or 'town') and ghai ('inhabitants' or 'citizens'). The Ingush speak the Ingush language, which has a very high degree of mutual intelligibility with neighboring Chechen.

Other groups include Chechens (2.5%), Russians (0.7%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.[129]

Ethnic
group 		1926 Census 1939 Census 1959 Census 1970 Census 1979 Census 1989 Census 2002 Census 2010 Census 2021 Census1
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Ingush 47,280 61.6% 79,462 58.0% 44,634 40.6% 99,060 66.0% 113,889 74.2% 138,626 74.5% 361,057 77.3% 385,537 94.1% 473,440 96.4%
Chechens 2,553 3.3% 7,746 5.7% 5,643 5.1% 8,724 5.8% 9,182 6.0% 19,195 10.3% 95,403 20.4% 18,765 4.6% 12,240 2.5%
Russians 24,185 31.5% 43,389 31.7% 51,549 46.9% 37,258 24.8% 26,965 17.6% 24,641 13.2% 5,559 1.2% 3,321 0.8% 3,294 0.7%
Ukrainians 1,501 2.0% 1,921 1.4% 1,763 1.6% 1,068 0.7% 687 0.4% 753 0.4% 189 0.0% 91 0.0% 34 0.0%
Others 1,215 1.6% 4,549 3.3% 6,438 5.9% 3,978 2.7% 2,852 1.9% 2,781 1.5% 5,086 1.1% 1,918 0.5% 2,129 0.4%
1 18,404people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[130]

Religion

Religion in Ingushetia (2010)[131]
Islam
 
 96%
Christianity
 
 2%
Atheism
 
 1%
Not stated
 
 1%
 
Mosque in Nazran

Ingushetia is one of the most religious regions of Russia.[132] The Ingush are predominantly Shafi'i Madhhab of Sunni Islam[133] with strong influence of Sufism, which is often associated with one of two traditional Sufi orders: the Sufi tariqa Naqshbandi, represented in Ingushetia by the brotherhood of Deni Arsanov, and the tariqa Qadiriyyah, associated with Kunta-Haji Kishiev.[134][135]

Education

Ingush State University, the first institute of higher education in the history of Ingushetia, was founded in 1994 in Ordzhonikidzevskaya.[136]

Geography

 
Topographic map of the Caucasus. Ingushetia is located on the center right of the map.
 
Mountains in the Nazran Region

Ingushetia is situated on the northern slopes of the Caucasus. Its area is reported by various sources as either 2,000 square kilometers (770 sq mi)[137] or 3,600 square kilometers (1,400 sq mi);[138] the difference in reporting is mainly due to the inclusion or exclusion of parts of Sunzhensky Districts. The republic borders North Ossetia–Alania (SW/W/NW/N), the Chechnya (NE/E/SE), and the country of Georgia (Mtskheta-Mtianeti) (southwards). The highest point is the Gora Shan[139] (4451 m).

A 150-kilometer (93 mi) stretch of the Caucasus Mountains runs through the territory of the republic.

Rivers

 
Assin Valley

Major rivers include:

Natural resources

Ingushetia is rich in marble, timber, dolomite, plaster, limestone, gravel, granite, clay, thermal medical water, rare metals, mineral water, oil (over 60 billion tons), and natural gas reserves.

Climate

Ingushetia's climate is mostly continental.

  • Average January temperature: −10 °C (14 °F)
  • Average July temperature: 21 °C (70 °F)
  • Average annual precipitation: 450–650 mm (18–26 in)
  • Average annual temperature: +10 °C (50 °F)

Economy

There are some natural resources in Ingushetia: mineral water in Achaluki, oil and natural gas in Malgobek, forests in Dzheirakh, metals in Galashki. The local government is considering the development of tourism; however, this is problematic due to the uneasy situation in the republic itself and the proximity of some conflict zones. However, Ingushetia continues to remain as one of Russia's poorest republics, largely due to the ongoing conflict, corruption and civil disorders. Unemployment is estimated to be around 53%, and growing poverty is a major issue.[140]

Notable people

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Ingush: Гӏалгӏай Мохк, romanized: Ghalghay Moxk; Russian: Респу́блика Ингуше́тия, romanized: Respúblika Ingushétiya

References

  1. ^ a b Constitution of the Republic of Ingushetia, Article 64
  2. ^ Official website of the Republic of Ingushetia. Head of the Republic of Ingushetia October 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  3. ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (May 21, 2004). . Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
  4. ^ a b c "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Federal State Statistics Service (Russia). Retrieved September 1, 2022.
  5. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  6. ^ Constitution of the Republic of Ingushetia, Article 14
  7. ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
  8. ^ Law of June 4, 1992
  9. ^ Official website of the Republic of Ingushetia. Social-Economic Characteristics June 2, 2015, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  10. ^ "Russia's North Caucasus Insurgency Widens as ISIS' Foothold Grows". www.worldpoliticsreview.com. April 12, 2016. Retrieved October 3, 2017. Russia's North Caucasus insurgency has gone relatively quiet, but reduced casualty numbers belie a still-worrying situation where long-standing grievances remain.
  11. ^ Walker, Shaun (April 4, 2017). "Why suspicion over St Petersburg metro attack is likely to fall on Islamist groups". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved October 3, 2017. A renewed crackdown on any suspected militant activity in the run-up to the Sochi winter Olympics in 2014 and the departure of many militants to fight in Syria led to a weakening of the North Caucasus insurgency.
  12. ^ "Ingushetia's cycle of violence". BBC. October 3, 2009. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
  13. ^ Urgent Need for Vigorous Monitoring in the North Caucasus. Human Rights Watch/Reuters, April 15, 2008. ()
  14. ^ People & Power – Ingushetia: A second Chechnya – October 28, 2009, Al Jazeera English on YouTubeAl Jazeera English on YouTube[dead link]
  15. ^ "В докладе Роспотребнадзора названы самые пьющие регионы России". June 7, 2017.
  16. ^ Khasan Sampiev. . Archived from the original on February 26, 2009.
  17. ^ The work of Leonti Mroveli: "The history of the Georgian Kings" dealing with the history of Georgia and the Caucasus since ancient times to the 5th century AD, is included in medieval code of Georgian annals, Kartlis Tskhovreba.
  18. ^ . Eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 3, 2012.
  19. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2012. Retrieved November 3, 2012.
  20. ^ Professor of anthropology V.V. Bounak "Groznenski Rabochi" 5, VII, 1935.
  21. ^ . Archived from the original on September 27, 2006.
  22. ^ Wuethrich, Bernice (2000). "Peering Into the Past, with Words". Science. 288 (5469): 1158. doi:10.1126/science.288.5469.1158. S2CID 82205296.; Bernice Wuethrich, "Science" 2000: Vol. 288, no. 5469, p. 1158
  23. ^ Oleg Balanovsky, Khadizhat Dibirova, Anna Dybo, Oleg Mudrak, Svetlana Frolova, Elvira Pocheshkhova, Marc Haber, Daniel Platt, Theodore Schurr, Wolfgang Haak, Marina Kuznetsova, Magomed Radzhabov, Olga Balaganskaya, Alexey Romanov, Tatiana Zakharova, David F. Soria Hernanz, Pierre Zalloua, Sergey Koshel, Merritt Ruhlen, Colin Renfrew, R. Spencer Wells, Chris Tyler-Smith, Elena Balanovska, and The Genographic Consortium Parallel "Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus Region" Mol. Biol. Evol. 2011: msr126v1-msr126
  24. ^ Ivane Nasidze; et al. (2001). "Alu insertion polymorphisms and the genetic structure of human populations from the Caucasus". European Journal of Human Genetics. 9 (4): 267–272. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200615. PMID 11313770. S2CID 7021736.
  25. ^ Nasidze, I.; Risch, G.M.; Robichaux, M.; Sherry, S.T.; Batzer, MA; Stoneking, M (April 2001). "Alu insertion polymorphisms and the genetic structure of human populations from the Caucasus" (PDF). Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 9 (4): 267–72. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200615. PMID 11313770. S2CID 7021736.
  26. ^ Bernice Wuethrich (May 19, 2000). "Peering Into the Past, With Words". Science. 288 (5469): 1158. doi:10.1126/science.288.5469.1158. S2CID 82205296.
  27. ^ a b N.D. Kodzoev. History of Ingush nation.
  28. ^ "The Land of the Czar". Wahl. 1875. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  29. ^ "Reise durch Russland nach dem kaukasischen Isthmus". Karl Koch. 1843. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  30. ^ "Algemeen aardrijkskundig woordenboek volgens de nieuwste staatkundige veranderingen, en de laatste, beste en zekerste berigten". Jacobus van Wijk. 1821. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  31. ^ Броневский, Семен (July 20, 2017). "Новѣйшия географическия и историческия извѣстия о Кавказѣ". В Тип. С. Скливановскаго – via Google Books.
  32. ^ . Archived from the original on February 17, 2008. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  33. ^ D.V.Zayats (2001). . Archived from the original on May 2, 2013.
  34. ^ . Chechenews.com. August 29, 2010. Archived from the original on December 30, 2013. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  35. ^ Категория: Мировая история. "Аланский историк". 95live.ru. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  36. ^ a b История ингушского народа. Глава 4. . Archived from the original on April 24, 2017. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  37. ^ "Freisinn". Goethe. 1815. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  38. ^ Албогачиева М. "Многоликая Ингушетия". Groznycity.ru. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  39. ^ "Vospominaniya Kavkazskogo Ofitsera" (PDF).
  40. ^ . Vainax.ru. January 6, 2011. Archived from the original on March 5, 2014. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  41. ^ Akty sobrannye kavkazskoj arxeograficheskoj komissiej (PDF).
  42. ^ a b c d e Johanna Nichols (February 1997). . University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original on December 8, 2006. Retrieved February 10, 2007.
  43. ^ Multiple sources:
    • P.G.Butkov (1869). Materials of the new history of the Caucasus years 1722–1803. St. Petersburg. p. 165.
    • E.Bronevski (1823). New geographical and historical perspectives of the Caucasus. Vol. 2. Moscow. p. 159.
    • U. Klaprot (1812). Travel in the Caucasus and Georgia 1807–1808. Berlin. p. 651.
    • N.Grabovski (1876). Ingush nation (their life and traditions). Tiflis. p. 2.
    • K.Raisov (1897). New illustrated guide in the Crimea and the Caucasus. Odessa. p. 295.
    • G.G. Moskvitch (1903). Illustrated practical guide in the Caucasus. Odessa. pp. 161–162.
    • N.M. Suetin (1928). Geodesy of the Vladikavkaz. Vladikavkaz. p. 12.
    • V.P. Khristianovich (1928). Mountainous Ingushetia. Rostov-on-Don. p. 65.
    • E.I.Krupnov (1971). Middle age Ingushetia. Moscow. p. 166.
  44. ^ (PDF). University of California, Berkeley. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2008.
  45. ^ . www.semp.us. November 2007. Archived from the original on December 20, 2010.
  46. ^ Denikin, Anton Ivanovich (1925). Ocherki Russkoi Smuti.
  47. ^ MINORITY RIGHTS GROUP INTERNATIONAL, THE NORTH CAUCASUS:Minorities at a Crossroads
  48. ^ Zelkina, Anna (1993). "Islam and Politics in the North Caucasus". Religion, State and Society. 21 (1): 115–124. Abstract
  49. ^ "Revolution and Sovietization in the North Caucasus" Caucasian Review, 1955, No. 1, pp. 47–54. No. 3, pp.45–53
  50. ^ Great Britain. War Office. General Staff, 20 September 1918 p.393
  51. ^ War Office. "Volume 27". War Office. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  52. ^ . Archived from the original on February 22, 2014.
  53. ^ Ben Cahoon. "Russian Civil War Polities". Worldstatesmen.org. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  54. ^ . Savechechnya.com. June 24, 2008. Archived from the original on February 23, 2014. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  55. ^ . Vainah.info. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  56. ^ Шкуро, А. Г. (2016). Гражданская война в России. Записки белого партизана (in Russian). Directmedia. p. 336. ISBN 978-5-4475-8722-2.
  57. ^ . Ingushetiya news agency. March 2005. Archived from the original on October 19, 2007.
  58. ^ "The Ingush People". Linguistics.berkeley.edu. November 28, 1992. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
  59. ^ "Через 63 года в отношении защитников Малгобека восстановлена историческая справедливость". Российская газета.
  60. ^ Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe, Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press, 2001, p. 96-97.
  61. ^ "Explore Chechnya's Turbulent Past ~ 1944: Deportation | Wide Angle". Pbs.org. July 25, 2002. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
  62. ^ Arbatov, Alekseĭ; Antonia Handler Chayes (1997). Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union. MIT Press. p. 40. ISBN 0-262-51093-6. The conditions were so horrendous that around 25 percent of the [Ingush] deportees perished on the journey
  63. ^ Dunlop, John B. (1998). Russia Confronts Chechnya. Cambridge University Press. p. 70. ISBN 0-521-63619-1. A total of 144,704 (23.7 percent) of all deported Chechens, Ingush, Balkars (1944) and Karachai (1943) died in the period from 1944 through 1948
  64. ^ "Prague Watchdog – Crisis in Chechnya – The deportation of 1944 – how it really was". Watchdog.cz. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
  65. ^ . Archived from the original on January 20, 2009.
  66. ^ . Archived from the original on December 30, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
  67. ^ "The Ingush (with notes on the Chechen): Background information".
  68. ^ Ingushetia.ru news agency (January 2008). . www.ingushetiya.ru. Archived from the original on January 19, 2008. Retrieved January 16, 2008.
  69. ^ О реабилитации репрессированных народов June 30, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  70. ^ Economist 1992. Ethnic cleansing comes to Russia. The Economist, November 28, 1992, p. 60.
  71. ^ . Archived from the original on December 15, 2005. Retrieved 2005-12-15.
  72. ^ "Ruslan Belkharoyev Witness Testimony". Old.ingushetiyaru.org. Archived from the original on April 15, 2013. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  73. ^ Terror lingers in Russia's Caucasus region, Chicago Tribune, 12 October 2004
  74. ^ . Old.ingushetiyaru.org. October 26, 2005. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  75. ^ N.Evloev (January 2008). . www.ingushetiya.ru. Archived from the original on February 26, 2009. Retrieved January 20, 2008.
  76. ^ (in Russian). Archived from the original on June 30, 2009.
  77. ^ "Ingush FSB Officer Shot Dead".
  78. ^ (in Russian). Archived from the original on April 4, 2009.
  79. ^ . Memo.ru. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
  80. ^ "АНО "МАШР" – Главная". Mashr.org. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
  81. ^ M.Malsagov (September 2007). . www.ingushetiya.ru. Archived from the original on September 11, 2007. Retrieved September 7, 2007.
  82. ^ B.Polonkoev (August 2007). "The Murderers are not Insurgents". www.gazeta.ru. Retrieved September 29, 2007.
  83. ^ CNN (March 2008). . Archived from the original on March 28, 2008. Retrieved March 24, 2008. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  84. ^ "BBC NEWS – Europe – Q&: Conflict in Georgia". bbc.co.uk.
  85. ^ R.Khautiev (August 2008). "Silence in Ingushetia". www.ingushetiya.ru. Retrieved August 17, 2008.[permanent dead link]
  86. ^ BBC (August 31, 2008). "Kremlin critic shot in Ingushetia". BBC. Retrieved August 31, 2008.
  87. ^ Blomfield, Adrian (September 1, 2008). "Russia faces new Caucasus uprising in Ingushetia". London: Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
  88. ^ "Tension in Ingushetia after journalist's death". Ft.com. September 3, 2008. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
  89. ^ "Russians ambushed in Ingushetia". BBC News. October 18, 2008. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
  90. ^ "Two Russian soldiers killed in attack in Ingushetia". Monsters and Critics. October 18, 2008. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
  91. ^ Отправлен в отставку президент Ингушетии Мурат Зязиков, 31.10.2008 (in Russian)
  92. ^ Echo of Moscow, Указом президента России Дмитрия Медведева новым главой Ингушетии стал Юнус-Бек Евкуров, 31.10.2008 (in Russian)
  93. ^ "The peaceful exception". The Economist. April 9–15, 2011.
  94. ^ Khasan Sampiev. . Archived from the original on February 17, 2008.
  95. ^ "Чечня FREE.RU – Новости Чечни, России и мира". Чечня FREE.RU.
  96. ^ Russian News and Information Agency RIA Novosti. "Russian News and Information Agency RIA Novosti: DEFENSE OF THE MOTHERLAND IS EVERY MUSLIM'S DUTY".
  97. ^ TIMELINE OF VIOLENCE IN INGUSHETIA: SUMMER-FALL 2007 October 31, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  98. ^ "Ingushetia accuses Russian military desecrating monuments". Russian newsru.com. July 15, 2001.
  99. ^ "FSB building in Magas bombed". English pravda.ru. September 15, 2003. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  100. ^ Gheddo, Piero. "Magomed Yevloyev, critic of the Kremlin, killed by police". Asianews.it. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  101. ^ "77 Names Added to Slain Journalists Memorial in Washington D.C". Fox News. March 30, 2009.
  102. ^ "Senior judge killed in Ingushetia". Al Jazeera. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
  103. ^ "Another Killing in Region Bordering Chechnya". The New York Times. June 14, 2009.
  104. ^ Ingushetia president survives assassination attempt. – The Guardian, 22 June 2009
  105. ^ "Ingush minister shot dead at work". BBC. August 12, 2009. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  106. ^ . Geneva.usmission.gov. Archived from the original on March 9, 2013. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  107. ^ "Ingushetia hit by suicide attack". BBC News. April 5, 2010. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
  108. ^ "Syria crisis: Border town shows conflict's patchwork forces". BBC News. March 4, 2013.
  109. ^ . habar.org. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014.
  110. ^ . Ingushetiyaru.org. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  111. ^ . Lifenews.ru. February 2, 2014. Archived from the original on January 8, 2016. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  112. ^ "В Ингушетии заговорили о выходе из РФ по крымскому сценарию". censor.net.ua. Retrieved April 20, 2014.
  113. ^ [Russian officials declare Getagazhev dead]. habar.org. Archived from the original on February 12, 2015.
  114. ^ "Ingush are fighting in Ukraine on both sides". July 2, 2014.
  115. ^ "Побочные эффекты". Эхо Кавказа.
  116. ^ "Война в Ингушетии продолжается" [War in Ingushetia continues]. Эхо Кавказа.
  117. ^ "Нападение боевиков на морг в Ингушетии сняла камера".
  118. ^ "В Ингушетии митинг против карикатур на пророка Мухаммеда собрал до 20 тысяч человек". newsru.com. January 17, 2015.
  119. ^ ЗАО ИД «Комсомольская правда». "Обращение главы Ингушетии к 20-тысячному антикарикатурному митингу: "Западная истерия вокруг ислама – это госэкстремизм"". ЗАО ИД «Комсомольская правда».
  120. ^ Andrew Roth [@ARothWP] (February 28, 2015). "Image of car purported to have carried Nemtsov's murderers has Ingush plates" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  121. ^ "Медведев отправил в отставку президента Ингушетии". Old.lenta.ru. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
  122. ^ "О ПРЕОБРАЗОВАНИИ ПОСЕЛКА ГОРОДСКОГО ТИПА СУНЖА СУНЖЕНСКОГО РАЙОНА РЕСПУБЛИКИ ИНГУШЕТИЯ, Закон Республики Ингушетия от 25 ноября 2016 года No.43-РЗ". docs.cntd.ru. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
  123. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  124. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  125. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
  126. ^ . Gks.ru. May 8, 2010. Archived from the original on December 24, 2018. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  127. ^ "Демографический ежегодник России" [The Demographic Yearbook of Russia] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Rosstat). Retrieved June 1, 2022.
  128. ^ [Life expectancy at birth]. Unified Interdepartmental Information and Statistical System of Russia (in Russian). Archived from the original on February 20, 2022. Retrieved June 1, 2022.
  129. ^ "Национальный состав населения". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved December 30, 2022.
  130. ^ . perepis-2010.ru. Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
  131. ^ . Caucasus Times. May 20, 2010. Archived from the original on October 7, 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
  132. ^ "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". Sreda, 2012.
  133. ^ Stefano Allievi and Jørgen S. Nielsen (2003). Muslim networks and transnational communities in and across Europe. Vol. 1.
  134. ^ Johanna Nichols (February 1997). . University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original on December 8, 2006. Retrieved February 10, 2007.
  135. ^ Stephen Bowers; et al. (2004). "Islam in Ingushetia and Chechnya". Faculty Publications and Presentations of the Helms School of Government of Liberty University. 29.
  136. ^ . Humanities.edu.ru. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
  137. ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (May 21, 2004). . Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
  138. ^ (in Russian). Official website of Ingushetia. Archived from the original on July 16, 2006. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  139. ^ "Die Hoechsten". Gipfel-und-grenzen.de. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
  140. ^ "Ingushetia wants to attract Chinese tourists". TASS. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
  141. ^ "UFC Rankings, Division Rankings, P4P rankings, UFC Champions | UFC.com". www.ufc.com. Retrieved February 25, 2022.
  142. ^ Шах. "Вайнахские новости – Керамический роторный двигатель Тамерлана Ахриева ждет испытаний". E-kavkaz.com. Archived from the original on June 27, 2014. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
  143. ^ "Rotary Internal Combustion Engine". Ntpo.com. December 24, 2006. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
  144. ^ Идрис Базоркин. "Идрис Базоркин". Livelib.ru. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  145. ^ . Transworldnews.com. August 23, 2008. Archived from the original on June 30, 2009. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
  146. ^ http://www.ingushetia.org/news/3254.html[dead link]
  147. ^ "ИССА КОДЗОЕВ – Учитель, Писатель, Патриот". .rfi.fr. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  148. ^ Гарант-Интернет (Garant-Internet), www.garweb.ru. "Обзор публикаций СМИ | Интернет-конференция Председателя Верховного Суда Российской Федерации Лебедева Вячеслава Михайловича | Гарант-Интернет". Garweb.ru. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
  149. ^ Kaku, Michio (June 10, 2012). . International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on September 25, 2008. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  150. ^ . www.youtube.com. Archived from the original on July 13, 2015.
  151. ^ "Амурхан ЯНДИЕВ: "Серийные убийства станут нормой жизни" – Известия". Izvestia.ru. June 19, 2003. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  152. ^ "Я бледнел, но обнимался с Чикатило Амурхан Яндиев". Peoples.ru. January 28, 2007. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  153. ^ "Яндиев Джамалдин Хамурзиевич (1916–1979)". Krkrub.kubannet.ru. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  154. ^ "Тамара Яндиева". Kinopoisk.ru. July 23, 1955. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
  155. ^ "Яндиева Тамара – Биография – Актеры советского и российского кино – Биография Анны Яновской". Rusactors.ru. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
  156. ^ Заголовок. "Биография Тамара Яндиева". Peoples.ru. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
  157. ^ "Тамара Яндиева официальный сайт концертного агентства – организация заказ выступлений гастролей – актер ведущий – заказ артиста актера пригласить заказать – организация концертов – контакты – менеджмент". Concert-star.ru. December 12, 2010. Retrieved August 7, 2014.

Sources

  • Конституционный закон №57-РЗ от 7 декабря 2010 г. «О государственном гимне Республики Ингушетия», в ред. Конституционного закона №2-РЗП от 4 июля 2011 г «О внесении изменений в некоторые законодательные акты Республики Ингушетия в связи с принятием Закона Республики Ингушетия от 11 октября 2010 года No. 3-РЗП "О поправке к Конституции"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Ингушетия", No.211–212, 18 декабря 2010 г. (Constitutional Law #57-RZ of December 7, 2010 On the State Anthem of the Republic of Ingushetia, as amended by the Constitutional Law #2-RZP of July 4, 2011 On Amending Various Legislative Acts of the Republic of Ingushetia Due to the Adoption of the Law of the Republic Ingushetia #3-RZP of October 11, 2010 "On the Amendment to the Constitution". Effective as of the day of the official publication.). (in Russian)
  • 27 февраля 1994 г. «Конституция Республики Ингушетия», в ред. Закона №1-РЗП от 8 мая 2013 г. «О поправке к Конституции Республики Ингушетия». Опубликован: Сборник Конституций субъектов Федерации "Конституции Республик в составе Российской Федерации", выпуск 1, 1995. (February 27, 1994 Constitution of the Republic of Ingushetia, as amended by the Law #1-RZP of May 8, 2013 On the Amendment to the Constitution of the Republic of Ingushetia. ). (in Russian)
  • Верховный Совет РСФСР. Закон от 4 июня 1992 г. «Об образовании Республики Ингушетия в составе РСФСР». (Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. Law of June 4, 1992 On Establishing the Republic of Ingushetia Within the RSFSR. ). (in Russian)

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ingushetia.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ingushetia.
  • Official website of Ingushetia (in Russian)
  • (in Russian)
  • Ingush Music/Video/Literature website (in Russian)
  • Magas, Ingush youth website (in Russian)
  • (in Russian)
  • (in Russian)
  • (in Russian)
  • National Project: People of Ingushetia (in Russian)

February 02, 2023
ingushetia, other, uses, disambiguation, ingush, ГӀалгӏайче, romanized, ghalghayče, russian, Ингуше, тия, officially, republic, republic, russia, located, north, caucasus, eastern, europe, republic, part, north, caucasian, federal, district, shares, land, bord. For other uses see Ingushetia disambiguation Ingushetia ɪ ŋ ɡ ʊ ˈ ʃ ɛ t i e Ingush GӀalgӏajche romanized Ghalghayce Russian Ingushe tiya officially the Republic of Ingushetia a is a republic of Russia located in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe The republic is part of the North Caucasian Federal District and shares land borders with the country of Georgia to its south and borders the Russian republics of North Ossetia Alania and Chechnya to its west and east respectively while having a border with Stavropol Krai to its north It also is one of the least populated republics of Russia at under 500 000 Republic of Ingushetia Respublika IngushetiyaRepublicOfficial titular nation transcription s IngushGӏalgӏaj MohkFlagCoat of armsAnthem Ġalġaycen gimn State Anthem of Ingushetia source track track Coordinates 43 12 N 44 58 E 43 200 N 44 967 E 43 200 44 967 Coordinates 43 12 N 44 58 E 43 200 N 44 967 E 43 200 44 967CountryRussiaFederal districtNorth CaucasianEconomic regionNorth CaucasusCapitalMagasLargest cityNazranGovernment TypePeople s Assembly 1 Head 1 Mahmud Ali Kalimatov 2 Area 3 Total4 000 km2 2 000 sq mi Population 2021 Census 4 Total509 541 Rank74th Density163 16 km2 422 6 sq mi Urban54 8 Rural45 2 Time zoneUTC 3 MSK 5 ISO 3166 codeRU INVehicle registration06Official language s Ingush 6 Russian 7 Websiteingushetia ruIts capital is the town of Magas while the largest city is Nazran At 4 000 square km in terms of area the republic is the smallest of Russia s non city federal subjects It was established on June 4 1992 after the Checheno Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was split in two 8 9 The republic is home to the indigenous Ingush a people of Nakh ancestry As of the 2021 Census its population was 509 541 4 Estimation of the number of resident population by constituent entities of the Russian FederationLargely due to the insurgency in the North Caucasus Ingushetia remains one of the poorest and most unstable regions of Russia Although the violence has died down in recent years 10 11 the insurgency in neighboring Chechnya has occasionally spilled into Ingushetia According to Human Rights Watch in 2008 the republic has been destabilized by corruption a number of high profile crimes including kidnapping and murder of civilians by government security forces 12 anti government protests attacks on soldiers and officers Russian military excesses and a deteriorating human rights situation 13 14 According to Russian media Ingushetia has the lowest alcohol consumption in Russia 15 Map of the Caucasian Isthmus Designed and drawn by Joseph Grassl 1856 Contents 1 Etymology 2 The Ingush ethnic group 2 1 Endonyms and exonyms 3 Population origins 3 1 Population genetics 4 History 4 1 Prehistory 4 2 In Caucasian War and as part of Terek Cossacks Okrug 4 3 As part of the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus 4 4 As part of Chechen Ingush ASSR 4 5 Genocide of 1944 4 6 After return from Central Asia 4 7 Post Soviet period 4 8 Ethnic cleansing of 1992 4 9 First and Second Chechen Wars 4 10 Military history 4 11 Resistance 5 Politics 6 Administrative divisions 7 Demographics 7 1 Vital statistics 7 2 Life expectancy 7 3 Ethnic groups 7 4 Religion 7 5 Education 8 Geography 8 1 Rivers 8 2 Natural resources 8 3 Climate 9 Economy 10 Notable people 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 13 1 Sources 14 External linksEtymology EditThe name Ingushetia is derived from the ancient village Angusht which was renamed Tarskoye and transferred to North Ossetia in 1944 after the deportation of 23 February 1944 a k a Operation Lentil The Ingush ethnic group Edit Ingush 19th century The Ingush a nationality group indigenous to the Caucasus mostly inhabit Ingushetia According to the linguist Johanna Nichols the Ingush speak the Ingush language which is different from Chechen but is placed into the same language group due to the passive bilingualism of the Ingush people The Ingush are to a great extent traditionally a classless society based on a clan system and unwritten law Approximately 350 clans live in Ingushetia today Every clan and each clan member are viewed as equal Unlike the neighboring nations in the Caucasus excluding Chechens the Ingush rarely had social superiors or inferiors citation needed The history of the Ingush is closely related to that of the Chechens Byzantine and Georgian missionaries partially Christianised the Ingush although Christianity was weakened by the Mongol invasions The remains of several churches notably the Tkhaba Yerdy and the Albe Yerd can be found in Ingushetia The Ingush gradually converted to Islam throughout the 18th 19th century Vakhushti of Kartli wrote in 1745 that the inhabitants of the village Angushti were Sunni Muslims Endonyms and exonyms Edit 1855 Atlas Map of Turkey and the North Caucasus The map drawn by the American cartographer J H Colton at the request of the U S Congress Gelia Lesgistan and Dagestan are shown on the map top right corner The Ingush refer to themselves as Ghalghai from Ingush Ghala fortress or town and ghai inhabitants or citizens The Ingush and Ingushetians were also known by the following ethnonyms or demonyms Exonyms Gelia American cartographer J H Colton Strabo Tschetschna German geographers Joseph Grassl and Joseph Meyer Kist Georgian Gergar Dzurdzuk Georgian Ghlighvi Georgian Angushtini Russian Machaloni Ossetian Chechen highlanders called Ingush Makhaloni or Makhloi according to Chechen historian Khalid Oshayev Endonyms These self namings represent different Vainakh tribes which make up the Ingush population today 16 Ghalghai or Gelgai Nakh meaning people Vainakh meaning our people Orstkhoi Nart Orstkhoi Galash Tsori Dzheirakhoi Khamhoi Metshal Fyappi and Nyasareth Population origins EditAccording to Leonti Mroveli the 11th century Georgian chronicler the word Caucasian is derived from the Vainakh ancestor Kavkas 17 According to Professor George Anchabadze of Ilia State University 18 19 The Vainakhs are the ancient natives of the Caucasus It is noteworthy that according to the genealogical table drawn up by Leonti Mroveli the legendary forefather of the Vainakhs was Kavkas hence the name Kavkasians one of the ethnicons met in the ancient Georgian written sources signifying the ancestors of the Chechens and Ingush As appears from the above the Vainakhs at least by name are presented as the most Caucasian people of all the Caucasians Caucasus Kavkas Kavkasians in the Georgian historical tradition The Soviet Russian anthropologists and scientists N Ya Marr V V Bounak R M Munchaev I M Dyakonov E I Krupnov and G A Melikashvilli wrote Among Ingush the Caucasian type is preserved better than among any other North Caucasian nation 20 Professor G F Debets recognized that Ingush Caucasian anthropologic type is the most Caucasian among Caucasians 21 In an article in Science magazine Bernice Wuethrich states that American linguist Dr Johanna Nichols has used language to connect modern people of the Caucasus region to the ancient farmers of the Fertile Crescent and that her research suggests that farmers of the region were proto Nakh Daghestanians Nichols is quoted as stating that The Nakh Dagestanian languages are the closest thing we have to a direct continuation of the cultural and linguistic community that gave rise to Western civilization 22 Population genetics Edit The Ingush have 89 of J2 Y DNA which is the highest known frequency in the world and J2 is closely associated with the Fertile Crescent 23 The mitochondrial DNA mtDNA of the Ingush differs from other Caucasian populations and the rest of the world The Caucasus populations exhibit on average less variability than other World populations for the eight Alu insertion polymorphisms analyzed here The average heterozygosity is less than that of any other region of the world with the exception of Sahul Within the Caucasus the Ingush have much lower levels of variability than any of the other populations The Ingush also showed unusual patterns of mtDNA variation when compared with other Caucasus populations Nasidze and Stoneking submitted which indicates that some feature of the Ingush population history or of this particular sample of the Ingush must be responsible for their different patterns of genetic variation at both mtDNA and the Alu insertion loci 24 25 History EditPrehistory Edit Map of Vakhushti Bagrationi in Russian clearly shows three Ingush societies Kisti Kist Tsurtsuki Dzurdzuki Ghligvi Gligvi as parts of one country and Chechens Chachans as part of Daghestan without common border with the Ingush Pottery an ancient Ingush vessel with three handles The side handles used to tie the knots and the vessel itself is well balanced for an operator to pour water down with one hand Dzheirakhovski district of Ingushetia Koorkhars 600 BC 1800s AD is a traditional Ingush female head cover hair is put into the horns which comes either single horn for usage as cushion with helmet or double horns during peacetime which are covered in jewelry Ingush pre Islamic beliefs Temple Tkhabya Yerd temple of 2000 was initially a cuboid cyclopean masonry structure which was rebuilt during the spread of Christianity in Ingushetia The rebuilt wall was done with smaller stones shown at the entrance side Ingush male warrior helmet Typical Ingush medieval castle Many of the towers and walls were destroyed by Russian army in 19th and 20th centuries 10 000 8000 BC According to Bernice Wuethrich s article Peering Into the Past With Words Johanna Nichols showed that linguistic evidence indicates the ancestors of Nakh people migrated to the slopes of the Caucasus from the Fertile Crescent where farming and raising sheep and cattle had been discovered Nichols stated The Nakh Dagestanian languages are the closest thing we have to a direct continuation of the cultural and linguistic community that gave rise to Western civilisation Anthropologist Henry Harpending of the University of Utah is impressed by her research 26 6000 4000 BC Neolithic era Pottery is known to the region Old settlements near Ali Yurt and Magas discovered in the modern times revealed tools made out of stone stone axes polished stones stone knives stones with holes drilled in them clay dishes etc Settlements made out of clay bricks discovered in the plains In the mountains there were discovered settlements made out of stone surrounded by walls some of them dated back to 8000 BC 27 4000 3000 BC Invention of the wheel 3000 BC horseback riding metal works copper gold silver iron dishes armor daggers knives arrow tips The artifacts were found near Nasare Cort Muzhichi Ja E Bortz also known as Surkha khi Abbey Gove also known as Nazran or Nasare 27 20 BC Strabo first mentions Geli or Galgai in his reference to a nation in the center of the Caucasus O W Wahl in 1875 in his book The Land of the Czar page 239 mentioned These two opinions mentioned by Strabo come after all to the same point for the Legi are the modern Lesghi and the Geli the Ingush tribe Galgai and the Keraunian Mountains are the northern ranges of the Caucasus as far as the Beshtau 28 The same statement about Gelia being Ingush was made by a German professor Karl Koch in 1843 in his book Reise durch Russland nach dem kaukasischen Isthmus page 489 29 Jacobus Van Wijk Roelandszoon Jacobus van Wijk Roelandszoon in 1821 book Algemeen aardrijkskundig woordenboek volgens de nieuwste staatkundige veranderingen en de laatste beste en zekerste berigten page 1050 also mention that Gelli or Gelad are the Ingush people which is mentioned by Zonaras 30 900 AD 1200 AD the kingdom in the center of the Caucasus splits into Alania and Noble Alania known from Russian as Carstvennye Alany German scientist Peter Simon Pallas believed that Ingush people Kist were the direct descendants from Alania 31 32 1239 AD Destruction of the Alania capital of Maghas both names known solely from Muslim Arabs and Alan confederacy of the Northern Caucasian highlanders nations and tribes by Batu Khan a Mongol leader and a grandson of Genghis Khan Magas was destroyed in the beginning of 1239 by the hordes of Batu Khan Historically Magas was located at approximately the same place on which the new capital of Ingushetia is now built D V Zayats 33 1300 AD 1400 AD War between the Alans Tamerlan Tokhtamysh and the Battle of the Terek River The Alan tribes build fortresses castles and defense walls locking the mountains from the invaders Part of the lowland tribes occupied by Mongols The insurgency against Mongols begins One map of the area during the Mongol period gives us a clue why there was not much written about the Vainakh as the area of Chechnya Ingushetia on that map is simply marked as ungovernable This is not surprising as the majority of armies moving north or south would be interested in passing through the mountains and getting to their ultimate destinations as quickly as possible leaving the peoples between the two passes relatively unmolested Schaefer Robert W Insurgency in Chechnya and the North Caucasus From Gazavat to Jihad p 51 In 1991 the Jordanian historian Abdul Ghani Khassan presented the photocopy from old Arabic scripts claiming that Alania was in Chechnya and Ingushetia and the document from Alanian historian Azdin Vazzar 1395 1460 who claimed to be from Nokhcho tribe of Alania 34 35 1558 AD Russian conquest of the Caucasus 1558 Temryuk of Kabarda sends his emissaries to Moscow requesting help against Ingush tribes from Ivan the Terrible Ivan the Terrible marries Temryuk s daughter Maria Temryukovna the Circassian Kabardin tsaritsa Alliance formed to gain the ground in the central Caucasus for the expanding Tsardom of Russia against stubborn Vainakh defenders 36 1562 AD Joint Russian Kabardian and Nogay forces attack Ingush According to Russian sources 164 Ingush settlements were completely destroyed in this war Lowland Ingushetia occupied by Russia and their Kabardian allies 36 In Caucasian War and as part of Terek Cossacks Okrug Edit In the 18th century Ingush were mostly pagan and Christian with some Muslim minority Beginning 1588 some Chechen societies joined Russia Shikh Okotsky ru Albir Murza Batayev ru Russian historians claim that the Ingush volunteered to become a part of Russia This conclusion is based mostly on the document signed on 13 June 1810 by General Major Delpotso and representatives of 2 Ingush clans Other clans resisted the Russian conquest In 1811 Russian envoy of a German origin Moritz von Engelhardt at czar s request visited mountainous Ingushetia and offered Ingush people to join Russia promising many benefits from czar The representative of the Ingush people rejected the proposal with the reply Above my hat I see only sky This encounter later will be used by Goethe in his Freisinn 37 On June 29 1832 Russian baron Rozen reported in letter No 42 to count Chernishev that on the 23rd of this month I exterminated eight Ghalghai Ingush villages On the 24th I exterminated nine more villages near Targim By November 12 1836 letter no 560 he was claiming that highlanders of Dzheirkah Kist and Ghalghai had been temporarily conquered 38 In 1829 Imam Shamil starts the rebellion against Russia He conquers Dagestan Chechnya and then attacks Ingushetia hoping to convert Ingush people into Islam thus gaining strategic ally Ingush defeated Imam Shamil forces then and later in 1858 when he tried again two more times to capture Ingushetia Locked in warfare with two strong opponents and their allies Ingush forces were decimated According to Russian officer Fedor Tornau who fought the Ingush with the aid of Ossetian allies at most Ingush had only six hundred warriors 39 However the Russian conquest in Ingushetia was extremely difficult and the Russian forces began to rely on the method of colonization extermination of the local population and repopulation of the area with Cossack and Ossetian loyalists Colonization of Ingush land by Russians and Ossetians started in the middle of the 19th century Russian General Evdokimov and Ossetian colonel Kundukhov in Opis no 436 gladly reported that the result of colonization of Ingush land was successful Ingush village Ghazhien Yurt was renamed to Stanitsa Assinovskaya in 1847 Ingush village Ebarg Yurt was renamed to Stanitsa Troitskaya in 1847 Ingush town Dibir Ghala was renamed to Stanitsa Sleptsovskaya in 1847 Ingush village Magomet Khite was renamed to Stanitsa Voznesenskaya in 1847 Ingush village Akhi Yurt was renamed to Stanitsa Sunzhenskaya in 1859 Ingush village Ongusht was renamed to Stanitsa Tarskaya in 1859 Ingush town Ildir Ghala was renamed to Stanitsa Karabulakskaya in 1859 Ingush village Alkhaste was renamed to Stanitsa Feldmarshalskaya in 1860 Ingush village Tauzen Yurt was renamed to Stanitsa Vorontsov Dashkov in 1861 Ingush village Sholkhi was renamed to Khutor Tarski in 1867 40 After multiple losses of Imam Shamil at the end of Caucasian War Russians and Chechens unify their forces Former Chechen rebels and their men join Russian ranks 3 November 1858 General Evdokimov ordered order N1896 a former rebel commander naib Saib Dulla Gekhinski Saadulla Ospanov of Chechnya to attack and destroy Ingush settlements near Assa and Fortanga rivers Dattikh Meredzhi Aseri Shagot Koch and others 41 After the losses the remaining Ingush clans resorted mostly to underground resistance 42 The Russians built the fortress Vladikavkaz ruler of the Caucasus on the place of Ingush village of Zaur 43 Russian General Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov wrote in a letter to the Tsar of Russia It would be a grave mistake for Russia to alienate such a militaristic nation as the Ingush He suggested the separation of the Ingush and Chechens in order for Russia to win the war in the Caucasus In another letter from General Ermolov to Lanski dated 12 January 1827 on the impossibility of forceful Christianization of the Ingush Yermolov wrote This nation the most courageous and militaristic among all the highlanders cannot be allowed to be alienated The last organized rebellion the so called Nazran insurrection in Ingushetia occurred in 1858 when 5 000 Ingush started a fight but lost to superior Russian forces The rebellion signaled the end of the First Russo Caucasian War In the same year the Russian Tsar encouraged the emigration of Ingush and Chechens to Turkey and the Middle East by claiming that Muslims need to live under Muslim rulers It seems that he wanted to liberate the land for Ossetians and Cossacks 42 Some Ingush became exiled to deserted territory in the Middle East where many of them died The remainder were assimilated It was estimated that 80 of the Ingush left Ingushetia for the Middle East in 1865 44 45 After the Russian Revolution of 1917 the Soviets promised the Ingush that the villages and towns annexed during the colonization would be returned to the Ingush Ingushetia becomes a major battleground between the old archenemies general Denikin and Ingush resistance fighters In his memoirs general Denikin writes 46 Ingush people are the least numerous most welded and strongly martial organization They were in essence the supreme arbiter of the North Caucasus The moral of the appearance was defined long ago in Russian text books of geography the chief occupation animal husbandry and robbery The last one of the two reached special art in the society Political aspirations came from the same trend The Ingush are mercenaries of the Soviet regime they support it but don t let the spread of it in their province At the same time they tried to strike up relations with Turkey and sought the assistance from the Turks from Elisavetpol and Germany from Tiflis In August when the Cossacks and Ossetians captured Vladikavkaz the Ingush intervened and saved the Soviet Board of Commissioners of Terek but sacked the city and captured the state bank and mint They robbed all the neighbors the Cossacks and Ossetians in the name of correcting historical errors for a shortage of land the Bolsheviks in return for their services Vladikavkaz citizens for their helplessness and the Kabardins just out of habit They were hated by everyone and they did their craft in unison well organized in a big way becoming the richest tribe in the Caucasus Anton Denikin Essays on the Russian Troubles 1925 As part of the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus Edit On December 21 1917 Ingushetia Chechnya and Dagestan declared independence from Russia and formed a single state called the United Mountain Dwellers of the North Caucasus also known as Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus which was recognized by Central Powers Germany Austro Hungary and Turkey Georgia and Azerbaijan which declared their independence from Russia in 1918 as an independent state 47 For example Anna Zelkina writes that in May 1918 the first country to recognize independence was Turkey 48 The First Congress of the North Caucasus formed a Provisional Government of the North Caucasian Free State SeveroKavkazskoye Svobodnoye Gosudarstvo and in May 1918 declared the establishment of the North Caucasian Republic The only country to recognize it was Turkey Later Germany and others followed the recognition According to P Kosok 49 Azerbaidzhan and Armenia May 28 1918 All three states then concluded independent treaties with Turkey which similarly acknowledged the independence of the Northern Caucasus and concluded a treaty of friendship with it on June 8 1918 An exchange of diplomatic notes then took place between the head of the German Extraordinary Delegation General von Lossov and the North Caucasian Minister of Foreign Affairs Bammat resulting in the de facto recognition by Germany of the independence of the Northern Caucasus According to British War Office Germans tried to establish the military base in Ingushetia 50 51 the German Command with the object of securing the presence of German regiments within Ingush territory The Ingushi declare that all attempts of any foreign armed force to enter into the Terek region will be regarded by the Ingushi as an attack upon themselves and the Ingushi will oppose all their forces to such attempts The capital of the new state was moved to Temir Khan Shura Dagestan 52 53 54 The first prime minister of the state was elected Tapa Chermoyev a Chechen prominent statesman the second prime minister was Ingush statesman Vassan Girey Dzhabagiev who also was the author of the Constitution of the land in 1917 In 1920 he was reelected for a third term In 1921 Russians attacked and occupied the country and forcefully merged it with the Soviet state The Caucasian war for independence continued and the government went into exile 55 As part of Chechen Ingush ASSR Edit Cossack General Andrei Shkuro in his book writes 56 Ingushetia was the most unanimous and entirely Bolshevik Ever since the conquest of the Caucasus the brave and freedom loving Ingush who were desperately defending their independence were partly exterminated and partly driven into barren mountains The Terek Cossacks were settled on the fertile lands that had belonged to them and Cossacks founded their villages on the wedge that had cut into Ingushetia Deprived of the opportunity to earn their bread in an honest way the Ingush lived by robbery and raids on the Cossack lands Even in peacetime the Terek Cossacks bordering Ingush did not go to the field without rifles Not a day went by without shooting and bloodshed Considering the Cossacks as oppressors and the Cossack lands were still theirs the Ingush mercilessly took revenge on them The relationship was created completely irreconcilable further cohabitation was unthinkable It was necessary either to exterminate the Ingush completely or to evict the Cossacks from the former Ingush lands returning those to their former owners The Soviets confiscated the remaining Ingush properties by collectivization and dekulakization 57 and unified Chechnya and Ingushetia into Chechen Ingush ASSR During World War II Ingush youth were drafted into the Russian army In August 1942 Nazi German forces captured half of the North Caucasus within thirty three days moving from Rostov On Don to Mozdok 560 km or almost 17 km per day see Battle of the Caucasus From Mozdok to Malgobek same thirty three days 20 km the German forces moved roughly 600 meters per day and were stopped only at Ordzhonikidze modern day Vladikavkaz and Malgobek which were mostly populated by Ingush before the genocide of 23 February 1944 The fighting for the Malgobek was so intense that the small town was captured and recaptured four times until the Germans finally retreated According to the Soviet military newspaper Red Star after receiving the news about German brutality toward civilians in Kabardino Balkaria Ingush people declare Jihad Gazavat against Germans Stalin planned the expansion of the USSR in the south through Turkey Muslim Chechens and Ingush could become a threat to the expansion 58 In February 1944 near the end of World War II Russian Army and NKVD units flooded the Chechen Ingush ASSR The maneuvers were disguised as military exercises of the southern district Genocide of 1944 Edit Main article Aardakh World War II 1942 The Northern Caucasian battle front line in Chechen Ingush ASSR from Ordzhonikidze Vladikavkaz to Malgobek During World War II in 1942 German forces entered the North Caucasus For three weeks Germans captured over half of the North Caucasus They were only stopped at two Chechen Ingush cities Malgobek and Ordzhonikidze a k a Vladikavkaz by heroic resistance of natives of Chechen Ingush ASSR 59 Soviet propaganda portrayed Chechens and Ingush as traitors On 23 February 1944 Ingush and Chechens were falsely accused of collaborating with the Nazis and the entire Ingush and Chechen populations were deported to Kazakhstan Uzbekistan and Siberia in Operation Lentil on the orders of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin while the majority of their men were fighting on the front The initial phase of the deportation was carried out on American supplied Studebaker trucks specifically modified with three submachine gun nest compartments above the deported to prevent escapes American historian Norman Naimark writes Troops assembled villagers and townspeople loaded them onto trucks many deportees remembered that they were Studebakers fresh from Lend Lease deliveries over the Iranian border and delivered them at previously designated railheads Those who could not be moved were shot A few fighters aside the entire Chechen and Ingush nations 496 460 people were deported from their homeland 60 The deportees were gathered on the railroad stations and during the second phase transferred to the cattle railroad carts Up to 30 of the population perished during the journey or in the first year of the exile 61 62 63 The Prague Watchdog claims that in the early years of their exile about half of the Chechens and Ingush died from hunger cold and disease 64 The deportation was classified by the European Parliament in 2004 as genocide 65 After the deportation Ingush resistance against Soviets rises again Those who escaped the deportation shepherds who were high in the mountains during the deportation combine forces and form rebel groups which constantly attack Russian forces in Ingushetia Major rebel groups were led by Akhmed Khuchbarov Tsitskiev brothers and Ingush femalesniper Laisat Baisarova The last one of the male Ingush rebels was killed in 1977 by the KGB officers while Baisarova was never captured or killed 66 American professor Johanna Nichols who specializes in Chechen and Ingush philology provided the theory behind the deportation 67 In 1944 the nationalities themselves were abolished and their lands resettled when the Chechen and Ingush together with the Karachay Balkar Crimean Tatars and other nationalities were deported en masse to Kazakhstan and Siberia losing at least one quarter and perhaps half of their population in transit The reason never clarified seems to have been Stalin s wish to clear all Muslims from the main invasion routes in a contemplated attack on Turkey After return from Central Asia Edit After 13 years of exile the Ingush were allowed to return to Chechen Ingushetia but not to Ordzhonikidze a k a Vladikavkaz or the Prigorodny District Most of Ingushetia s territory had been settled by Ossetians and part of the region had been transferred to North Ossetia The returning Ingush faced considerable animosity from the Ossetians The Ingush were forced to buy their homes back from the Ossetians and Russians These hardships and injustices led to a peaceful Ingush protest in Grozny on 16 January 1973 which was crushed by the Soviet troops 68 In 1989 the Ingush were officially rehabilitated along with other peoples that had been subjected to repressions 69 Post Soviet period Edit In 1991 when the Chechens declared independence from the Soviet Union to form the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria the Ingush chose to secede from the Chechen Ingush Republic Thus in 1992 the Ingush joined the newly created Russian Federation to try to resolve the conflict with Ossetia peacefully also in the hope that the Russians would return their land as a token of their loyalty Ethnic cleansing of 1992 Edit However ethnic tensions in North Ossetia which were orchestrated by Ossetian nationalists per Helsinki Human Right Watch led to an outbreak of violence in the Ossetian Ingush conflict in October November 1992 when another ethnic cleansing of the Ingush population started 70 According to media reports Ingush hostages were held in 1992 in Beslan high school gymnasium The hostages were all kept in the same gymnasium and deprived of food and water at least one newborn and several dozen male Ingush hostages were executed 71 72 73 74 In a possible retaliation in 2004 Chechen and Ingush militants took over 500 Osset hostages in Beslan high school It was the same building where Ossetian militants had held hundreds of Ingush hostages in 1992 Over 60 000 Ingush civilians were forced from their homes in the Prigorodny District of North Ossetia 42 As a result of the conflict pro Russian general Ruslan Aushev a decorated war hero from the War in Afghanistan was appointed by the Russian government as the first president of Ingushetia to stop the spread of the conflict Partial stability returned under his rule First and Second Chechen Wars Edit For broader coverage of this topic see First Chechen War and Second Chechen War In 1994 when the First Chechen War started the number of refugees in Ingushetia from both conflicts doubled According to the UN for every citizen of Ingushetia one refugee arrived from Ossetia or Chechnya This influx was very problematic for the economy which collapsed after Aushev s success The second Russo Chechen war which started in 1999 brought more refugees at some point there was one refugee for every Ingush citizen 240 000 from Chechnya plus 60 000 from North Ossetia at the peak in 2000 and misery to Ingushetia In 2001 Aushev was forced to leave his presidency and was succeeded by Murat Zyazikov a former KGB general The situation worsened under his rule Many young Ingush men were abducted by Russian and Ossetian death squads 75 76 77 78 according to Human rights watchdogs Memorial 79 and Mashr 80 The Ingush mountains are closed for Ingush nationals 81 The number of rebel attacks in Ingushetia rose especially after the number of Russian security forces was tripled For example according to a Russian news agency a murder of an ethnic Russian school teacher in Ingushetia was committed by two ethnic Russian and ethnic Ossetian soldiers Issa Merzhoev the Ingush Police detective who solved the crime was shot at and killed by unknown assailants shortly after he had identified the murderer 82 At least four people were injured when a vehicle exploded on 24 March 2008 An upsurge in violence in these months targeted local police officers and security forces In January 2008 the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation launched a counter terrorism operation in Ingushetia after receiving information that insurgents had been preparing a series of attacks 83 Early in August 2008 the war between Georgia and South Ossetia broke out in which the Russian Federation subsequently became involved 84 After the outbreak of the war there were virtually no more attacks or abductions of Ingush civilians by unknown forces Most of the Russian forces were transferred to North and South Ossetia 85 31 August 2008 Magomed Yevloyev the head of Ingush opposition and the owner of the website ingushetiya ru was killed by Russian security forces 86 Shortly before the unrecognised opposition group People s Parliament of Ingushetia Mekhk Kkhel called for the recognition of the Russian semi autonomous republic s independence opposition activist Magomed Khazbiyev proclaimed We must ask Europe or America to separate us from Russia 87 88 On October 18 2008 a Russian military convoy came under grenade attack and machine gun fire near Nazran Official Russian reports of the ambush which has been blamed on local Muslim separatists said two soldiers were killed and at least seven injured Reports from Ingush opposition sources suggested as many as forty to fifty Russian soldiers were killed 89 90 On October 30 2008 Zyazikov was dismissed from his office he himself claimed he resigned voluntarily On the next day Yunus Bek Yevkurov was nominated by Dmitry Medvedev and approved as President by the People s Assembly of Ingushetia later the title President was renamed to Head This move was endorsed by major Russian political parties and by the Ingush opposition 91 92 Under the current rule of Yevkurov Ingushetia seems much calmer showing some semblance of the Russian government Attacks on policemen have fallen by 40 and abductions by 80 93 Military history Edit According to professor Johanna Nichols in all the recorded history and reconstructable prehistory the Ingush people have never undertaken battle except in defense 42 In the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC Pharnavaz his son Saurmag the Iberian kings and the relatives of Ingush people per Leonti Mroveli received military assistance from Ingush people in defense of Iberia against the Kartli occupation 94 During World War I 500 cavalrymen from an Ingush regiment of the Wild Division attacked the German Iron Division The Russian Emperor Nicholas II assessing the performance of the Ingush and Chechen regiments during the Brusilov breakthrough on the Russian German front in 1915 wrote in a telegram to the Governor General of the Tersky region Fleisher The Ingush regiment pounced upon the German Iron Division like an avalanche It was immediately supported by the Chechen regiment The Russian history including the history of our Preobrazhensky regiment does not know a single instance of a horse cavalry attacking an enemy force armed with heavy artillery 4 5 thousand killed 3 5 thousand taken prisoner 2 5 thousand wounded Less than in an hour and a half the Iron Division ceased to exist the division that had aroused fear in the best armies of our allies On behalf of me the royal court and the whole of the Russian army send our best regards to fathers mothers sisters wives and brides of those brave sons of the Caucasus whose heroism paved the way for the destruction of German hordes Russia bows low to the heroes and will never forget them I extend my fraternal greetings Nicholas II August 25 1915 95 In 1941 when Germans attacked the USSR the whole Russian front was retreating 40 km a day Out of 6 500 defenders of Brest Fortress 6 000 Soviet troops capitulated 500 troops were fresh conscripts of Ingush and Chechen origin Defenders held the fortress for over a month against the Germans and even managed to stage several attacks from the Fortress The last defender s name has been unknown for a long time his documents identified him as a man called Barkhanoyev Decades later official records revealed it was Umatgirei Barkhanoyev from the Ingush village of Yandare Recently the memoirs of Stankus Antanas a Lithuanian national and former Waffen SS officer were published in Ingushetia He recalls that in July 1941 his regiment was ordered to finish off the remaining Soviet soldiers in the fortress When the Nazis decided that no defenders had been left alive an SS general lined up his soldiers on the parade ground to award them with decorations for capturing the fortress Then a Red Army officer came out from the fortress s underground bunker He was blind because of his wounds and walked with his left arm extended forward His right hand rested on a gun holster He walked along the parade grounds wearing a ragged uniform but his head was held high The entire division was shocked at the sight Approaching a shell hole he turned his face toward the west The German general suddenly saluted this last defender of the Brest Fortress and the rest of the officers followed suit The Red Army officer drew a handgun and shot himself in the head He fell on the ground facing Germany A deep drawn sigh aired over the parade grounds We all stood frozen in awe of this brave man 96 In 1994 1996 Ingush volunteers fought alongside Chechens in the First Chechen War Aside from a few incidents including the killings of Ingush civilians by Russian soldiers Ingushetia was largely kept out of the war by a determined policy of non violence pursued by President Ruslan Aushev 42 This changed after the beginning of the Second Chechen War and especially since Murat Zyazikov became the second Russian appointed president of Ingushetia in 2002 The first major rebel attack of the conflict in which a military convoy was destroyed occurred in May 2000 and caused the deaths of 19 soldiers In the June 2004 Nazran raid Chechen and Ingush rebels attacked government buildings and military bases across Ingushetia resulting in the deaths of at least 90 Ingush people and an unknown number of Russian troops Among them the Republic s acting interior minister Abukar Kostoyev his deputy Zyaudin Kotiyev In response to a sharp escalation in attacks by insurgents since the summer of 2007 97 Moscow sent in an additional 25 000 MVD and FSB troops tripling the number of special forces in Ingushetia Resistance Edit Famous Ingush rebels Top left Ingush sniper Laisat Baisarova Lower left Sulom beck Sagopshinski Right Akhmed Khuchbarov 1800s 1860s Insurgency against Russian conquest 1860s 1890s Raids of Ingush abreks on the Georgian Military Highway and Mozdok 1890s 1917 Insurgency of Ingush resistance under Chechen abrek Zelimkhan Gushmazukaev and Ingush abrek Sulom beck Sagopshinski execution of Russian viceroy to Ingushetia colonel Mitnik by Ingush resistance fighter Buzurtanov 1917 1920s Insurgency of Ingush resistance fighters against combined Russian White Guards Cossacks Ossetians and general Denikin forces 1920s 1930s Insurgency of Ingush people against Communists executions of Communist leader of Ingushetia Chernoglaz by Ingush rebel Uzhakhov Execution of Communist party leader of Ingushetia Ivanov by Ingush rebels 1944 1977 Ingush rebels avenging the deportation of the Ingush nation Scores of Russian army units and NKVD KGB officers killed 1992 Ossetian Ingush conflict In combat operations Ingush rebels capture armor which later transferred to Chechens or given back to Russian army after the conflict ended 1994 Nazran Ingush civilians stop Russian army flip armor burn military trucks which were on the march to Chechnya in Russian Chechen war First Russian casualties reported from hands of Ingush rebels 1994 1996 Ingush rebels defend Grozny and participate in combat operations on Chechen side 1999 2006 Ingush rebels join Chechen rebels the independence war turns into Jihad 13 July 2001 Ingush people protest defiling and desecration of historical Christian Ingush church Tkhaba Yerdy after Russian troops made the church into a public toilet Though Ingush are Muslims they highly respect their Christian past 98 15 September 2003 Ingush rebels use bomb truck and attack FSB headquarters in Maghas Several dozens of Russian FSB officers killed including the senior officer overseeing the FSB in Chechen republic The several story HQ building is severely damaged 99 6 April 2004 Ingush rebels attack Russian appointed president of Ingushetia Murat Zyazikov He was wounded when a car bomb was rammed into his motorcade 22 June 2004 Chechen and Ingush rebels raid on Russian troops in Ingushetia Hundreds of Russian troops killed 10 July 2006 In the night Chechen politician and leader of the terrorists Shamil Basayev and other four militants were killed in the village of the Ekazhevo during a truck explosion 31 August 2008 Execution of Magomed Yevloyev Ingush dissident journalist lawyer businessman and the owner of the news website Ingushetiya ru known for being highly critical of Russian regime in Ingushetia He was shot in the temple 100 Awarded posthumously and his name is engraved in stone on the monuments at the Journalists Memorials in Bayeux France and Washington D C the United States 101 30 September 2008 A suicide bomber attacked the motorcade of Ruslan Meiriyev Ingushetia s top police official 10 June 2009 Snipers killed Aza Gazgireyeva deputy chief justice of the regional Supreme Court as she dropped her children off at school Russian news agencies also cited investigators as saying she was likely killed for her role in investigating the 2004 attack on Ingush police forces by Chechen fighters 102 13 June 2009 Two gunmen sprayed former deputy prime minister Bashir Aushev with automatic weapon fire as he got out of his car at the gate outside his home in the region s main city Nazran 103 22 June 2009 Russian appointed president of Ingushetia Yunus Bek Yevkurov was badly hurt when a suicide bomber detonated a car packed with explosives as the president s convoy drove past The attack killed three bodyguards 104 12 August 2009 Gunmen killed construction minister Ruslan Amerkhanov in his office in the Ingush capital Magas 105 17 August 2009 A suicide bomber killed 21 Ingush police officers and unknown numbers of Russian Internal Ministry troops which were stationed in Nazran after he drove a truck full of explosives into a MVD police base 25 October 2009 Execution of Maksharip Aushev an Ingush businessman dissident and a vocal critic of Russian regime policies in Ingushetia His body had over 60 bullet holes Awarded posthumously by the U S Department of State in 2009 106 2 March 2010 Another terrorist has been killed in the village of the Ekazhevo his name is Said Buryatsky but his real one is Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Tikhomirov although he was born in Republic of Buryatia 5 April 2010 A suicide bomber injured three police officers in the town of Karabulak Two officers died at the hospital as a result of their injuries While investigators arrived on scene another car bomb was set off by remote Nobody was hurt in the second blast 107 24 January 2011 A suicide bomber Magomed Yevloyev same first and last name as the slain Ingush opposition journalist Magomed Yevloyev killed 37 people at Domodedovo airport Moscow Russia 2012 Ingush rebels participate in war against Assad Iranian and Russian advisors in Syria which is largely viewed by the Ingush rebels as war against Russia and the Iranian speaking Ossetians The rebel Ingush commanders are veterans of Ossetian Ingush conflict wars in Chechnya Daud Khalukhayev from Ingush village of Palanazh Katsa and a descendant of Ingush deportees of 1860 s Syrian born Ingush Walid Didigov 108 109 6 June 2013 Accusation of Ingush rebel leader Ali Maghas Taziev in Rostov On Don regional Russian court who was captured after he voluntarily given himself up in on 9 June 2010 to Russian forces in Ingushetia on the agreement that Russians will liberate his relatives held hostage on one of the Russian military bases 27 August 2013 Execution of the head of security of Ingushetia Akhmet Kotiev and his bodyguard by Ingush rebels Kotiev was actively involved in the assassination of Magomed Yevloyev 10 December 2013 Ingush opposition leader Magomed Khazbiev who was a close friend of assassinated Magomed Yevloyev attends Euromaidan in Ukraine and participates in anti Russian campaign there after which his parents were threatened and harassed in Russia On his website he writes the fact that Putin s slaves harass my parents do not make any sense if you Russians want me to stop you have to kill me like Magomed Yevloyev and Makhsharip Aushev 110 2 February 2014 Russian FSB officially confirms that in the middle of December 2013 four North Caucasian instructors operate in Ukraine and prepare Ukrainians for street battles against Russian interests 111 20 April 2014 Famous Ingush human rights defender Ibrgim Lyanov stated that Ingushetia wants to separate from Russia and become an independent state using the example of the Crimean separation from Ukraine 112 24 May 2014 Ingush rebel leader Arthur Getagazhev 4 rebels and 2 civilians were killed in action in the village of Sagopshi by Russian forces 113 2 July 2014 After several months of denial pro Russian president of Ingushetia finally recognizes that Ingush rebels are fighting in Ukraine against pro Russia forces 114 2 July 2014 Ingush rebels attack Russian armored military convoy killing 1 and wounding 7 soldiers 115 6 July 2014 Russian special forces prepared an ambush near the morgue in Nazran hospital where the body of Arthur Getagazhev was located The intelligence reported that Ingush rebels will try to recover the body of the slain leader The intelligence was correct Radio Free Europe section specializing in the Caucasus reports that in the middle of the day 2 Ingush rebels attacked the ambush according to unofficial source two rebels killed 7 and wounded 4 Russian FSB and spetsnaz officers in less than 40 seconds after which the rebels left the scene unharmed The source in Ingush police who wanted to stay anonymous said that exact number of killed are known only by the FSB but nobody would dare to declare if officially 116 According to pro Kremlin LifeNews released video the attack lasted less than 19 seconds 117 17 January 2015 Maghas Rise of anti Western sentiments Over 20 000 Ingush citizens protest against European terrorism toward Muslims 118 119 28 February 2015 Russian opposition leader Nemtsov s death linked to Ingushetia by Russian police 120 26 March 2019 Thousands of people in Ingushetia have protested against a controversial border deal with neighboring Chechnya denouncing land swaps under the agreement and calling for Ingushetia head Yunus Bek Yevkurov to step down 25 June 2019 Yunus Bek Yevkurov has announced his resignation after almost 11 years in the position De facto Ingushetia has no active leader Civil protests continue Ingush people boycotting the Russian appointed elections Politics EditUp until the dissolution of the Soviet state Ingushetia was part of the Chechen Ingush ASSR of the Russian Soviet Socialist Republic In the late 1920s early 1930s the Soviet officials were eager to enforce the Chechen Ingush merger as an objective and natural process The Soviet linguist Nikolay Yakovlev who was a supporter of the merger suggested that an inclusive name of Veinakh our people had to be used for both the Chechens and Ingush According to his views the rapid urbanization and rapprochement of the Chechens and Ingush within one and the same republic might encourage the formation of a common culture and language and the establishment of a unified Veinakh people During the late 80 s together with the separatist tendencies across the Soviet Union the Second Congress of the Ingush People was held in Grozny on September 9 10 1989 The gathering was directed at the top leadership of the Soviet Union and included a request to restore the Ingush people s autonomy within their historical borders the Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic with a capital in the right bank part of the city of Ordzhonikidze The Ingush Republic was to be organized out of six traditional Ingush districts including the contested Prigorodny District The rise of the Russian Federation gave the Ingushetians the independence they vowed for During the 1990s Ingushetia was ruled by its elected president Ruslan Aushev a former Soviet general and hero of the war in Afghanistan The head of government and the highest executive post in Ingushetia is the Head Recent heads Ruslan Aushev November 10 1992 Head of the Republic until March 7 1993 December 28 2001 Akhmed Malsagov interim December 28 2001 May 23 2002 Murat Zyazikov May 23 2002 October 30 2008 121 Yunus Bek Yevkurov October 30 2008 June 26 2019 Makhmud Ali Kalimatov June 26 2019 presentRecent Chairmen of the Government Ruslan Tatiyev March 24 1993 July 5 1993 Tamerlan Didigov July 5 1993 March 21 1994 Mukharbek Didigov March 21 1994 December 9 1996 Belan Khamchiyev December 10 1996 August 3 1998 Magomed Bashir Darsigov August 3 1998 November 24 1999 Akhmed Malsagov November 24 1999 June 14 2002 Viktor Aleksentsev August 26 2002 June 3 2003 Timur Mogushkov June 3 2003 June 30 2005 Ibragim Malsagov June 30 2005 March 13 2008 Kharun Dzeytov March 14 2008 November 12 2008 Rashid Gaysanov November 13 2008 October 5 2009 Aleksey Vorobyov October 5 2009 March 10 2010 Musa Chiliyev March 21 2011 September 19 2013 Abubakar Malsagov September 19 2013 November 18 2016 Ruslan Gagiyev November 18 2016 September 9 2018 Zyalimkhan Yevloyev September 9 2018 September 8 2019 Konstantin Surikov September 9 2019 January 27 2020 Vladimir Slastenin March 26 2020 presentThe parliament of the Republic is the People s Assembly composed of 34 deputies elected for a four year term The People s Assembly is headed by the Chairman As of 2022 the Chairman of the People s Assembly is Vladimir Slastenin The Constitution of Ingushetia was adopted on February 27 1994 Ingushetia is a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization The capital was moved from Nazran to Magas in December 2002 The most recent election was held in 2013 Administrative divisions Edit Administrative divisions of Ingushetia Cities under republic s jurisdiction as of 2016 Magas Magas capital Nazran Nazran Malgobek Malgobek Karabulak Karabulak Sunzha Sunzha 122 Districts Dzheyrakhsky Dzhejrahskij Sunzhensky Sunzhenskij Nazranovsky Nazranovskij Malgobeksky Malgobekskij Main article Administrative divisions of the Republic of IngushetiaDemographics Edit The Republic of Ingushetia in green Population 509 541 2021 Census 123 412 529 2010 Census 124 467 294 2002 Census 125 Vital statistics Edit Source Russian Federal State Statistics ServiceAverage population 1000 Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate per 1000 Crude death rate per 1000 Natural change per 1000 Total fertility rate1995 6 889 1 867 5 022 25 3 6 8 18 41996 5 980 1 958 4 022 20 9 6 8 14 01997 6 055 1 957 4 098 20 6 6 7 14 01998 5 929 2 064 3 865 19 8 6 9 12 91999 6 624 1 953 4 671 20 6 6 1 14 62000 8 463 2 117 6 346 21 5 5 4 16 22001 8 753 1 875 6 878 19 4 4 2 15 32002 7 578 1 874 5 704 16 4 4 1 12 42003 7 059 1 785 5 274 15 3 3 9 11 42004 6 794 1 751 5 043 15 0 3 9 11 12005 6 777 1 821 4 956 15 2 4 1 11 12006 7 391 1 830 5 561 16 9 4 2 12 72007 8 284 1 625 6 659 19 3 3 8 15 52008 9 215 1 561 7 654 21 8 3 7 18 12009 9 572 1 877 7 695 22 9 4 5 18 4 2 512010 11 178 1 857 9 321 27 1 4 5 22 6 2 992011 414 11 408 1 705 9 703 27 0 4 0 23 0 2 942012 430 9 350 1 595 7 755 21 4 3 7 17 7 2 272013 442 9 498 1 568 7 930 21 2 3 5 17 7 2 232014 453 9 858 1 586 8 272 21 5 3 5 18 0 2 282015 463 8 647 1 557 7 090 18 5 3 3 15 2 1 972016 472 7 750 1 555 6 195 16 3 3 3 13 0 1 752017 480 7 890 1 554 6 336 16 3 3 2 13 1 1 772018 488 8 048 1 548 6 500 16 3 3 1 13 2 1 792019 497 8 252 1 529 6 723 16 4 3 0 13 4 1 832020 507 8 463 1 891 6 572 16 6 3 7 12 9 1 852021 513 8 480 2 194 6 286 16 3 4 2 12 1 1 87Note Total fertility rate 2009 2010 2011 source 126 Life expectancy Edit See also List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy Ingushetia has life expectancy noticeably higher than in any other federal subjects of the Russian Federation 127 128 In such way Ingushetia is a Russian blue zone In the pre pandemic 2019 life expectancy in Ingushetia was the same as in Switzerland according to estimation of WHO 83 4 years 2019 2021Average 83 4 years 80 5 yearsMale 80 0 years 77 3 yearsFemale 86 3 years 83 3 years Life expectancy at birth in Ingushetia Life expectancy with calculated differences Life expectancy in Ingushetia in comparison with other regions of the North Caucasus Interactive chart of comparison of male and female life expectancy for 2021 Open the original svg file in a separate window and hover over a bubble to highlight it Analogious interactive chart of comparison of urban and rural life expectancy Original interactive file Ethnic groups Edit Ingush People According to the 2021 Russian census 4 ethnic Ingush make up 96 4 of the republic s population The Ingush a nationality group indigenous to the Caucasus mostly inhabit Ingushetia They refer to themselves as Ghalghai from Ingush Ghala fortress or town and ghai inhabitants or citizens The Ingush speak the Ingush language which has a very high degree of mutual intelligibility with neighboring Chechen Other groups include Chechens 2 5 Russians 0 7 and a host of smaller groups each accounting for less than 0 5 of the total population 129 Ethnicgroup 1926 Census 1939 Census 1959 Census 1970 Census 1979 Census 1989 Census 2002 Census 2010 Census 2021 Census1Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Ingush 47 280 61 6 79 462 58 0 44 634 40 6 99 060 66 0 113 889 74 2 138 626 74 5 361 057 77 3 385 537 94 1 473 440 96 4 Chechens 2 553 3 3 7 746 5 7 5 643 5 1 8 724 5 8 9 182 6 0 19 195 10 3 95 403 20 4 18 765 4 6 12 240 2 5 Russians 24 185 31 5 43 389 31 7 51 549 46 9 37 258 24 8 26 965 17 6 24 641 13 2 5 559 1 2 3 321 0 8 3 294 0 7 Ukrainians 1 501 2 0 1 921 1 4 1 763 1 6 1 068 0 7 687 0 4 753 0 4 189 0 0 91 0 0 34 0 0 Others 1 215 1 6 4 549 3 3 6 438 5 9 3 978 2 7 2 852 1 9 2 781 1 5 5 086 1 1 1 918 0 5 2 129 0 4 1 18 404people were registered from administrative databases and could not declare an ethnicity It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group 130 Religion Edit Religion in Ingushetia 2010 131 Islam 96 Christianity 2 Atheism 1 Not stated 1 Mosque in Nazran Ingushetia is one of the most religious regions of Russia 132 The Ingush are predominantly Shafi i Madhhab of Sunni Islam 133 with strong influence of Sufism which is often associated with one of two traditional Sufi orders the Sufi tariqa Naqshbandi represented in Ingushetia by the brotherhood of Deni Arsanov and the tariqa Qadiriyyah associated with Kunta Haji Kishiev 134 135 Education Edit Ingush State University the first institute of higher education in the history of Ingushetia was founded in 1994 in Ordzhonikidzevskaya 136 Geography Edit Topographic map of the Caucasus Ingushetia is located on the center right of the map Mountains in the Nazran Region Ingushetia is situated on the northern slopes of the Caucasus Its area is reported by various sources as either 2 000 square kilometers 770 sq mi 137 or 3 600 square kilometers 1 400 sq mi 138 the difference in reporting is mainly due to the inclusion or exclusion of parts of Sunzhensky Districts The republic borders North Ossetia Alania SW W NW N the Chechnya NE E SE and the country of Georgia Mtskheta Mtianeti southwards The highest point is the Gora Shan 139 4451 m A 150 kilometer 93 mi stretch of the Caucasus Mountains runs through the territory of the republic Rivers Edit Assin Valley Major rivers include Terek River Assa River Sunzha RiverNatural resources Edit Ingushetia is rich in marble timber dolomite plaster limestone gravel granite clay thermal medical water rare metals mineral water oil over 60 billion tons and natural gas reserves Climate Edit Ingushetia s climate is mostly continental Average January temperature 10 C 14 F Average July temperature 21 C 70 F Average annual precipitation 450 650 mm 18 26 in Average annual temperature 10 C 50 F Economy EditThere are some natural resources in Ingushetia mineral water in Achaluki oil and natural gas in Malgobek forests in Dzheirakh metals in Galashki The local government is considering the development of tourism however this is problematic due to the uneasy situation in the republic itself and the proximity of some conflict zones However Ingushetia continues to remain as one of Russia s poorest republics largely due to the ongoing conflict corruption and civil disorders Unemployment is estimated to be around 53 and growing poverty is a major issue 140 Notable people EditMusa Evloev Greco Roman wrestler He is a two time world champion Olympic champion and two time national champion Movsar Evloev 10 Ranked UFC Featherweight 141 Tamerlan Akhriev inventor of a ceramic rotor engine 142 143 Idris Bazorkin writer 144 Ruslan Aushev infantry general hero of USSR first president of Ingushetia Rakhim Chakkhiev boxer 145 Ismail Esmurziev engineer 146 Issa Kodzoev writer 147 Issa Kostoyev policeman who captured serial killer Andrei Chikatilo 148 Nazyr Mankiev wrestler 149 Murad Ozdoev WWII ace Sulom Beck Oskanov Air Force general Magomet Sagov PhD academician Academy of Sciences of the USSR 150 Islam Timurziev boxer Sergej Garbariniev boxer Amurhan Yandiev detective who captured serial killer Andrei Chikatilo 151 152 Djemaldin Yandiev poet 153 Tamara Yandieva actress singer 154 155 156 157 See also EditMusic in Ingushetia War in IngushetiaNotes Edit Ingush Gӏalgӏaj Mohk romanized Ghalghay Moxk Russian Respu blika Ingushe tiya romanized Respublika IngushetiyaReferences Edit a b Constitution of the Republic of Ingushetia Article 64 Official website of the Republic of Ingushetia Head of the Republic of Ingushetia Archived October 10 2011 at the Wayback Machine in Russian Federalnaya sluzhba gosudarstvennoj statistiki Federal State Statistics Service May 21 2004 Territoriya chislo rajonov naselyonnyh punktov i selskih administracij po subektam Rossijskoj Federacii Territory Number of Districts Inhabited Localities and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation Vserossijskaya perepis naseleniya 2002 goda All Russia Population Census of 2002 in Russian Federal State Statistics Service Archived from the original on September 28 2011 Retrieved November 1 2011 a b c Ocenka chislennosti postoyannogo naseleniya po subektam Rossijskoj Federacii Federal State Statistics Service Russia Retrieved September 1 2022 Ob ischislenii vremeni Oficialnyj internet portal pravovoj informacii in Russian Retrieved January 19 2019 Constitution of the Republic of Ingushetia Article 14 Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68 1 of the Constitution of Russia Law of June 4 1992 Official website of the Republic of Ingushetia Social Economic Characteristics Archived June 2 2015 at the Wayback Machine in Russian Russia s North Caucasus Insurgency Widens as ISIS Foothold Grows www worldpoliticsreview com April 12 2016 Retrieved October 3 2017 Russia s North Caucasus insurgency has gone relatively quiet but reduced casualty numbers belie a still worrying situation where long standing grievances remain Walker Shaun April 4 2017 Why suspicion over St Petersburg metro attack is likely to fall on Islamist groups The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved October 3 2017 A renewed crackdown on any suspected militant activity in the run up to the Sochi winter Olympics in 2014 and the departure of many militants to fight in Syria led to a weakening of the North Caucasus insurgency Ingushetia s cycle of violence BBC October 3 2009 Retrieved January 7 2011 Urgent Need for Vigorous Monitoring in the North Caucasus Human Rights Watch Reuters April 15 2008 archive link People amp Power Ingushetia A second Chechnya October 28 2009 Al Jazeera English on YouTubeAl Jazeera Englishon YouTube dead link V doklade Rospotrebnadzora nazvany samye pyushie regiony Rossii June 7 2017 Khasan Sampiev The Land of Towers Archived from the original on February 26 2009 The work of Leonti Mroveli The history of the Georgian Kings dealing with the history of Georgia and the Caucasus since ancient times to the 5th century AD is included in medieval code of Georgian annals Kartlis Tskhovreba Caucasian Knot An Essay On the History of the Vainakh People On the origin of the Vainakhs Eng kavkaz uzel ru Archived from the original on December 3 2013 Retrieved November 3 2012 Microsoft Word 4C04B861 0826 0853BD doc PDF Archived from the original PDF on February 25 2012 Retrieved November 3 2012 Professor of anthropology V V Bounak Groznenski Rabochi 5 VII 1935 G F Debets Archived from the original on September 27 2006 Wuethrich Bernice 2000 Peering Into the Past with Words Science 288 5469 1158 doi 10 1126 science 288 5469 1158 S2CID 82205296 Bernice Wuethrich Science 2000 Vol 288 no 5469 p 1158 Oleg Balanovsky Khadizhat Dibirova Anna Dybo Oleg Mudrak Svetlana Frolova Elvira Pocheshkhova Marc Haber Daniel Platt Theodore Schurr Wolfgang Haak Marina Kuznetsova Magomed Radzhabov Olga Balaganskaya Alexey Romanov Tatiana Zakharova David F Soria Hernanz Pierre Zalloua Sergey Koshel Merritt Ruhlen Colin Renfrew R Spencer Wells Chris Tyler Smith Elena Balanovska and The Genographic Consortium Parallel Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus Region Mol Biol Evol 2011 msr126v1 msr126 Ivane Nasidze et al 2001 Alu insertion polymorphisms and the genetic structure of human populations from the Caucasus European Journal of Human Genetics 9 4 267 272 doi 10 1038 sj ejhg 5200615 PMID 11313770 S2CID 7021736 Nasidze I Risch G M Robichaux M Sherry S T Batzer MA Stoneking M April 2001 Alu insertion polymorphisms and the genetic structure of human populations from the Caucasus PDF Eur J Hum Genet 9 4 267 72 doi 10 1038 sj ejhg 5200615 PMID 11313770 S2CID 7021736 Bernice Wuethrich May 19 2000 Peering Into the Past With Words Science 288 5469 1158 doi 10 1126 science 288 5469 1158 S2CID 82205296 a b N D Kodzoev History of Ingush nation The Land of the Czar Wahl 1875 Retrieved February 28 2014 Reise durch Russland nach dem kaukasischen Isthmus Karl Koch 1843 Retrieved February 28 2014 Algemeen aardrijkskundig woordenboek volgens de nieuwste staatkundige veranderingen en de laatste beste en zekerste berigten Jacobus van Wijk 1821 Retrieved February 28 2014 Bronevskij Semen July 20 2017 Novѣjshiya geograficheskiya i istoricheskiya izvѣstiya o Kavkazѣ V Tip S Sklivanovskago via Google Books Avtorskie Materialy Archived from the original on February 17 2008 Retrieved February 28 2014 D V Zayats 2001 Maghas The Sun City New Capital of Ingushetia Archived from the original on May 2 2013 Alanskij istorik iz chechencev Chechenews com August 29 2010 Archived from the original on December 30 2013 Retrieved February 28 2014 Kategoriya Mirovaya istoriya Alanskij istorik 95live ru Retrieved February 28 2014 a b Istoriya ingushskogo naroda Glava 4 Istoriya ingushskogo naroda Glava 4 GLAVA 4 INGUShETIYa V XV XVIII VV 1 Zhizn ingushej na ravninah i v gorah Na ravninah Ingushetiiaccess date 2014 02 28 Archived from the original on April 24 2017 Retrieved November 26 2020 Freisinn Goethe 1815 Retrieved February 28 2014 Albogachieva M Mnogolikaya Ingushetiya Groznycity ru Retrieved February 28 2014 Vospominaniya Kavkazskogo Ofitsera PDF Nemnogo o istorii Vladikavkaza chast 2 6 Yanvarya 2011 Istoriya genocida Ingushskogo Chechenskogo naroda Vainax ru January 6 2011 Archived from the original on March 5 2014 Retrieved February 28 2014 Akty sobrannye kavkazskoj arxeograficheskoj komissiej PDF a b c d e Johanna Nichols February 1997 The Ingush with notes on the Chechen Background information University of California Berkeley Archived from the original on December 8 2006 Retrieved February 10 2007 Multiple sources P G Butkov 1869 Materials of the new history of the Caucasus years 1722 1803 St Petersburg p 165 E Bronevski 1823 New geographical and historical perspectives of the Caucasus Vol 2 Moscow p 159 U Klaprot 1812 Travel in the Caucasus and Georgia 1807 1808 Berlin p 651 N Grabovski 1876 Ingush nation their life and traditions Tiflis p 2 K Raisov 1897 New illustrated guide in the Crimea and the Caucasus Odessa p 295 G G Moskvitch 1903 Illustrated practical guide in the Caucasus Odessa pp 161 162 N M Suetin 1928 Geodesy of the Vladikavkaz Vladikavkaz p 12 V P Khristianovich 1928 Mountainous Ingushetia Rostov on Don p 65 E I Krupnov 1971 Middle age Ingushetia Moscow p 166 Caucasus and central Asia newsletter Issue 4 PDF University of California Berkeley 2003 Archived from the original PDF on February 27 2008 Chechnya Chaos of Human Geography in the North Caucasus 484 BC 1957 AD www semp us November 2007 Archived from the original on December 20 2010 Denikin Anton Ivanovich 1925 Ocherki Russkoi Smuti MINORITY RIGHTS GROUP INTERNATIONAL THE NORTH CAUCASUS Minorities at a Crossroads Zelkina Anna 1993 Islam and Politics in the North Caucasus Religion State and Society 21 1 115 124 Abstract Revolution and Sovietization in the North Caucasus Caucasian Review 1955 No 1 pp 47 54 No 3 pp 45 53 Great Britain War Office General Staff 20 September 1918 p 393 War Office Volume 27 War Office Retrieved February 28 2014 1900 ethnia org Archived from the original on February 22 2014 Ben Cahoon Russian Civil War Polities Worldstatesmen org Retrieved February 28 2014 Obshestvennoe dvizhenie ChEChENSKIJ KOMITET NACIONALNOGO SPASENIYa Savechechnya com June 24 2008 Archived from the original on February 23 2014 Retrieved February 28 2014 Vassan Girej Dzhabagiev Vainah info Archived from the original on February 21 2014 Retrieved February 28 2014 Shkuro A G 2016 Grazhdanskaya vojna v Rossii Zapiski belogo partizana in Russian Directmedia p 336 ISBN 978 5 4475 8722 2 Spetspereselentsi history of mass repressions and deportations of Ingushes in 20th century Ingushetiya news agency March 2005 Archived from the original on October 19 2007 The Ingush People Linguistics berkeley edu November 28 1992 Retrieved August 7 2014 Cherez 63 goda v otnoshenii zashitnikov Malgobeka vosstanovlena istoricheskaya spravedlivost Rossijskaya gazeta Fires of Hatred Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth Century Europe Cambridge Mass and London Harvard University Press 2001 p 96 97 sfn error no target CITEREFFires of Hatred Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth Century Europe Cambridge Mass and London Harvard University Press 2001 p 96 97 help Explore Chechnya s Turbulent Past 1944 Deportation Wide Angle Pbs org July 25 2002 Retrieved January 7 2011 Arbatov Alekseĭ Antonia Handler Chayes 1997 Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union MIT Press p 40 ISBN 0 262 51093 6 The conditions were so horrendous that around 25 percent of the Ingush deportees perished on the journey Dunlop John B 1998 Russia Confronts Chechnya Cambridge University Press p 70 ISBN 0 521 63619 1 A total of 144 704 23 7 percent of all deported Chechens Ingush Balkars 1944 and Karachai 1943 died in the period from 1944 through 1948 Prague Watchdog Crisis in Chechnya The deportation of 1944 how it really was Watchdog cz Retrieved August 7 2014 The 60th Anniversary of the 1944 Chechen and Ingush Deportation History Legacies Current Crisis Archived from the original on January 20 2009 Chechen Journal Dosh Archived from the original on December 30 2013 Retrieved June 14 2013 The Ingush with notes on the Chechen Background information Ingushetia ru news agency January 2008 35 years later Ingush protest of 1973 www ingushetiya ru Archived from the original on January 19 2008 Retrieved January 16 2008 O reabilitacii repressirovannyh narodov Archived June 30 2009 at the Wayback Machine Economist 1992 Ethnic cleansing comes to Russia The Economist November 28 1992 p 60 Bashir Izmailov Witness Testimony Archived from the original on December 15 2005 Retrieved 2005 12 15 Ruslan Belkharoyev Witness Testimony Old ingushetiyaru org Archived from the original on April 15 2013 Retrieved February 28 2014 Terror lingers in Russia s Caucasus region Chicago Tribune 12 October 2004 INGUShETIYa RU Novosti Old ingushetiyaru org October 26 2005 Archived from the original on May 18 2013 Retrieved February 28 2014 N Evloev January 2008 A message of Nazir Evloev Press Secretary of Ingushetia MVD Police www ingushetiya ru Archived from the original on February 26 2009 Retrieved January 20 2008 V Moskve osetiny pohishayut ingushej in Russian Archived from the original on June 30 2009 Ingush FSB Officer Shot Dead Za pohisheniyami ingushej v Moskve stoyat vysokopostavlennye chinovniki Severnoj Osetii in Russian Archived from the original on April 4 2009 Abduction Failed Fifteen North Ossetia Law Enforcers Detained in Ingushetia Memo ru Archived from the original on June 5 2011 Retrieved January 7 2011 ANO MAShR Glavnaya Mashr org Retrieved January 7 2011 M Malsagov September 2007 Annexation of Ingush Mountains www ingushetiya ru Archived from the original on September 11 2007 Retrieved September 7 2007 B Polonkoev August 2007 The Murderers are not Insurgents www gazeta ru Retrieved September 29 2007 CNN March 2008 The Russian republic rocked by car bomb Archived from the original on March 28 2008 Retrieved March 24 2008 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a author has generic name help BBC NEWS Europe Q amp Conflict in Georgia bbc co uk R Khautiev August 2008 Silence in Ingushetia www ingushetiya ru Retrieved August 17 2008 permanent dead link BBC August 31 2008 Kremlin critic shot in Ingushetia BBC Retrieved August 31 2008 Blomfield Adrian September 1 2008 Russia faces new Caucasus uprising in Ingushetia London Telegraph co uk Archived from the original on January 12 2022 Retrieved January 7 2011 Tension in Ingushetia after journalist s death Ft com September 3 2008 Retrieved January 7 2011 Russians ambushed in Ingushetia BBC News October 18 2008 Retrieved May 5 2010 Two Russian soldiers killed in attack in Ingushetia Monsters and Critics October 18 2008 Archived from the original on September 8 2012 Retrieved January 7 2011 Otpravlen v otstavku prezident Ingushetii Murat Zyazikov 31 10 2008 in Russian Echo of Moscow Ukazom prezidenta Rossii Dmitriya Medvedeva novym glavoj Ingushetii stal Yunus Bek Evkurov 31 10 2008 in Russian The peaceful exception The Economist April 9 15 2011 Khasan Sampiev The Land of Towers Archived from the original on February 17 2008 Chechnya FREE RU Novosti Chechni Rossii i mira Chechnya FREE RU Russian News and Information Agency RIA Novosti Russian News and Information Agency RIA Novosti DEFENSE OF THE MOTHERLAND IS EVERY MUSLIM S DUTY TIMELINE OF VIOLENCE IN INGUSHETIA SUMMER FALL 2007 Archived October 31 2008 at the Wayback Machine Ingushetia accuses Russian military desecrating monuments Russian newsru com July 15 2001 FSB building in Magas bombed English pravda ru September 15 2003 Retrieved February 28 2014 Gheddo Piero Magomed Yevloyev critic of the Kremlin killed by police Asianews it Retrieved February 28 2014 77 Names Added to Slain Journalists Memorial in Washington D C Fox News March 30 2009 Senior judge killed in Ingushetia Al Jazeera Retrieved September 24 2012 Another Killing in Region Bordering Chechnya The New York Times June 14 2009 Ingushetia president survives assassination attempt The Guardian 22 June 2009 Ingush minister shot dead at work BBC August 12 2009 Retrieved February 28 2014 Secretary Clinton Honors Two Champions of Human Rights Day US Mission Geneva Geneva usmission gov Archived from the original on March 9 2013 Retrieved February 28 2014 Ingushetia hit by suicide attack BBC News April 5 2010 Retrieved May 5 2010 Syria crisis Border town shows conflict s patchwork forces BBC News March 4 2013 V Sirii voyuyut ingushi i vozglavlyayut odni iz samyh derzkih boevyh grupp povstancev HABAR ORG habar org Archived from the original on February 22 2014 Magomed Hazbiev Esli hotite menya ostanovit ubejte Ingushetiyaru org Archived from the original on February 22 2014 Retrieved February 28 2014 Na Ukrainu vyehali 4 instruktora boevikov s Severnogo Kavkaza Lifenews ru February 2 2014 Archived from the original on January 8 2016 Retrieved February 28 2014 V Ingushetii zagovorili o vyhode iz RF po krymskomu scenariyu censor net ua Retrieved April 20 2014 Rossijskie oficialnye struktury soobshayut ob ubijstve rukovoditelya ingushskih partizan Artura Getagazheva Russian officials declare Getagazhev dead habar org Archived from the original on February 12 2015 Ingush are fighting in Ukraine on both sides July 2 2014 Pobochnye effekty Eho Kavkaza Vojna v Ingushetii prodolzhaetsya War in Ingushetia continues Eho Kavkaza Napadenie boevikov na morg v Ingushetii snyala kamera V Ingushetii miting protiv karikatur na proroka Muhammeda sobral do 20 tysyach chelovek newsru com January 17 2015 ZAO ID Komsomolskaya pravda Obrashenie glavy Ingushetii k 20 tysyachnomu antikarikaturnomu mitingu Zapadnaya isteriya vokrug islama eto gosekstremizm ZAO ID Komsomolskaya pravda Andrew Roth ARothWP February 28 2015 Image of car purported to have carried Nemtsov s murderers has Ingush plates Tweet via Twitter Medvedev otpravil v otstavku prezidenta Ingushetii Old lenta ru Retrieved January 7 2011 O PREOBRAZOVANII POSELKA GORODSKOGO TIPA SUNZhA SUNZhENSKOGO RAJONA RESPUBLIKI INGUShETIYa Zakon Respubliki Ingushetiya ot 25 noyabrya 2016 goda No 43 RZ docs cntd ru Retrieved March 20 2018 Russian Federal State Statistics Service Vserossijskaya perepis naseleniya 2020 goda Tom 1 2020 All Russian Population Census vol 1 XLS in Russian Federal State Statistics Service Russian Federal State Statistics Service 2011 Vserossijskaya perepis naseleniya 2010 goda Tom 1 2010 All Russian Population Census vol 1 Vserossijskaya perepis naseleniya 2010 goda 2010 All Russia Population Census in Russian Federal State Statistics Service Russian Federal State Statistics Service May 21 2004 Chislennost naseleniya Rossii subektov Rossijskoj Federacii v sostave federalnyh okrugov rajonov gorodskih poselenij selskih naselyonnyh punktov rajonnyh centrov i selskih naselyonnyh punktov s naseleniem 3 tysyachi i bolee chelovek Population of Russia Its Federal Districts Federal Subjects Districts Urban Localities Rural Localities Administrative Centers and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3 000 XLS Vserossijskaya perepis naseleniya 2002 goda All Russia Population Census of 2002 in Russian Katalog publikacij Federalnaya sluzhba gosudarstvennoj statistiki Gks ru May 8 2010 Archived from the original on December 24 2018 Retrieved February 28 2014 Demograficheskij ezhegodnik Rossii The Demographic Yearbook of Russia in Russian Federal State Statistics Service of Russia Rosstat Retrieved June 1 2022 Ozhidaemaya prodolzhitelnost zhizni pri rozhdenii Life expectancy at birth Unified Interdepartmental Information and Statistical System of Russia in Russian Archived from the original on February 20 2022 Retrieved June 1 2022 Nacionalnyj sostav naseleniya Federal State Statistics Service Retrieved December 30 2022 VPN 2010 perepis 2010 ru Archived from the original on December 25 2018 Retrieved December 22 2011 Caucasus Times poll Caucasus Times May 20 2010 Archived from the original on October 7 2016 Retrieved August 28 2016 Arena Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia Sreda 2012 Stefano Allievi and Jorgen S Nielsen 2003 Muslim networks and transnational communities in and across Europe Vol 1 Johanna Nichols February 1997 The Ingush with notes on the Chechen Background information University of California Berkeley Archived from the original on December 8 2006 Retrieved February 10 2007 Stephen Bowers et al 2004 Islam in Ingushetia and Chechnya Faculty Publications and Presentations of the Helms School of Government of Liberty University 29 Hmcsyajhi Cnyasdyupyarbemmshi Smhbepyahrer Humanities edu ru Archived from the original on July 19 2011 Retrieved January 7 2011 Federalnaya sluzhba gosudarstvennoj statistiki Federal State Statistics Service May 21 2004 Territoriya chislo rajonov naselyonnyh punktov i selskih administracij po subektam Rossijskoj Federacii Territory Number of Districts Inhabited Localities and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation Vserossijskaya perepis naseleniya 2002 goda All Russia Population Census of 2002 in Russian Federal State Statistics Service Archived from the original on September 28 2011 Retrieved November 1 2011 Socialno ekonomicheskie harakteristiki in Russian Official website of Ingushetia Archived from the original on July 16 2006 Retrieved April 19 2013 Die Hoechsten Gipfel und grenzen de Retrieved January 7 2011 Ingushetia wants to attract Chinese tourists TASS Retrieved November 23 2021 UFC Rankings Division Rankings P4P rankings UFC Champions UFC com www ufc com Retrieved February 25 2022 Shah Vajnahskie novosti Keramicheskij rotornyj dvigatel Tamerlana Ahrieva zhdet ispytanij E kavkaz com Archived from the original on June 27 2014 Retrieved August 7 2014 Rotary Internal Combustion Engine Ntpo com December 24 2006 Retrieved August 7 2014 Idris Bazorkin Idris Bazorkin Livelib ru Retrieved February 28 2014 2008 Beijing Olympics Results Rakhim Chakhkiev Wins Gold Transworldnews com August 23 2008 Archived from the original on June 30 2009 Retrieved January 7 2011 http www ingushetia org news 3254 html dead link ISSA KODZOEV Uchitel Pisatel Patriot rfi fr Retrieved February 28 2014 Garant Internet Garant Internet www garweb ru Obzor publikacij SMI Internet konferenciya Predsedatelya Verhovnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii Lebedeva Vyacheslava Mihajlovicha Garant Internet Garweb ru Retrieved January 7 2011 Kaku Michio June 10 2012 International Herald Tribune International Herald Tribune Archived from the original on September 25 2008 Retrieved February 28 2014 YouTube www youtube com Archived from the original on July 13 2015 Amurhan YaNDIEV Serijnye ubijstva stanut normoj zhizni Izvestiya Izvestia ru June 19 2003 Retrieved February 28 2014 Ya blednel no obnimalsya s Chikatilo Amurhan Yandiev Peoples ru January 28 2007 Retrieved February 28 2014 Yandiev Dzhamaldin Hamurzievich 1916 1979 Krkrub kubannet ru Retrieved February 28 2014 Tamara Yandieva Kinopoisk ru July 23 1955 Retrieved August 7 2014 Yandieva Tamara Biografiya Aktery sovetskogo i rossijskogo kino Biografiya Anny Yanovskoj Rusactors ru Retrieved August 7 2014 Zagolovok Biografiya Tamara Yandieva Peoples ru Retrieved August 7 2014 Tamara Yandieva oficialnyj sajt koncertnogo agentstva organizaciya zakaz vystuplenij gastrolej akter vedushij zakaz artista aktera priglasit zakazat organizaciya koncertov kontakty menedzhment Concert star ru December 12 2010 Retrieved August 7 2014 Sources Edit Konstitucionnyj zakon 57 RZ ot 7 dekabrya 2010 g O gosudarstvennom gimne Respubliki Ingushetiya v red Konstitucionnogo zakona 2 RZP ot 4 iyulya 2011 g O vnesenii izmenenij v nekotorye zakonodatelnye akty Respubliki Ingushetiya v svyazi s prinyatiem Zakona Respubliki Ingushetiya ot 11 oktyabrya 2010 goda No 3 RZP O popravke k Konstitucii Vstupil v silu so dnya oficialnogo opublikovaniya Opublikovan Ingushetiya No 211 212 18 dekabrya 2010 g Constitutional Law 57 RZ of December 7 2010 On the State Anthem of the Republic of Ingushetia as amended by the Constitutional Law 2 RZP of July 4 2011 On Amending Various Legislative Acts of the Republic of Ingushetia Due to the Adoption of the Law of the Republic Ingushetia 3 RZP of October 11 2010 On the Amendment to the Constitution Effective as of the day of the official publication in Russian 27 fevralya 1994 g Konstituciya Respubliki Ingushetiya v red Zakona 1 RZP ot 8 maya 2013 g O popravke k Konstitucii Respubliki Ingushetiya Opublikovan Sbornik Konstitucij subektov Federacii Konstitucii Respublik v sostave Rossijskoj Federacii vypusk 1 1995 February 27 1994 Constitution of the Republic of Ingushetia as amended by the Law 1 RZP of May 8 2013 On the Amendment to the Constitution of the Republic of Ingushetia in Russian Verhovnyj Sovet RSFSR Zakon ot 4 iyunya 1992 g Ob obrazovanii Respubliki Ingushetiya v sostave RSFSR Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR Law of June 4 1992 On Establishing the Republic of Ingushetia Within the RSFSR in Russian External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ingushetia Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ingushetia News from Ingushetia News and History of Ingushetia Official website of Ingushetia in Russian Unofficial website of Ingushetia in Russian Ingush Music Video Literature website in Russian Magas Ingush youth website in Russian Head of Ingushetia s website in Russian Ingushetia s Republic News Portal in Russian Ingushetia Videos in Russian National Project People of Ingushetia in Russian Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ingushetia amp oldid 1136938244, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.