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List of pharaohs

January 31, 2023

The title "Pharaoh" is used for those rulers of Ancient Egypt who ruled after the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by Narmer during the Early Dynastic Period, approximately 3100 BC. However, the specific title "Pharaoh" was not used to address the kings of Egypt by their contemporaries until the rule of Merneptah in the 19th Dynasty, c. 1200 BC. Along with the title Pharaoh for later rulers, there was an Ancient Egyptian royal titulary used by Egyptian kings which remained relatively constant during the course of Ancient Egyptian history, initially featuring a Horus name, a Sedge and Bee (nswt-bjtj) name and a Two Ladies (nbtj) name, with the additional Golden Horus, nomen and prenomen titles being added successively during later dynasties.

Pharaoh of Egypt
The Pschent combined the Red Crown of Lower Egypt and the White Crown of Upper Egypt.
A typical depiction of a pharaoh.
Details
StyleFive-name titulary
First monarchNarmer (a.k.a. Menes)
Last monarch
[2]
Formationc. 3100 BC
Abolition
  • 343 BC
    (last native pharaoh)[1]
  • 30 BC
    (last Greek pharaohs)
  • 313 AD
    (last Roman Emperor to be called Pharaoh)[2]
ResidenceVaries by era
AppointerDivine right

Egypt was continually governed, at least in part, by native pharaohs for approximately 2500 years, until it was conquered by the Kingdom of Kush in the late 8th century BC, whose rulers adopted the traditional pharaonic titulature for themselves. Following the Kushite conquest, Egypt experienced another period of independent native rule before being conquered by the Achaemenid Empire, whose rulers also adopted the title of "Pharaoh". The last native pharaoh of Egypt was Nectanebo II, who was pharaoh before the Achaemenids conquered Egypt for a second time.

Achaemenid rule over Egypt came to an end through the conquests of Alexander the Great in 332 BC, after which it was ruled by Hellenic Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic Dynasty. Their rule, and the independence of Egypt, came to an end when Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC. Augustus and subsequent Roman emperors were styled as Pharaoh when in Egypt until the reign of Maximinus Daza in 314 AD.

The dates given in this list of pharaohs are approximate. They are based primarily on the conventional chronology of Ancient Egypt, mostly based on the Digital Egypt for Universities[3] database developed by the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, but alternative dates taken from other authorities may be indicated separately.

Ancient Egyptian king lists

Modern lists of pharaohs are based on historical records and, including Ancient Egyptian king lists and later histories, such as Manetho's Aegyptiaca, as well as archaeological evidence. Concerning ancient sources, Egyptologists and historians alike call for caution in regard to the credibility, exactitude and completeness of these sources, many of which were written long after the reigns they report.[4] An additional problem is that ancient king lists are often damaged, inconsistent with one another and/or selective.

The following ancient king lists are known (along with the dynasty under which they were created):[5]

Predynastic Period

Main article: Prehistoric Egypt

The Predynastic Period ends around 3100 BC when Egypt was first unified as a single kingdom.

Lower Egypt

Main article: Lower Egypt

Lower Egypt geographically consists of the northern Nile and the Nile delta.

The following list may be incomplete:

Image Name Comments Reign
  [...]pu[7] Only known from the Palermo stone[8] Unknown
  Hsekiu / Seka Only known from the Palermo stone[8] Unknown
  Khayu Only known from the Palermo stone[9] Unknown
  Tiu / Teyew Only known from the Palermo stone[10] Unknown
  Thesh / Tjesh Only known from the Palermo stone[11] Unknown
  Neheb Only known from the Palermo stone[12] Unknown
  Wazner Only known from the Palermo stone[13] Ruled around or earlier than 3200 BC
  Mekh Only known from the Palermo stone[14] Unknown
  [...]a[15] Only known from the Palermo stone[14] Unknown
  Hedju Hor Only known from two clay jugs from Tura Naqada II??
  Ny-Hor Only known from clay and stone vessels found in tombs near Tarchan, Tura, Tarjan, and Nagada. Some scholars believe that this serekh is simply a crude attempt at writing the name "Narmer".[16] Naqada II??
  Ni-Neith Only known from inscriptions in Helwan. Reading of name is uncertain.[17] Naqada III??
  Hat-Hor Some scholars believe that this serekh is simply a crude attempt at writing the name "Narmer".[18] Around 3180 BC
  [Double Falcon] May also have ruled in Upper Egypt Naqada III
(32nd century BC)
 
 Wash Only known from the Narmer Palette[19] Around 3150 BC Naqada III

Upper Egypt

Main article: Dynasty 00

Upper Egypt refers to the region up-river to the south of Lower Egypt.

Regrouped here are predynastic rulers of Upper Egypt belonging to the late Naqada III period, sometimes informally described as Dynasty 00:

Image Name Comments Reign
  A (?) Only known from a graffito discovered in the western desert in 2004.[20] This ruler is otherwise unattested. Naqada III
— [Finger Snail] The existence of this king is very doubtful.[21] Naqada III
— [Fish[22]] Only known from artifacts that bear his mark, around 3250–3220 BC. He most likely never existed.[21] Naqada III
  [Elephant[23]] Around 3240 – 3220 BC; more than likely never existed Naqada III
— [Stork[24][25]] Most likely never existed.[21] Naqada III
— [Bull] Most likely never existed.[21] Naqada III
— [Scorpion I] First ruler of Upper Egypt, around 3250 – 3200 BC. Naqada III

Predynastic rulers: Dynasty 0

Main article: Dynasty 0

Since these kings precede the First Dynasty, they have been informally grouped as "Dynasty 0".[clarification needed]

The following list of predynastic rulers may be incomplete:

Image Name Comments Dates
  [Crocodile] Potentially read Shendjw; identity and existence are disputed.[26]
Around 3170 BC
  Iry-Hor Correct chronological position unclear.[27]
Around 3170 BC
  Ka Maybe read Sekhen rather than Ka. Correct chronological position unclear.[28]
Around 3170 BC
  [Scorpion II] Potentially read Serqet; possibly the same person as Narmer.[29]
Around 3170 BC

Early Dynastic Period

Main article: Early Dynastic Period of Egypt

The Early Dynastic Period of Egypt stretches from around 3100 to 2686 BC.[30]

First Dynasty

Main article: First Dynasty of Egypt

The First Dynasty ruled from around 3100 to 2890 BC.[31]

Image Name Personal name Comments Dates
  Narmer Menes? Believed by many scholars to be the same person as Menes, due to the preponderance of evidence indicating this.[32] His name is widely attested across Egypt, and has also been found at Nahal Tillah in Israel, which is much farther afield than his predecessors.[33] Around 3150 BC[31]
  Hor-Aha Teti Greek form: Athotís.[34] May also be Menes although Narmer is more likely.[35]Trade was largely replaced by direct exploitation of resources via outposts during his reign.[36] Possibly the son of Narmer. Around 3125 BC
  Djer[37] Itetj Greek form: Kénkenes. His tomb was later thought to be the legendary tomb of Osiris. First pharaoh with a full Golden Horus name. Interest and trade with Egypt's North Eastern borders appears to have been renewed during Djer's reign.[38] 54 years[39]
  Djet[40] Ita Greek form: Ouenephes. Indications show that Djet did not enjoy a long reign.[41] 10 years[42]
  Merneith — Possibly the first female Pharaoh of Egypt. She may have ruled as regent for her son Den. Her tomb is notable for being on the same scale as other tombs of other kings of that period. Around 2950 BC
  Khasti Den[43] Greek form: Ousaphaidos. Den was the first pharaoh to have a Nesut-biti(dual king) name, and is the first pharaoh attested wearing the double crown (pschent) of upper and lower Egypt. [44] A second sed festival is attested from his reign, indicating he enjoyed a long time in power. [45] Den focused on the northeastern part of Egypt during his reign, and also led a few small battles in the northeast which are attested on the Palermo stone.[46] 42 years[42]
  Merybiap Adjib Greek form: Miebidós.[47]

Known for his ominous nebwy-title.[48]

 10 years
  Semerkhet Iry Greek form: Semempsés.[49]

First Egyptian ruler with a fully developed Nebty name. His complete reign is preserved on the Cairo Stone. Many stone vessels of his predecessor were found reinscribed for Semerkhet so he may have been a usurper.[50]

 8+1⁄2 years[42]
  Qa'a Qebeh Greek form: Bienékhes.[51]

Ruled very long, his tomb is the last one with subsidiary tombs.

34 years
  Sneferka – Very short reign, correct chronological position unknown. Around 2900 BC
  [Horus Bird] – Very short reign, correct chronological position unknown. Around 2900 BC

Second Dynasty

Main article: Second Dynasty of Egypt

The Second Dynasty ruled from 2890 to 2686 BC.[31]

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
  Hotepsekhemwy[52] Nebtyhotep Manetho names him Boëthos and claims that under this ruler an earthquake killed many people. Hotepsekhemwy broke the tradition of being buried at the Abydos royal cemetery at Umm-el-Qa'ab, where most of the 1st dynasty kings are buried, and chose to be buried at Saqqara instead to be closer to the capital.[53] 15 years
  Nebra[54] Greek form: Kaíechós (after the Ramesside cartouche name Kakaw).

First ruler who uses the sun-symbol in his royal name, could be identical to king Weneg.

14 years
  Nynetjer[55] Banetjer Greek form: Binóthris.

May have divided Egypt between his successors, allegedly allowed women to rule like pharaohs.

43–45 years
  Ba – May have been an independent ruler succeeding Nynetjer. Alternatively, he may have ruled in the 1st or 3rd dynasties or be the same person as Horus Bird. Unknown
  Weneg-Nebty[56] – Greek form: Ougotlas / Tlás.

Could be an independent ruler succeeding Nynetjer or the same as Peribsen, Sekhemib-Perenmaat, or Raneb.

Around 2740 BC
  Wadjenes Wadj-sen Greek form: Tlas

May have been a misinterpretation of the hieroglyphic sign of a flower called Weneg. May have been a crown prince or be the same person as Weneg-Nebty.

Around 2740 BC
  Nubnefer – May have been the birth name of Nebra. May either be the successor of Wadjenes or Nynetjer. Unknown
  Senedj[57] – Greek form: Sethenes.

Possibly the same person as Peribsen. This, however, is highly disputed.[58]

 47 years (supposedly)
  Peribsen Seth-Peribsen Used a Seth-animal above his serekh rather than a Horus falcon. He promoted the sun-cult in Egypt and reduced the powers of officials, nomarchs and palatines. Some scholars believe that he ruled over a divided Egypt.[59] Unknown
  Sekhemib Sekhemib-Perenmaat Could be the same person as Seth-Peribsen.[60] Around 2720 BC
  Neferkara I Greek form: Néphercherés.

Known only from Ramesside king lists, not archaeologically attested.

25 years (according to Manetho)
  Neferkasokar Greek form: Sesóchris.

Known only from Ramesside king lists, not archaeologically attested. Old Kingdom legends claim that this ruler saved Egypt from a long-lasting drought.[61]

 8 years
  Horus Sa – May have been a short form of the Horus-name Sanakht. May have been the Horus-name of Weneg or Senedj, correct chronological position unclear. Unknown
  – ("Hudjefa") Known only from Ramesside king lists, his "name" is actually a paraphrase pointing out that the original name of the king was already lost in Ramesside times. 11 years (according to the Turin Canon)
  Khasekhem/Khasekhemwy[62] Beb(e)ty Greek form: Chenerés.

It is probable that when Khasekhem acceded kingship he was a ruler of upper Egypt, he led campaigns against lower Egypt that ended in his victory, to commemorate his achievement of reunifying Egypt he changed his name to Khasekhemwy.[63] His serekh name is unique for presenting both Horus and Set. He was one of Egypt's first master builders, his funerary enclosure known as Shunet-ez-Zebib is a colossal mudbrick structure.[64]

 18 years

Old Kingdom

Main article: Old Kingdom of Egypt

The Old Kingdom of Egypt is the long period of stability and growth following the Early Dynastic Period and preceding the troubled First Intermediate Period. The kingdom spanned from 2686 to 2181 BC.

Third Dynasty

Main article: Third Dynasty of Egypt

The Third Dynasty ruled from 2686 to 2613 BC.[31]

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
  Djoser[65][66] Netjerikhet Hellenized names Sesorthos and Tosórthros.

Commissioned the first Pyramid in Egypt, created by chief architect and scribe Imhotep.

19 or 28 years, possibly around 2650 BC[67]
  Sekhemkhet[68] (Djoser-)Teti Greek form: Tyréis (after the Ramesside cartouche name for Sekhemkhet, Teti).

In the necropolis of his unfinished step pyramid, the remains of a 2-year old infant were found.[69]

 2649–2643 BC
  Nebka? Sanakht Likely to be identified with the throne name Nebka; Hellenized names Necherôchis and Necherôphes. May have reigned 6 years if identified with the penultimate king of the Dynasty on the Turin canon. Around 2650 BC
  Qahedjet – Possibly be the same person as Huni or an archaistic representation of Thutmose III, correct chronological position unknown. Unknown
  Khaba – Possibly built an unfinished step pyramid, could be identical with Huni. 2643–2637 BC
  Huni[70] Greek form: Áches.

Could be the same as Qahedjet or Khaba. Possibly built an unfinished step pyramid and several cultic pyramids throughout Egypt. Huni was for a long time credited with the building of the pyramid of Meidum. This, however, is disproved by New Kingdom graffiti that praise king Sneferu, not Huni.

2637–2613 BC

Fourth Dynasty

Main article: Fourth Dynasty of Egypt

The Fourth Dynasty ruled from 2613 to 2496 BC.[31]

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
  Sneferu Nebmaat Greek form: Sóris.

Reigned 48 years, giving him enough time to build the Meidum Pyramid, the Bent Pyramid and the Red Pyramid. Some scholars believe that he was buried in the Red Pyramid. For a long time it was thought that the Meidum Pyramid was not Sneferu's work, but that of king Huni. Ancient Egyptian documents describe Sneferu as a pious, generous and even accostable ruler.[71]

 2613–2589 BC[31]
  (Khnum-) Khufu Medjedu Greek form: Cheops and Suphis.

Built the Great Pyramid of Giza. Khufu is depicted as a cruel tyrant by ancient Greek authors; Ancient Egyptian sources however describe him as a generous and pious ruler. He is the main protagonist in the Westcar Papyrus. The first imprinted papyri originate from Khufu's reign, which may have made ancient Greek authors believe that Khufu wrote books in attempt to praise the gods.

2589–2566 BC
  Djedefre Kheper Greek form: Rátoises.

Some scholars believe he created the Great Sphinx of Giza as a monument for his deceased father. He also created a pyramid at Abu Rawash. However, this pyramid is no longer extant; it is believed the Romans re-purposed the materials from which it was made.

2566–2558 BC
  Khafre Userib Greek form: Chéphren and Suphis II.

His pyramid is the second largest in Giza. Some scholars prefer him as the creator of the Great Sphinx before Djedefra. His funerary complex was the largest at the Giza plateau.

2558–2532 BC
  – Baka Greek form: Bikheris.

Could be the owner of the Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan. Possibly fictional.

Around 2570 BC
  Menkaure Kakhet Greek form: Menchéres.

His pyramid is the third and smallest in Giza. A legend claims that his only daughter died due to an illness and Menkaura buried her in a golden coffin in the shape of a cow.

2532–2503 BC
  Shepseskaf Shepeskhet Greek form: Seberchéres.

Owner of the Mastabat el-Fara'un.

2503–2498 BC
— (Thamphthis) According to Manetho the last king of the 4th dynasty. He is not archaeologically attested and thus possibly fictional. Around 2500 BC

Fifth Dynasty

Main article: Fifth Dynasty of Egypt

The Fifth Dynasty ruled from 2496 to 2345 BC.[31]

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
  Userkaf Buried in a pyramid in Saqqara. Built the first solar temple at Abusir. 2496–2491 BC
  Sahure Moved the royal necropolis to Abusir, where he built his pyramid. 2490–2477 BC
  Neferirkare Kakai Son of Sahure, born with the name Ranefer 2477–2467 BC
  Neferefre Izi Son of Neferirkare 2460–2458 BC
  Shepseskare Netjeruser Reigned most likely after Neferefre and for only a few months, possibly a son of Sahure.[72] A few months
  Nyuserre Ini Brother to Neferefre, built extensively in the Abusir necropolis. 2445–2422 BC
  Menkauhor Kaiu Last pharaoh to build a sun temple 2422–2414 BC
  Djedkare Isesi Effected comprehensive reforms of the Egyptian administration. Enjoyed the longest reign of his dynasty, with likely more than 35 years on the throne. 2414–2375 BC
  Unas The Pyramid of Unas is inscribed with the earliest instance of the pyramid texts. He also constructed Unas's causeway a 500m long causeway from the bank of the river Nile to his funerary complex, this is where his funerary precession would have taken place. 2375–2345 BC

Sixth Dynasty

Main article: Sixth Dynasty of Egypt

The Sixth Dynasty ruled from 2345 to 2181 BC.

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
  — Teti According to Manetho, he was murdered. 2345–2333 BC
  Userkare Reigned 1 to 5 years, may have usurped the throne at the expense of Teti 2333–2332 BC
  Meryre Pepi I Faced conspiracies and political troubles yet became the most prolific builder of his dynasty 2332–2283 BC
  Merenre Nemtyemsaf I — 2283–2278 BC
  Neferkare Pepi II Possibly the longest-reigning monarch in human history, with 94 years on the throne. Alternatively, may have reigned "only" 64 years. 2278–2183 BC
— Neferka Reigned during Pepi II; was possibly his son or co-ruler. Possibly writing mistake for "Neferkare" 2200–2199 BC
 
 Merenre Nemtyemsaf II[73] Short lived pharaoh, possibly an aged son of Pepi II. 1 year and 1 month c. 2183 BC
  Neitiqerty (Nitocris) Siptah I Identical with Netjerkare. This male king gave rise to the legendary queen Nitocris of Herodotus and Manetho.[74] Sometimes classified as the first king of the combined 7th/8th Dynasties. Short reign: c. 2182–2179 BC

First Intermediate Period

Main article: First Intermediate Period of Egypt

The First Intermediate Period (2183–2060 BC) is a period of disarray and chaos between the end of the Old Kingdom and the advent of the Middle Kingdom.

The Old Kingdom rapidly collapsed after the death of Pepi II. He had reigned for more than 64 and likely up to 94 years, longer than any monarch in history. The latter years of his reign were marked by inefficiency because of his advanced age. The union of the Two Kingdoms fell apart and regional leaders had to cope with the resulting famine.

The kings of the 7th and 8th Dynasties, who represented the successors of the 6th Dynasty, tried to hold onto some power in Memphis but owed much of it to powerful nomarchs. After 20 to 45 years, they were overthrown by a new line of pharaohs based in Herakleopolis Magna. Some time after these events, a rival line based at Thebes revolted against their nominal Northern overlords and united Upper Egypt. Around 2055 BC, Mentuhotep II, the son and successor of pharaoh Intef III defeated the Herakleopolitan pharaohs and reunited the Two Lands, thereby starting the Middle Kingdom.

Seventh and Eighth Dynasties

Main articles: Seventh Dynasty of Egypt and Eighth Dynasty of Egypt

The Seventh and Eighth Dynasties ruled for approximately 20–45 years. They comprise numerous ephemeral kings reigning from Memphis over a possibly divided Egypt and, in any case, holding only limited power owing to the effectively feudal system into which the administration had evolved. The list below is based on the Abydos King List dating to the reign of Seti I and taken from Jürgen von Beckerath's Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen[75] as well as from Kim Ryholt's latest reconstruction of the Turin canon, another king list dating to the Ramesside Era.[76]

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
  Menkare — Likely attested by a relief fragment from the tomb of queen Neit.[77][78][79] Probably short, around 2181 BC
  Neferkare II — — Unknown
  Neferkare III Neby Attested by inscriptions in the tomb of his mother Ankhesenpepi, started the construction of a pyramid in Saqqara. Unknown
  Djedkare Shemai — Unknown
  Neferkare IV Khendu — Unknown
  Merenhor — — Unknown
  Sneferka Neferkamin I — Unknown
  Nikare — Possibly attested by a cylinder-seal. Unknown
  Neferkare V Tereru — Unknown
  Neferkahor — Attested by a cylinder seal. Unknown
  Neferkare VI Pepiseneb — Unknown to 2171 BC
  Neferkamin Anu — Around 2170 BC
  Qakare Ibi Built a poorly constructed pyramid at Saqqara inscribed with the last known instance of the Pyramid Texts 2175–2171 BC
  Neferkaure — Attested by one to three decrees from the temple of Min at Coptos. 2167–2163 BC
  Neferkauhor Khuwihapi Attested by eight decrees from the temple of Min and an inscription in the tomb of Shemay. 2163–2161 BC
  Neferirkare Pepi Possibly to be identified with horus Demedjibtawy, in which case he is attested by a decree from the temple of Min. 2161–2160 BC

Ninth Dynasty

Main article: Ninth Dynasty of Egypt

The Ninth Dynasty[80] ruled from 2160 to 2130 BC.[31]

The Turin King List has 18 kings reigning in the Ninth and Tenth Dynasties. Of these, twelve names are missing and four are partial.[80]

Image Name Comments Dates
  Meryibre Khety I (Acthoes I) Manetho states that Achthoes founded this dynasty. 2160 BC–unknown[31]
— — Name lost — Unknown
— Neferkare VII — — Unknown
  Nebkaure Khety II (Acthoes II) — Unknown
— Senenh— or Setut — — Unknown
— — Name lost — Unknown
— Mery— — — Unknown
— Shed— — — Unknown
— H— — — Unknown
— — Name lost — Unknown
— — Name lost — Unknown
— — Name lost — Unknown
User(?)[...] — — Unknown

Tenth Dynasty

Main article: Tenth Dynasty of Egypt

The Tenth Dynasty was a local group that held sway over Lower Egypt and ruled from 2130 to 2040 BC.[31]

Image Name Comments Dates
  Meryhathor — — 2130 BC–unknown
— Neferkare VIII — — Between 2130 and 2040 BCE
  Wahkare Khety III (Acthoes III) — Unknown
  Merykare — — Unknown–2040 BC
— — Name lost — Few months

Eleventh Dynasty

Main article: Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt

The Eleventh Dynasty originated from a group of Theban nomarchs serving kings of the 8th, 9th or 10th dynasty with roots in Upper Egypt that ruled from 2134 to 1991 BC.

Image Name Comments Dates
  Intef the Elder Theban nomarch (Iry-pat) serving an unnamed king, later considered a founding figure of the 11th Dynasty. Unknown

The successors of Intef the Elder, starting with Mentuhotep I, became independent from their northern overlords and eventually conquered Egypt under Mentuhotep II.

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
  Tepia Mentuhotep I Nominally a Theban nomarch (Tepy-a) but may have ruled independently. Unknown – 2133 BC
  Sehertawy Intef I First member of the dynasty to claim a Horus name. 2133–2117 BC[31]
  Wahankh Intef II Conquered Abydos and its nome. 2117–2068 BC[31]
  Nakhtnebtepnefer Intef III Conquered Asyut and possibly moved further North up to the 17th nome.[81] 2068–2060 BC[31]

Middle Kingdom

Main article: Middle Kingdom of Egypt

The Middle Kingdom of Egypt (2040–1802 BC) is the period from the end of the First Intermediate Period to the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period. In addition to the Twelfth Dynasty, some scholars include the Eleventh, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties in the Middle Kingdom.

The Middle Kingdom can be noted for the expansion of trade outside of the kingdom that occurred during this time.

Eleventh Dynasty cont.

The second part of the Eleventh Dynasty is usually considered to be the beginning of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
  Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II[82] Mentuhotep II regained all Egypt c. 2015 BC, Middle Kingdom begins, becomes first pharaoh of Middle Kingdom.
  • 2060–2040 BC[31]
    (King of Upper Egypt only)
  • 2040–2009 BC[31]
    (King of Upper and Lower Egypt)
  Sankhkare Mentuhotep III[83] Commanded the first expedition to Punt of the Middle Kingdom 2009–1997 BC[31]
  Nebtawyre Mentuhotep IV[84] Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists; tomb unknown. May have been overthrown by his vizier and successor Amenemhat I. 1997–1991 BC[31]

Enigmatic kings, only attested in Lower Nubia:

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
  Menkhkare Segerseni[85] Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists, tomb unknown. Only attested in Lower Nubia, most likely a usurper at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty. Early 20th century BC
  Qakare Ini[85] Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists, tomb unknown. Only attested in Lower Nubia, most likely a usurper at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty. Early 20th century BC
  Iyibkhentre[85] Geregtaw(y)ef Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists, tomb unknown. Only attested in Lower Nubia, most likely a usurper at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty. Early 20th century BC

Twelfth Dynasty

Main article: Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt

The Twelfth Dynasty ruled from 1991 to 1802 BC.

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
  Sehetepibre Amenemhat I[86][87] (Ammanemes I)[88] Amenemhat I was not from a royal family, and built the first substantial pyramid since Pepi II at Lisht.[89] He restored order in Egypt, and then built a new capital called Itjtawy. Amenemhat I was probably assassinated.[90] 1991–1962 BC[31]
  Kheperkare Senusret I[91] (Sesonchosis)[92] Senusret I built extensively in upper Egypt, including the temple of Amun at Karnak.[93] Senusret I claimed to have sent 17,000 people into the Wadi Hammamat to bring back stone for 150 statues and 60 sphinxes.[94] He also constructed a pyramid at Lisht near his fathers pyramid. 1971–1926 BC
  Nubkaure Amenemhat II[95] (Ammenemes II)[96] Amenemhat II recorded his reign in now fragmented annals.[97] The Egyptian navy may have attacked Cyprus during his campaigns.[98] Amenemhat II also built a pyramid at Dashur Ruled for at least 35 years. 1929–1895 BC[31]
  Khakheperre Senusret II[99]
(No name given by Manetho)[100]		 Senusret II developed the Fayyum as a major agricultural resource during his reign.[101] He also built a pyramid at Lahun. 1897–1878 BC[31]
  Khakaure Senusret III[102] (Sesostris)[103] Senusret III got rid of nomarchs and made 3 administrative districts.[104] He also led campaigns into Lower Nubia in his 8th, 10th, 16th, and 18th regnal years.[105] Senusret III also built his own pyramid at Dashur and was the most powerful and influential pharaoh of the 12th dynasty. 1878–1860 BC
  Nimaatre Amenemhat III[106] (Lamares)[107] Amenemhat III further developed the Fayyum as an agricultural region.[108] He also constructed a large mortuary complex at Hawara including his pyramid, the mortuary complex was probably the labyrinth that inspired the ancient greek authors.[109] 1860–1815 BC
  Maakherure Amenemhat IV[110] (Ammenemes)[111] Had a co-regency lasting at least 1 year based on an inscription at Konosso. 1815–1807 BC
  Sobekkare Sobekneferu[112] (Skemiophris)[113] The first known archeologically attested female Pharaoh. 1807–1802 BC

The position of a possible additional ruler, Seankhibtawy Seankhibra, is uncertain. He may be an ephemeral king, or a name variant of a king of the 12th or 13th Dynasty.

Second Intermediate Period

Main article: Second Intermediate Period of Egypt

The Second Intermediate Period (1802–1550 BC) is a period of disarray between the end of the Middle Kingdom, and the start of the New Kingdom. It is best known as when the Hyksos, whose reign comprised the Fifteenth Dynasty, made their appearance in Egypt.

The Thirteenth Dynasty was much weaker than the Twelfth Dynasty, and was unable to hold onto the two lands of Egypt. Either at the start of the dynasty, c. 1805 BC or toward the middle of it in c. 1710 BC, the provincial ruling family in Xois, located in the marshes of the eastern Delta, broke away from the central authority to form the Canaanite Fourteenth Dynasty.

The Hyksos made their first appearance during the reign of Sobekhotep IV, and around 1720 BC took control of the town of Avaris (the modern Tell el-Dab'a/Khata'na), conquering the kingdom of the 14th dynasty. Sometime around 1650 BC the Hyksos, perhaps led by Salitis the founder of the Fifteenth Dynasty, conquered Memphis, thereby terminating the 13th dynasty. The power vacuum in Upper Egypt resulting from the collapse of the 13th dynasty allowed the 16th dynasty to declare its independence in Thebes, only to be overrun by the Hyksos kings shortly thereafter.

Subsequently, as the Hyksos withdrew from Upper Egypt, the native Egyptian ruling house in Thebes set itself up as the Seventeenth Dynasty. This dynasty eventually drove the Hyksos back into Asia under Seqenenre Tao, Kamose and finally Ahmose, first pharaoh of the New Kingdom.

Thirteenth Dynasty

Main article: Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt

The Thirteenth Dynasty (following the Turin King List) ruled from 1802 to around 1649 BC and lasted 153 or 154 years according to Manetho.

This table should be contrasted with Known kings of the 13th Dynasty:

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
  Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep I Founded the 13th Dynasty. His reign is well attested. Referred to as Sobekhotep I in dominant hypothesis, known as Sobekhotep II in older studies 1802–1800 BC[114]
  Mehibtawy Sekhemkare Amenemhat Sonbef Perhaps a brother of Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep and son of Amenemhat IV[114] 1800–1796 BC[114]
  Nerikare Sobek[...] Attested on a Nile record from Semna.[115] 1796 BC
  Sekhemkare Amenemhat V Ruled for 3 to 4 years[114] 1796–1793 BC[114]
  — Ameny Qemau Buried in his pyramid in south Dashur 1795–1792 BC
  Hotepibre Qemau Siharnedjheritef Also called Sehotepibre 1792–1790 BC
— — Iufni Only attested on the Turin canon Very short reign, possibly c. 1790–1788 BC[114]
  Seankhibre Amenemhat VI Attested on the Turin Canon.[116] 1788–1785 BC
  Semenkare Nebnuni Attested on the Turin Canon[117] 1785–1783 BC[114] or 1739 BC[118]
  Sehetepibre Sewesekhtawy Attested on the Turin Canon.[119] 1783–1781 BC[114]
— Sewadjkare I — Known only from the Turin canon 1781 BCE
— Nedjemibre — Known only from the Turin canon 7 months, 1780 BC[114] or 1736 BC[118]
  Khaankhre Sobekhotep Referred to as Sobekhotep II in dominant hypothesis, known as Sobekhotep I in older studies Reigned c. 3 years, 1780–1777 BC[114]
— Renseneb — 4 months 1777 BC[114]
  Awybre Hor Famous for his intact tomb treasure and Ka statue Reigned 1 year and 6 months, 1777–1775 BC[114]
  Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw — Possibly a son of Hor Awibre Estimated reign 3 years, 1775–1772 BC[114]
  Djedkheperew — Possibly a son of Hor Awibre and brother of Khabaw, previously identified with Khendjer Estimated reign 2 years, 1772–1770 BC[114]
  — Sebkay Possibly two kings, Seb and his son Kay.[114]
  Sedjefakare Kay Amenemhat A well known king attested on numerous stelas and other documents. 5 to 7 years or 3 years, 1769–1766 BC[114]
  Khutawyre Wegaf Founder of the dynasty in old studies Around 1767 BC
  Userkare Khendjer Possibly the first Semitic pharaoh, built a pyramid at Saqqara Minimum 4 years and 3 months c. 1765 BC
  Smenkhkare Imyremeshaw Attested by two colossal statues Reigned less than 10 years, starting 1759 BC[114] or 1711 BC.[120]
  Sehetepkare Intef IV — Less than 10 years
  Meribre Seth — Reign ended 1749 BCE
  Sekhemresewadjtawy Sobekhotep III 4 years and 2 months 1755–1751 BC
  Khasekhemre Neferhotep I 11 years 1751–1740 BC
  Menwadjre Sihathor Ephemeral coregent with his brother Neferhotep I, may not have reigned independently. 1739 BC[114]
  Khaneferre Sobekhotep IV 10 or 11 years 1740–1730 BC
  Merhotepre Sobekhotep V —
1730 BC
  Khahotepre Sobekhotep VI 4 years 8 months and 29 days Around 1725 BC
  Wahibre Ibiau 10 years and 8 months 1725–1714 BC or 1712–1701 BC[114]
  Merneferre Ay I Longest reigning king of the dynasty 23 years, 8 months and 18 days, 1701–1677 BC[114] or 1714–1691 BC
  Merhotepre Ini Possibly a son of his predecessor 2 years, 3 or 4 months and 9 days, 1677–1675 BC[114] or 1691–1689 BC
— Sankhenre Sewadjtu Attested only on the Turin canon 3 years and 2–4 months, 1675–1672 BC[114]
  Mersekhemre Ined May be the same person as Neferhotep II 3 years, 1672–1669 BC[114]
— Sewadjkare II Hori Reigned 5 years 5 years
  Merkawre Sobekhotep VII Reigned 2 years and 6 months[114] 1664–1663 BC[114]
— Name lost Seven kings Names lost in a lacuna of the Turin canon[114] 1663 BC –?[114]
— Name lost
— Name lost
— Name lost
— Name lost
— Name lost
— Name lost
— Mer[...]re — — Unknown
  Merkheperre — — Some time between 1663 BC and 1649 BC[114]
— Merkare — Attested only on the Turin canon Some time between 1663 BC and 1649 BC[114]
— Name lost — Unknown
  Sewadjare Mentuhotep V — Around 1655 BC[114]
— [...]mosre — — Unknown
— Ibi [...]maatre — — Unknown
— Hor[...] [...]webenre — — Unknown
— Se...kare — Unknown Unknown
  Seheqenre Sankhptahi May be the son of his predecessor Between 1663 and 1649 BC
— ...re — Unknown Unknown
— Se...enre — Unknown Unknown – 1649 BC[114]

The position of the following kings is uncertain:

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
  Djedhotepre Dedumose I Possibly a king of the 16th dynasty Around 1654 BC
  Djedneferre Dedumose II Possibly a king of the 16th dynasty Unknown
  Sewahenre Senebmiu Late 13th dynasty. After 1660 BC.[114]
  Mershepsesre Ini II Late 13th dynasty. Unknown
  Menkhaure Snaaib Possibly a king of the Abydos Dynasty Unknown

Fourteenth Dynasty

Main article: Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt

The Fourteenth Dynasty was a local group from the eastern Delta, based at Avaris,[121] that ruled from either 1805 BC or around 1710 BC until around 1650 BC.

The dynasty comprised many rulers with West Semitic names and is thus believed to have been Canaanite in origin. It is here given according to Ryholt; however, this reconstruction of the dynasty is heavily debated with the position of the five kings preceding Nehesy highly disputed.

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
  Sekhaenre Yakbim Chronological position uncertain, here given according to Ryholt[121] 1805–1780 BC
  Nubwoserre Ya'ammu Chronological position uncertain, here given per Ryholt[121] 1780–1770 BC
  Khawoserre[121] Qareh Chronological position uncertain, here given per Ryholt[121] 1770–1760 BC
  Aahotepre[121] 'Ammu Chronological position uncertain, here given per Ryholt[121] 1760–1745 BC
  Maaibre Sheshi[122] Chronological position, duration of reign and extend of rule uncertain, here given according to Ryholt.[121] Alternatively, he could be an early Hyksos king, a Hyksos ruler of the second part of the 15th Dynasty or a vassal of the Hyksos. 1745–1705 BC
  Aasehre Nehesy Short reign, perhaps a son of Sheshi[121] Around 1705
— Khakherewre — — Unknown
— Nebefawre — — Around 1704 BC
— Sehebre — Possibly identifiable with Wazad or Sheneh[114] Around 1704 to 1699 BC
  Merdjefare — Possibly identifiable with Wazad or Sheneh[114] Around 1699 BC
— Sewadjkare III — — Unknown
— Nebdjefare — — 1694 BC
— Webenre — — Unknown
— Name lost — Unknown
— [...]djefare — — Unknown
— [...]webenre — — Around 1690 BC
— Awibre II — — Unknown
— Heribre — — Unknown
  — Nebsenre[121] Attested by a jar bearing his prenomen At least 5 months of reign, some time between 1690 BC and 1649 BC
— Name lost — Unknown
— [...]re — — Unknown
  Sekheperenre[121] — Attested by a single scarab seal 2 months, some time between 1690 BC and 1649 BC
— Djedkherewre — — Unknown
— Sankhibre II — — Unknown
— Nefertum[...]re — — Unknown
— Sekhem[...]re — — Unknown
— Kakemure — — Unknown
— Neferibre — — Unknown
— — I[...]re — Unknown
— Khakare — — Unknown
— Akare[123] — Only known from the Turin canon Unknown
— Semenenre Hapu — Unknown
— Djedkare[121] Anati Only known from the Turin canon Unknown
— — Bebnum[121] Only known from the Turin canon Some time between 1690 BC and 1649 BC
— Name lost Eight lines lost in the Turin canon Unknown
— Name lost Unknown
— Name lost Unknown
— Name lost Unknown
— Name lost Unknown
— Name lost Unknown
— Name lost Unknown
— Name lost Unknown
— Senefer[...]re — — Unknown
— Men[...]re — — Unknown
— Djed[...]re — — Unknown
— Name lost Three lines lost in the Turin canon Unknown
— Name lost Unknown
— Name lost Unknown
— Ink[...] — — Unknown
— 'A[...][124] — Only known from the Turin canon. Name may be read as "Ineb" according to Alan Gardiner.[124] Unknown
— — 'Apepi[121] Possibly attested as a king's son by 5 scarabs-seals c. 1650 BC
— Name lost Five lines lost in the Turin canon Unknown
— Name lost Unknown
— Name lost Unknown
— Name lost Unknown
— Name lost Unknown

The position and identity of the following pharaohs is uncertain:

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
  — Khamure[114] — Unknown
  — Nuya[114] Attested by a scarab-seal Unknown
  — Sheneh[114] May be identifiable with Sehebre or Merdjefare Unknown
  — Shenshek[114] Attested by a scarab-seal Unknown
  — Wazad[114] May be identifiable with Sehebre or Merdjefare Around 1700 BC ?
  — Yakareb[114] — Unknown
  Meruserre Yaqub-Har[122] May belong to the 14th dynasty, the 15th dynasty or be a vassal of the Hyksos. 17th–16th centuries BC

The Turin King List provides additional names, none of which are attested beyond the list.

Fifteenth Dynasty

Main article: Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt

The Fifteenth Dynasty arose from among the Hyksos people who emerged from the Fertile Crescent to establish a short-lived governance over much of the Nile region, and ruled from 1674 to 1535 BC.

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
— (Salitis) Ruled Lower Egypt and founded the 15th Dynasty around 1650 BCE
  — Semqen Chronological position uncertain. 1649 BC – Unknown
  — 'Aper-'Anat Chronological position uncertain. Unknown
— — Sakir-Har — Unknown
  Seuserenre Khyan Apex of the Hyksos' power, conquered Thebes toward the end of his reign likely 30–35 years
  Nebkhepeshre / Aqenenre / Auserre Apepi — 1590 BC?
  Nakhtyre / Hotepibre Khamudi — 1555–1544 BC

Abydos Dynasty

Main article: Abydos Dynasty

The Second Intermediate Period may include an independent dynasty reigning over Abydos from around 1650 BC until 1600 BC.[125][126][127]

Four attested kings may be tentatively attributed to the Abydos Dynasty, and they are given here without regard for their (unknown) chronological order:

Image Prenomen Nomen Comments Dates
  Woseribre Senebkay Tomb discovered in 2014. Perhaps identifiable with a Woser[...]re of the Turin canon. Around 1650 BC
  Menkhaure Snaaib May belong to the late 13th Dynasty.[128][129][130] Uncertain
  Sekhemrekhutawy Pantjeny May belong to the late 16th Dynasty[131] Uncertain
  Sekhemraneferkhau Wepwawetemsaf May belong to the late 16th Dynasty[131] Uncertain
— [...]hebre — Only known from the Turin Canon. Believed by Kim Ryholt to have been part of the Abydos dynasty.[132] Uncertain

Sixteenth Dynasty

Main article: Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt

The Sixteenth Dynasty was a native Theban dynasty emerging from the collapse of the Memphis-based 13th dynasty around 1650 BC. They were finally conquered by the Hyksos 15th dynasty around 1580 BC.

The 16th dynasty held sway over Upper Egypt only.

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
— — Name of the first king is lost here in the Turin King List and cannot be recovered Unknown
  Sekhemresementawy Djehuti – 3 years
  Sekhemreseusertawy Sobekhotep VIII – 16 years
  Sekhemresankhtawy Neferhotep III – 1 year
  Seankhenre Mentuhotepi May be a king of the 17th Dynasty[129] <l1 year
  Sewadjenre Nebiryraw I – 26 years
  Neferkare (?) Nebiryraw II – Around 1600 BC
  Semenre – – Around 1600 BC
  Seuserenre Bebiankh – 12 years
  Djedhotepre Dedumose I May be a king of the 13th Dynasty[129] Around 1588–1582 BC
  Djedneferre Dedumose II – Around 1588–1582 BC
  Djedankhre Montemsaf – Around 1590 BC
  Merankhre Mentuhotep VI – Short reign, around 1585 BC
  Seneferibre Senusret IV – Unknown
— Sekhemre Shedwast May be the same as Sekhemre Shedtawy Sobekemsaf II Unknown

The 16th Dynasty may also have comprised the reigns of pharaohs Sneferankhre Pepi III[133] and Nebmaatre. Their chronological position is uncertain.[128][129]

Seventeenth Dynasty

Main article: Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt

The Seventeenth Dynasty was based in Upper Egypt and ruled from 1650 to 1550 BC:

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
  Sekhemrewahkhaw Rahotep — Around 1620 BC
  Sekhemre Wadjkhaw Sobekemsaf I — At least 7 years
  Sekhemre Shedtawy Sobekemsaf II His tomb was robbed and burned during the reign of Ramesses IX. Unknown to around 1573 BC
  Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef V — Possibly around 1573-1571 BC
  Nubkheperre Intef VI Reigned more than 3 years Around 1571 to the mid-1560s BC
  Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef VII — Late 1560s BC
  Senakhtenre Ahmose — Around 1558 BC
  Seqenenre Tao Died in battle against the Hyksos. 1558–1554 BC
  Wadjkheperre Kamose — 1554–1549 BC

The early 17th Dynasty may also have included the reign of a pharaoh Nebmaatre, whose chronological position is uncertain.[114]

New Kingdom

Main article: New Kingdom of Egypt

The New Kingdom (1550–1077 BC) is the period covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth dynasty of Egypt, from the 16th to the 11th century BC, between the Second Intermediate Period, and the Third Intermediate Period.

Through military dominance abroad, the New Kingdom saw Egypt's greatest territorial extent. It expanded far into Nubia in the south, and held wide territories in the Near East. Egyptian armies fought with Hittite armies for control of modern-day Syria.

Three of the best known pharaohs of the New Kingdom are Akhenaten, also known as Amenhotep IV, whose exclusive worship of the Aten is often interpreted as the first instance of monotheism, Tutankhamun known for the discovery of his nearly intact tomb, and Ramesses II who attempted to recover the territories in modern Israel/Palestine, Lebanon and Syria that had been held in the Eighteenth Dynasty. His reconquest led to the Battle of Qadesh, where he led the Egyptian armies against the army of the Hittite king Muwatalli II.

Eighteenth Dynasty

Main article: Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt

The Eighteenth Dynasty ruled from c. 1550 to 1292 BC:

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
 
 Nebpehtire Ahmose I (Ahmosis I) Brother and successor to Kamose, conquered north of Egypt from the Hyksos.
Around 1550–1525 BC; Radiocarbon date range for the start of his reign is 1570–1544 BC, the mean point of which is 1557 BC[134]
 
 Djeserkare Amenhotep I Son of Ahmose I. Amenhotep I led campaigns in nubia down to the 3rd Nile cataract.[135] He also introduced the practice of having the tomb and funerary temple in separate locations rather than in the same location.[136] It is possible that Amenhotep I and his mother Ahmose-Nefertari founded the tomb workers village of Deir-el-Medina, the two were honored as gods by later residents.[137]
1541–1520 BC
 
 Aakheperkare Thutmose I Father unknown, though possibly Amenhotep I. His mother is known to be Senseneb. Thutmose I established family control over the Egyptian throne for the next 175 years.[138] Thutmose I defeated the Kingdom of Kush and destroyed Kerma in Nubia, he campaigned in Syria as far as the Euphrates River.[139] He is also the father of Thutmose II and Hatshepsut.[140]
1520–1492 BC
 
 Aakheperenre Thutmose II Son of Thutmose I. Grandson of Amenhotep I through his mother, Mutnofret.
1492–1479 BC
 
 Maatkare Hatshepsut The second known female ruler of Egypt. May have ruled jointly with her nephew Thutmose III during the early part of her reign. Famous for her expedition to Punt documented on her famous Mortuary Temple at Deir el-Bahari. Built many temples and monuments. Ruled during the height of Egypt's power. Was the daughter of Thutmose I and the Great Wife of her brother Thutmose II.
1479–1458 BC
 
 Menkheperre Thutmose III Son of Thutmose II. May have ruled jointly with Hatshepsut, his aunt and step-mother, during the early part of her reign. Famous for his territorial expansion into the Levant and Nubia. Under his reign, the Ancient Egyptian Empire was at its greatest extent. Ruled during the height of Egypt's Power. Before the end of his reign, he obliterated Hatshepsut's name and image from temples and monuments.
1458–1425 BC
 
 Aakheperrure Amenhotep II Son of Thutmose III. Ruled during the height of Egypt's Power.
1425–1400 BC
 
 Menkheperure Thutmose IV Famous for his Dream Stele. Son of Amenhotep II. Ruled during the height of Egypt's Power.
1400–1390 BC
 
 Nebmaatre Amenhotep III The Magnificent Father of Akhenaten and grandfather of Tutankhamun. Ruled Egypt at the height of its power. Built many temples and monuments, including his enormous Mortuary Temple. Was the son of Thutmose IV.
1390–1352 BC
 
 Neferkheperure Waenre Amenhotep IV / Akhenaten (Achencheres) Founder of the Amarna Period in which he changed the state religion from the polytheistic Ancient Egyptian religion to the Monotheistic Atenism, centered around the worship of the Aten, an image of the sun disc. He moved the capital to Akhetaten. Was the second son of Amenhotep III. He changed his name from Amenhotep (Amun is pleased) to Akhenaten (Effective for the Aten) to reflect his religion change.
1352–1336 BC
 
 Ankhkheperure Smenkhkare Ruled jointly with Akhenaten during the later years of his reign. Unknown if Smenkhare ever ruled in his own right.

Identity and even the gender of Smenkhare is uncertain. Some suggest he may have been the son of Akhenaten, possibly the same person as Tutankhamun; others speculate Smenkhare may have been Nefertiti or Meritaten. May have been succeeded by or identical with a female Pharaoh named Neferneferuaten.

1335–1334 BC
 
 Ankhkheperure mery Neferkheperure Neferneferuaten A female Pharaoh, possibly the same ruler as Smenkhkare. Archaeological evidence relates to a woman who reigned as pharaoh toward the end of the Amarna Period. It is likely she was Nefertiti.
1334-1332 BC
 
 Nebkheperure Tutankhaten / Tutankhamun Commonly believed to be the son of Akhenaten, most likely reinstated the polytheistic Ancient Egyptian religion. His name change from Tutankhaten to Tutankhamun reflects the change in religion from the monolatristic Atenism to the classic religion, of which Amun is a major deity. He is thought to have taken the throne at around age eight or nine and to have died around age eighteen or nineteen, giving him the nickname "The Boy King." Tutankhamun was a weak ruler suffering from multiple health issues. However, he became famous for being buried in a decorative tomb intended for someone else called KV62.
1332–1324 BC
 
 Kheperkheperure Ay II Was Grand Vizier to Tutankhamun and an important official during the reigns of Akhenaten and Smenkhkare. Possibly the brother of Tiye, Great Wife of Amenhotep III, and also possibly father of Nefertiti, Great Wife of Akhenaten. Believed to have been born into nobility, but not royalty. Succeeded Tutankhamun due to his lack of an heir.
1324–1320 BC
 
 Djeserkheperure Setpenre Horemheb Born a Commoner. Was a General during the Amarna Period. Obliterated Images of the Amarna Pharaohs and destroyed and vandalized buildings and monuments associated with them. Succeeded Ay despite Nakhtmin being the intended heir.
1320–1292 BC

Nineteenth Dynasty

Main article: Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt

The Nineteenth Dynasty ruled from 1292 to 1186 BC and includes one of the greatest pharaohs: Ramesses II the Great.

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
 
 Menpehtire Ramesses I[141] Of non-royal birth. Succeeded Horemheb due to his lack of an heir.
1292–1290 BC
 
 Menmaatre Seti I Regained much of the territory that was lost under the reign of Akhenaten.
1290–1279 BC
 
 Usermaatre Setpenre (Ozymandias) Ramesses II the Great Continued expanding Egypt's territory until he reached a stalemate with the Hittite Empire at the Battle of Kadesh in 1275 BC, after which the famous Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty was signed in 1258 BC. Had one of the longest Egyptian reigns. Known for his large scale construction projects, including many now famous monuments.
1279–1213 BC
 
 Banenre Merneptah[142] Thirteenth son of Ramesses II.
1213–1203 BC
 
 Menmire Setpenre Amenmesse Most likely a usurper to the throne. Possibly ruled in opposition to Seti II. Suggested son of Merneptah.
1203–1200 BC
 
 Userkheperure Seti II[143] Son of Merneptah. May have had to overcome a contest by Amenmesse before he could solidify his claim to the throne.
1203–1197 BC
 
 Sekhaenre / Akhenre (Merenptah) Siptah[144] Possibly son of Seti II or Amenmesse, ascended to throne at a young age.
1197–1191 BC
 
 Satre Merenamun Tausret Probably the wife of Seti II. Also known as Twosret or Tawosret.
1191–1190 BC

Twentieth Dynasty

Main article: Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt

The Twentieth Dynasty ruled from 1190 to 1077 BC:

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
 
 Userkhaure Setnakhte Not related to Seti II, Siptah, or Tausret. May have usurped the throne from Tausret. Did not recognize Siptah or Tausret as legitimate rulers. Possibly a member of a minor line of the Ramesside royal family. Also called Setnakt.
1190–1186 BC
 
 Usermaatre Meryamun Ramesses III Son of Setnakhte. Fought the Sea Peoples in 1175 BC. Possibly assassinated (Harem conspiracy).
1186–1155 BC
 
 Usermaatre / Heqamaatre Setpenamun Ramesses IV Son of Ramesses III. During his reign, Egyptian power started to decline.
1155–1149 BC
 
 Usermaatre Sekheperenre Ramesses V Son of Ramesses IV
1149–1145 BC
 
 Nebmaatre Meryamun Ramesses VI Son of Ramesses III. Brother of Ramesses IV. Uncle of Ramesses V.
1145–1137 BC
 
 Usermaatre Setpenre Meryamun Ramesses VII Son of Ramesses VI.
1137–1130 BC
 
 Usermaatre Akhenamun Ramesses VIII An obscure Pharaoh, who reigned only around a year. Identifiable with Prince Sethiherkhepeshef II. Son of Ramesses III. Brother of Ramesses IV and Ramesses VI. Uncle of Ramesses V and Ramesses VII. He is the sole Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty whose tomb has not been found.
1130–1129 BC
 
 Neferkare Setpenre Ramesses IX Probably grandson of Ramesses III through his father, Montuherkhopshef. First cousin of Ramesses V and Ramesses VII.
1129–1111 BC
 
 Khepermaatre Setpenptah Ramesses X[145] A poorly documented Pharaoh, his reign was between 3 and 10 years long. His origins are completely uncertain.
1111–1107 BC
 
 Menmaatre Setpenptah Ramesses XI[146] Possibly the son of Ramesses X. During the second half of his reign, High Priest of Amun Herihor ruled over the south from Thebes, limiting his power to Lower (Northern) Egypt. He was succeeded in the north by Smendes.
1107–1077 BC

Third Intermediate Period

Main article: Third Intermediate Period of Egypt

The Third Intermediate Period (1077–664 BC) marked the end of the New Kingdom after the collapse of the Egyptian empire at the end of the Bronze Age. A number of dynasties of Libyan origin ruled, giving this period its alternative name of the Libyan Period.

Twenty-First Dynasty

Main article: Twenty-first dynasty of Egypt

The Twenty-First Dynasty was based at Tanis and was a relatively weak group. Theoretically, they were rulers of all Egypt, but in practice their influence was limited to Lower Egypt. They ruled from 1077 to 943 BC.

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
  Hedjkheperre-Setpenre Nesbanebdjed I[147] (Smendes I) Married to Tentamun, probable daughter of Ramesses XI. 1077–1051 BC
  Neferkare Amenemnisu Obscure four-year reign. 1051–1047 BC
  Aakheperre Pasebakhenniut I (Psusennes I) Son of Pinedjem I, a High Priest of Amun. Ruled for 40 to 51 years. Famous for his intact tomb at Tanis. Known as "The Silver Pharaoh" due to the magnificent silver coffin he was buried in. One of the most powerful rulers of the Dynasty. 1047–1001 BC
  Usermaatre Amenemope Son of Psusennes I. 1001–992 BC
  Aakheperre Setepenre Osorkon the Elder Son of Shoshenq A, Great Chief of the Meshwesh (Libya). Also known as Osochor. 992–986 BC
  Netjerikheperre-Setpenamun Siamun Unknown Origins. Built extensively for a third intermediate period Pharaoh. One of the most powerful rulers of the dynasty. 986–967 BC
  Titkheperure Pasebakhenniut II (Psusennes II) Son of Pinedjem II, a High Priest of Amun. 967–943 BC

Theban High Priests of Amun

Main article: Theban High Priests of Amun

Though not officially pharaohs, the High Priests of Amun at Thebes were the de facto rulers of Upper Egypt during the Twenty-first dynasty, writing their names in cartouches and being buried in royal tombs.

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
 
 Hemnetjertepenamun Herihor Siamun Ruled in the south in Thebes, while Ramesses XI ruled from the north in Pi-Ramesses. Some sources suggest he may have reigned after Piankh. 1080–1074 BC
 
 Piankh Some sources suggest he may have reigned before Herihor. 1074–1070 BC
 
 Kheperkhawra Setepenamun Pinedjem I Meriamun Son of Piankh. Father of Psusennes I. 1070–1032 BC
 
 — Masaharta Son of Pinedjem I. 1054–1045 BC
— Djedkhonsuefankh Son of Pinedjem I. 1046–1045 BC
 
 Hemnetjertepienamun Menkheperre Son of Pinedjem I. 1045–992 BC
 
 — Nesbanebdjed II (Smendes II) Son of Menkheperre. 992–990 BC
 
 — Pinedjem II Son of Menkheperre, Father of Psusennes II. 990–976 BC
— Titkheprure Hemnetjertepienamun Pasebakhaennuit (Psusennes III) Possibly the same person as Psusennes II. Either he or Pinedjem II is generally considered to be the last High Priest of Amun to consider himself as a pharaoh-like figure. 976–943 BC

Twenty-Second Dynasty

Main article: Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt

The pharaohs of the Twenty-Second Dynasty were Libyans, ruling from around 943 to 728 BC.

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
  Hedjkheperre Setpenre Shoshenq I Meriamun Son of Nimlot A, a brother of Osorkon the Elder and a Great Chief of the Meshwesh (Libyans). Possibly the biblical Shishaq 943–922 BC
  Sekhemkheperre Setepenre Osorkon I Meriamun Son of Shoshenq I. 922–887 BC
  Heqakheperre Setepenre Shoshenq II Meriamun Obscure pharaoh, possibly a usurper. 887–885 BC
— Tutkheperre Shoshenq IIb Obscure pharaoh, placement uncertain. 880s BC
  Hedjkheperre Setepenamun Harsiese Meriamun A An obscure rebel, at Thebes. 880–860 BC
  Hedjkheperre Setepenre Takelot I Meriamun Son of Osorkon I. 885–872 BC
  Usermaatre Setpenamun Osorkon II Meriamun Son of Takelot I. 872–837 BC
  Usermaatre Setpenre Shoshenq III Meriamun — 837–798 BC
  Hedjkheperre Setepenre Shoshenq IV Meriamun Sabast Netjerheqaiunu — 798–785 BC
  Usermaatre Setpenre Pami Meriamun — 785–778 BC
  Aakheperre Shoshenq V — 778–740 BC
  Usermaatre Osorkon IV — 740–720 BC

Twenty-Third Dynasty

Main article: Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt

The Twenty-Third Dynasty was a local group, again of Libyan origin, based at Herakleopolis and Thebes that ruled from 837 to c. 735 BC.

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
  Hedjkheperre Setpenre Takelot II Siesemeriamun Previously thought to be a 22nd Dynasty pharaoh, he is now known to be the founder of the 23rd. 837–813 BC
  Usermaatre Setpenamun Meriamun Pedubast I A rebel—seized Thebes from Takelot II. 826–801 BC
— — Iuput I Meriamun Co-regent with Pedubast. 812–811 BC
— Usermaatre Meryamun Shoshenq VI Meriamun Successor to Pedubast. 801–795 BC
  Usermaatre Setpenamun Osorkon III Saisetmeriamun Son of Takelot II; recovered Thebes, then proclaimed himself king. 795–767 BC
  Usermaatre-Setpenamun Takelot III Meriamun Saisetmeriamun Co-reign with his father Osorkon III for the first five years of his reign. 773–765 BC
  Usermaatre-Setpenamun Meriamun Rudamun Younger son of Osorkon III and brother of Takelot III. 765–762 BC
— Uasnetjerre/Hedjkheperre Setepenre Shoshenq VII Saisetmeriamun A poorly attested king. —

Rudamun was succeeded in Thebes by a local ruler:

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
  Menkheperre Ini Reigned at Thebes only. 762–Unknown BC

Twenty-Fourth Dynasty

Main article: Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt

The Twenty-fourth Dynasty was a short-lived rival dynasty located in the western Delta (Sais), with only two pharaohs ruling from 732 to 720 BC.

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
  Shepsesre Tefnakhte — 732–725 BC
  Wahkare Bakenrenef (Bocchoris) — 725–720 BC

Twenty-Fifth Dynasty

Main article: Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt

Nubians invaded Lower Egypt and took the throne of Egypt under Piye although they already controlled Thebes and Upper Egypt in the early years of Piye's reign. Piye's conquest of Lower Egypt established the Twenty-fifth Dynasty which ruled until 656 BC.

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
  Usermaatre Piye King of Nubia; conquered Egypt in his 20th year; full reign at least 24 years, possibly 30+ years 744–714 BC, according to Frédéric Payraudeau[148]
  Djedkaure Shebitku Believed to be Shabaka's successor until the 2010s 714–705 BC, according to Frédéric Payraudeau[148]
  Neferkare Shabaka Believed to be Shebitku's predecessor until the 2010s 705–690 BC, according to Frédéric Payraudeau[148]
  Khuinefertemre Taharqa Died in 664 BC 690–664 BC[149]
  Bakare Tantamani Lost control of Upper Egypt in 656 BC when Psamtik I extended his authority into Thebes in that year. 664–653 BC

They were ultimately driven back into Nubia, where they established a kingdom at Napata (656–590), and, later, at Meroë (590 BC – AD 500).

Late Period

Main article: Late Period of Ancient Egypt

The Late Period runs from around 664 to 332 BC, and includes periods of rule by native Egyptians and Persians.

Twenty-Sixth Dynasty

Main article: Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt

The Twenty-sixth Dynasty ruled from around 664 to 525 BC.[150]

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
  Menibre? Iribre? Tefnakht II (Stephinates) Manetho's Stephinates. May have been a descendant of the Twenty-fourth Dynasty. The father of Necho I. 685–678 BC
— — Nekauba (Nechepsos) Manetho's Nechepsos. His existence has been questioned. 678–672 BC
  Menkheperre Nekau I (Necho I) Was killed by an invading Kushite force in 664 BC under Tantamani. Father of Psamtik I. 672–664 BC

The son and successor of Nekau I, Psamtik I, managed to reunify Egypt and is generally regarded as the founder of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty.

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
  Wahibre Psamtik I (Psammetichus I) Reunified Egypt. Son of Necho I and father of Necho II. 664–610 BC[151]
  Wehemibre Nekau II (Necho II) Most likely the pharaoh mentioned in several books of the Bible and the death of Josiah. Son of Psamtik I and father of Psamtik II. 610–595 BC[151]
  Neferibre Psamtik II (Psammetichus II) Son of Necho II and father of Apries. 595–589 BC[151]
  Haaibre Wahibre (Apries) Fled Egypt after Amasis II (who was a general at the time) declared himself pharaoh following a civil war. Son of Psamtik II. 589–570 BC[151]
  Khnemibre Ahmose II (Amasis II) He was the last great ruler of Egypt before the Persian conquest. According to the Greek historian Herodotus, he was of common origins. Father of Psamtik III. 570–526 BC[151]
  Ankhkaenre Psamtik III (Psammetichus III) Son of Amasis II. Ruled for about six months before being defeated by the Persians in the Battle of Pelusium and subsequently executed for attempting to revolt. 526–525 BC[151]

Twenty-Seventh Dynasty

Main article: Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt

Egypt was conquered by the Persian Empire in 525 BC and constituted a satrapy as part of this empire until 404 BC. The Achaemenid Shahanshahs were acknowledged as Pharaohs in this era, forming the 27th Dynasty:

Image Throne name Name Comments Dates
  Mesutre Kembydjet (Cambyses II) Defeated Psamtik III at the Battle of Pelusium at 525 BC. 525–1 July 522 BC[151]
— — Bardiya (Smerdis) / Gaumata Son of Cyrus the Great. 522 BC[151]
  Seteture Deriush (Darius I) Ascended throne by overthrowing Gaumata[152] 522–November 486 BC[151]
  — Kheshayarusha (Xerxes I) Assassinated by Artabanus of Persia. November 486–December 465 BC[151]
— — Artabanus the Hyrcanian — 465-464 BC
  — Arutakhshashas (Artaxerxes I) Died in 424 BC 464–424 BC
— — Xerxes II A claimant. 424–423 BC[151]
— — Sogdianus A claimant. 423–July 423 BC[151]
  — Darius II Died in 404 BC July 423–March 404 BC[151]

Several native rebellions took place during the 27th dynasty:

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
  Seheruibre Petubastis III[153] A native Egyptian rebel in the Delta. 522/21–520 BC
— Ahmose? Nebkaenre? Psammetichus IV[153] A proposed native Egyptian rebel leader. Exact date uncertain. Possibly in the 480s BC

Twenty-Eighth Dynasty

Main article: Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt

The Twenty-eighth Dynasty lasted only 6 years, from 404 to 398 BC, with one pharaoh:

Image Name Comments Dates
  Amunirdisu (Amyrtaeus) Descendant of the Saite pharaohs of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty; led a successful revolt against the Persians. 404–398 BC

Twenty-Ninth Dynasty

Main article: Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt

The Twenty-ninth Dynasty ruled from 398 to 380 BC:

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
  Baenre Merynetjeru Nefaarud I (Nepherites I) Also known as Nepherites. Defeated Amyrtaeus in open battle and had him executed. 398–393 BC
  Khnemmaatre Setepenkhnemu Hakor (Achoris) Son of Nefaarud I. Around 392–around 391 BC
  Userre Setepenptah Pasherienmut (Psammuthes) Possibly dethroned Hakor for a year. Around 391 BC
  Khnemmaatre Setepenkhnemu Hakor (Achoris) Retook the throne from Psammuthes. Around 390–around 379 BC
— — Nefaarud II (Nepherites II) Was deposed and likely killed by Nectanebo I after ruling for only 4 months. Son of Hakor. Around 379 BC

Thirtieth Dynasty

Main article: Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt

The Thirtieth Dynasty ruled from 379/8 until Egypt once more came under Persian rule c. 340 BC:[154][155]

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
  Kheperkare Nekhtnebef (Nectanebo I) Also known as Nekhtnebef. Deposed and likely killed Nefaarud II, starting the last dynasty of native Egyptians. Father of Teos. 379/8–361/0 BC
  Irimaatenre Djedher (Teos) Co-regent with his father Nectanebo I from about 365 BC. Was overthrown by Nectanebo II with the aid of Agesilaus II of Sparta. 361/0–359/8 BC
  Snedjemibre Setepenanhur Nakhthorhebyt Merihathor (Nectanebo II) Last native ruler of ancient Egypt[156] to be recognized by Manetho. 359/8–341/0 BC

Thirty-First Dynasty

Main article: Thirty-first dynasty of Egypt

Egypt again came under the control of the Achaemenid Persians. After the practice of Manetho, the Persian rulers from 340 to 332 BC are occasionally designated as the Thirty-first Dynasty:

Image Name Comments Dates
  Artaxerxes III Egypt came under Persian rule for the second time. c. 341/339 – 338 BC[157]
  Artaxerxes IV Arses Only reigned in Lower Egypt. 338–336 BC
  Darius III Upper Egypt returned to Persian control in 335 BC. The Persian Empire was conquered by Alexander the Great in 332 B.C. 336–332 BC

Native rebellions again took place during the 31st dynasty:

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
  Senensetepuniptah Khababash Rebel pharaoh who led an invasion in Nubia. 338–335 BC[151]

Hellenistic period

Main article: Hellenistic period

Argead Dynasty

Main article: Argead dynasty

The Macedonian Greeks under Alexander the Great ushered in the Hellenistic period with his conquest of Persia and Egypt. The Argeads ruled from 332 to 309 BC:

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
  Setpenre Meryamun Aluksindres (Alexander the Great) Formally Alexander III of Macedon conquered Persia and Egypt. 332–13 June 323 BC[151]
  Setpenre Meryamun Pelupuisa (Philip Arrhidaeus) Formally Philip III of Macedon. Mentally disabled half-brother of Alexander the Great. 323–317 BC
  Khaibre Setepenamun Aluksindres (Alexander IV) Formally Alexander IV of Macedon. Son of Alexander the Great and Roxana. 317–309 BC

Ptolemaic Dynasty

Main article: Ptolemaic dynasty

The second Hellenistic dynasty, the Ptolemies, ruled Egypt from 305 BC until Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC (whenever two dates overlap, that means there was a co-regency). The most famous member of this dynasty was Cleopatra VII, in modern times known simply as Cleopatra, who was successively the consort of Julius Caesar and, after Caesar's death, of Mark Antony, having children with both of them.

Cleopatra strove to create a dynastic and political union between Egypt and Rome, but the assassination of Caesar and the defeat of Mark Antony doomed her plans.[citation needed]

Caesarion (Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar) was the last king of the Ptolemaic Dynasty of Egypt, and he reigned jointly with his mother Cleopatra VII of Egypt, from September 2, 47 BC. He was the eldest son of Cleopatra VII, and possibly the only son of Julius Caesar, after whom he was named. Between the alleged death of Cleopatra, on August 12, 30 BC, up to his own alleged death on August 23, 30 BC, he was nominally the sole pharaoh. It is tradition that he was hunted down and killed on the orders of Octavian, who would become the Roman emperor Augustus, but the historical evidence does not exist.[citation needed]

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
  Setpenre Meryamun Ptolemy I Soter Abdicated in 285 BC[citation needed] 7 November 305 – January 282 BC[151]
  Weserkare Meryamun Ptolemy II Philadelphos — 28 March 284 – 28 January 246 BC
  Khenem(et)ibenmaat Mer(et)netjru Arsinoe II Wife of Ptolemy II c. 277 – July 270 BC[151]
  Iwaensenwinetjerwy Setepenre Sekhemankhenamun Ptolemy III Euergetes — 28 January 246 – November/December 222 BC
  Bereniket Meritnetjerou Berenice II Wife of Ptolemy III. Murdered. 244/243 – 222 BC
  Iwaennetjerwymenekhwy Setepenptah Userkare Sekhemankhamun Ptolemy IV Philopator Died in unclear circumstances, possibly by fire in the palace or murder. November/December 222 – July/August 204 BC
  — Arsinoe III Wife of Ptolemy IV. Murdered. 220–204 BC
  Iwaennetjerwymer(wy)it Setepenptah Userkare Sekhemankhamun Ptolemy V Epiphanes Upper Egypt in revolt 207–186 BC July/August 204 – September 180 BC
  Hunu Zatheqa Iretenheqa Mereneterubaqet Kheqerenshenemu Tatetzat Huti Werpehti Sehertawi Redinesnebetirekhitenneferu Qenisinetnebzau Tenisiathoremmeruts Cleopatra I Syra Wife of Ptolemy V, co-regent with Ptolemy VI during his minority c. February 193 – 176 BC[151]
  Iwaennetjerwyperu Setepenptahkheperi Irymaatamunre Ptolemy VI Philometor Lived under the control of Ptolemy VIII 164 BC–163 BC; restored 163 BC Died 145 BC c. May 180 – October 164 BC[151]and

163 – c. July 145 BC[151]

  — Cleopatra II Wife of Ptolemy VI. Married Ptolemy VIII around 145 BC; led revolt against him in 131 BC and became sole ruler of Egypt. Later reconciled with Ptolemy VIII; co-ruled with Cleopatra III and Ptolemy VIII until 116 BC. 175 – October 164 BC

and

163–127 BC

and

124–116 BC

  Iwaennetjerwyperwy Setepenptah Irymaatre Sekhemankhenamun Ptolemy VIII Physcon Proclaimed king by Alexandrians in 170 BC; ruled jointly with Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II from 169 to 164 BC. Restored 145–131 BC and again in 127 BC. Died 116 BC 171–163 BC

and

144–131 BC

and

127–116 BC

  — Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Proclaimed co-ruler by his father; later ruled under regency of his mother Cleopatra II 145–144 BC
  Nebtaoui Kanekhet Cleopatra III Second wife of Ptolemy VIII. Restored with Ptolemy VIII in 127 BC; later co-regent with Ptolemy IX and X. Murdered by her own son Ptolemy X. 142–131 BC

and

127–107 BC

— — Ptolemy Memphites Proclaimed King by Cleopatra II; soon killed by Ptolemy VIII 131 BC
  Iwa(en)netjermenekhnetjeretmeretmutesnedjet(et) Setepenptah Irimaatre Sekhemankhamun Ptolemy IX Soter Died 80 BC 28 June 116–October 110 BC[151]
  — Cleopatra IV Briefly married to Ptolemy IX, but was pushed out by Cleopatra III. Later murdered. 28 June 116–115 BC[151]
  Iwa(en)netjermenekhenetjeretmenkhetre Setepenptah Irimaatre Senenankhenamun Ptolemy X Alexander Died 88 BC October 110–February 109 BC[151]
  Kliapadrat Bereniket Berenice III Forced to marry Ptolemy XI; murdered on his orders 19 days later 81–80 BC
— — Ptolemy XI Alexander Young son of Ptolemy X Alexander; installed by Sulla; ruled for 80 days before being lynched by citizens for killing Berenice III 80 BC[151]
  Iwaenpanetjernehem Setepenptah Irimaatenre Sekhemankhamen Ptolemy XII Auletes Son of Ptolemy IX; deposed in 58 BC Reigned briefly with his daughter Cleopatra VII before his death in 51 BC 80–58 BC[151]

and

55–51 BC[151]

  — Cleopatra V Tryphaena Wife of Ptolemy XII, mother of Berenice IV 79–68 BC
— — Cleopatra VI Daughter of Ptolemy XII, but theorised by some Egyptologists to actually be the same person as Cleopatra V.[158] 58–57 BC
— — Berenice IV Daughter of Ptolemy XII; forced to marry Seleucus Kybiosaktes, but had him strangled. Joint rule with Cleopatra VI until 57 BC. 58–55 BC[151]
  Weretnebetneferu Akhetzeh Cleopatra VII Ruled jointly with her father Ptolemy XII, her brother Ptolemy XIII, her brother-husband Ptolemy XIV, and her son Ptolemy XV. In modern usage, the stand-alone use of "Cleopatra" with no ordinal number usually refers to Cleopatra VII. Committed suicide. 31 May 52[159] – 12 August 30 BC[151]
  — Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator Brother of Cleopatra VII 51–13 January 47 BC
  — Arsinoe IV In opposition to Cleopatra VII December 48 – January 47 BC
  — Ptolemy XIV Philopator Younger brother of Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XIII 13 January 47–26 July 44 BC
  Iwapanetjernetynehem Setepenptah Irimaatre Sekhem(ankh)enamun Ptolemy XV Caesar Infant son of Cleopatra VII; aged 3 when proclaimed co-ruler with Cleopatra. Last known ruler of ancient Egypt when Rome took over. 2 September 44 – August 30 BC

Native rebellions also took place under Greek rule:

Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates
— — Hugronaphor Revolutionary pharaoh in the South 205–199 BC
— — Ankhmakis Revolutionary pharaoh in the South 199–185 BC
— — Harsiesi Revolutionary pharaoh in the South 131–130 BC

Rome

Main article: Roman pharaoh
 
Egyptian relief depicting the Roman Emperor Trajan (right, reigned 98–117 AD) in full pharaonic style.

Cleopatra VII had affairs with Roman dictator Julius Caesar and Roman general Mark Antony, but it was not until after her suicide (after Mark Antony was defeated by Octavian, who would later be Emperor Augustus Caesar) that Egypt became a province of the Roman Republic in 30 BC. Subsequent Roman emperors were accorded the title of pharaoh, although exclusively while in Egypt.

The last Roman emperor to be conferred the title of pharaoh was Maximinus Daza (reigned 311–313 AD).[2][160]

See also

References

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  2. ^ a b c von Beckerath, Jürgen (1999). Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen. Verlag Philipp von Zabern. pp. 266–267. ISBN 978-3422008328.
  3. ^ "Digital Egypt for Universities". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2019-02-12.
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list, pharaohs, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, march, 2012. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources List of pharaohs news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2012 Learn how and when to remove this template message The title Pharaoh is used for those rulers of Ancient Egypt who ruled after the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by Narmer during the Early Dynastic Period approximately 3100 BC However the specific title Pharaoh was not used to address the kings of Egypt by their contemporaries until the rule of Merneptah in the 19th Dynasty c 1200 BC Along with the title Pharaoh for later rulers there was an Ancient Egyptian royal titulary used by Egyptian kings which remained relatively constant during the course of Ancient Egyptian history initially featuring a Horus name a Sedge and Bee nswt bjtj name and a Two Ladies nbtj name with the additional Golden Horus nomen and prenomen titles being added successively during later dynasties Pharaoh of EgyptThe Pschent combined the Red Crown of Lower Egypt and the White Crown of Upper Egypt A typical depiction of a pharaoh DetailsStyleFive name titularyFirst monarchNarmer a k a Menes Last monarchNectanebo II last native 1 Cleopatra and Caesarion last actual Maximinus Daza last to be referred to as Pharaoh 2 Formationc 3100 BCAbolition343 BC last native pharaoh 1 30 BC last Greek pharaohs 313 AD last Roman Emperor to be called Pharaoh 2 ResidenceVaries by eraAppointerDivine rightEgypt was continually governed at least in part by native pharaohs for approximately 2500 years until it was conquered by the Kingdom of Kush in the late 8th century BC whose rulers adopted the traditional pharaonic titulature for themselves Following the Kushite conquest Egypt experienced another period of independent native rule before being conquered by the Achaemenid Empire whose rulers also adopted the title of Pharaoh The last native pharaoh of Egypt was Nectanebo II who was pharaoh before the Achaemenids conquered Egypt for a second time Achaemenid rule over Egypt came to an end through the conquests of Alexander the Great in 332 BC after which it was ruled by Hellenic Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic Dynasty Their rule and the independence of Egypt came to an end when Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC Augustus and subsequent Roman emperors were styled as Pharaoh when in Egypt until the reign of Maximinus Daza in 314 AD The dates given in this list of pharaohs are approximate They are based primarily on the conventional chronology of Ancient Egypt mostly based on the Digital Egypt for Universities 3 database developed by the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology but alternative dates taken from other authorities may be indicated separately Contents 1 Ancient Egyptian king lists 2 Predynastic Period 2 1 Lower Egypt 2 2 Upper Egypt 2 3 Predynastic rulers Dynasty 0 3 Early Dynastic Period 3 1 First Dynasty 3 2 Second Dynasty 4 Old Kingdom 4 1 Third Dynasty 4 2 Fourth Dynasty 4 3 Fifth Dynasty 4 4 Sixth Dynasty 5 First Intermediate Period 5 1 Seventh and Eighth Dynasties 5 2 Ninth Dynasty 5 3 Tenth Dynasty 5 4 Eleventh Dynasty 6 Middle Kingdom 6 1 Eleventh Dynasty cont 6 2 Twelfth Dynasty 7 Second Intermediate Period 7 1 Thirteenth Dynasty 7 2 Fourteenth Dynasty 7 3 Fifteenth Dynasty 7 4 Abydos Dynasty 7 5 Sixteenth Dynasty 7 6 Seventeenth Dynasty 8 New Kingdom 8 1 Eighteenth Dynasty 8 2 Nineteenth Dynasty 8 3 Twentieth Dynasty 9 Third Intermediate Period 9 1 Twenty First Dynasty 9 1 1 Theban High Priests of Amun 9 2 Twenty Second Dynasty 9 3 Twenty Third Dynasty 9 4 Twenty Fourth Dynasty 9 5 Twenty Fifth Dynasty 10 Late Period 10 1 Twenty Sixth Dynasty 10 2 Twenty Seventh Dynasty 10 3 Twenty Eighth Dynasty 10 4 Twenty Ninth Dynasty 10 5 Thirtieth Dynasty 10 6 Thirty First Dynasty 11 Hellenistic period 11 1 Argead Dynasty 11 2 Ptolemaic Dynasty 12 Rome 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External linksAncient Egyptian king lists EditModern lists of pharaohs are based on historical records and including Ancient Egyptian king lists and later histories such as Manetho s Aegyptiaca as well as archaeological evidence Concerning ancient sources Egyptologists and historians alike call for caution in regard to the credibility exactitude and completeness of these sources many of which were written long after the reigns they report 4 An additional problem is that ancient king lists are often damaged inconsistent with one another and or selective The following ancient king lists are known along with the dynasty under which they were created 5 Den seal impressions 1st Dynasty found on a cylinder seal in Den s tomb It lists all 1st Dynasty kings from Narmer to Den by their Horus names 6 Palermo Stone 5th Dynasty carved on an olivine basalt slab Broken into pieces and thus today incomplete Giza writing board 6th Dynasty painted with red green and black ink on gypsum and cedar wood Very selective South Saqqara Stone 6th Dynasty carved on a black basalt slab Very selective Karnak King List 18th Dynasty carved on limestone Very selective Abydos King List of Seti I 19th Dynasty carved on limestone Very detailed but omitting some of the Kings from First Intermediate Period and all the kings from Second Intermediate Period of Egypt Abydos King List of Ramesses II 19th Dynasty carved on limestone Very selective Ramesseum king list 19th Dynasty carved on limestone Contains most of the New Kingdom pharaohs up to Ramesses II Saqqara Tablet 19th Dynasty carved on limestone Very detailed but omitting most kings of the 1st Dynasty for unknown reasons Turin King List 19th Dynasty written with red and black ink on papyrus Likely the most complete king list in history today damaged Medinet Habu king list 20th Dynasty carved on limestone and very similar to the Ramesseum king list Manetho s Aegyptiaca Greek Period possibly written on papyrus The original writings are lost today and many anecdotes assigned to certain kings seem fictitious Predynastic Period EditMain article Prehistoric EgyptThe Predynastic Period ends around 3100 BC when Egypt was first unified as a single kingdom Lower Egypt Edit Main article Lower Egypt Lower Egypt geographically consists of the northern Nile and the Nile delta The following list may be incomplete Image Name Comments Reign pu 7 Only known from the Palermo stone 8 Unknown Hsekiu Seka Only known from the Palermo stone 8 Unknown Khayu Only known from the Palermo stone 9 Unknown Tiu Teyew Only known from the Palermo stone 10 Unknown Thesh Tjesh Only known from the Palermo stone 11 Unknown Neheb Only known from the Palermo stone 12 Unknown Wazner Only known from the Palermo stone 13 Ruled around or earlier than 3200 BC Mekh Only known from the Palermo stone 14 Unknown a 15 Only known from the Palermo stone 14 Unknown Hedju Hor Only known from two clay jugs from Tura Naqada II Ny Hor Only known from clay and stone vessels found in tombs near Tarchan Tura Tarjan and Nagada Some scholars believe that this serekh is simply a crude attempt at writing the name Narmer 16 Naqada II Ni Neith Only known from inscriptions in Helwan Reading of name is uncertain 17 Naqada III Hat Hor Some scholars believe that this serekh is simply a crude attempt at writing the name Narmer 18 Around 3180 BC Double Falcon May also have ruled in Upper Egypt Naqada III 32nd century BC Wash Only known from the Narmer Palette 19 Around 3150 BC Naqada IIIUpper Egypt Edit Main article Dynasty 00 Upper Egypt refers to the region up river to the south of Lower Egypt Regrouped here are predynastic rulers of Upper Egypt belonging to the late Naqada III period sometimes informally described as Dynasty 00 Image Name Comments Reign A Only known from a graffito discovered in the western desert in 2004 20 This ruler is otherwise unattested Naqada III Finger Snail The existence of this king is very doubtful 21 Naqada III Fish 22 Only known from artifacts that bear his mark around 3250 3220 BC He most likely never existed 21 Naqada III Elephant 23 Around 3240 3220 BC more than likely never existed Naqada III Stork 24 25 Most likely never existed 21 Naqada III Bull Most likely never existed 21 Naqada III Scorpion I First ruler of Upper Egypt around 3250 3200 BC Naqada IIIPredynastic rulers Dynasty 0 Edit Main article Dynasty 0 Since these kings precede the First Dynasty they have been informally grouped as Dynasty 0 clarification needed The following list of predynastic rulers may be incomplete Image Name Comments Dates Crocodile Potentially read Shendjw identity and existence are disputed 26 Around 3170 BC Iry Hor Correct chronological position unclear 27 Around 3170 BC Ka Maybe read Sekhen rather than Ka Correct chronological position unclear 28 Around 3170 BC Scorpion II Potentially read Serqet possibly the same person as Narmer 29 Around 3170 BCEarly Dynastic Period EditMain article Early Dynastic Period of Egypt The Early Dynastic Period of Egypt stretches from around 3100 to 2686 BC 30 First Dynasty Edit Main article First Dynasty of Egypt The First Dynasty ruled from around 3100 to 2890 BC 31 Image Name Personal name Comments Dates Narmer Menes Believed by many scholars to be the same person as Menes due to the preponderance of evidence indicating this 32 His name is widely attested across Egypt and has also been found at Nahal Tillah in Israel which is much farther afield than his predecessors 33 Around 3150 BC 31 Hor Aha Teti Greek form Athotis 34 May also be Menes although Narmer is more likely 35 Trade was largely replaced by direct exploitation of resources via outposts during his reign 36 Possibly the son of Narmer Around 3125 BC Djer 37 Itetj Greek form Kenkenes His tomb was later thought to be the legendary tomb of Osiris First pharaoh with a full Golden Horus name Interest and trade with Egypt s North Eastern borders appears to have been renewed during Djer s reign 38 54 years 39 Djet 40 Ita Greek form Ouenephes Indications show that Djet did not enjoy a long reign 41 10 years 42 Merneith Possibly the first female Pharaoh of Egypt She may have ruled as regent for her son Den Her tomb is notable for being on the same scale as other tombs of other kings of that period Around 2950 BC Khasti Den 43 Greek form Ousaphaidos Den was the first pharaoh to have a Nesut biti dual king name and is the first pharaoh attested wearing the double crown pschent of upper and lower Egypt 44 A second sed festival is attested from his reign indicating he enjoyed a long time in power 45 Den focused on the northeastern part of Egypt during his reign and also led a few small battles in the northeast which are attested on the Palermo stone 46 42 years 42 Merybiap Adjib Greek form Miebidos 47 Known for his ominous nebwy title 48 10 years Semerkhet Iry Greek form Semempses 49 First Egyptian ruler with a fully developed Nebty name His complete reign is preserved on the Cairo Stone Many stone vessels of his predecessor were found reinscribed for Semerkhet so he may have been a usurper 50 8 1 2 years 42 Qa a Qebeh Greek form Bienekhes 51 Ruled very long his tomb is the last one with subsidiary tombs 34 years Sneferka Very short reign correct chronological position unknown Around 2900 BC Horus Bird Very short reign correct chronological position unknown Around 2900 BCSecond Dynasty Edit Main article Second Dynasty of Egypt The Second Dynasty ruled from 2890 to 2686 BC 31 Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Hotepsekhemwy 52 Nebtyhotep Manetho names him Boethos and claims that under this ruler an earthquake killed many people Hotepsekhemwy broke the tradition of being buried at the Abydos royal cemetery at Umm el Qa ab where most of the 1st dynasty kings are buried and chose to be buried at Saqqara instead to be closer to the capital 53 15 years Nebra 54 Greek form Kaiechos after the Ramesside cartouche name Kakaw First ruler who uses the sun symbol in his royal name could be identical to king Weneg 14 years Nynetjer 55 Banetjer Greek form Binothris May have divided Egypt between his successors allegedly allowed women to rule like pharaohs 43 45 years Ba May have been an independent ruler succeeding Nynetjer Alternatively he may have ruled in the 1st or 3rd dynasties or be the same person as Horus Bird Unknown Weneg Nebty 56 Greek form Ougotlas Tlas Could be an independent ruler succeeding Nynetjer or the same as Peribsen Sekhemib Perenmaat or Raneb Around 2740 BC Wadjenes Wadj sen Greek form Tlas May have been a misinterpretation of the hieroglyphic sign of a flower called Weneg May have been a crown prince or be the same person as Weneg Nebty Around 2740 BC Nubnefer May have been the birth name of Nebra May either be the successor of Wadjenes or Nynetjer Unknown Senedj 57 Greek form Sethenes Possibly the same person as Peribsen This however is highly disputed 58 47 years supposedly Peribsen Seth Peribsen Used a Seth animal above his serekh rather than a Horus falcon He promoted the sun cult in Egypt and reduced the powers of officials nomarchs and palatines Some scholars believe that he ruled over a divided Egypt 59 Unknown Sekhemib Sekhemib Perenmaat Could be the same person as Seth Peribsen 60 Around 2720 BC Neferkara I Greek form Nephercheres Known only from Ramesside king lists not archaeologically attested 25 years according to Manetho Neferkasokar Greek form Sesochris Known only from Ramesside king lists not archaeologically attested Old Kingdom legends claim that this ruler saved Egypt from a long lasting drought 61 8 years Horus Sa May have been a short form of the Horus name Sanakht May have been the Horus name of Weneg or Senedj correct chronological position unclear Unknown Hudjefa Known only from Ramesside king lists his name is actually a paraphrase pointing out that the original name of the king was already lost in Ramesside times 11 years according to the Turin Canon Khasekhem Khasekhemwy 62 Beb e ty Greek form Cheneres It is probable that when Khasekhem acceded kingship he was a ruler of upper Egypt he led campaigns against lower Egypt that ended in his victory to commemorate his achievement of reunifying Egypt he changed his name to Khasekhemwy 63 His serekh name is unique for presenting both Horus and Set He was one of Egypt s first master builders his funerary enclosure known as Shunet ez Zebib is a colossal mudbrick structure 64 18 yearsOld Kingdom EditMain article Old Kingdom of Egypt The Old Kingdom of Egypt is the long period of stability and growth following the Early Dynastic Period and preceding the troubled First Intermediate Period The kingdom spanned from 2686 to 2181 BC Third Dynasty Edit Main article Third Dynasty of Egypt The Third Dynasty ruled from 2686 to 2613 BC 31 Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Djoser 65 66 Netjerikhet Hellenized names Sesorthos and Tosorthros Commissioned the first Pyramid in Egypt created by chief architect and scribe Imhotep 19 or 28 years possibly around 2650 BC 67 Sekhemkhet 68 Djoser Teti Greek form Tyreis after the Ramesside cartouche name for Sekhemkhet Teti In the necropolis of his unfinished step pyramid the remains of a 2 year old infant were found 69 2649 2643 BC Nebka Sanakht Likely to be identified with the throne name Nebka Hellenized names Necherochis and Necherophes May have reigned 6 years if identified with the penultimate king of the Dynasty on the Turin canon Around 2650 BC Qahedjet Possibly be the same person as Huni or an archaistic representation of Thutmose III correct chronological position unknown Unknown Khaba Possibly built an unfinished step pyramid could be identical with Huni 2643 2637 BC Huni 70 Greek form Aches Could be the same as Qahedjet or Khaba Possibly built an unfinished step pyramid and several cultic pyramids throughout Egypt Huni was for a long time credited with the building of the pyramid of Meidum This however is disproved by New Kingdom graffiti that praise king Sneferu not Huni 2637 2613 BCFourth Dynasty Edit Main article Fourth Dynasty of Egypt The Fourth Dynasty ruled from 2613 to 2496 BC 31 Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Sneferu Nebmaat Greek form Soris Reigned 48 years giving him enough time to build the Meidum Pyramid the Bent Pyramid and the Red Pyramid Some scholars believe that he was buried in the Red Pyramid For a long time it was thought that the Meidum Pyramid was not Sneferu s work but that of king Huni Ancient Egyptian documents describe Sneferu as a pious generous and even accostable ruler 71 2613 2589 BC 31 Khnum Khufu Medjedu Greek form Cheops and Suphis Built the Great Pyramid of Giza Khufu is depicted as a cruel tyrant by ancient Greek authors Ancient Egyptian sources however describe him as a generous and pious ruler He is the main protagonist in the Westcar Papyrus The first imprinted papyri originate from Khufu s reign which may have made ancient Greek authors believe that Khufu wrote books in attempt to praise the gods 2589 2566 BC Djedefre Kheper Greek form Ratoises Some scholars believe he created the Great Sphinx of Giza as a monument for his deceased father He also created a pyramid at Abu Rawash However this pyramid is no longer extant it is believed the Romans re purposed the materials from which it was made 2566 2558 BC Khafre Userib Greek form Chephren and Suphis II His pyramid is the second largest in Giza Some scholars prefer him as the creator of the Great Sphinx before Djedefra His funerary complex was the largest at the Giza plateau 2558 2532 BC Baka Greek form Bikheris Could be the owner of the Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el Aryan Possibly fictional Around 2570 BC Menkaure Kakhet Greek form Mencheres His pyramid is the third and smallest in Giza A legend claims that his only daughter died due to an illness and Menkaura buried her in a golden coffin in the shape of a cow 2532 2503 BC Shepseskaf Shepeskhet Greek form Sebercheres Owner of the Mastabat el Fara un 2503 2498 BC Thamphthis According to Manetho the last king of the 4th dynasty He is not archaeologically attested and thus possibly fictional Around 2500 BCFifth Dynasty Edit Main article Fifth Dynasty of Egypt The Fifth Dynasty ruled from 2496 to 2345 BC 31 Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Userkaf Buried in a pyramid in Saqqara Built the first solar temple at Abusir 2496 2491 BC Sahure Moved the royal necropolis to Abusir where he built his pyramid 2490 2477 BC Neferirkare Kakai Son of Sahure born with the name Ranefer 2477 2467 BC Neferefre Izi Son of Neferirkare 2460 2458 BC Shepseskare Netjeruser Reigned most likely after Neferefre and for only a few months possibly a son of Sahure 72 A few months Nyuserre Ini Brother to Neferefre built extensively in the Abusir necropolis 2445 2422 BC Menkauhor Kaiu Last pharaoh to build a sun temple 2422 2414 BC Djedkare Isesi Effected comprehensive reforms of the Egyptian administration Enjoyed the longest reign of his dynasty with likely more than 35 years on the throne 2414 2375 BC Unas The Pyramid of Unas is inscribed with the earliest instance of the pyramid texts He also constructed Unas s causeway a 500m long causeway from the bank of the river Nile to his funerary complex this is where his funerary precession would have taken place 2375 2345 BCSixth Dynasty Edit Main article Sixth Dynasty of Egypt The Sixth Dynasty ruled from 2345 to 2181 BC Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Teti According to Manetho he was murdered 2345 2333 BC Userkare Reigned 1 to 5 years may have usurped the throne at the expense of Teti 2333 2332 BC Meryre Pepi I Faced conspiracies and political troubles yet became the most prolific builder of his dynasty 2332 2283 BC Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 2283 2278 BC Neferkare Pepi II Possibly the longest reigning monarch in human history with 94 years on the throne Alternatively may have reigned only 64 years 2278 2183 BC Neferka Reigned during Pepi II was possibly his son or co ruler Possibly writing mistake for Neferkare 2200 2199 BC Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 73 Short lived pharaoh possibly an aged son of Pepi II 1 year and 1 month c 2183 BC Neitiqerty Nitocris Siptah I Identical with Netjerkare This male king gave rise to the legendary queen Nitocris of Herodotus and Manetho 74 Sometimes classified as the first king of the combined 7th 8th Dynasties Short reign c 2182 2179 BCFirst Intermediate Period EditMain article First Intermediate Period of Egypt The First Intermediate Period 2183 2060 BC is a period of disarray and chaos between the end of the Old Kingdom and the advent of the Middle Kingdom The Old Kingdom rapidly collapsed after the death of Pepi II He had reigned for more than 64 and likely up to 94 years longer than any monarch in history The latter years of his reign were marked by inefficiency because of his advanced age The union of the Two Kingdoms fell apart and regional leaders had to cope with the resulting famine The kings of the 7th and 8th Dynasties who represented the successors of the 6th Dynasty tried to hold onto some power in Memphis but owed much of it to powerful nomarchs After 20 to 45 years they were overthrown by a new line of pharaohs based in Herakleopolis Magna Some time after these events a rival line based at Thebes revolted against their nominal Northern overlords and united Upper Egypt Around 2055 BC Mentuhotep II the son and successor of pharaoh Intef III defeated the Herakleopolitan pharaohs and reunited the Two Lands thereby starting the Middle Kingdom Seventh and Eighth Dynasties Edit Main articles Seventh Dynasty of Egypt and Eighth Dynasty of Egypt The Seventh and Eighth Dynasties ruled for approximately 20 45 years They comprise numerous ephemeral kings reigning from Memphis over a possibly divided Egypt and in any case holding only limited power owing to the effectively feudal system into which the administration had evolved The list below is based on the Abydos King List dating to the reign of Seti I and taken from Jurgen von Beckerath s Handbuch der agyptischen Konigsnamen 75 as well as from Kim Ryholt s latest reconstruction of the Turin canon another king list dating to the Ramesside Era 76 Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Menkare Likely attested by a relief fragment from the tomb of queen Neit 77 78 79 Probably short around 2181 BC Neferkare II Unknown Neferkare III Neby Attested by inscriptions in the tomb of his mother Ankhesenpepi started the construction of a pyramid in Saqqara Unknown Djedkare Shemai Unknown Neferkare IV Khendu Unknown Merenhor Unknown Sneferka Neferkamin I Unknown Nikare Possibly attested by a cylinder seal Unknown Neferkare V Tereru Unknown Neferkahor Attested by a cylinder seal Unknown Neferkare VI Pepiseneb Unknown to 2171 BC Neferkamin Anu Around 2170 BC Qakare Ibi Built a poorly constructed pyramid at Saqqara inscribed with the last known instance of the Pyramid Texts 2175 2171 BC Neferkaure Attested by one to three decrees from the temple of Min at Coptos 2167 2163 BC Neferkauhor Khuwihapi Attested by eight decrees from the temple of Min and an inscription in the tomb of Shemay 2163 2161 BC Neferirkare Pepi Possibly to be identified with horus Demedjibtawy in which case he is attested by a decree from the temple of Min 2161 2160 BCNinth Dynasty Edit Main article Ninth Dynasty of Egypt The Ninth Dynasty 80 ruled from 2160 to 2130 BC 31 The Turin King List has 18 kings reigning in the Ninth and Tenth Dynasties Of these twelve names are missing and four are partial 80 Image Name Comments Dates Meryibre Khety I Acthoes I Manetho states that Achthoes founded this dynasty 2160 BC unknown 31 Name lost Unknown Neferkare VII Unknown Nebkaure Khety II Acthoes II Unknown Senenh or Setut Unknown Name lost Unknown Mery Unknown Shed Unknown H Unknown Name lost Unknown Name lost Unknown Name lost UnknownUser UnknownTenth Dynasty Edit Main article Tenth Dynasty of Egypt The Tenth Dynasty was a local group that held sway over Lower Egypt and ruled from 2130 to 2040 BC 31 Image Name Comments Dates Meryhathor 2130 BC unknown Neferkare VIII Between 2130 and 2040 BCE Wahkare Khety III Acthoes III Unknown Merykare Unknown 2040 BC Name lost Few monthsEleventh Dynasty Edit Main article Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt The Eleventh Dynasty originated from a group of Theban nomarchs serving kings of the 8th 9th or 10th dynasty with roots in Upper Egypt that ruled from 2134 to 1991 BC Image Name Comments Dates Intef the Elder Theban nomarch Iry pat serving an unnamed king later considered a founding figure of the 11th Dynasty UnknownThe successors of Intef the Elder starting with Mentuhotep I became independent from their northern overlords and eventually conquered Egypt under Mentuhotep II Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Tepia Mentuhotep I Nominally a Theban nomarch Tepy a but may have ruled independently Unknown 2133 BC Sehertawy Intef I First member of the dynasty to claim a Horus name 2133 2117 BC 31 Wahankh Intef II Conquered Abydos and its nome 2117 2068 BC 31 Nakhtnebtepnefer Intef III Conquered Asyut and possibly moved further North up to the 17th nome 81 2068 2060 BC 31 Middle Kingdom EditMain article Middle Kingdom of Egypt The Middle Kingdom of Egypt 2040 1802 BC is the period from the end of the First Intermediate Period to the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period In addition to the Twelfth Dynasty some scholars include the Eleventh Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties in the Middle Kingdom The Middle Kingdom can be noted for the expansion of trade outside of the kingdom that occurred during this time Eleventh Dynasty cont Edit The second part of the Eleventh Dynasty is usually considered to be the beginning of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II 82 Mentuhotep II regained all Egypt c 2015 BC Middle Kingdom begins becomes first pharaoh of Middle Kingdom 2060 2040 BC 31 King of Upper Egypt only 2040 2009 BC 31 King of Upper and Lower Egypt Sankhkare Mentuhotep III 83 Commanded the first expedition to Punt of the Middle Kingdom 2009 1997 BC 31 Nebtawyre Mentuhotep IV 84 Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists tomb unknown May have been overthrown by his vizier and successor Amenemhat I 1997 1991 BC 31 Enigmatic kings only attested in Lower Nubia Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Menkhkare Segerseni 85 Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists tomb unknown Only attested in Lower Nubia most likely a usurper at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty Early 20th century BC Qakare Ini 85 Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists tomb unknown Only attested in Lower Nubia most likely a usurper at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty Early 20th century BC Iyibkhentre 85 Geregtaw y ef Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists tomb unknown Only attested in Lower Nubia most likely a usurper at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty Early 20th century BCTwelfth Dynasty Edit Main article Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt The Twelfth Dynasty ruled from 1991 to 1802 BC Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Sehetepibre Amenemhat I 86 87 Ammanemes I 88 Amenemhat I was not from a royal family and built the first substantial pyramid since Pepi II at Lisht 89 He restored order in Egypt and then built a new capital called Itjtawy Amenemhat I was probably assassinated 90 1991 1962 BC 31 Kheperkare Senusret I 91 Sesonchosis 92 Senusret I built extensively in upper Egypt including the temple of Amun at Karnak 93 Senusret I claimed to have sent 17 000 people into the Wadi Hammamat to bring back stone for 150 statues and 60 sphinxes 94 He also constructed a pyramid at Lisht near his fathers pyramid 1971 1926 BC Nubkaure Amenemhat II 95 Ammenemes II 96 Amenemhat II recorded his reign in now fragmented annals 97 The Egyptian navy may have attacked Cyprus during his campaigns 98 Amenemhat II also built a pyramid at Dashur Ruled for at least 35 years 1929 1895 BC 31 Khakheperre Senusret II 99 No name given by Manetho 100 Senusret II developed the Fayyum as a major agricultural resource during his reign 101 He also built a pyramid at Lahun 1897 1878 BC 31 Khakaure Senusret III 102 Sesostris 103 Senusret III got rid of nomarchs and made 3 administrative districts 104 He also led campaigns into Lower Nubia in his 8th 10th 16th and 18th regnal years 105 Senusret III also built his own pyramid at Dashur and was the most powerful and influential pharaoh of the 12th dynasty 1878 1860 BC Nimaatre Amenemhat III 106 Lamares 107 Amenemhat III further developed the Fayyum as an agricultural region 108 He also constructed a large mortuary complex at Hawara including his pyramid the mortuary complex was probably the labyrinth that inspired the ancient greek authors 109 1860 1815 BC Maakherure Amenemhat IV 110 Ammenemes 111 Had a co regency lasting at least 1 year based on an inscription at Konosso 1815 1807 BC Sobekkare Sobekneferu 112 Skemiophris 113 The first known archeologically attested female Pharaoh 1807 1802 BCThe position of a possible additional ruler Seankhibtawy Seankhibra is uncertain He may be an ephemeral king or a name variant of a king of the 12th or 13th Dynasty Second Intermediate Period EditMain article Second Intermediate Period of Egypt The Second Intermediate Period 1802 1550 BC is a period of disarray between the end of the Middle Kingdom and the start of the New Kingdom It is best known as when the Hyksos whose reign comprised the Fifteenth Dynasty made their appearance in Egypt The Thirteenth Dynasty was much weaker than the Twelfth Dynasty and was unable to hold onto the two lands of Egypt Either at the start of the dynasty c 1805 BC or toward the middle of it in c 1710 BC the provincial ruling family in Xois located in the marshes of the eastern Delta broke away from the central authority to form the Canaanite Fourteenth Dynasty The Hyksos made their first appearance during the reign of Sobekhotep IV and around 1720 BC took control of the town of Avaris the modern Tell el Dab a Khata na conquering the kingdom of the 14th dynasty Sometime around 1650 BC the Hyksos perhaps led by Salitis the founder of the Fifteenth Dynasty conquered Memphis thereby terminating the 13th dynasty The power vacuum in Upper Egypt resulting from the collapse of the 13th dynasty allowed the 16th dynasty to declare its independence in Thebes only to be overrun by the Hyksos kings shortly thereafter Subsequently as the Hyksos withdrew from Upper Egypt the native Egyptian ruling house in Thebes set itself up as the Seventeenth Dynasty This dynasty eventually drove the Hyksos back into Asia under Seqenenre Tao Kamose and finally Ahmose first pharaoh of the New Kingdom Thirteenth Dynasty Edit Main article Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt The Thirteenth Dynasty following the Turin King List ruled from 1802 to around 1649 BC and lasted 153 or 154 years according to Manetho This table should be contrasted with Known kings of the 13th Dynasty Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep I Founded the 13th Dynasty His reign is well attested Referred to as Sobekhotep I in dominant hypothesis known as Sobekhotep II in older studies 1802 1800 BC 114 Mehibtawy Sekhemkare Amenemhat Sonbef Perhaps a brother of Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep and son of Amenemhat IV 114 1800 1796 BC 114 Nerikare Sobek Attested on a Nile record from Semna 115 1796 BC Sekhemkare Amenemhat V Ruled for 3 to 4 years 114 1796 1793 BC 114 Ameny Qemau Buried in his pyramid in south Dashur 1795 1792 BC Hotepibre Qemau Siharnedjheritef Also called Sehotepibre 1792 1790 BC Iufni Only attested on the Turin canon Very short reign possibly c 1790 1788 BC 114 Seankhibre Amenemhat VI Attested on the Turin Canon 116 1788 1785 BC Semenkare Nebnuni Attested on the Turin Canon 117 1785 1783 BC 114 or 1739 BC 118 Sehetepibre Sewesekhtawy Attested on the Turin Canon 119 1783 1781 BC 114 Sewadjkare I Known only from the Turin canon 1781 BCE Nedjemibre Known only from the Turin canon 7 months 1780 BC 114 or 1736 BC 118 Khaankhre Sobekhotep Referred to as Sobekhotep II in dominant hypothesis known as Sobekhotep I in older studies Reigned c 3 years 1780 1777 BC 114 Renseneb 4 months 1777 BC 114 Awybre Hor Famous for his intact tomb treasure and Ka statue Reigned 1 year and 6 months 1777 1775 BC 114 Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw Possibly a son of Hor Awibre Estimated reign 3 years 1775 1772 BC 114 Djedkheperew Possibly a son of Hor Awibre and brother of Khabaw previously identified with Khendjer Estimated reign 2 years 1772 1770 BC 114 Sebkay Possibly two kings Seb and his son Kay 114 Sedjefakare Kay Amenemhat A well known king attested on numerous stelas and other documents 5 to 7 years or 3 years 1769 1766 BC 114 Khutawyre Wegaf Founder of the dynasty in old studies Around 1767 BC Userkare Khendjer Possibly the first Semitic pharaoh built a pyramid at Saqqara Minimum 4 years and 3 months c 1765 BC Smenkhkare Imyremeshaw Attested by two colossal statues Reigned less than 10 years starting 1759 BC 114 or 1711 BC 120 Sehetepkare Intef IV Less than 10 years Meribre Seth Reign ended 1749 BCE Sekhemresewadjtawy Sobekhotep III 4 years and 2 months 1755 1751 BC Khasekhemre Neferhotep I 11 years 1751 1740 BC Menwadjre Sihathor Ephemeral coregent with his brother Neferhotep I may not have reigned independently 1739 BC 114 Khaneferre Sobekhotep IV 10 or 11 years 1740 1730 BC Merhotepre Sobekhotep V 1730 BC Khahotepre Sobekhotep VI 4 years 8 months and 29 days Around 1725 BC Wahibre Ibiau 10 years and 8 months 1725 1714 BC or 1712 1701 BC 114 Merneferre Ay I Longest reigning king of the dynasty 23 years 8 months and 18 days 1701 1677 BC 114 or 1714 1691 BC Merhotepre Ini Possibly a son of his predecessor 2 years 3 or 4 months and 9 days 1677 1675 BC 114 or 1691 1689 BC Sankhenre Sewadjtu Attested only on the Turin canon 3 years and 2 4 months 1675 1672 BC 114 Mersekhemre Ined May be the same person as Neferhotep II 3 years 1672 1669 BC 114 Sewadjkare II Hori Reigned 5 years 5 years Merkawre Sobekhotep VII Reigned 2 years and 6 months 114 1664 1663 BC 114 Name lost Seven kings Names lost in a lacuna of the Turin canon 114 1663 BC 114 Name lost Name lost Name lost Name lost Name lost Name lost Mer re Unknown Merkheperre Some time between 1663 BC and 1649 BC 114 Merkare Attested only on the Turin canon Some time between 1663 BC and 1649 BC 114 Name lost Unknown Sewadjare Mentuhotep V Around 1655 BC 114 mosre Unknown Ibi maatre Unknown Hor webenre Unknown Se kare Unknown Unknown Seheqenre Sankhptahi May be the son of his predecessor Between 1663 and 1649 BC re Unknown Unknown Se enre Unknown Unknown 1649 BC 114 The position of the following kings is uncertain Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Djedhotepre Dedumose I Possibly a king of the 16th dynasty Around 1654 BC Djedneferre Dedumose II Possibly a king of the 16th dynasty Unknown Sewahenre Senebmiu Late 13th dynasty After 1660 BC 114 Mershepsesre Ini II Late 13th dynasty Unknown Menkhaure Snaaib Possibly a king of the Abydos Dynasty UnknownFourteenth Dynasty Edit Main article Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt The Fourteenth Dynasty was a local group from the eastern Delta based at Avaris 121 that ruled from either 1805 BC or around 1710 BC until around 1650 BC The dynasty comprised many rulers with West Semitic names and is thus believed to have been Canaanite in origin It is here given according to Ryholt however this reconstruction of the dynasty is heavily debated with the position of the five kings preceding Nehesy highly disputed Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Sekhaenre Yakbim Chronological position uncertain here given according to Ryholt 121 1805 1780 BC Nubwoserre Ya ammu Chronological position uncertain here given per Ryholt 121 1780 1770 BC Khawoserre 121 Qareh Chronological position uncertain here given per Ryholt 121 1770 1760 BC Aahotepre 121 Ammu Chronological position uncertain here given per Ryholt 121 1760 1745 BC Maaibre Sheshi 122 Chronological position duration of reign and extend of rule uncertain here given according to Ryholt 121 Alternatively he could be an early Hyksos king a Hyksos ruler of the second part of the 15th Dynasty or a vassal of the Hyksos 1745 1705 BC Aasehre Nehesy Short reign perhaps a son of Sheshi 121 Around 1705 Khakherewre Unknown Nebefawre Around 1704 BC Sehebre Possibly identifiable with Wazad or Sheneh 114 Around 1704 to 1699 BC Merdjefare Possibly identifiable with Wazad or Sheneh 114 Around 1699 BC Sewadjkare III Unknown Nebdjefare 1694 BC Webenre Unknown Name lost Unknown djefare Unknown webenre Around 1690 BC Awibre II Unknown Heribre Unknown Nebsenre 121 Attested by a jar bearing his prenomen At least 5 months of reign some time between 1690 BC and 1649 BC Name lost Unknown re Unknown Sekheperenre 121 Attested by a single scarab seal 2 months some time between 1690 BC and 1649 BC Djedkherewre Unknown Sankhibre II Unknown Nefertum re Unknown Sekhem re Unknown Kakemure Unknown Neferibre Unknown I re Unknown Khakare Unknown Akare 123 Only known from the Turin canon Unknown Semenenre Hapu Unknown Djedkare 121 Anati Only known from the Turin canon Unknown Bebnum 121 Only known from the Turin canon Some time between 1690 BC and 1649 BC Name lost Eight lines lost in the Turin canon Unknown Name lost Unknown Name lost Unknown Name lost Unknown Name lost Unknown Name lost Unknown Name lost Unknown Name lost Unknown Senefer re Unknown Men re Unknown Djed re Unknown Name lost Three lines lost in the Turin canon Unknown Name lost Unknown Name lost Unknown Ink Unknown A 124 Only known from the Turin canon Name may be read as Ineb according to Alan Gardiner 124 Unknown Apepi 121 Possibly attested as a king s son by 5 scarabs seals c 1650 BC Name lost Five lines lost in the Turin canon Unknown Name lost Unknown Name lost Unknown Name lost Unknown Name lost UnknownThe position and identity of the following pharaohs is uncertain Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Khamure 114 Unknown Nuya 114 Attested by a scarab seal Unknown Sheneh 114 May be identifiable with Sehebre or Merdjefare Unknown Shenshek 114 Attested by a scarab seal Unknown Wazad 114 May be identifiable with Sehebre or Merdjefare Around 1700 BC Yakareb 114 Unknown Meruserre Yaqub Har 122 May belong to the 14th dynasty the 15th dynasty or be a vassal of the Hyksos 17th 16th centuries BCThe Turin King List provides additional names none of which are attested beyond the list Fifteenth Dynasty Edit Main article Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt The Fifteenth Dynasty arose from among the Hyksos people who emerged from the Fertile Crescent to establish a short lived governance over much of the Nile region and ruled from 1674 to 1535 BC Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Salitis Ruled Lower Egypt and founded the 15th Dynasty around 1650 BCE Semqen Chronological position uncertain 1649 BC Unknown Aper Anat Chronological position uncertain Unknown Sakir Har Unknown Seuserenre Khyan Apex of the Hyksos power conquered Thebes toward the end of his reign likely 30 35 years Nebkhepeshre Aqenenre Auserre Apepi 1590 BC Nakhtyre Hotepibre Khamudi 1555 1544 BCAbydos Dynasty Edit Main article Abydos Dynasty The Second Intermediate Period may include an independent dynasty reigning over Abydos from around 1650 BC until 1600 BC 125 126 127 Four attested kings may be tentatively attributed to the Abydos Dynasty and they are given here without regard for their unknown chronological order Image Prenomen Nomen Comments Dates Woseribre Senebkay Tomb discovered in 2014 Perhaps identifiable with a Woser re of the Turin canon Around 1650 BC Menkhaure Snaaib May belong to the late 13th Dynasty 128 129 130 Uncertain Sekhemrekhutawy Pantjeny May belong to the late 16th Dynasty 131 Uncertain Sekhemraneferkhau Wepwawetemsaf May belong to the late 16th Dynasty 131 Uncertain hebre Only known from the Turin Canon Believed by Kim Ryholt to have been part of the Abydos dynasty 132 UncertainSixteenth Dynasty Edit Main article Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt The Sixteenth Dynasty was a native Theban dynasty emerging from the collapse of the Memphis based 13th dynasty around 1650 BC They were finally conquered by the Hyksos 15th dynasty around 1580 BC The 16th dynasty held sway over Upper Egypt only Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Name of the first king is lost here in the Turin King List and cannot be recovered Unknown Sekhemresementawy Djehuti 3 years Sekhemreseusertawy Sobekhotep VIII 16 years Sekhemresankhtawy Neferhotep III 1 year Seankhenre Mentuhotepi May be a king of the 17th Dynasty 129 lt l1 year Sewadjenre Nebiryraw I 26 years Neferkare Nebiryraw II Around 1600 BC Semenre Around 1600 BC Seuserenre Bebiankh 12 years Djedhotepre Dedumose I May be a king of the 13th Dynasty 129 Around 1588 1582 BC Djedneferre Dedumose II Around 1588 1582 BC Djedankhre Montemsaf Around 1590 BC Merankhre Mentuhotep VI Short reign around 1585 BC Seneferibre Senusret IV Unknown Sekhemre Shedwast May be the same as Sekhemre Shedtawy Sobekemsaf II UnknownThe 16th Dynasty may also have comprised the reigns of pharaohs Sneferankhre Pepi III 133 and Nebmaatre Their chronological position is uncertain 128 129 Seventeenth Dynasty Edit Main article Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt The Seventeenth Dynasty was based in Upper Egypt and ruled from 1650 to 1550 BC Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Sekhemrewahkhaw Rahotep Around 1620 BC Sekhemre Wadjkhaw Sobekemsaf I At least 7 years Sekhemre Shedtawy Sobekemsaf II His tomb was robbed and burned during the reign of Ramesses IX Unknown to around 1573 BC Sekhemre Wepmaat Intef V Possibly around 1573 1571 BC Nubkheperre Intef VI Reigned more than 3 years Around 1571 to the mid 1560s BC Sekhemre Heruhirmaat Intef VII Late 1560s BC Senakhtenre Ahmose Around 1558 BC Seqenenre Tao Died in battle against the Hyksos 1558 1554 BC Wadjkheperre Kamose 1554 1549 BCThe early 17th Dynasty may also have included the reign of a pharaoh Nebmaatre whose chronological position is uncertain 114 New Kingdom EditMain article New Kingdom of Egypt The New Kingdom 1550 1077 BC is the period covering the Eighteenth Nineteenth and Twentieth dynasty of Egypt from the 16th to the 11th century BC between the Second Intermediate Period and the Third Intermediate Period Through military dominance abroad the New Kingdom saw Egypt s greatest territorial extent It expanded far into Nubia in the south and held wide territories in the Near East Egyptian armies fought with Hittite armies for control of modern day Syria Three of the best known pharaohs of the New Kingdom are Akhenaten also known as Amenhotep IV whose exclusive worship of the Aten is often interpreted as the first instance of monotheism Tutankhamun known for the discovery of his nearly intact tomb and Ramesses II who attempted to recover the territories in modern Israel Palestine Lebanon and Syria that had been held in the Eighteenth Dynasty His reconquest led to the Battle of Qadesh where he led the Egyptian armies against the army of the Hittite king Muwatalli II Eighteenth Dynasty Edit Main article Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt The Eighteenth Dynasty ruled from c 1550 to 1292 BC Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Nebpehtire Ahmose I Ahmosis I Brother and successor to Kamose conquered north of Egypt from the Hyksos Around 1550 1525 BC Radiocarbon date range for the start of his reign is 1570 1544 BC the mean point of which is 1557 BC 134 Djeserkare Amenhotep I Son of Ahmose I Amenhotep I led campaigns in nubia down to the 3rd Nile cataract 135 He also introduced the practice of having the tomb and funerary temple in separate locations rather than in the same location 136 It is possible that Amenhotep I and his mother Ahmose Nefertari founded the tomb workers village of Deir el Medina the two were honored as gods by later residents 137 1541 1520 BC Aakheperkare Thutmose I Father unknown though possibly Amenhotep I His mother is known to be Senseneb Thutmose I established family control over the Egyptian throne for the next 175 years 138 Thutmose I defeated the Kingdom of Kush and destroyed Kerma in Nubia he campaigned in Syria as far as the Euphrates River 139 He is also the father of Thutmose II and Hatshepsut 140 1520 1492 BC Aakheperenre Thutmose II Son of Thutmose I Grandson of Amenhotep I through his mother Mutnofret 1492 1479 BC Maatkare Hatshepsut The second known female ruler of Egypt May have ruled jointly with her nephew Thutmose III during the early part of her reign Famous for her expedition to Punt documented on her famous Mortuary Temple at Deir el Bahari Built many temples and monuments Ruled during the height of Egypt s power Was the daughter of Thutmose I and the Great Wife of her brother Thutmose II 1479 1458 BC Menkheperre Thutmose III Son of Thutmose II May have ruled jointly with Hatshepsut his aunt and step mother during the early part of her reign Famous for his territorial expansion into the Levant and Nubia Under his reign the Ancient Egyptian Empire was at its greatest extent Ruled during the height of Egypt s Power Before the end of his reign he obliterated Hatshepsut s name and image from temples and monuments 1458 1425 BC Aakheperrure Amenhotep II Son of Thutmose III Ruled during the height of Egypt s Power 1425 1400 BC Menkheperure Thutmose IV Famous for his Dream Stele Son of Amenhotep II Ruled during the height of Egypt s Power 1400 1390 BC Nebmaatre Amenhotep III The Magnificent Father of Akhenaten and grandfather of Tutankhamun Ruled Egypt at the height of its power Built many temples and monuments including his enormous Mortuary Temple Was the son of Thutmose IV 1390 1352 BC Neferkheperure Waenre Amenhotep IV Akhenaten Achencheres Founder of the Amarna Period in which he changed the state religion from the polytheistic Ancient Egyptian religion to the Monotheistic Atenism centered around the worship of the Aten an image of the sun disc He moved the capital to Akhetaten Was the second son of Amenhotep III He changed his name from Amenhotep Amun is pleased to Akhenaten Effective for the Aten to reflect his religion change 1352 1336 BC Ankhkheperure Smenkhkare Ruled jointly with Akhenaten during the later years of his reign Unknown if Smenkhare ever ruled in his own right Identity and even the gender of Smenkhare is uncertain Some suggest he may have been the son of Akhenaten possibly the same person as Tutankhamun others speculate Smenkhare may have been Nefertiti or Meritaten May have been succeeded by or identical with a female Pharaoh named Neferneferuaten 1335 1334 BC Ankhkheperure mery Neferkheperure Neferneferuaten A female Pharaoh possibly the same ruler as Smenkhkare Archaeological evidence relates to a woman who reigned as pharaoh toward the end of the Amarna Period It is likely she was Nefertiti 1334 1332 BC Nebkheperure Tutankhaten Tutankhamun Commonly believed to be the son of Akhenaten most likely reinstated the polytheistic Ancient Egyptian religion His name change from Tutankhaten to Tutankhamun reflects the change in religion from the monolatristic Atenism to the classic religion of which Amun is a major deity He is thought to have taken the throne at around age eight or nine and to have died around age eighteen or nineteen giving him the nickname The Boy King Tutankhamun was a weak ruler suffering from multiple health issues However he became famous for being buried in a decorative tomb intended for someone else called KV62 1332 1324 BC Kheperkheperure Ay II Was Grand Vizier to Tutankhamun and an important official during the reigns of Akhenaten and Smenkhkare Possibly the brother of Tiye Great Wife of Amenhotep III and also possibly father of Nefertiti Great Wife of Akhenaten Believed to have been born into nobility but not royalty Succeeded Tutankhamun due to his lack of an heir 1324 1320 BC Djeserkheperure Setpenre Horemheb Born a Commoner Was a General during the Amarna Period Obliterated Images of the Amarna Pharaohs and destroyed and vandalized buildings and monuments associated with them Succeeded Ay despite Nakhtmin being the intended heir 1320 1292 BCNineteenth Dynasty Edit Main article Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt The Nineteenth Dynasty ruled from 1292 to 1186 BC and includes one of the greatest pharaohs Ramesses II the Great Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Menpehtire Ramesses I 141 Of non royal birth Succeeded Horemheb due to his lack of an heir 1292 1290 BC Menmaatre Seti I Regained much of the territory that was lost under the reign of Akhenaten 1290 1279 BC Usermaatre Setpenre Ozymandias Ramesses II the Great Continued expanding Egypt s territory until he reached a stalemate with the Hittite Empire at the Battle of Kadesh in 1275 BC after which the famous Egyptian Hittite peace treaty was signed in 1258 BC Had one of the longest Egyptian reigns Known for his large scale construction projects including many now famous monuments 1279 1213 BC Banenre Merneptah 142 Thirteenth son of Ramesses II 1213 1203 BC Menmire Setpenre Amenmesse Most likely a usurper to the throne Possibly ruled in opposition to Seti II Suggested son of Merneptah 1203 1200 BC Userkheperure Seti II 143 Son of Merneptah May have had to overcome a contest by Amenmesse before he could solidify his claim to the throne 1203 1197 BC Sekhaenre Akhenre Merenptah Siptah 144 Possibly son of Seti II or Amenmesse ascended to throne at a young age 1197 1191 BC Satre Merenamun Tausret Probably the wife of Seti II Also known as Twosret or Tawosret 1191 1190 BCTwentieth Dynasty Edit Main article Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt The Twentieth Dynasty ruled from 1190 to 1077 BC Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Userkhaure Setnakhte Not related to Seti II Siptah or Tausret May have usurped the throne from Tausret Did not recognize Siptah or Tausret as legitimate rulers Possibly a member of a minor line of the Ramesside royal family Also called Setnakt 1190 1186 BC Usermaatre Meryamun Ramesses III Son of Setnakhte Fought the Sea Peoples in 1175 BC Possibly assassinated Harem conspiracy 1186 1155 BC Usermaatre Heqamaatre Setpenamun Ramesses IV Son of Ramesses III During his reign Egyptian power started to decline 1155 1149 BC Usermaatre Sekheperenre Ramesses V Son of Ramesses IV 1149 1145 BC Nebmaatre Meryamun Ramesses VI Son of Ramesses III Brother of Ramesses IV Uncle of Ramesses V 1145 1137 BC Usermaatre Setpenre Meryamun Ramesses VII Son of Ramesses VI 1137 1130 BC Usermaatre Akhenamun Ramesses VIII An obscure Pharaoh who reigned only around a year Identifiable with Prince Sethiherkhepeshef II Son of Ramesses III Brother of Ramesses IV and Ramesses VI Uncle of Ramesses V and Ramesses VII He is the sole Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty whose tomb has not been found 1130 1129 BC Neferkare Setpenre Ramesses IX Probably grandson of Ramesses III through his father Montuherkhopshef First cousin of Ramesses V and Ramesses VII 1129 1111 BC Khepermaatre Setpenptah Ramesses X 145 A poorly documented Pharaoh his reign was between 3 and 10 years long His origins are completely uncertain 1111 1107 BC Menmaatre Setpenptah Ramesses XI 146 Possibly the son of Ramesses X During the second half of his reign High Priest of Amun Herihor ruled over the south from Thebes limiting his power to Lower Northern Egypt He was succeeded in the north by Smendes 1107 1077 BCThird Intermediate Period EditMain article Third Intermediate Period of Egypt The Third Intermediate Period 1077 664 BC marked the end of the New Kingdom after the collapse of the Egyptian empire at the end of the Bronze Age A number of dynasties of Libyan origin ruled giving this period its alternative name of the Libyan Period Twenty First Dynasty Edit Main article Twenty first dynasty of Egypt The Twenty First Dynasty was based at Tanis and was a relatively weak group Theoretically they were rulers of all Egypt but in practice their influence was limited to Lower Egypt They ruled from 1077 to 943 BC Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Hedjkheperre Setpenre Nesbanebdjed I 147 Smendes I Married to Tentamun probable daughter of Ramesses XI 1077 1051 BC Neferkare Amenemnisu Obscure four year reign 1051 1047 BC Aakheperre Pasebakhenniut I Psusennes I Son of Pinedjem I a High Priest of Amun Ruled for 40 to 51 years Famous for his intact tomb at Tanis Known as The Silver Pharaoh due to the magnificent silver coffin he was buried in One of the most powerful rulers of the Dynasty 1047 1001 BC Usermaatre Amenemope Son of Psusennes I 1001 992 BC Aakheperre Setepenre Osorkon the Elder Son of Shoshenq A Great Chief of the Meshwesh Libya Also known as Osochor 992 986 BC Netjerikheperre Setpenamun Siamun Unknown Origins Built extensively for a third intermediate period Pharaoh One of the most powerful rulers of the dynasty 986 967 BC Titkheperure Pasebakhenniut II Psusennes II Son of Pinedjem II a High Priest of Amun 967 943 BCTheban High Priests of Amun Edit Main article Theban High Priests of Amun Though not officially pharaohs the High Priests of Amun at Thebes were the de facto rulers of Upper Egypt during the Twenty first dynasty writing their names in cartouches and being buried in royal tombs Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Hemnetjertepenamun Herihor Siamun Ruled in the south in Thebes while Ramesses XI ruled from the north in Pi Ramesses Some sources suggest he may have reigned after Piankh 1080 1074 BC Piankh Some sources suggest he may have reigned before Herihor 1074 1070 BC Kheperkhawra Setepenamun Pinedjem I Meriamun Son of Piankh Father of Psusennes I 1070 1032 BC Masaharta Son of Pinedjem I 1054 1045 BC Djedkhonsuefankh Son of Pinedjem I 1046 1045 BC Hemnetjertepienamun Menkheperre Son of Pinedjem I 1045 992 BC Nesbanebdjed II Smendes II Son of Menkheperre 992 990 BC Pinedjem II Son of Menkheperre Father of Psusennes II 990 976 BC Titkheprure Hemnetjertepienamun Pasebakhaennuit Psusennes III Possibly the same person as Psusennes II Either he or Pinedjem II is generally considered to be the last High Priest of Amun to consider himself as a pharaoh like figure 976 943 BCTwenty Second Dynasty Edit Main article Twenty second Dynasty of Egypt The pharaohs of the Twenty Second Dynasty were Libyans ruling from around 943 to 728 BC Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Hedjkheperre Setpenre Shoshenq I Meriamun Son of Nimlot A a brother of Osorkon the Elder and a Great Chief of the Meshwesh Libyans Possibly the biblical Shishaq 943 922 BC Sekhemkheperre Setepenre Osorkon I Meriamun Son of Shoshenq I 922 887 BC Heqakheperre Setepenre Shoshenq II Meriamun Obscure pharaoh possibly a usurper 887 885 BC Tutkheperre Shoshenq IIb Obscure pharaoh placement uncertain 880s BC Hedjkheperre Setepenamun Harsiese Meriamun A An obscure rebel at Thebes 880 860 BC Hedjkheperre Setepenre Takelot I Meriamun Son of Osorkon I 885 872 BC Usermaatre Setpenamun Osorkon II Meriamun Son of Takelot I 872 837 BC Usermaatre Setpenre Shoshenq III Meriamun 837 798 BC Hedjkheperre Setepenre Shoshenq IV Meriamun Sabast Netjerheqaiunu 798 785 BC Usermaatre Setpenre Pami Meriamun 785 778 BC Aakheperre Shoshenq V 778 740 BC Usermaatre Osorkon IV 740 720 BCTwenty Third Dynasty Edit Main article Twenty third Dynasty of Egypt The Twenty Third Dynasty was a local group again of Libyan origin based at Herakleopolis and Thebes that ruled from 837 to c 735 BC Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Hedjkheperre Setpenre Takelot II Siesemeriamun Previously thought to be a 22nd Dynasty pharaoh he is now known to be the founder of the 23rd 837 813 BC Usermaatre Setpenamun Meriamun Pedubast I A rebel seized Thebes from Takelot II 826 801 BC Iuput I Meriamun Co regent with Pedubast 812 811 BC Usermaatre Meryamun Shoshenq VI Meriamun Successor to Pedubast 801 795 BC Usermaatre Setpenamun Osorkon III Saisetmeriamun Son of Takelot II recovered Thebes then proclaimed himself king 795 767 BC Usermaatre Setpenamun Takelot III Meriamun Saisetmeriamun Co reign with his father Osorkon III for the first five years of his reign 773 765 BC Usermaatre Setpenamun Meriamun Rudamun Younger son of Osorkon III and brother of Takelot III 765 762 BC Uasnetjerre Hedjkheperre Setepenre Shoshenq VII Saisetmeriamun A poorly attested king Rudamun was succeeded in Thebes by a local ruler Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Menkheperre Ini Reigned at Thebes only 762 Unknown BCTwenty Fourth Dynasty Edit Main article Twenty fourth Dynasty of Egypt The Twenty fourth Dynasty was a short lived rival dynasty located in the western Delta Sais with only two pharaohs ruling from 732 to 720 BC Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Shepsesre Tefnakhte 732 725 BC Wahkare Bakenrenef Bocchoris 725 720 BCTwenty Fifth Dynasty Edit Main article Twenty fifth Dynasty of Egypt Nubians invaded Lower Egypt and took the throne of Egypt under Piye although they already controlled Thebes and Upper Egypt in the early years of Piye s reign Piye s conquest of Lower Egypt established the Twenty fifth Dynasty which ruled until 656 BC Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Usermaatre Piye King of Nubia conquered Egypt in his 20th year full reign at least 24 years possibly 30 years 744 714 BC according to Frederic Payraudeau 148 Djedkaure Shebitku Believed to be Shabaka s successor until the 2010s 714 705 BC according to Frederic Payraudeau 148 Neferkare Shabaka Believed to be Shebitku s predecessor until the 2010s 705 690 BC according to Frederic Payraudeau 148 Khuinefertemre Taharqa Died in 664 BC 690 664 BC 149 Bakare Tantamani Lost control of Upper Egypt in 656 BC when Psamtik I extended his authority into Thebes in that year 664 653 BCThey were ultimately driven back into Nubia where they established a kingdom at Napata 656 590 and later at Meroe 590 BC AD 500 Late Period EditMain article Late Period of Ancient Egypt The Late Period runs from around 664 to 332 BC and includes periods of rule by native Egyptians and Persians Twenty Sixth Dynasty Edit Main article Twenty sixth Dynasty of Egypt The Twenty sixth Dynasty ruled from around 664 to 525 BC 150 Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Menibre Iribre Tefnakht II Stephinates Manetho s Stephinates May have been a descendant of the Twenty fourth Dynasty The father of Necho I 685 678 BC Nekauba Nechepsos Manetho s Nechepsos His existence has been questioned 678 672 BC Menkheperre Nekau I Necho I Was killed by an invading Kushite force in 664 BC under Tantamani Father of Psamtik I 672 664 BCThe son and successor of Nekau I Psamtik I managed to reunify Egypt and is generally regarded as the founder of the Twenty sixth Dynasty Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Wahibre Psamtik I Psammetichus I Reunified Egypt Son of Necho I and father of Necho II 664 610 BC 151 Wehemibre Nekau II Necho II Most likely the pharaoh mentioned in several books of the Bible and the death of Josiah Son of Psamtik I and father of Psamtik II 610 595 BC 151 Neferibre Psamtik II Psammetichus II Son of Necho II and father of Apries 595 589 BC 151 Haaibre Wahibre Apries Fled Egypt after Amasis II who was a general at the time declared himself pharaoh following a civil war Son of Psamtik II 589 570 BC 151 Khnemibre Ahmose II Amasis II He was the last great ruler of Egypt before the Persian conquest According to the Greek historian Herodotus he was of common origins Father of Psamtik III 570 526 BC 151 Ankhkaenre Psamtik III Psammetichus III Son of Amasis II Ruled for about six months before being defeated by the Persians in the Battle of Pelusium and subsequently executed for attempting to revolt 526 525 BC 151 Twenty Seventh Dynasty Edit Main article Twenty seventh Dynasty of Egypt Egypt was conquered by the Persian Empire in 525 BC and constituted a satrapy as part of this empire until 404 BC The Achaemenid Shahanshahs were acknowledged as Pharaohs in this era forming the 27th Dynasty Image Throne name Name Comments Dates Mesutre Kembydjet Cambyses II Defeated Psamtik III at the Battle of Pelusium at 525 BC 525 1 July 522 BC 151 Bardiya Smerdis Gaumata Son of Cyrus the Great 522 BC 151 Seteture Deriush Darius I Ascended throne by overthrowing Gaumata 152 522 November 486 BC 151 Kheshayarusha Xerxes I Assassinated by Artabanus of Persia November 486 December 465 BC 151 Artabanus the Hyrcanian 465 464 BC Arutakhshashas Artaxerxes I Died in 424 BC 464 424 BC Xerxes II A claimant 424 423 BC 151 Sogdianus A claimant 423 July 423 BC 151 Darius II Died in 404 BC July 423 March 404 BC 151 Several native rebellions took place during the 27th dynasty Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Seheruibre Petubastis III 153 A native Egyptian rebel in the Delta 522 21 520 BC Ahmose Nebkaenre Psammetichus IV 153 A proposed native Egyptian rebel leader Exact date uncertain Possibly in the 480s BCTwenty Eighth Dynasty Edit Main article Twenty eighth Dynasty of Egypt The Twenty eighth Dynasty lasted only 6 years from 404 to 398 BC with one pharaoh Image Name Comments Dates Amunirdisu Amyrtaeus Descendant of the Saite pharaohs of the Twenty sixth Dynasty led a successful revolt against the Persians 404 398 BCTwenty Ninth Dynasty Edit Main article Twenty ninth Dynasty of Egypt The Twenty ninth Dynasty ruled from 398 to 380 BC Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Baenre Merynetjeru Nefaarud I Nepherites I Also known as Nepherites Defeated Amyrtaeus in open battle and had him executed 398 393 BC Khnemmaatre Setepenkhnemu Hakor Achoris Son of Nefaarud I Around 392 around 391 BC Userre Setepenptah Pasherienmut Psammuthes Possibly dethroned Hakor for a year Around 391 BC Khnemmaatre Setepenkhnemu Hakor Achoris Retook the throne from Psammuthes Around 390 around 379 BC Nefaarud II Nepherites II Was deposed and likely killed by Nectanebo I after ruling for only 4 months Son of Hakor Around 379 BCThirtieth Dynasty Edit Main article Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt The Thirtieth Dynasty ruled from 379 8 until Egypt once more came under Persian rule c 340 BC 154 155 Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Kheperkare Nekhtnebef Nectanebo I Also known as Nekhtnebef Deposed and likely killed Nefaarud II starting the last dynasty of native Egyptians Father of Teos 379 8 361 0 BC Irimaatenre Djedher Teos Co regent with his father Nectanebo I from about 365 BC Was overthrown by Nectanebo II with the aid of Agesilaus II of Sparta 361 0 359 8 BC Snedjemibre Setepenanhur Nakhthorhebyt Merihathor Nectanebo II Last native ruler of ancient Egypt 156 to be recognized by Manetho 359 8 341 0 BCThirty First Dynasty Edit Main article Thirty first dynasty of Egypt Egypt again came under the control of the Achaemenid Persians After the practice of Manetho the Persian rulers from 340 to 332 BC are occasionally designated as the Thirty first Dynasty Image Name Comments Dates Artaxerxes III Egypt came under Persian rule for the second time c 341 339 338 BC 157 Artaxerxes IV Arses Only reigned in Lower Egypt 338 336 BC Darius III Upper Egypt returned to Persian control in 335 BC The Persian Empire was conquered by Alexander the Great in 332 B C 336 332 BCNative rebellions again took place during the 31st dynasty Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Senensetepuniptah Khababash Rebel pharaoh who led an invasion in Nubia 338 335 BC 151 Hellenistic period EditMain article Hellenistic period Argead Dynasty Edit Main article Argead dynasty The Macedonian Greeks under Alexander the Great ushered in the Hellenistic period with his conquest of Persia and Egypt The Argeads ruled from 332 to 309 BC Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Setpenre Meryamun Aluksindres Alexander the Great Formally Alexander III of Macedon conquered Persia and Egypt 332 13 June 323 BC 151 Setpenre Meryamun Pelupuisa Philip Arrhidaeus Formally Philip III of Macedon Mentally disabled half brother of Alexander the Great 323 317 BC Khaibre Setepenamun Aluksindres Alexander IV Formally Alexander IV of Macedon Son of Alexander the Great and Roxana 317 309 BCPtolemaic Dynasty Edit Main article Ptolemaic dynasty The second Hellenistic dynasty the Ptolemies ruled Egypt from 305 BC until Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC whenever two dates overlap that means there was a co regency The most famous member of this dynasty was Cleopatra VII in modern times known simply as Cleopatra who was successively the consort of Julius Caesar and after Caesar s death of Mark Antony having children with both of them Cleopatra strove to create a dynastic and political union between Egypt and Rome but the assassination of Caesar and the defeat of Mark Antony doomed her plans citation needed Caesarion Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar was the last king of the Ptolemaic Dynasty of Egypt and he reigned jointly with his mother Cleopatra VII of Egypt from September 2 47 BC He was the eldest son of Cleopatra VII and possibly the only son of Julius Caesar after whom he was named Between the alleged death of Cleopatra on August 12 30 BC up to his own alleged death on August 23 30 BC he was nominally the sole pharaoh It is tradition that he was hunted down and killed on the orders of Octavian who would become the Roman emperor Augustus but the historical evidence does not exist citation needed Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Setpenre Meryamun Ptolemy I Soter Abdicated in 285 BC citation needed 7 November 305 January 282 BC 151 Weserkare Meryamun Ptolemy II Philadelphos 28 March 284 28 January 246 BC Khenem et ibenmaat Mer et netjru Arsinoe II Wife of Ptolemy II c 277 July 270 BC 151 Iwaensenwinetjerwy Setepenre Sekhemankhenamun Ptolemy III Euergetes 28 January 246 November December 222 BC Bereniket Meritnetjerou Berenice II Wife of Ptolemy III Murdered 244 243 222 BC Iwaennetjerwymenekhwy Setepenptah Userkare Sekhemankhamun Ptolemy IV Philopator Died in unclear circumstances possibly by fire in the palace or murder November December 222 July August 204 BC Arsinoe III Wife of Ptolemy IV Murdered 220 204 BC Iwaennetjerwymer wy it Setepenptah Userkare Sekhemankhamun Ptolemy V Epiphanes Upper Egypt in revolt 207 186 BC July August 204 September 180 BC Hunu Zatheqa Iretenheqa Mereneterubaqet Kheqerenshenemu Tatetzat Huti Werpehti Sehertawi Redinesnebetirekhitenneferu Qenisinetnebzau Tenisiathoremmeruts Cleopatra I Syra Wife of Ptolemy V co regent with Ptolemy VI during his minority c February 193 176 BC 151 Iwaennetjerwyperu Setepenptahkheperi Irymaatamunre Ptolemy VI Philometor Lived under the control of Ptolemy VIII 164 BC 163 BC restored 163 BC Died 145 BC c May 180 October 164 BC 151 and 163 c July 145 BC 151 Cleopatra II Wife of Ptolemy VI Married Ptolemy VIII around 145 BC led revolt against him in 131 BC and became sole ruler of Egypt Later reconciled with Ptolemy VIII co ruled with Cleopatra III and Ptolemy VIII until 116 BC 175 October 164 BC and163 127 BCand124 116 BC Iwaennetjerwyperwy Setepenptah Irymaatre Sekhemankhenamun Ptolemy VIII Physcon Proclaimed king by Alexandrians in 170 BC ruled jointly with Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II from 169 to 164 BC Restored 145 131 BC and again in 127 BC Died 116 BC 171 163 BC and144 131 BCand127 116 BC Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Proclaimed co ruler by his father later ruled under regency of his mother Cleopatra II 145 144 BC Nebtaoui Kanekhet Cleopatra III Second wife of Ptolemy VIII Restored with Ptolemy VIII in 127 BC later co regent with Ptolemy IX and X Murdered by her own son Ptolemy X 142 131 BC and127 107 BC Ptolemy Memphites Proclaimed King by Cleopatra II soon killed by Ptolemy VIII 131 BC Iwa en netjermenekhnetjeretmeretmutesnedjet et Setepenptah Irimaatre Sekhemankhamun Ptolemy IX Soter Died 80 BC 28 June 116 October 110 BC 151 Cleopatra IV Briefly married to Ptolemy IX but was pushed out by Cleopatra III Later murdered 28 June 116 115 BC 151 Iwa en netjermenekhenetjeretmenkhetre Setepenptah Irimaatre Senenankhenamun Ptolemy X Alexander Died 88 BC October 110 February 109 BC 151 Kliapadrat Bereniket Berenice III Forced to marry Ptolemy XI murdered on his orders 19 days later 81 80 BC Ptolemy XI Alexander Young son of Ptolemy X Alexander installed by Sulla ruled for 80 days before being lynched by citizens for killing Berenice III 80 BC 151 Iwaenpanetjernehem Setepenptah Irimaatenre Sekhemankhamen Ptolemy XII Auletes Son of Ptolemy IX deposed in 58 BC Reigned briefly with his daughter Cleopatra VII before his death in 51 BC 80 58 BC 151 and55 51 BC 151 Cleopatra V Tryphaena Wife of Ptolemy XII mother of Berenice IV 79 68 BC Cleopatra VI Daughter of Ptolemy XII but theorised by some Egyptologists to actually be the same person as Cleopatra V 158 58 57 BC Berenice IV Daughter of Ptolemy XII forced to marry Seleucus Kybiosaktes but had him strangled Joint rule with Cleopatra VI until 57 BC 58 55 BC 151 Weretnebetneferu Akhetzeh Cleopatra VII Ruled jointly with her father Ptolemy XII her brother Ptolemy XIII her brother husband Ptolemy XIV and her son Ptolemy XV In modern usage the stand alone use of Cleopatra with no ordinal number usually refers to Cleopatra VII Committed suicide 31 May 52 159 12 August 30 BC 151 Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator Brother of Cleopatra VII 51 13 January 47 BC Arsinoe IV In opposition to Cleopatra VII December 48 January 47 BC Ptolemy XIV Philopator Younger brother of Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XIII 13 January 47 26 July 44 BC Iwapanetjernetynehem Setepenptah Irimaatre Sekhem ankh enamun Ptolemy XV Caesar Infant son of Cleopatra VII aged 3 when proclaimed co ruler with Cleopatra Last known ruler of ancient Egypt when Rome took over 2 September 44 August 30 BCNative rebellions also took place under Greek rule Image Throne name Personal name Comments Dates Hugronaphor Revolutionary pharaoh in the South 205 199 BC Ankhmakis Revolutionary pharaoh in the South 199 185 BC Harsiesi Revolutionary pharaoh in the South 131 130 BCRome EditMain article Roman pharaoh Egyptian relief depicting the Roman Emperor Trajan right reigned 98 117 AD in full pharaonic style Cleopatra VII had affairs with Roman dictator Julius Caesar and Roman general Mark Antony but it was not until after her suicide after Mark Antony was defeated by Octavian who would later be Emperor Augustus Caesar that Egypt became a province of the Roman Republic in 30 BC Subsequent Roman emperors were accorded the title of pharaoh although exclusively while in Egypt The last Roman emperor to be conferred the title of pharaoh was Maximinus Daza reigned 311 313 AD 2 160 See also Edit Ancient Egypt portal Monarchy portalEgyptian chronology History of Egypt List of Ancient Egyptian Royal ConsortsReferences Edit a b Clayton 1995 p 217 Although paying lip service to the old ideas and religion in varying degrees pharaonic Egypt had in effect died with the last native pharaoh Nectanebo II in 343 BC a b c von Beckerath Jurgen 1999 Handbuch der agyptischen Konigsnamen Verlag Philipp von Zabern pp 266 267 ISBN 978 3422008328 Digital Egypt for Universities www ucl ac uk Retrieved 2019 02 12 Toby A H Wilkinson Royal Annals Of Ancient Egypt Routledge London 2012 ISBN 1 136 60247 X p 50 Toby A H Wilkinson Royal Annals Of Ancient Egypt Routledge London 2012 ISBN 1 136 60247 X p 61 Cervello Autuori Josep 2003 Narmer Menes and the Seals from Abydos In Hawass Zahi ed Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty first Century Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Egyptologists 2000 Vol 2 Cairo American University in Cairo Press pp 168 75 ISBN 9789774247149 Baker Darrell D 2008 Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1 Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300 1069 BC Egypt The American University in Cairo Press p 298 ISBN 978 977 416 221 3 a b Thomas Schneider Lexikon der Pharaonen Albatros Dusseldorf 2002 ISBN 3 491 96053 3 p 259 Thomas Schneider Lexikon der Pharaonen Albatros Dusseldorf 2002 ISBN 3 491 96053 3 p 139 Thomas Schneider Lexikon der Pharaonen Albatros Dusseldorf 2002 ISBN 3 491 96053 3 p 199 Thomas Schneider Lexikon der Pharaonen Albatros Dusseldorf 2002 ISBN 3 491 96053 3 p 138 Thomas Schneider Lexikon der Pharaonen Albatros Dusseldorf 2002 ISBN 3 491 96053 3 p 181 Thomas Schneider Lexikon der Pharaonen Albatros Dusseldorf 2002 ISBN 3 491 96053 3 p 311 a b Thomas Schneider Lexikon der Pharaonen Albatros Dusseldorf 2002 ISBN 3 491 96053 3 p 137 Baker Darrell D 2008 Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1 Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300 1069 BC Egypt The American University in Cairo Press p 3 ISBN 978 977 416 221 3 Baker Darrell D 2008 Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1 Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300 1069 BC Egypt The American University in Cairo Press p 288 ISBN 978 977 416 221 3 Wilke Matthias 2015 04 22 Emanuel Hirsch 1888 1972 Jene zwei Gottinger Stiftsinspektorenjahre haben die Liebe zu Gottingen fur immer in mir erweckt Aber Stiftsgeschichte n Gottingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht pp 187 196 doi 10 13109 9783666570377 187 ISBN 978 3 525 57037 1 retrieved 2022 10 26 Baker Darrell D 2008 Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1 Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300 1069 BC Egypt The American University in Cairo Press p 104 ISBN 978 977 416 221 3 Felde Rolf Gottheiten Pharaonen und Beamte im alten Agypten Norderstedt 2017 S 125 Baker Darrell D 2008 Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1 Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300 1069 BC Egypt The American University in Cairo Press p 5 ISBN 978 977 416 221 3 a b c d Barry Kemp a1 Andrew Boyce and James Harrell The Colossi from the Early Shrine at Coptos in Egypt in Cambridge Archaeological Journal Volume 10 Issue 2April 2000 233 zur Altagyptischen Kultur Band 37 Ludwig David Morenz Bild Buchstaben und symbolische Zeichen Die Herausbildung der Schrift der hohen Kultur Altagyptens Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 205 Fribourg 2004 ISBN 3 7278 1486 1 p 91 Aufstand gegen den Tod Der Spiegel 24 December 1995 http www nefershapiland de pharaonenliste 201 htm bare URL Gunter Dreyer Horus Krokodil ein Gegenkonig der Dynastie 0 In Renee Friedman and Barbara Adams Hrsg The Followers of Horus Studies dedicated to Michael Allen Hoffman 1949 1990 Egyptian Studies Association Publication vol 2 Oxbow Publications Bloomington IN 1992 ISBN 0 946897 44 1 p 259 263 P Tallet D Laisnay Iry Hor et Narmer au Sud Sinai Ouadi Ameyra un complement a la chronologie des expeditios miniere egyptiene In Bulletin de L Institute Francais D Archeologie Orientale BIFAO 112 Ausgabe 2012 S 381 395 Jurgen von Beckerath Handbuch der agyptischen Konigsnamen Munchner agyptologische Studien vol 49 von Zabern Mainz 1999 ISBN 3 8053 2591 6 p 36 37 Toby Wilkinson Early Dynastic Egypt Strategy Society and Security Routeledge London 1999 ISBN 0 415 18633 1 p 38 56 amp 57 Stewart John 2006 African States and Rulers Third ed London McFarland p 77 ISBN 0 7864 2562 8 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Stewart John 2006 African States and Rulers Third ed London McFarland p 81 ISBN 0 7864 2562 8 Elizabeth BLOXAM Wouter CLAES Tiphaine DACHY Maude EHRENFELD Ashraf EL SENUSSI Chloe GIRARDI James HARRELL Thomas C HEAGY Stan HENDRICKX Christiane HOCHSTRASSER PETIT Dirk HUYGE Clara JEUTHE Adel KELANY Christian KNOBLAUCH Beatrix MIDANT REYNES Norah MOLONEY Aurelie ROCHE and Adel TOHAMEY January 2014 Who Was Menes PDF Archeo nil 24 59 92 doi 10 3406 arnil 2014 1071 S2CID 248280047 Retrieved 24 September 2022 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint uses authors parameter link Toby A H Wilkinson 1999 Early Dynastic Egypt Routledge p 67 ISBN 0 415 26011 6 Baker Darrell D 2008 Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1 Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300 1069 BC Egypt The American University in Cairo Press p 7 ISBN 978 977 416 221 3 Elizabeth BLOXAM Wouter CLAES Tiphaine DACHY Maude EHRENFELD Ashraf EL SENUSSI Chloe GIRARDI James HARRELL Thomas C HEAGY Stan HENDRICKX Christiane HOCHSTRASSER PETIT Dirk HUYGE Clara JEUTHE Adel KELANY Christian KNOBLAUCH Beatrix MIDANT REYNES Norah MOLONEY Aurelie ROCHE and Adel TOHAMEY January 2014 Who Was Menes PDF Archeo nil 24 59 92 doi 10 3406 arnil 2014 1071 S2CID 248280047 Retrieved 24 September 2022 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint uses authors parameter link Toby A H Wilkinson 1999 Early Dynastic Egypt Routledge p 71 ISBN 0 415 26011 6 Baker Darrell D 2008 Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1 Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300 1069 BC Egypt The American University in Cairo Press p 92 ISBN 978 977 416 221 3 Toby A H Wilkinson 1999 Early Dynastic Egypt Routledge p 71 ISBN 0 415 26011 6 Wolfgang Helck Untersuchungen zur Thinitenzeit Agyptologische Abhandlungen AA Vol 45 Harrassowitz Wiesbaden 1987 ISBN 3 447 02677 4 p 124 Baker Darrell D 2008 Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1 Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300 1069 BC Egypt The American University in Cairo Press p 95 ISBN 978 977 416 221 3 Toby A H Wilkinson 1999 Early Dynastic Egypt Routledge p 73 ISBN 0 415 26011 6 a b c Wolfgang Helck Untersuchungen zur Thinitenzeit Agyptologische Abhandlungen ISBN 3 447 02677 4 O Harrassowitz 1987 p 124 Baker Darrell D 2008 Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1 Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300 1069 BC Egypt The American University in Cairo Press p 78 ISBN 978 977 416 221 3 Toby A H Wilkinson 1999 Early Dynastic Egypt Routledge p 75 ISBN 0 415 26011 6 Toby A H Wilkinson 1999 Early Dynastic Egypt Routledge p 75 ISBN 0 415 26011 6 Toby A H Wilkinson 1999 Early Dynastic Egypt Routledge p 77 ISBN 0 415 26011 6 Baker Darrell D 2008 Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1 Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300 1069 BC Egypt The American University in Cairo Press p 55 ISBN 978 977 416 221 3 Nicolas Christophe Grimal A History of Ancient Egypt Blackwell Oxford UK Cambridge USA 1992 ISBN 978 0 631 19396 8 p 53 Baker Darrell D 2008 Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1 Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300 1069 BC Egypt The American University in Cairo Press p 376 ISBN 978 977 416 221 3 Toby A H Wilkinson 1999 Early Dynastic Egypt Routledge p 79 ISBN 0 415 26011 6 Baker Darrell D 2008 Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1 Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300 1069 BC Egypt The American University in Cairo Press p 299 ISBN 978 977 416 221 3 Wilkinson 1999 pp 83 84 Toby A H Wilkinson 1999 Early Dynastic Egypt Routledge p 83 ISBN 0 415 26011 6 Dietrich Wildung Die Rolle agyptischer Konige im Bewusstsein ihrer Nachwelt Teil I Posthume Quellen uber die Konige der ersten vier Dynastien In Munchener Agyptologische Studien vol 17 Deutscher Kunstverlag Munich Berlin 1969 p 31 33 Wilkinson 1999 p 79 Wilkinson 1999 pp 87 88 Pascal Vernus Jean Yoyotte The Book of the Pharaohs Cornell University Press 2003 p 27 Jurgen von Beckerath Handbuch der agyptischen Konigsnamen Deutscher Kunstverlag Munich Berlin 1984 ISBN 3 422 00832 2 p 171 Toby A H Wilkinson Early Dynastic Egypt Routledge London New York 2002 ISBN 1 134 66420 6 p 75 76 Jurgen von Beckerath Handbuch der agyptischen Konigsnamen 2 verbesserte und erweiterte Auflage von Zabern Mainz 1999 S 44 45 Thomas Schneider Lexikon der Pharaonen Albatros Dusseldorf 2002 ISBN 3 491 96053 3 page 175 Toby A H Wilkinson 1999 Early Dynastic Egypt Routledge p 83 ISBN 0 415 26011 6 Toby A H Wilkinson 1999 Early Dynastic Egypt Routledge p 83 ISBN 0 415 26011 6 Toby A H Wilkinson 1999 Early Dynastic Egypt Routledge p 93 ISBN 0 415 26011 6 Wilkinson Toby 1999 Early Dynastic Egypt Routledge pp 83 amp 95 ISBN 0 415 18633 1 Wilkinson Toby Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt pp 79 amp 258 Pharaohs Timeline Index www timelineindex com Retrieved 2020 03 23 Clayton 1994 p 32 Lehner Mark 1997 Geheimnis der Pyramiden in German Dusseldorf Econ pp 94 96 ISBN 3 572 01039 X Clayton 1994 p 42 Thomas Schneider Lexikon der Pharaonen Albatros Dusseldorf 2002 ISBN 3 491 96053 3 pp 278 279 Miroslav Verner 2000 Who was Shepseskara and when did he reign in Miroslav Barta Jaromir Krejci editors Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000 Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Oriental Institute Prague ISBN 80 85425 39 4 p 581 602 available online Archived 2011 02 01 at the Wayback Machine Dodson amp Hilton 2004 p 73 Ryholt amp Bardrum 2000 pp 87 100 Jurgen von Beckerath Handbuch der agyptischen Konigsnamen Munchner agyptologische Studien Heft 49 Mainz P von Zabern 1999 ISBN 3 8053 2591 6 available online Archived 2015 12 22 at the Wayback Machine Kim Ryholt The Late Old Kingdom in the Turin King list and the Identity of Nitocris Zeitschrift fur Agyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 127 2000 p 99 Gustave Jequier Maṣlaḥat al Athar 1993 Les pyramides des reines Neit et Apouit in French Cairo Institut francais d archeologie orientale OCLC 195690029 see plate 5 Percy Newberry 1943 Queen Nitocris of the Sixth Dynasty in The Journal of Egyptian Archeology vol 29 pp 51 54 Gae Callender Queen Neit ikrety Nitokris in Miroslav Barta Filip Coppens Jaromic Krecji editors Abusir and Saqqara in the year 2010 1 Prague Czech Institute of Egyptology Faculty of Arts Charles University 2011 ISBN 978 80 7308 384 7 see pp 249 250 a b Turin Kinglist Columns IV 18 to V 10 Ancient Egypt dot org Accessed 10 February 2010 Margaret Bunson Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt Infobase Publishing 2009 ISBN 978 1 4381 0997 8 available online see p 181 Labib Habachi King Nebhepetre Menthuhotep his monuments place in history deification and unusual representations in form of gods in Annales du Service des Antiquites de l Egypte 19 1963 pp 16 52 Wolfram Grajetzki 2006 pp 23 25 Wolfram Grajetzki 2006 pp 25 26 a b c Wolfram Grajetzki 2006 pp 27 28 http www digitalegypt ucl ac uk chronology amenemhatI html Amenemhat I Wolfram Grajetzki 2006 pp 28 35 Baker Darrell D 2008 Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1 Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300 1069 BC Egypt The American University in Cairo Press p 20 ISBN 978 977 416 221 3 Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 A History of Ancient Egypt Wiley Blackwell p 98 ISBN 978 1 119 62087 7 Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 A History of Ancient Egypt Wiley Blackwell p 99 ISBN 978 1 119 62087 7 Murnane 1977 p 2 Baker Darrell D 2008 Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1 Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300 1069 BC Egypt The American University in Cairo Press p 391 ISBN 978 977 416 221 3 Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 A History of Ancient Egypt Wiley Blackwell p 98 ISBN 978 1 119 62087 7 Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 A History of Ancient Egypt Wiley Blackwell p 112 113 ISBN 978 1 119 62087 7 Murnane 1977 p 7 Baker Darrell D 2008 Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1 Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300 1069 BC Egypt The American University in Cairo Press p 24 ISBN 978 977 416 221 3 Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 A History of Ancient Egypt Wiley Blackwell p 98 ISBN 978 1 119 62087 7 Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 A History of Ancient Egypt Wiley Blackwell p 109 ISBN 978 1 119 62087 7 Murnane 1977 p 9 Baker Darrell D 2008 Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1 Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300 1069 BC Egypt The American University in Cairo Press p 395 ISBN 978 977 416 221 3 Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 A History of Ancient Egypt Wiley Blackwell p 100 ISBN 978 1 119 62087 7 Josef Wegner The Nature and Chronology of the Senwosret III Amenemhat III Regnal Succession Some Considerations based on new evidence from the Mortuary Temple of Senwosret III at Abydos JNES 55 Vol 4 1996 pp 251 Baker Darrell D 2008 Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1 Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300 1069 BC Egypt The American University in Cairo Press p 398 ISBN 978 977 416 221 3 Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 A History of Ancient Egypt Wiley Blackwell p 104 ISBN 978 1 119 62087 7 Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 A History of Ancient Egypt Wiley Blackwell p 109 ISBN 978 1 119 62087 7 Wolfram Grajetzki 2006 pp 56 61 Baker Darrell D 2008 Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1 Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300 1069 BC Egypt The American University in Cairo Press p 26 ISBN 978 977 416 221 3 Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 A History of Ancient Egypt Wiley Blackwell p 98 ISBN 978 1 119 62087 7 Amenemhat III University College London Amenemhat IV Maakherure 1807 06 1798 97 BC Digital Egypt for Universities Baker Darrell D 2008 Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1 Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300 1069 BC Egypt The American University in Cairo Press p 30 ISBN 978 977 416 221 3 Grajetzki 2006 pp 61 63 Baker Darrell D 2008 Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1 Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300 1069 BC Egypt The American University in Cairo Press p 456 ISBN 978 977 416 221 3 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao K S B Ryholt The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c 1800 1550 BC Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications vol 20 Copenhagen Museum Tusculanum Press 1997 en Nerikare oldid 866899332 circular reference en Amenemhet VI oldid 916924832 circular reference en Semenkare Nebnuni oldid 910764002 circular reference a b Thomas Schneider Lexikon der Pharaonen Albatros Dusseldorf 2002 ISBN 3 491 96053 3 en Sehetepibre oldid 866897575 circular reference Thomas Schneider Lexikon der Pharaonen Albatros 2002 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n K S B Ryholt The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c 1800 1550 BC Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications vol 20 Copenhagen Museum Tusculanum Press 1997 a b Kings of the 2nd Intermediate Period Baker Darrell D 2008 Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1 Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300 1069 BC Egypt The American University in Cairo Press p 12 ISBN 978 977 416 221 3 a b Baker Darrell D 2008 Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1 Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300 1069 BC Egypt The American University in Cairo Press p 4 ISBN 978 977 416 221 3 Detlef Franke Zur Chronologie des Mittleren Reiches Teil II Die sogenannte Zweite Zwischenzeit Altagyptens In Orientalia 57 1988 p 259 Ryholt K S B 1997 The Political Situation in Egypt During the Second Intermediate Period C 1800 1550 B C Museum Tusculanum Press p 164 ISBN 978 87 7289 421 8 Giant Sarcophagus Leads Penn Museum Team in Egypt To the Tomb of a Previously Unknown Pharaoh Penn Museum January 2014 Retrieved 16 January 2014 a b Jurgen von Beckerath Untersuchungen zur politischen Geschichte der Zweiten Zwischenzeit in Agypten Gluckstadt 1964 a b c d Jurgen von Beckerath Chronologie des pharaonischen Agyptens Munchner Agyptologische Studien 46 Mainz am Rhein 1997 Jurgen von Beckerath Handbuch der agyptischen Konigsnamen Munchner agyptologische Studien 49 Mainz 1999 a b Marcel Maree A sculpture workshop at Abydos from the late Sixteenth or early Seventeenth Dynasty in Marcel Maree editor The Second Intermediate period Thirteenth Seventeenth Dynasties Current Research Future Prospects Leuven Paris Walpole Massachusetts 2010 ISBN 978 90 429 2228 0 p 247 268 Baker Darrell D 2008 Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1 Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300 1069 BC Egypt The American University in Cairo Press p 111 ISBN 978 977 416 221 3 Wolfgang Helck Eberhard Otto Wolfhart Westendorf Stele Zypresse Volume 6 of Lexikon der Agyptologie Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 1986 Page 1383 Christopher Bronk Ramsey et al Radiocarbon Based Chronology for Dynastic Egypt Science 18 June 2010 Vol 328 no 5985 pp 1554 1557 Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 A History of Ancient Egypt Wiley Blackwell p 146 ISBN 978 1 119 62087 7 Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 A History of Ancient Egypt Wiley Blackwell p 168 ISBN 978 1 119 62087 7 Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 A History of Ancient Egypt Wiley Blackwell p 169 ISBN 978 1 119 62087 7 Marc Van De Mieroop 2021 A History of Ancient Egypt Wiley Blackwell p 146 ISBN 978 1 119 62087 7 span, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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