This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (July 2020) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 9,805 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Rote Pyramide]]; see its history for attribution.
You should also add the template {{Translated|de|Rote Pyramide}} to the talk page.
The Red Pyramid, also called the North Pyramid, is the largest of the pyramids located at the Dahshur necropolis in Cairo, Egypt. Named for the rusty reddish hue of its red limestone stones, it is also the third largest Egyptian pyramid, after those of Khufu and Khafre at Giza. It is also believed to be Egypt's first successful attempt at constructing a "true" smooth-sided pyramid. Local residents refer to the Red Pyramid as el-heram el-watwaat, meaning the Bat Pyramid.
The Red Pyramid was not always red. It used to be cased with white Tura limestone, but only a few of these stones now remain at the pyramid's base, at the corner. During the Middle Ages much of the white Tura limestone was taken for buildings in Cairo, revealing the red limestone beneath.
Comparison of approximate profiles of the Red Pyramid with some notable pyramidal or near-pyramidal buildings. Dotted lines indicate original heights, where data is available. In its SVG file, hover over a pyramid to highlight and click for its article.
The Red Pyramid was the third pyramid built by Old KingdomPharaohSneferu, and was built 2575–2551 BCE. The Red Pyramid is located approximately one kilometer to the north of the Bent Pyramid. It is built at the same shallow 43 degree angle as the upper section of the Bent Pyramid, which gives it a noticeably squat appearance compared to other Egyptian pyramids of comparable scale. Construction is believed to have begun during the thirtieth year of Sneferu's reign (c. 2590 BCE). Egyptologists disagree on the length of time it took to construct. Based on quarry marks found at various phases of construction, Rainer Stadelmann estimates the time of completion to be approximately 17 years[5] while Rolf Krauss, based on this same graffiti, suggests a period of construction of 10–11 years,[6] an estimate later supported by John Romer.[7]
Archaeologists speculate its design may be an outcome of engineering crises experienced during the construction of Sneferu's two earlier pyramids. The first of these, the Pyramid at Meidum, collapsed in antiquity, while the second, the Bent Pyramid, had the angle of its inclination dramatically altered from 54 to 43 degrees part-way through construction.
Some archaeologists now believe that the Meidum pyramid was the first attempt at building a smooth-sided pyramid, and that it may have collapsed when construction of the Bent Pyramid was already well under way – and that the pyramid may by then have already begun to show alarming signs of instability itself, as evident by the presence of large timber beams supporting its inner chambers. The outcome of this was the change in inclination of the Bent Pyramid, and the commencement of the later Red Pyramid at an inclination known to be less susceptible to instability and therefore less susceptible to catastrophic collapse.[8]
Modern day
The Red Pyramid is 105 metres (344 ft) high, and 220 metres (720 ft) wide.[9] A rare pyramidion, or capstone, for the Red Pyramid has been uncovered and reconstructed, and is now on display at Dahshur. However, whether it was actually ever used is unclear, as its angle of inclination differs from that of the pyramid for which it was apparently intended.
The Red Pyramid, along with the Bent Pyramid, was closed to tourists for many years because of a nearby army camp. It is now usually open for tourists and a somewhat intrusive ventilation has been installed which pipes air down the entrance shaft to the interior chambers. Visitors climb steps cut in or built over the stones of the pyramid to an entrance high on the north side. A passage, 3 feet (0.91 m) in height and 4 feet (1.2 m) wide, slopes down at 27° for 200 feet (61 m) to a short horizontal passage leading into a chamber whose corbelled roof is 40 feet (12 m) high and rises in eleven steps. At the southern end of the chamber, but offset to the west, another short horizontal passage leads into the second chamber. This passage was probably closed at one time and the offset was a measure intended to confuse potential robbers.
The second chamber is similar to the first and lies directly beneath the apex of the pyramid. High in the southern wall of the chamber is an entrance, now reached by a large wooden staircase built for the convenience of tourists. This gives onto a short horizontal passage that leads to the third and final chamber with a corbelled roof 50 feet (15 m) high. The first two chambers have their long axis aligned north-south, but this chamber's long axis is aligned east-west. Unlike the first two chambers, which have fine smooth floors on the same level as the passages, the floor of the third chamber is very rough and sunk below the level of the access passage. It is believed that this is the work of robbers searching for treasure in what is thought to have been the burial chamber of the pyramid.
Gallery
Entry to the pyramid
Detail of the massive corbel-vaulted ceiling of the main burial chamber
Bárta, Miroslav (2005). "Location of the Old Kingdom Pyramids in Egypt". Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 15 (2): 177–191. doi:10.1017/s0959774305000090. S2CID 161629772.
Lehner, Mark (2008). The Complete Pyramids. New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN978-0-500-28547-3.
Mendelssohn, Kurt (1974). The Riddle of the Pyramids. Praeger. ISBN978-0-500-05015-6.
Romer, John (2007). The Great Pyramid: Ancient Egypt Revisited. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN978-0-521-87166-2.
Verner, Miroslav (2001d). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. New York: Grove Press. ISBN978-0-8021-1703-8.
Further reading
Verner, Miroslav, "The Pyramids – Their Archaeology and History", Atlantic Books, 2001, ISBN1-84354-171-8
pyramid, other, uses, disambiguation, this, article, expanded, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, german, july, 2020, click, show, important, translation, instructions, machine, translation, like, deepl, google, translate, useful, starting, . For other uses see Red Pyramid disambiguation This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in German July 2020 Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 9 805 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at de Rote Pyramide see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated de Rote Pyramide to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation The Red Pyramid also called the North Pyramid is the largest of the pyramids located at the Dahshur necropolis in Cairo Egypt Named for the rusty reddish hue of its red limestone stones it is also the third largest Egyptian pyramid after those of Khufu and Khafre at Giza It is also believed to be Egypt s first successful attempt at constructing a true smooth sided pyramid Local residents refer to the Red Pyramid as el heram el watwaat meaning the Bat Pyramid The Red Pyramid of DahshurSneferuCoordinates29 48 30 N 31 12 21 E 29 80833 N 31 20583 E 29 80833 31 20583 Coordinates 29 48 30 N 31 12 21 E 29 80833 N 31 20583 E 29 80833 31 20583Ancient nameḪˁ SnfrwKha SneferuProbably Sneferu Shines 1 The Shining Pyramid 2 ConstructedFourth DynastyTypeTrueMaterialLimestoneHeight105 m 344 ft 200 cu 3 Base220 m 722 ft 420 cu 3 Volume1 694 000 m3 2 216 000 cu yd 4 Slope43 22 3 Location within EgyptThe Red Pyramid was not always red It used to be cased with white Tura limestone but only a few of these stones now remain at the pyramid s base at the corner During the Middle Ages much of the white Tura limestone was taken for buildings in Cairo revealing the red limestone beneath Contents 1 History 2 Modern day 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 Further reading 8 External linksHistory Edit Comparison of approximate profiles of the Red Pyramid with some notable pyramidal or near pyramidal buildings Dotted lines indicate original heights where data is available In its SVG file hover over a pyramid to highlight and click for its article The Red Pyramid was the third pyramid built by Old Kingdom Pharaoh Sneferu and was built 2575 2551 BCE The Red Pyramid is located approximately one kilometer to the north of the Bent Pyramid It is built at the same shallow 43 degree angle as the upper section of the Bent Pyramid which gives it a noticeably squat appearance compared to other Egyptian pyramids of comparable scale Construction is believed to have begun during the thirtieth year of Sneferu s reign c 2590 BCE Egyptologists disagree on the length of time it took to construct Based on quarry marks found at various phases of construction Rainer Stadelmann estimates the time of completion to be approximately 17 years 5 while Rolf Krauss based on this same graffiti suggests a period of construction of 10 11 years 6 an estimate later supported by John Romer 7 Archaeologists speculate its design may be an outcome of engineering crises experienced during the construction of Sneferu s two earlier pyramids The first of these the Pyramid at Meidum collapsed in antiquity while the second the Bent Pyramid had the angle of its inclination dramatically altered from 54 to 43 degrees part way through construction Some archaeologists now believe that the Meidum pyramid was the first attempt at building a smooth sided pyramid and that it may have collapsed when construction of the Bent Pyramid was already well under way and that the pyramid may by then have already begun to show alarming signs of instability itself as evident by the presence of large timber beams supporting its inner chambers The outcome of this was the change in inclination of the Bent Pyramid and the commencement of the later Red Pyramid at an inclination known to be less susceptible to instability and therefore less susceptible to catastrophic collapse 8 Modern day EditThe Red Pyramid is 105 metres 344 ft high and 220 metres 720 ft wide 9 A rare pyramidion or capstone for the Red Pyramid has been uncovered and reconstructed and is now on display at Dahshur However whether it was actually ever used is unclear as its angle of inclination differs from that of the pyramid for which it was apparently intended The Red Pyramid along with the Bent Pyramid was closed to tourists for many years because of a nearby army camp It is now usually open for tourists and a somewhat intrusive ventilation has been installed which pipes air down the entrance shaft to the interior chambers Visitors climb steps cut in or built over the stones of the pyramid to an entrance high on the north side A passage 3 feet 0 91 m in height and 4 feet 1 2 m wide slopes down at 27 for 200 feet 61 m to a short horizontal passage leading into a chamber whose corbelled roof is 40 feet 12 m high and rises in eleven steps At the southern end of the chamber but offset to the west another short horizontal passage leads into the second chamber This passage was probably closed at one time and the offset was a measure intended to confuse potential robbers The second chamber is similar to the first and lies directly beneath the apex of the pyramid High in the southern wall of the chamber is an entrance now reached by a large wooden staircase built for the convenience of tourists This gives onto a short horizontal passage that leads to the third and final chamber with a corbelled roof 50 feet 15 m high The first two chambers have their long axis aligned north south but this chamber s long axis is aligned east west Unlike the first two chambers which have fine smooth floors on the same level as the passages the floor of the third chamber is very rough and sunk below the level of the access passage It is believed that this is the work of robbers searching for treasure in what is thought to have been the burial chamber of the pyramid Gallery Edit Entry to the pyramid Detail of the massive corbel vaulted ceiling of the main burial chamber Pyramidion found at the siteSee also Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Red Pyramid List of tallest freestanding structures List of Egyptian pyramids List of megalithic sitesReferences Edit Verner 2001d p 183 Lehner 2008 pp 16 17 a b c Lehner 2008 p 17 Barta 2005 p 180 Fathom 2012 04 01 Archived from the original on 2012 04 01 Retrieved 2018 02 24 Krauss Rolf 1996 The Length of Sneferu s Reign and How Long It Took to Build the Red Pyramid Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 82 43 50 Romer 2007 p 71 Kurt Mendelssohn 1974 The Riddle of the Pyramids Praeger Lehner 1997 p 104Sources EditBarta Miroslav 2005 Location of the Old Kingdom Pyramids in Egypt Cambridge Archaeological Journal 15 2 177 191 doi 10 1017 s0959774305000090 S2CID 161629772 Lehner Mark 2008 The Complete Pyramids New York Thames amp Hudson ISBN 978 0 500 28547 3 Mendelssohn Kurt 1974 The Riddle of the Pyramids Praeger ISBN 978 0 500 05015 6 Romer John 2007 The Great Pyramid Ancient Egypt Revisited Cambridge University Press Cambridge ISBN 978 0 521 87166 2 Verner Miroslav 2001d The Pyramids The Mystery Culture and Science of Egypt s Great Monuments New York Grove Press ISBN 978 0 8021 1703 8 Further reading EditVerner Miroslav The Pyramids Their Archaeology and History Atlantic Books 2001 ISBN 1 84354 171 8External links EditThe Red Pyramid of SnofruRecordsPreceded byBent Pyramid World s tallest structurec 2590 BCE 2570 BCE104 m Succeeded byGreat Pyramid of Giza Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Red Pyramid amp oldid 1119299644, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
