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Amenemhat III

January 16, 2023

See Amenemhat, for other individuals with this name.

Amenemhat III (Ancient Egyptian: Ỉmn-m-hꜣt meaning 'Amun is at the forefront'), also known as Amenemhet III, was a pharaoh of ancient Egypt and the sixth king of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. He was elevated to throne as co-regent by his father Senusret III, with whom he shared the throne as the active king for twenty years. During his reign, Egypt attained its cultural and economic zenith of the Middle Kingdom.

Amenemhat III
Ammenemes III, Ameres, Lamares, Moeris
Statue of Amenemhat III
Pharaoh
Reign40 + x according to the Turin Canon but at least 45 years, in the 19th and 18th centuries BC.[1][a] (Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt)
PredecessorSenusret III
SuccessorAmenemhat IV
Royal titulary
ConsortAat, Khenemetneferhedjet III, Hetepti (?)
ChildrenNeferuptah, Amenemhat IV (likely), Sobekneferu (likely), Hathorhotep (?), Nubhotep (?), Sithathor (?)
FatherSenusret III
BurialPyramid at Hawara
MonumentsPyramid at Dahshur

The aggressive military and domestic policies of Senusret III, which re-subjugated Nubia and wrested power from the nomarchs, allowed Amenemhat III to inherit a stable and peaceful Egypt. He directed his efforts towards an extensive building program with particular focus on Faiyum. Here he dedicated a temple to Sobek, a chapel to Renenutet, erected two colossal statues of himself in Biahmu, and contributed to excavation of Lake Moeris. He built for himself two pyramids at Dahshur and Hawara, becoming the first pharaoh since Sneferu in the Fourth Dynasty to build more than one. Near to his Hawara pyramid is a pyramid for his daughter Neferuptah. To acquire resources for the building program, Amenemhat III exploited the quarries of Egypt and the Sinai for turquoise and copper. Other exploited sites includes the schist quarries at Wadi Hammamat, amethyst from Wadi el-Hudi, fine limestone from Tura, alabaster from Hatnub, red granite from Aswan, and diorite from Nubia. A large corpus of inscriptions attest to the activities at these sites, particularly at Serabit el-Khadim. There is scant evidence of military expeditions during his reign, though a small one is attested at Kumma in his ninth regnal year. He also sent a handful of expeditions to Punt.

In total, Amenemhat III reigned for at least 45 years, though a papyrus mentioning a 46th year likely belongs to his reign as well. Toward the end of his reign he instituted a co-regency with Amenemhat IV, as recorded in a rock inscription from Semna in Nubia, which equates regnal year 1 of Amenemhat IV to regnal year 44 or 46–48 of Amenemhat III. Sobekneferu later succeeded Amenemhat IV as the last ruler of the Twelfth Dynasty.

Sources

Contemporaneous sources

The are a variety of contemporary sources attesting to the reign of Amenemhat III. Chief among these are the collection of inscriptions left at mining sites throughout Egypt, Nubia, and the Sinai peninsula.[13] His activities in the Sinai are particularly well attested too, spanning regnal years 2 to 45.[14][15] It is notable though, that the overwhelming majority of these inscriptions originate outside Egypt.[16] He is also well attested to through his statuary with approximately 80 works attributed to him,[17][16] his building program, particularly concentrated around Faiyum, and the two pyramids that he had built.[14][15] The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus – one of a limited set of evidence attesting to Egyptian knowledge of mathematics[18] – is also thought to have been originally composed during Amenemhat III's time.[19]

Historical sources

The Karnak king list from the Festival Hall of Thutmose III (c. 1479–1425 BC)[10] has a lacuna of two entries between Amenemhat II and Amenemhat IV, though three kings are known to have reigned during this period – Senusret II, Senusret III, and Amenemhat III.[20] In the Abydos king list from the temple of Seti I (c. 1290–1279 BC)[21] in Abydos, Amenemhat III is attested by his praenomen Ni-maat-re in the sixty-fourth entry.[22] His praenomen also occupies the sixty-fourth entry in the king list at the temple of Ramesses II (c. 1279–1213 BC)[21] in Abydos.[23] In the Saqqara Tablet from the tomb of the chief lector priest and chief of works Tjuneroy, Amenemhat III's praenomen occupies the twentieth entry.[24][25] The Turin Canon has a lacuna in the mid-Twelfth Dynasty preserving no names and only partial reign lengths. The twenty-fifth entry of the fifth column corresponding to Amenemhat III preserves only a regnal length of 40+x years.[1][26][27] The entries of his presumed children and immediate successors – Amenemhat IV and Sobekneferu – are near-wholly intact preserving their praenomen and reign lengths.[1][27]

Amenemhat III is also mentioned in Manetho's Aegyptiaca, originally composed circa the 3rd century BC, tentatively dated to the reign of Ptolemy II.[28][29][30] The original work is no longer extant, but has persisted through the writings of Josephus, Africanus, Eusebius, and Syncellus.[31] He is accorded a reign of 8 years under the name Λαχάρης (romanized Lacharês / Lamarês) by both Africanus and Eusebius.[32] Syncellus accords him a reign of 43 years under the name Μάρης (romanized Marês) as the thirty-fifth king of Thebes.[33][b]

Family

 
Pectoral of Amenemhat III from the tomb of Mereret, one of his sisters
See also: Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt family tree

Amenemhat III was the son of Senusret III, his predecessor on the throne.[4] There is no explicit testimony to this filial relationship, however, the inference can be made from their co-regency.[35] The identity of his mother is unknown.[36] He had several sisters – Menet, Mereret, Senetsenbetes, Sithathor, and a partially known Khnemet-.[37]

Two of Amenemhat III's wives are known, Aat and Khenemetneferhedjet III, who were both buried in his Pyramid at Dahshur.[38][39] Hetepti – the mother of Amenemhat IV – might be another wife.[36] He had one confirmed daughter, Neferuptah, who appears to have been groomed as his successor, owing to her name being enclosed in cartouche.[40] The Egyptologists Aidan Dodson and Dyan Hilton indicate that Neferuptah was originally buried at Amenemhat III's second pyramid at Hawara but was eventually moved to her own pyramid after an early death.[40] The Egyptologist Wolfram Grajetzki contradicts this stating that she was never buried in Hawara, but had possibly outlived her father and was buried elsewhere as a result.[36] Two other children, both of whom reigned as king, are also attributed to Amenemhat III: a son, Amenemhat IV and a daughter, Sobekneferu.[41] It has also been suggested that Amenemhat IV may instead have been a grandson.[42] Evidence of burials of three other princesses – Hathorhotep, Nubhotep, and Sithathor – were found at the Dahshur complex, but it is not clear whether these princesses were Amenemhat III's daughters as the complex was used for royal burials throughout the Thirteenth Dynasty.[43]

Reign

Chronology

The relative chronology of rulers in the Twelfth Dynasty is considered settled.[44] The Ramesside king lists and the Turin Canon are a significant source in determining the relative chronology of the rulers.[45] The Turin Canon has a lacuna of four lines between Amenemhat I and Amenemhat IV, recording only partial regnal lengths for the four kings – 10+x, 19, 30+x, and 40+x years respectively.[27][46] The king lists of Seti I and Ramesses II at Abydos and the Saqqara tablet each list Amenemhat III with Senusret III – whose praenomen is Kha-kau-re[11] – as his predecessor and Amenemhat IV – whose praenomen is Maa-kheru-re[11] – as his successor.[47][48][49] Instead Egyptological debate has centred on the existence of co-regencies.[44]

Co-regency

 
Amenemhat III as a recumbent sphinx, one of the so-called "Hyksos sphinxes"

In his twentieth regnal year, Senusret III elevated his son Amenemhat III to the status of co-regent.[50] The co-regency seems to be established from several indicators,[c] though not all scholars agree and some[d] instead argue for sole reigns for both kings.[58] For the following twenty years, Senusret III and Amenemhat III shared the throne, with Amenemhat III taking the active role as king.[59][4][60] It is assumed that Amenemhat III took the primary role as the regnal dates roll over from year 19 of Senusret III to year 1 of Amenemhat III.[60][59] His reign is attested for at least 45 years, though a papyrus fragment from El-Lahun mentioning 'regnal year 46, month 1 of akhet, day 22' likely dates to his rule as well.[59][61] The highest date might be found on a bowl from Elephantine bearing regnal year 46, month three of peret. This attribution is favoured by the Egyptologist Cornelius von Pilgrim, but rejected by the Egyptologist Wolfram Grajetzki who places it in the early Middle Kingdom.[62] In his 30th regnal year, the king celebrated his Sed festival as is mentioned in several inscriptions.[63] His reign ends with a brief co-regency with his successor Amenemhat IV.[59][64] This is evidenced from a rock inscription at Semna which equates regnal year 1 of Amenemhat IV with regnal year 44 or perhaps 46–48 of Amenemhat III.[59][65][66]

These two kings – Senusret III and Amenemhat III – presided over the golden age of the Middle Kingdom. Senusret III had pursued aggressive military action to curb incursions from tribes people from Nubia.[4][67] These campaigns were conducted across several years and were brutal against the native populations, including slaughter of men, enslavement of women and children, and the burning of fields.[68] He also sent a military expedition into Syria-Palestine, enemies of Egypt since the reign of Senusret I.[67][69] His internal policies targeted the increasing power of provincial governors, transferring power back to the reigning monarch.[70][4] It is disputed whether he dismantled the nomarchical system.[69] He also formed the basis for the legendary character Sesostris described by Manetho and Herodotus.[71][68] As a consequence of Senusret III's administrative and military policies, Amenemhat III inherited a peaceful and stable Egypt,[4] which reached its cultural and economic zenith under his direction.[64][9][16]

Military campaigns

There is very little evidence for military expeditions during Amenemhat III's reign. One rock inscription records a small mission in regnal year nine. It was found in Nubia, near the fortress of Kumma. The short text reports that a military mission was guided by the mouth of Nekhen Zamonth who states that he went north with a small troop and that there were no deaths on the return south.[72] There is a stela dated to regnal 33 that was discovered at Kerma, south of the Third Cataract, discussing the construction of a wall, though this stela must have originated elsewhere as Kerma was beyond Egypt's control at this time.[63]

Mining expeditions

 
 
Sinai mines
 
Tura
 
Gebel Zeit
 
Hatnub
 
Wadi Hammamat
 
Aswan
 
Wadi el-Hudi
 
Gebel el-Asr
class=notpageimage|
Mining sites in Amenemhat III's reign

Exploitation of the quarries of Egypt and the Sinai for turquoise and copper peaked during his reign.[64] A collection of more than 50 texts were inscribed at Serabit el-Khadim, Wadi Maghara, and Wadi Nasb.[64][14] The efforts here were so extensive that near-permanent settlements formed around them.[64][73] The quarries at Wadi Hammamat (schist), Wadi el-Hudi (amethyst), Tura (limestone), Hatnub (alabaster), Aswan (red granite) and throughout Nubia (diorite) were all also exploited.[64][74][75] These all translated into an extensive building program, particularly in the development of Faiyum.[64][73]

Sinai peninsula

Amenemhat III's activities in the Sinai peninsula are well-attested.[64][14] There were expeditions to Wadi Maghara in regnal years 2, 30, and 41–43, with one further expedition in an indiscernible 20 + x year.[76] The temple of Hathor was decorated during the expedition in year 2, which is also the only expedition for which the mining of copper is attested.[77] A related inscription found in Ayn Soukhna suggests that the mission originated from Memphis and perhaps crossed the Red Sea to the peninsula by boat.[78] A single expedition in Wadi Nasb is attested to his 20th regnal year.[79] Between 18 and 20 expeditions to Serabit el-Khadim have been attested to Amenemhat III's reign:[80] in years 2, 4–8, 13, 15, 20, 23, 25, 27, 30, 38, 40, 44, possibly also 18, 29, and 45, alongside a 10 + x and x + 17 years, and there are many inscriptions whose date is indeterminable.[81]

Egypt

One inscription dating to year 43 of Amenemhat III's reign comes from Tura and refers to the quarrying of limestone there for a mortuary temple, either that at Dahshur or Hawara.[82] A stela retrieved from the massif of Gebel Zeit, 50 km (31 mi) south of Ras Ghareb, on the Red Sea coast shows activity at the Galena mines there. The stela bears a partial date suggesting that it was inscribed after regnal year 10.[83][84]

Several expeditions to Wadi Hammamat where schist was quarried were recorded.[64][85] These date to regnal years 2, 3, 19, 20 and 33.[85] Three inscriptions from year 19 note the workforce of labourers and soldiers employed and the outcome of the efforts resulting in ten 2.6 m (8.5 ft) tall seated statues of the king being made. The statues were destined for the Labyrinth at Hawara.[82][86] A few expeditions were sent to Wadi el-Hudi, south-east of Aswan, at the southern border of Egypt, where amethyst was collected. These enterprises date to regnal years 1, 11, 20, and 28.[87][88][89] An expedition was also sent to Wadi Abu Agag, near Aswan, in regnal year 13.[90]

Nubia

North-west of Abu Simbel and west of Lake Nasser lie the quarries of Gebel el-Asr in Lower Nubia. The site is best known as the source of diorite for six of Khafre's seated statues. The locale was also a source of gneiss and chalcedony in the Middle Kingdom.[91] The Chalcedony deposits are also known as 'stela ridge' as it was a place where commemorative stelae and votive offerings were left.[92] Nine of these commemorative objects date to the reign of Amenemhat III, specifically regnal years 2 and 4.[93]

Trade expeditions

A stela was discovered at Mersa on the Red Sea coast, by Rosanna Pirelli in 2005 that detailed an expedition to Punt during the reign of Amenemhat III. The expedition was organized by chief steward Senbef. Under his direction, two contingents were formed. The first was led by an Amenhotep and bound for Punt to acquire incense. The second led by a Nebesu was sent to the mines referred to as Bia-Punt to procure exotic metals.[94][95] There were a total of between two and five expeditions organized during Amenemhat III's rule.[96] Two of the stelae recovered from the site are dated indicating activity there in his 23rd and 41st regnal years.[97]

Building program

Amenemhat III's building program included monuments in Khatana, Tell el-Yahudiyya, and Bubastis.[4] At Bubastis, Amenemhat III likely built a palace which hosts relief art containing his name. Of note is a relief that depicts Amenemhat III officiating his sed-festival.[13] Further works include the enlargement of the temples to Hathor at Serabit el-Khadim and Ptah in Memphis, the construction of a temple in Quban, and the reinforcement of fortresses at Semna.[64][9] At Elephantine a fragment of stela bearing a building inscription was found dated to his regnal year 44. A very similar inscription from possibly the same year was found at Elkab, which indicates the extension of a defensive wall built by Senusret II. Another find at Elephantine was a door lintel of the Eleventh Dynasty, where Amenemhat III added an inscription dated to his regnal year 34. Inscriptions with the king's name have also been uncovered at Lisht, Memphis, and Heracleopolis and statues of the king were found in Thebes.[13] No site, however, received as much attention as Faiyum, with which Amenemhat III is most closely associated.[64][4]

In Faiyum, Amenemhat built a huge temple dedicated to Sobek at Kiman Faras.[9][16] He dedicated a chapel to Renenutet at Medinet Madi.[64] This small temple with three chapels is the best preserved of his temple works. It was built toward the end of his reign and completed by his successor, Amenemhat IV.[13] In Biahmu, he built a massive structure with two colossal 12 m (39 ft) tall seated quartzite statues of himself.[98][73][4] These face Lake Moeris, for which he is credited with excavating, although how much of this work was conducted by Amenemhat III is unknown.[73][4] The work on Lake Moeris had been inaugurated by Senusret II to link the Faiyum Depression with Bahr Yussef.[99] This project reclaimed land downstream at the edges of Lake Moeris allowing it to be farmed.[100] A naturally formed valley 16 km (9.9 mi) long and 1.5 km (0.93 mi) wide was converted into a canal to link the depression with Bahr Yussef. The canal was cut to a depth of 5 m (16 ft) and given sloped banks at a ratio of 1:10 and an average inclination of 0.01° along its length.[101] It is known as Mer-Wer or the Great Canal.[102] The area continued to be used until 230 BC when the Lahun branch of the Nile silted up.[103] Amenemhat III kept close watch on the inundation levels of the Nile, as demonstrated by inscriptions left at Kumma and Semna. The Nile level peaked in his regnal year 30 at 5.1 m (17 ft), but was followed by a dramatic decline so that it measured 0.5 m (1.6 ft) by regnal year 40.[74] The most enduring of his works are the two pyramids that he built for himself,[64] the first king since Sneferu in the Fourth Dynasty to build more than one.[104] His pyramids are in Dahshur and Hawara.[64][105]

  •  

    Inscriptions by Amenemhat III in the chapel of Renenutet

  •  

    Limestone recumbent lion statue at the temple in Medinet Madi

Pyramids

Dahshur

See also: Pyramid of Amenemhat III (Dahshur)
 
The Black Pyramid of Amenemhat III

The construction of the pyramid at Dahshur, the 'Black Pyramid' (Egyptian language: Sḫm Ỉmn-m-hꜣt meaning 'Amenemhat is Mighty'[106] or Nfr Ỉmn-m-hꜣt meaning 'Amenemhat is Beautiful'[107]/'Perfect One of Amenemhat'[108]) began in the first year of Amenemhat III's reign.[106][109] The pyramid core was constructed entirely of mudbrick and stabilized through the building of a stepped core rather than with a stone framework.[110][109] The structure was then encased by 5 m (16 ft; 9.5 cu) thick, fine white Tura limestone blocks held together by wooden dove-tail pegs.[110] The pyramid was given a base length of 105 metres (344 ft; 200 cu) that was inclined towards the apex at between 54°30′ to 57°15′50″ reaching a height of 75 m (246 ft; 143 cu) for a total volume of 274,625 m3 (9,698,300 cu ft).[111][112] The apogee of the structure was crowned, seemingly, by a grey granite pyramidion 1.3 m (4.3 ft) high.[113] This now resides in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, catalogued as JE 35133.[114] The pyramidion had a band of hieroglyphic text running on all four of its sides.[115] That the name of Amun has been erased on the pyramidion can only be the result of Akhenaten's proscription against the god.[114]

 
The pyramidion of the Black Pyramid

In front of the pyramid, lay a mortuary temple of simple design comprising an offering hall and an open columned courtyard. Surrounding the complex were two mudbrick enclosing walls. From the mortuary temple an open, mudbrick walled causeway led to the valley temple.[116] Beneath the pyramid was built a substructure with an intricate series of passages and chambers, with burial chambers for the king and two queens.[117][114] The two queens, Aat and an unidentified queen, were buried here and their remains were recovered from their chambers.[118][115] The king, though, was not buried here.[119] Shortly after the completion of the pyramid superstructure, in around Amenemhat III's 15th regnal year, the substructure began to buckle with cracks appearing inside as a result of groundwater seepage.[119][120] Rushed efforts were made to prevent the structure collapsing, which were successful, but just as Sneferu had decided to do with his Bent Pyramid, Amenemhat III chose to build a new one.[120]

Hawara

 
The pyramid of Amenemhat III at Hawara

The second pyramid is at Hawara (Egyptian language: Uncertain, possibly ꜥnḫ Ỉmn-m-hꜣt 'Amenemhat Lives'[120]), in the Faiyum Oasis.[121] This pyramid project was begun around Amenemhat III's 15th regnal year, after problems with the Dahshur pyramid persisted.[36][120] The choice of Hawara suggests that the cultivation of Faiyum was complete and that Amenemhat III was diverting resources to that area.[122] The pyramid had a core constructed entirely of mudbrick encased in fine white Tura limestone.[123][120] The pyramid had a base length of between 102 m (335 ft; 195 cu) and 105 m (344 ft; 200 cu) with a shallower inclination of between 48° and 52° up to a peak height 58 m (190 ft; 111 cu) for a total volume of 200,158 m3 (7,068,500 cu ft).[111][112] The shallower inclination angle was a step taken to guard against the threat of a collapse and avoid a repeat of the failure at Dahshur.[120] Inside the substructure, builders took further precautions, such as lining chamber pits with limestone.[123] The burial chamber was chiselled out of a single quartzite block measuring 7 m (23 ft) by 2.5 m (8.2 ft) by 1.83 m (6.0 ft) and weighing over 100 t (110 short tons).[123][120]

Before the pyramid lay a mortuary temple, that has been identified as 'the Labyrinth' which Classical travellers such as Herodotus and Strabo referred to and which formed the basis for the 'Labyrinth of Minos'.[124][120] The temple was destroyed in antiquity and can only be partially reconstructed.[124][120] Its floorplan covered an estimated 28,000 m2 (300,000 sq ft).[124] According to Strabo's account, the temple contained as many rooms as there were nomes in Egypt,[125] while Herodotus wrote about being led 'from courtyards into rooms, rooms into galleries, galleries into more rooms, thence into more courtyards'.[120] A limestone statue of Sobek and another of Hathor were discovered here[125] as were two granite shrines each containing two statues of Amenemhat III.[120] A north-south oriented perimeter wall enclosed the entire complex[125] which thus measured 385 m (1,263 ft) by 158 m (518 ft).[120] The causeway has been identified near the south-west corner of the complex, but neither it nor the valley temple have been investigated.[126]

Neferuptah

The pyramid of Neferuptah was built 2 km (1.2 mi) south-east of Amenemhat III's Hawara pyramid. It was excavated by Nagib Farag and Zaky Iskander in 1956.[127] The superstructure of the pyramid is near completely lost and the substructure was found full of groundwater, but her burial was otherwise undisturbed including both her sarcophagus and funerary equipment.[128]

Sculpture

Amenemhat III and Sensuret III are the best attested rulers of the Middle Kingdom by number of statues, with about 80 statues that can be assigned to the former. The sculpture of Amenemhat III continued the tradition of Senusret III, though it pursued a more natural and expressive physiognomy, while retaining an idealized image.[129] A wide range of stones were used for the sculpture of the king, include white limestone, obsidian, chalcedony and copper alloy.[130] Furthermore, the king introduced new and re-interpreted types of sculptures, many of which were inspired by far older works.[17] Two broad facial types can be assigned to Amenemhat III. An expressive style in which the face of the king has its musculature, bone structure, and furrows clearly marked. This style is evidently inspired by the sculpture of Senusret III. A humanized style in which the face is simplified with few or no folds or furrows and averse to sharp transitions between features. These have a generally softer, more youthful expression.[131]

Officials

The vizier Kheti (H̱ty) held office around year 29 of Amenemhat III's reign,[132] as is attested on a papyrus from el-Lahun.[133] The papyrus is a business document authored by the vizier in his office discussing payment of two brothers named Ahy-seneb (Ỉhy-snb) for their services.[134] At that time one brother, Ahy-seneb Ankh-ren (ꜥnḫ-rn), was an 'assistant to the treasurer', yet on a later papyrus containing his will, dated to year 44 of Amenemhat III's reign, he had become the 'director of works'.[135][136] This latter papyrus contains two dates: year 44, month II of Shemu, day 13 and year 2, month II of Akhet, day 18.[137] The latter date refers to the reign of either Amenemhat IV or Sobekneferu.[138] There is one other hieratic text and also a limestone table on which Ahy-seneb Ankh-ren is attested.[136] The other brother, Ahy-seneb Wah (Wꜣḥ), was a wab-priest and 'superintendent of priestly orders of Sepdu, lord of the East'.[133][139]

A further vizier datable to the reign was Ameny (Ỉmny).[140] Ameny is attested on two rock inscriptions from Aswan.[141] The first found by Flinders Petrie on the road between Philae and Aswan,[142] and the second found by Jacques de Morgan on the right bank of the river nile between Bar and Aswan.[143] The inscriptions bear the names of his family members,[141] including his wife Sehotepibre Nehy (Sḥtp-ỉb-rꜥ Nḥy) who is also attested on a stela in Copenhagen National Museum.[144]

Khnumhotep (H̱nmw-ḥtp) was an official that held office for at least three decades from Senusret II's first regnal year through to Amenemhat III's reign.[145] At the beginning of Senusret II's reign he was a chamberlain, but by the end of his life he held both the office of vizier and chief steward.[146] His tomb in Dahshur also attests to many other titles including 'high official', 'royal seal-bearer', 'chief lector-priest', 'master of secrets', and 'overseer of the city'.[147][148]

The treasurer Ikhernofret (Y-ẖr-nfrt) was still in office in the early years of the king's reign,[149] as is demonstrated by a funerary stela in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.[150] This official is among the best attested for the Middle Kingdom, though there is little known of his family.[149] His funerary stela is dated to Amenemhat III's first regnal year and bears his name along with three of his titles: 'sealbearer of the King of Lower Egypt', 'sole friend of the king', and 'treasurer'.[151][152] The treasurer is mentioned on the funerary stela of an Ameny (Ỉmny) 'chief of staff of the bureau of the vizier'. The latter part of the stela tells of the attendance of Ikhernofret and Sasetet (Sꜣ-sṯt) at a feast in Abydos at the instruction of Senusret III after a campaign against Nubia in his regnal year 19.[153][154] Ameny is also mentioned on the 'stela of Sasetet' dating to the first year of Amenemhat III, where he still held the same position.[155][156] Sasetet holds the title 'chief of staff of the bureau of the treasurer' in that stela.[155]

Another treasurer under Amenemhat III is Senusretankh (S-n-wsrt-ꜥnḫ), who is known from his recently uncovered mastaba at Dahshur, near the pyramid of Senusret III. The surviving fragments of a red granite offering table recovered from the tomb bear the birth and throne names of Amenemhat III. The table further bears numerous other epithets and titles with which the owner connects himself to the king.[157]

Another chief steward, Senbef (Snb=f) is known from an expedition stela found at Mersa and from a papyrus document.[158] The stela contains an image of Amenemhat III presenting offerings to the god Min.[159] Behind the king stands another official, Nebsu (Nbsw) the 'Overseer of the Cabinet of the Head of the South', effectively meaning that he was the head of a workforce. Beneath the image are inscriptions recording two expeditions to Punt alongside the names of the expedition leaders. The leads of the two expeditions are Nebsu himself and his brother Amenhotep (Ỉmn-htp), holding the title of 'scribe in charge of the seal of the treasury'.[160][161]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Proposed dates for the reign of Amenemhat III: c. 1859–1813 BC,[2] c. 1844–1797 BC,[3] c. 1843–1797 BC,[4] c. 1842–1797 BC,[5][6] c. 1842–1794 BC,[7] c. 1831–1786 BC,[8][9] c. 1818–1773 BC.[10]
  2. ^ Syncellus attributes his list to Apollodorus, whom himself attributed to Eratosthenes, and himself attributed to 'the scribes of Diospolis', but which is ultimately supposed to originate from none of these, and was instead derived from an Egyptian king list.[34]
  3. ^ These include:
    The presence of double dates that appear to conflate the reigns of two kings.[51][52]
    The co-naming of two kings present on many artefacts, but without dates. This is weak evidence as it is not unusual for two kings, one living and one deceased, to be named together.[53]
    Single-dated monuments during the assumed period of co-rule favour the junior partner and this is suggested to indicate the quasi-retirement of the elder king.[54]
    Textual evidence for co-regency, but it is scant, indirect, and of malleable interpretation.[55]
  4. ^ Such as the Egyptologists Robert Delia, Claude Obsomer, and Pierre Tallet.[56][57]

References

  1. ^ a b c Schneider 2006, pp. 173–174.
  2. ^ Oppenheim et al. 2015, p. xix.
  3. ^ Lehner 2008, p. 8.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Leprohon 2001, p. 69.
  5. ^ Clayton 1994, p. 84.
  6. ^ Grimal 1992, p. 391.
  7. ^ Dodson & Hilton 2004, p. 289.
  8. ^ Shaw 2003, p. 483.
  9. ^ a b c d Callender 2003, p. 156.
  10. ^ a b Krauss & Warburton 2006, p. 492.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Leprohon 2013, p. 59.
  12. ^ a b c d e von Beckerath 1984, p. 199.
  13. ^ a b c d Grajetzki 2006, p. 59.
  14. ^ a b c d Clayton 1994, pp. 87–88.
  15. ^ a b Dodson & Hilton 2004, p. 91.
  16. ^ a b c d Clayton 1994, p. 87.
  17. ^ a b Connor 2015, p. 58.
  18. ^ Shute 2001, p. 348.
  19. ^ Clagett 1989, p. 113.
  20. ^ Redford 1986, p. 34.
  21. ^ a b Krauss & Warburton 2006, p. 493.
  22. ^ Kitchen 1975, pp. 177–179.
  23. ^ Kitchen 1979, pp. 539–541.
  24. ^ Kitchen 1980, pp. 479–481.
  25. ^ Kitchen 2001, p. 237.
  26. ^ Ryholt 1997, p. 14.
  27. ^ a b c Kitchen 1979, pp. 827 & 834.
  28. ^ Waddell 1964, p. vii.
  29. ^ Redford 2001, p. 336.
  30. ^ Hornung, Krauss & Warburton 2006, p. 34.
  31. ^ Hornung, Krauss & Warburton 2006, p. 35.
  32. ^ Waddell 1964, pp. 69 & 71.
  33. ^ Waddell 1964, p. 224.
  34. ^ Waddell 1964, pp. 213.
  35. ^ Dodson & Hilton 2004, pp. 94–95.
  36. ^ a b c d Grajetzki 2006, p. 58.
  37. ^ Dodson & Hilton 2004, pp. 93 & 96–98.
  38. ^ Dodson & Hilton 2004, p. 93, 95–96 & 99.
  39. ^ Roth 2001, p. 440.
  40. ^ a b Dodson & Hilton 2004, pp. 95 & 98.
  41. ^ Dodson & Hilton 2004, pp. 93 & 95.
  42. ^ Callender 2003, p. 158.
  43. ^ Dodson & Hilton 2004, pp. 92 & 95–98.
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  45. ^ Grajetzki 2015, p. 306.
  46. ^ Schneider 2006, p. 174.
  47. ^ Kitchen 1975, pp. 177 & 179.
  48. ^ Kitchen 1979, pp. 539 & 541.
  49. ^ Kitchen 1980, pp. 479 & 481.
  50. ^ Schneider 2006, pp. 172–173.
  51. ^ Saladino Haney 2020, p. 39.
  52. ^ Schneider 2006, pp. 171–173.
  53. ^ Saladino Haney 2020, p. 41.
  54. ^ Saladino Haney 2020, pp. 41–42.
  55. ^ Saladino Haney 2020, p. 43.
  56. ^ Saladino Haney 2020, p. 40, footnote 7.
  57. ^ Schneider 2006, p. 170.
  58. ^ Saladino Haney 2020, pp. 39–97.
  59. ^ a b c d e Schneider 2006, p. 173.
  60. ^ a b Simpson 2001, p. 455.
  61. ^ Griffith 1897, p. 40; Griffith 1898, p. Pl. XIV.
  62. ^ Grajetzki 2006, p. 180.
  63. ^ a b Grajetzki 2006, p. 60.
  64. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Grimal 1992, p. 170.
  65. ^ Ryholt 1997, p. 212.
  66. ^ Murnane 1977, pp. 12–13 & footnote. 55.
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  68. ^ a b Callender 2003, p. 154.
  69. ^ a b Callender 2003, p. 155.
  70. ^ Grimal 1992, p. 167.
  71. ^ Grimal 1992, p. 166.
  72. ^ Hintze & Reineke 1989, pp. 145–147.
  73. ^ a b c d Callender 2003, pp. 156–157.
  74. ^ a b Callender 2003, p. 157.
  75. ^ Leprohon 1999, p. 54.
  76. ^ Gardiner, Peet & Černý 1955, pp. 66–71.
  77. ^ Tallet 2002, pp. 371–372.
  78. ^ Tallet 2002, p. 372.
  79. ^ Gardiner, Peet & Černý 1955, p. 76.
  80. ^ Mumford 1999, p. 882.
  81. ^ Gardiner, Peet & Černý 1955, pp. 78–81, 90–121, 133–134, 141–143.
  82. ^ a b Uphill 2010, p. 46.
  83. ^ Castel & Soukiassian 1985, pp. 285 & 288.
  84. ^ Mahfouz 2008, p. 275, footnote 130.
  85. ^ a b Seyfried 1981, pp. 254–256.
  86. ^ Couyat & Montet 1912, pp. 40–41 & 51.
  87. ^ Shaw & Jameson 1993, p. 97.
  88. ^ Seyfried 1981, pp. 105–116.
  89. ^ Sadek 1980, pp. 41–43.
  90. ^ Rothe, Miller & Rapp 2008, pp. 382–385 & 499.
  91. ^ Shaw et al. 2010, pp. 293–294.
  92. ^ Darnell & Manassa 2013, pp. 56–57.
  93. ^ Darnell & Manassa 2013, p. 58.
  94. ^ Mahfouz 2008, pp. 253, 259–261.
  95. ^ Bard, Fattovich & Manzo 2013, p. 539.
  96. ^ Bard, Fattovich & Manzo 2013, p. 537.
  97. ^ Mahfouz 2008, pp. 253–255 & 273–274.
  98. ^ Zecchi 2010, p. 38.
  99. ^ Callender 2003, pp. 152–153 & 157.
  100. ^ Callender 2003, p. 152.
  101. ^ Chanson 2004, p. 544.
  102. ^ Gorzo 1999, p. 429.
  103. ^ Chanson 2004, pp. 545.
  104. ^ Clayton 1994, p. 88.
  105. ^ Callender 2003, pp. 157–158.
  106. ^ a b Verner 2001, p. 421.
  107. ^ Lehner 2008, p. 16.
  108. ^ Allen 2008, p. 31.
  109. ^ a b Lehner 2008, p. 179.
  110. ^ a b Verner 2001, p. 422.
  111. ^ a b Verner 2001, p. 465.
  112. ^ a b Lehner 2008, p. 17.
  113. ^ Verner 2001, pp. 422–423.
  114. ^ a b c Verner 2001, p. 423.
  115. ^ a b Lehner 2008, p. 180.
  116. ^ Verner 2001, pp. 424–426.
  117. ^ Lehner 2008, pp. 179–180.
  118. ^ Verner 2001, p. 424.
  119. ^ a b Verner 2001, p. 427.
  120. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Lehner 2008, p. 181.
  121. ^ Verner 2001, pp. 427–428.
  122. ^ Grajetzki 2006, pp. 58–59.
  123. ^ a b c Verner 2001, p. 428.
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  127. ^ Farag & Iskander 1971.
  128. ^ Hölzl 1999, p. 437.
  129. ^ Connor 2015, pp. 58 & 60.
  130. ^ Connor 2015, p. 59.
  131. ^ Connor 2015, pp. 60–62.
  132. ^ Grajetzki 2009, p. 34.
  133. ^ a b Griffith 1897, p. 35.
  134. ^ Griffith 1897, pp. 35–36.
  135. ^ Griffith 1897, pp. 31 & 35.
  136. ^ a b JGU 2022, Person PD 189.
  137. ^ Griffith 1897, pp. 31–35; Griffith 1898, p. Plate XII.
  138. ^ Griffith 1897, p. 34.
  139. ^ JGU 2022, Person wꜥb; ḥrj-sꜣ n spdw nb jꜣbtt jḥjj-snb/wꜣḥ.
  140. ^ de Meulenaere 1981, p. 78–79.
  141. ^ a b JGU 2022, Person PD 116.
  142. ^ Petrie 1888, p. Pl. VI, no. 137.
  143. ^ de Morgan et al. 1894, pp. 29–31, no. 10.
  144. ^ Thirion 1995, p. 174.
  145. ^ Allen 2008, pp. 29–31.
  146. ^ Allen 2008, p. 29.
  147. ^ Allen 2008, pp. 32.
  148. ^ JGU 2022, Person DAE 161.
  149. ^ a b Tolba 2016, p. 135.
  150. ^ Universität zu Köln 2021.
  151. ^ Tolba 2016, pp. 138–139.
  152. ^ JGU 2022, Person PD 27.
  153. ^ MAH 2021.
  154. ^ JGU 2022, Person PD 551.
  155. ^ a b Louvre 2021.
  156. ^ JGU 2022, Person PD 94.
  157. ^ Yamamoto 2021, pp. 249–255.
  158. ^ JGU 2022, Person DAE 204.
  159. ^ Bard & Fattovich 2018, p. 64.
  160. ^ Bard & Fattovich 2018, p. 65.
  161. ^ JGU 2022, sš ḥr.j-ḫtm n pr-ḥḏ.

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  • Amenemhat (III) Nimaatre
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January 16, 2023
amenemhat, amenemhat, other, individuals, with, this, name, ancient, egyptian, Ỉmn, hꜣt, meaning, amun, forefront, also, known, amenemhet, pharaoh, ancient, egypt, sixth, king, twelfth, dynasty, middle, kingdom, elevated, throne, regent, father, senusret, with. See Amenemhat for other individuals with this name Amenemhat III Ancient Egyptian Ỉmn m hꜣt meaning Amun is at the forefront also known as Amenemhet III was a pharaoh of ancient Egypt and the sixth king of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom He was elevated to throne as co regent by his father Senusret III with whom he shared the throne as the active king for twenty years During his reign Egypt attained its cultural and economic zenith of the Middle Kingdom Amenemhat IIIAmmenemes III Ameres Lamares MoerisStatue of Amenemhat IIIPharaohReign40 x according to the Turin Canon but at least 45 years in the 19th and 18th centuries BC 1 a Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt PredecessorSenusret IIISuccessorAmenemhat IVRoyal titularyConsortAat Khenemetneferhedjet III Hetepti ChildrenNeferuptah Amenemhat IV likely Sobekneferu likely Hathorhotep Nubhotep Sithathor FatherSenusret IIIBurialPyramid at HawaraMonumentsPyramid at DahshurThe aggressive military and domestic policies of Senusret III which re subjugated Nubia and wrested power from the nomarchs allowed Amenemhat III to inherit a stable and peaceful Egypt He directed his efforts towards an extensive building program with particular focus on Faiyum Here he dedicated a temple to Sobek a chapel to Renenutet erected two colossal statues of himself in Biahmu and contributed to excavation of Lake Moeris He built for himself two pyramids at Dahshur and Hawara becoming the first pharaoh since Sneferu in the Fourth Dynasty to build more than one Near to his Hawara pyramid is a pyramid for his daughter Neferuptah To acquire resources for the building program Amenemhat III exploited the quarries of Egypt and the Sinai for turquoise and copper Other exploited sites includes the schist quarries at Wadi Hammamat amethyst from Wadi el Hudi fine limestone from Tura alabaster from Hatnub red granite from Aswan and diorite from Nubia A large corpus of inscriptions attest to the activities at these sites particularly at Serabit el Khadim There is scant evidence of military expeditions during his reign though a small one is attested at Kumma in his ninth regnal year He also sent a handful of expeditions to Punt In total Amenemhat III reigned for at least 45 years though a papyrus mentioning a 46th year likely belongs to his reign as well Toward the end of his reign he instituted a co regency with Amenemhat IV as recorded in a rock inscription from Semna in Nubia which equates regnal year 1 of Amenemhat IV to regnal year 44 or 46 48 of Amenemhat III Sobekneferu later succeeded Amenemhat IV as the last ruler of the Twelfth Dynasty Contents 1 Sources 1 1 Contemporaneous sources 1 2 Historical sources 2 Family 3 Reign 3 1 Chronology 3 2 Co regency 3 3 Military campaigns 3 4 Mining expeditions 3 4 1 Sinai peninsula 3 4 2 Egypt 3 4 3 Nubia 3 5 Trade expeditions 4 Building program 5 Pyramids 5 1 Dahshur 5 2 Hawara 5 3 Neferuptah 6 Sculpture 7 Officials 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External linksSources EditContemporaneous sources Edit The are a variety of contemporary sources attesting to the reign of Amenemhat III Chief among these are the collection of inscriptions left at mining sites throughout Egypt Nubia and the Sinai peninsula 13 His activities in the Sinai are particularly well attested too spanning regnal years 2 to 45 14 15 It is notable though that the overwhelming majority of these inscriptions originate outside Egypt 16 He is also well attested to through his statuary with approximately 80 works attributed to him 17 16 his building program particularly concentrated around Faiyum and the two pyramids that he had built 14 15 The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus one of a limited set of evidence attesting to Egyptian knowledge of mathematics 18 is also thought to have been originally composed during Amenemhat III s time 19 Historical sources Edit The Karnak king list from the Festival Hall of Thutmose III c 1479 1425 BC 10 has a lacuna of two entries between Amenemhat II and Amenemhat IV though three kings are known to have reigned during this period Senusret II Senusret III and Amenemhat III 20 In the Abydos king list from the temple of Seti I c 1290 1279 BC 21 in Abydos Amenemhat III is attested by his praenomen Ni maat re in the sixty fourth entry 22 His praenomen also occupies the sixty fourth entry in the king list at the temple of Ramesses II c 1279 1213 BC 21 in Abydos 23 In the Saqqara Tablet from the tomb of the chief lector priest and chief of works Tjuneroy Amenemhat III s praenomen occupies the twentieth entry 24 25 The Turin Canon has a lacuna in the mid Twelfth Dynasty preserving no names and only partial reign lengths The twenty fifth entry of the fifth column corresponding to Amenemhat III preserves only a regnal length of 40 x years 1 26 27 The entries of his presumed children and immediate successors Amenemhat IV and Sobekneferu are near wholly intact preserving their praenomen and reign lengths 1 27 Amenemhat III is also mentioned in Manetho s Aegyptiaca originally composed circa the 3rd century BC tentatively dated to the reign of Ptolemy II 28 29 30 The original work is no longer extant but has persisted through the writings of Josephus Africanus Eusebius and Syncellus 31 He is accorded a reign of 8 years under the name Laxarhs romanized Lachares Lamares by both Africanus and Eusebius 32 Syncellus accords him a reign of 43 years under the name Marhs romanized Mares as the thirty fifth king of Thebes 33 b Family Edit Pectoral of Amenemhat III from the tomb of Mereret one of his sisters See also Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt family tree Amenemhat III was the son of Senusret III his predecessor on the throne 4 There is no explicit testimony to this filial relationship however the inference can be made from their co regency 35 The identity of his mother is unknown 36 He had several sisters Menet Mereret Senetsenbetes Sithathor and a partially known Khnemet 37 Two of Amenemhat III s wives are known Aat and Khenemetneferhedjet III who were both buried in his Pyramid at Dahshur 38 39 Hetepti the mother of Amenemhat IV might be another wife 36 He had one confirmed daughter Neferuptah who appears to have been groomed as his successor owing to her name being enclosed in cartouche 40 The Egyptologists Aidan Dodson and Dyan Hilton indicate that Neferuptah was originally buried at Amenemhat III s second pyramid at Hawara but was eventually moved to her own pyramid after an early death 40 The Egyptologist Wolfram Grajetzki contradicts this stating that she was never buried in Hawara but had possibly outlived her father and was buried elsewhere as a result 36 Two other children both of whom reigned as king are also attributed to Amenemhat III a son Amenemhat IV and a daughter Sobekneferu 41 It has also been suggested that Amenemhat IV may instead have been a grandson 42 Evidence of burials of three other princesses Hathorhotep Nubhotep and Sithathor were found at the Dahshur complex but it is not clear whether these princesses were Amenemhat III s daughters as the complex was used for royal burials throughout the Thirteenth Dynasty 43 Reign EditChronology Edit The relative chronology of rulers in the Twelfth Dynasty is considered settled 44 The Ramesside king lists and the Turin Canon are a significant source in determining the relative chronology of the rulers 45 The Turin Canon has a lacuna of four lines between Amenemhat I and Amenemhat IV recording only partial regnal lengths for the four kings 10 x 19 30 x and 40 x years respectively 27 46 The king lists of Seti I and Ramesses II at Abydos and the Saqqara tablet each list Amenemhat III with Senusret III whose praenomen is Kha kau re 11 as his predecessor and Amenemhat IV whose praenomen is Maa kheru re 11 as his successor 47 48 49 Instead Egyptological debate has centred on the existence of co regencies 44 Co regency Edit Amenemhat III as a recumbent sphinx one of the so called Hyksos sphinxes In his twentieth regnal year Senusret III elevated his son Amenemhat III to the status of co regent 50 The co regency seems to be established from several indicators c though not all scholars agree and some d instead argue for sole reigns for both kings 58 For the following twenty years Senusret III and Amenemhat III shared the throne with Amenemhat III taking the active role as king 59 4 60 It is assumed that Amenemhat III took the primary role as the regnal dates roll over from year 19 of Senusret III to year 1 of Amenemhat III 60 59 His reign is attested for at least 45 years though a papyrus fragment from El Lahun mentioning regnal year 46 month 1 of akhet day 22 likely dates to his rule as well 59 61 The highest date might be found on a bowl from Elephantine bearing regnal year 46 month three of peret This attribution is favoured by the Egyptologist Cornelius von Pilgrim but rejected by the Egyptologist Wolfram Grajetzki who places it in the early Middle Kingdom 62 In his 30th regnal year the king celebrated his Sed festival as is mentioned in several inscriptions 63 His reign ends with a brief co regency with his successor Amenemhat IV 59 64 This is evidenced from a rock inscription at Semna which equates regnal year 1 of Amenemhat IV with regnal year 44 or perhaps 46 48 of Amenemhat III 59 65 66 These two kings Senusret III and Amenemhat III presided over the golden age of the Middle Kingdom Senusret III had pursued aggressive military action to curb incursions from tribes people from Nubia 4 67 These campaigns were conducted across several years and were brutal against the native populations including slaughter of men enslavement of women and children and the burning of fields 68 He also sent a military expedition into Syria Palestine enemies of Egypt since the reign of Senusret I 67 69 His internal policies targeted the increasing power of provincial governors transferring power back to the reigning monarch 70 4 It is disputed whether he dismantled the nomarchical system 69 He also formed the basis for the legendary character Sesostris described by Manetho and Herodotus 71 68 As a consequence of Senusret III s administrative and military policies Amenemhat III inherited a peaceful and stable Egypt 4 which reached its cultural and economic zenith under his direction 64 9 16 Military campaigns Edit There is very little evidence for military expeditions during Amenemhat III s reign One rock inscription records a small mission in regnal year nine It was found in Nubia near the fortress of Kumma The short text reports that a military mission was guided by the mouth of Nekhen Zamonth who states that he went north with a small troop and that there were no deaths on the return south 72 There is a stela dated to regnal 33 that was discovered at Kerma south of the Third Cataract discussing the construction of a wall though this stela must have originated elsewhere as Kerma was beyond Egypt s control at this time 63 Mining expeditions Edit Sinai mines Tura Gebel Zeit Hatnub Wadi Hammamat Aswan Wadi el Hudi Gebel el Asrclass notpageimage Mining sites in Amenemhat III s reign Exploitation of the quarries of Egypt and the Sinai for turquoise and copper peaked during his reign 64 A collection of more than 50 texts were inscribed at Serabit el Khadim Wadi Maghara and Wadi Nasb 64 14 The efforts here were so extensive that near permanent settlements formed around them 64 73 The quarries at Wadi Hammamat schist Wadi el Hudi amethyst Tura limestone Hatnub alabaster Aswan red granite and throughout Nubia diorite were all also exploited 64 74 75 These all translated into an extensive building program particularly in the development of Faiyum 64 73 Sinai peninsula Edit Amenemhat III s activities in the Sinai peninsula are well attested 64 14 There were expeditions to Wadi Maghara in regnal years 2 30 and 41 43 with one further expedition in an indiscernible 20 x year 76 The temple of Hathor was decorated during the expedition in year 2 which is also the only expedition for which the mining of copper is attested 77 A related inscription found in Ayn Soukhna suggests that the mission originated from Memphis and perhaps crossed the Red Sea to the peninsula by boat 78 A single expedition in Wadi Nasb is attested to his 20th regnal year 79 Between 18 and 20 expeditions to Serabit el Khadim have been attested to Amenemhat III s reign 80 in years 2 4 8 13 15 20 23 25 27 30 38 40 44 possibly also 18 29 and 45 alongside a 10 x and x 17 years and there are many inscriptions whose date is indeterminable 81 Egypt Edit One inscription dating to year 43 of Amenemhat III s reign comes from Tura and refers to the quarrying of limestone there for a mortuary temple either that at Dahshur or Hawara 82 A stela retrieved from the massif of Gebel Zeit 50 km 31 mi south of Ras Ghareb on the Red Sea coast shows activity at the Galena mines there The stela bears a partial date suggesting that it was inscribed after regnal year 10 83 84 Several expeditions to Wadi Hammamat where schist was quarried were recorded 64 85 These date to regnal years 2 3 19 20 and 33 85 Three inscriptions from year 19 note the workforce of labourers and soldiers employed and the outcome of the efforts resulting in ten 2 6 m 8 5 ft tall seated statues of the king being made The statues were destined for the Labyrinth at Hawara 82 86 A few expeditions were sent to Wadi el Hudi south east of Aswan at the southern border of Egypt where amethyst was collected These enterprises date to regnal years 1 11 20 and 28 87 88 89 An expedition was also sent to Wadi Abu Agag near Aswan in regnal year 13 90 Nubia Edit North west of Abu Simbel and west of Lake Nasser lie the quarries of Gebel el Asr in Lower Nubia The site is best known as the source of diorite for six of Khafre s seated statues The locale was also a source of gneiss and chalcedony in the Middle Kingdom 91 The Chalcedony deposits are also known as stela ridge as it was a place where commemorative stelae and votive offerings were left 92 Nine of these commemorative objects date to the reign of Amenemhat III specifically regnal years 2 and 4 93 Trade expeditions Edit A stela was discovered at Mersa on the Red Sea coast by Rosanna Pirelli in 2005 that detailed an expedition to Punt during the reign of Amenemhat III The expedition was organized by chief steward Senbef Under his direction two contingents were formed The first was led by an Amenhotep and bound for Punt to acquire incense The second led by a Nebesu was sent to the mines referred to as Bia Punt to procure exotic metals 94 95 There were a total of between two and five expeditions organized during Amenemhat III s rule 96 Two of the stelae recovered from the site are dated indicating activity there in his 23rd and 41st regnal years 97 Building program EditAmenemhat III s building program included monuments in Khatana Tell el Yahudiyya and Bubastis 4 At Bubastis Amenemhat III likely built a palace which hosts relief art containing his name Of note is a relief that depicts Amenemhat III officiating his sed festival 13 Further works include the enlargement of the temples to Hathor at Serabit el Khadim and Ptah in Memphis the construction of a temple in Quban and the reinforcement of fortresses at Semna 64 9 At Elephantine a fragment of stela bearing a building inscription was found dated to his regnal year 44 A very similar inscription from possibly the same year was found at Elkab which indicates the extension of a defensive wall built by Senusret II Another find at Elephantine was a door lintel of the Eleventh Dynasty where Amenemhat III added an inscription dated to his regnal year 34 Inscriptions with the king s name have also been uncovered at Lisht Memphis and Heracleopolis and statues of the king were found in Thebes 13 No site however received as much attention as Faiyum with which Amenemhat III is most closely associated 64 4 In Faiyum Amenemhat built a huge temple dedicated to Sobek at Kiman Faras 9 16 He dedicated a chapel to Renenutet at Medinet Madi 64 This small temple with three chapels is the best preserved of his temple works It was built toward the end of his reign and completed by his successor Amenemhat IV 13 In Biahmu he built a massive structure with two colossal 12 m 39 ft tall seated quartzite statues of himself 98 73 4 These face Lake Moeris for which he is credited with excavating although how much of this work was conducted by Amenemhat III is unknown 73 4 The work on Lake Moeris had been inaugurated by Senusret II to link the Faiyum Depression with Bahr Yussef 99 This project reclaimed land downstream at the edges of Lake Moeris allowing it to be farmed 100 A naturally formed valley 16 km 9 9 mi long and 1 5 km 0 93 mi wide was converted into a canal to link the depression with Bahr Yussef The canal was cut to a depth of 5 m 16 ft and given sloped banks at a ratio of 1 10 and an average inclination of 0 01 along its length 101 It is known as Mer Wer or the Great Canal 102 The area continued to be used until 230 BC when the Lahun branch of the Nile silted up 103 Amenemhat III kept close watch on the inundation levels of the Nile as demonstrated by inscriptions left at Kumma and Semna The Nile level peaked in his regnal year 30 at 5 1 m 17 ft but was followed by a dramatic decline so that it measured 0 5 m 1 6 ft by regnal year 40 74 The most enduring of his works are the two pyramids that he built for himself 64 the first king since Sneferu in the Fourth Dynasty to build more than one 104 His pyramids are in Dahshur and Hawara 64 105 Inscriptions by Amenemhat III in the chapel of Renenutet Limestone recumbent lion statue at the temple in Medinet MadiPyramids EditDahshur Edit See also Pyramid of Amenemhat III Dahshur The Black Pyramid of Amenemhat III The construction of the pyramid at Dahshur the Black Pyramid Egyptian language Sḫm Ỉmn m hꜣt meaning Amenemhat is Mighty 106 or Nfr Ỉmn m hꜣt meaning Amenemhat is Beautiful 107 Perfect One of Amenemhat 108 began in the first year of Amenemhat III s reign 106 109 The pyramid core was constructed entirely of mudbrick and stabilized through the building of a stepped core rather than with a stone framework 110 109 The structure was then encased by 5 m 16 ft 9 5 cu thick fine white Tura limestone blocks held together by wooden dove tail pegs 110 The pyramid was given a base length of 105 metres 344 ft 200 cu that was inclined towards the apex at between 54 30 to 57 15 50 reaching a height of 75 m 246 ft 143 cu for a total volume of 274 625 m3 9 698 300 cu ft 111 112 The apogee of the structure was crowned seemingly by a grey granite pyramidion 1 3 m 4 3 ft high 113 This now resides in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo catalogued as JE 35133 114 The pyramidion had a band of hieroglyphic text running on all four of its sides 115 That the name of Amun has been erased on the pyramidion can only be the result of Akhenaten s proscription against the god 114 The pyramidion of the Black Pyramid In front of the pyramid lay a mortuary temple of simple design comprising an offering hall and an open columned courtyard Surrounding the complex were two mudbrick enclosing walls From the mortuary temple an open mudbrick walled causeway led to the valley temple 116 Beneath the pyramid was built a substructure with an intricate series of passages and chambers with burial chambers for the king and two queens 117 114 The two queens Aat and an unidentified queen were buried here and their remains were recovered from their chambers 118 115 The king though was not buried here 119 Shortly after the completion of the pyramid superstructure in around Amenemhat III s 15th regnal year the substructure began to buckle with cracks appearing inside as a result of groundwater seepage 119 120 Rushed efforts were made to prevent the structure collapsing which were successful but just as Sneferu had decided to do with his Bent Pyramid Amenemhat III chose to build a new one 120 Hawara Edit The pyramid of Amenemhat III at Hawara The second pyramid is at Hawara Egyptian language Uncertain possibly ꜥnḫ Ỉmn m hꜣt Amenemhat Lives 120 in the Faiyum Oasis 121 This pyramid project was begun around Amenemhat III s 15th regnal year after problems with the Dahshur pyramid persisted 36 120 The choice of Hawara suggests that the cultivation of Faiyum was complete and that Amenemhat III was diverting resources to that area 122 The pyramid had a core constructed entirely of mudbrick encased in fine white Tura limestone 123 120 The pyramid had a base length of between 102 m 335 ft 195 cu and 105 m 344 ft 200 cu with a shallower inclination of between 48 and 52 up to a peak height 58 m 190 ft 111 cu for a total volume of 200 158 m3 7 068 500 cu ft 111 112 The shallower inclination angle was a step taken to guard against the threat of a collapse and avoid a repeat of the failure at Dahshur 120 Inside the substructure builders took further precautions such as lining chamber pits with limestone 123 The burial chamber was chiselled out of a single quartzite block measuring 7 m 23 ft by 2 5 m 8 2 ft by 1 83 m 6 0 ft and weighing over 100 t 110 short tons 123 120 Before the pyramid lay a mortuary temple that has been identified as the Labyrinth which Classical travellers such as Herodotus and Strabo referred to and which formed the basis for the Labyrinth of Minos 124 120 The temple was destroyed in antiquity and can only be partially reconstructed 124 120 Its floorplan covered an estimated 28 000 m2 300 000 sq ft 124 According to Strabo s account the temple contained as many rooms as there were nomes in Egypt 125 while Herodotus wrote about being led from courtyards into rooms rooms into galleries galleries into more rooms thence into more courtyards 120 A limestone statue of Sobek and another of Hathor were discovered here 125 as were two granite shrines each containing two statues of Amenemhat III 120 A north south oriented perimeter wall enclosed the entire complex 125 which thus measured 385 m 1 263 ft by 158 m 518 ft 120 The causeway has been identified near the south west corner of the complex but neither it nor the valley temple have been investigated 126 Neferuptah Edit The pyramid of Neferuptah was built 2 km 1 2 mi south east of Amenemhat III s Hawara pyramid It was excavated by Nagib Farag and Zaky Iskander in 1956 127 The superstructure of the pyramid is near completely lost and the substructure was found full of groundwater but her burial was otherwise undisturbed including both her sarcophagus and funerary equipment 128 Sculpture EditAmenemhat III and Sensuret III are the best attested rulers of the Middle Kingdom by number of statues with about 80 statues that can be assigned to the former The sculpture of Amenemhat III continued the tradition of Senusret III though it pursued a more natural and expressive physiognomy while retaining an idealized image 129 A wide range of stones were used for the sculpture of the king include white limestone obsidian chalcedony and copper alloy 130 Furthermore the king introduced new and re interpreted types of sculptures many of which were inspired by far older works 17 Two broad facial types can be assigned to Amenemhat III An expressive style in which the face of the king has its musculature bone structure and furrows clearly marked This style is evidently inspired by the sculpture of Senusret III A humanized style in which the face is simplified with few or no folds or furrows and averse to sharp transitions between features These have a generally softer more youthful expression 131 A sculpture of the expressive type in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek Copenhagen A sculpture of the humanized type in the Staatliches Museum Agyptischer Kunst Munich Half lifesized head in mottled diorite from the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology London Amenemhat III dressed in panther skin from the Egyptian Museum Cairo Granite statue in the Egyptian Collection of the Hermitage Museum St Petersburg Egyptian alabaster statuette head of Amenemhat III from the Louvre ParisOfficials EditThe vizier Kheti H ty held office around year 29 of Amenemhat III s reign 132 as is attested on a papyrus from el Lahun 133 The papyrus is a business document authored by the vizier in his office discussing payment of two brothers named Ahy seneb Ỉhy snb for their services 134 At that time one brother Ahy seneb Ankh ren ꜥnḫ rn was an assistant to the treasurer yet on a later papyrus containing his will dated to year 44 of Amenemhat III s reign he had become the director of works 135 136 This latter papyrus contains two dates year 44 month II of Shemu day 13 and year 2 month II of Akhet day 18 137 The latter date refers to the reign of either Amenemhat IV or Sobekneferu 138 There is one other hieratic text and also a limestone table on which Ahy seneb Ankh ren is attested 136 The other brother Ahy seneb Wah Wꜣḥ was a wab priest and superintendent of priestly orders of Sepdu lord of the East 133 139 A further vizier datable to the reign was Ameny Ỉmny 140 Ameny is attested on two rock inscriptions from Aswan 141 The first found by Flinders Petrie on the road between Philae and Aswan 142 and the second found by Jacques de Morgan on the right bank of the river nile between Bar and Aswan 143 The inscriptions bear the names of his family members 141 including his wife Sehotepibre Nehy Sḥtp ỉb rꜥ Nḥy who is also attested on a stela in Copenhagen National Museum 144 Khnumhotep H nmw ḥtp was an official that held office for at least three decades from Senusret II s first regnal year through to Amenemhat III s reign 145 At the beginning of Senusret II s reign he was a chamberlain but by the end of his life he held both the office of vizier and chief steward 146 His tomb in Dahshur also attests to many other titles including high official royal seal bearer chief lector priest master of secrets and overseer of the city 147 148 The treasurer Ikhernofret Y ẖr nfrt was still in office in the early years of the king s reign 149 as is demonstrated by a funerary stela in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo 150 This official is among the best attested for the Middle Kingdom though there is little known of his family 149 His funerary stela is dated to Amenemhat III s first regnal year and bears his name along with three of his titles sealbearer of the King of Lower Egypt sole friend of the king and treasurer 151 152 The treasurer is mentioned on the funerary stela of an Ameny Ỉmny chief of staff of the bureau of the vizier The latter part of the stela tells of the attendance of Ikhernofret and Sasetet Sꜣ sṯt at a feast in Abydos at the instruction of Senusret III after a campaign against Nubia in his regnal year 19 153 154 Ameny is also mentioned on the stela of Sasetet dating to the first year of Amenemhat III where he still held the same position 155 156 Sasetet holds the title chief of staff of the bureau of the treasurer in that stela 155 Another treasurer under Amenemhat III is Senusretankh S n wsrt ꜥnḫ who is known from his recently uncovered mastaba at Dahshur near the pyramid of Senusret III The surviving fragments of a red granite offering table recovered from the tomb bear the birth and throne names of Amenemhat III The table further bears numerous other epithets and titles with which the owner connects himself to the king 157 Another chief steward Senbef Snb f is known from an expedition stela found at Mersa and from a papyrus document 158 The stela contains an image of Amenemhat III presenting offerings to the god Min 159 Behind the king stands another official Nebsu Nbsw the Overseer of the Cabinet of the Head of the South effectively meaning that he was the head of a workforce Beneath the image are inscriptions recording two expeditions to Punt alongside the names of the expedition leaders The leads of the two expeditions are Nebsu himself and his brother Amenhotep Ỉmn htp holding the title of scribe in charge of the seal of the treasury 160 161 See also EditList of pharaohsNotes Edit Proposed dates for the reign of Amenemhat III c 1859 1813 BC 2 c 1844 1797 BC 3 c 1843 1797 BC 4 c 1842 1797 BC 5 6 c 1842 1794 BC 7 c 1831 1786 BC 8 9 c 1818 1773 BC 10 Syncellus attributes his list to Apollodorus whom himself attributed to Eratosthenes and himself attributed to the scribes of Diospolis but which is ultimately supposed to originate from none of these and was instead derived from an Egyptian king list 34 These include The presence of double dates that appear to conflate the reigns of two kings 51 52 The co naming of two kings present on many artefacts but without dates This is weak evidence as it is not unusual for two kings one living and one deceased to be named together 53 Single dated monuments during the assumed period of co rule favour the junior partner and this is suggested to indicate the quasi retirement of the elder king 54 Textual evidence for co regency but it is scant indirect and of malleable interpretation 55 Such as the Egyptologists Robert Delia Claude Obsomer and Pierre Tallet 56 57 References Edit a b c Schneider 2006 pp 173 174 Oppenheim et al 2015 p xix Lehner 2008 p 8 a b c d e f g h i j Leprohon 2001 p 69 Clayton 1994 p 84 Grimal 1992 p 391 Dodson amp Hilton 2004 p 289 Shaw 2003 p 483 a b c d Callender 2003 p 156 a b Krauss amp Warburton 2006 p 492 a b c d e f g Leprohon 2013 p 59 a b c d e von Beckerath 1984 p 199 a b c d Grajetzki 2006 p 59 a b c d Clayton 1994 pp 87 88 a b Dodson amp Hilton 2004 p 91 a b c d Clayton 1994 p 87 a b Connor 2015 p 58 Shute 2001 p 348 Clagett 1989 p 113 Redford 1986 p 34 a b Krauss amp Warburton 2006 p 493 Kitchen 1975 pp 177 179 Kitchen 1979 pp 539 541 Kitchen 1980 pp 479 481 Kitchen 2001 p 237 Ryholt 1997 p 14 a b c Kitchen 1979 pp 827 amp 834 Waddell 1964 p vii Redford 2001 p 336 Hornung Krauss amp Warburton 2006 p 34 Hornung Krauss amp Warburton 2006 p 35 Waddell 1964 pp 69 amp 71 Waddell 1964 p 224 Waddell 1964 pp 213 Dodson amp Hilton 2004 pp 94 95 a b c d Grajetzki 2006 p 58 Dodson amp Hilton 2004 pp 93 amp 96 98 Dodson amp Hilton 2004 p 93 95 96 amp 99 Roth 2001 p 440 a b Dodson amp Hilton 2004 pp 95 amp 98 Dodson amp Hilton 2004 pp 93 amp 95 Callender 2003 p 158 Dodson amp Hilton 2004 pp 92 amp 95 98 a b Schneider 2006 p 70 Grajetzki 2015 p 306 Schneider 2006 p 174 Kitchen 1975 pp 177 amp 179 Kitchen 1979 pp 539 amp 541 Kitchen 1980 pp 479 amp 481 Schneider 2006 pp 172 173 Saladino Haney 2020 p 39 Schneider 2006 pp 171 173 Saladino Haney 2020 p 41 Saladino Haney 2020 pp 41 42 Saladino Haney 2020 p 43 Saladino Haney 2020 p 40 footnote 7 Schneider 2006 p 170 Saladino Haney 2020 pp 39 97 a b c d e Schneider 2006 p 173 a b Simpson 2001 p 455 Griffith 1897 p 40 Griffith 1898 p Pl XIV Grajetzki 2006 p 180 a b Grajetzki 2006 p 60 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Grimal 1992 p 170 Ryholt 1997 p 212 Murnane 1977 pp 12 13 amp footnote 55 a b Grimal 1992 p 168 a b Callender 2003 p 154 a b Callender 2003 p 155 Grimal 1992 p 167 Grimal 1992 p 166 Hintze amp Reineke 1989 pp 145 147 a b c d Callender 2003 pp 156 157 a b Callender 2003 p 157 Leprohon 1999 p 54 Gardiner Peet amp Cerny 1955 pp 66 71 Tallet 2002 pp 371 372 Tallet 2002 p 372 Gardiner Peet amp Cerny 1955 p 76 Mumford 1999 p 882 Gardiner Peet amp Cerny 1955 pp 78 81 90 121 133 134 141 143 a b Uphill 2010 p 46 Castel amp Soukiassian 1985 pp 285 amp 288 Mahfouz 2008 p 275 footnote 130 a b Seyfried 1981 pp 254 256 Couyat amp Montet 1912 pp 40 41 amp 51 Shaw amp Jameson 1993 p 97 Seyfried 1981 pp 105 116 Sadek 1980 pp 41 43 Rothe Miller amp Rapp 2008 pp 382 385 amp 499 Shaw et al 2010 pp 293 294 Darnell amp Manassa 2013 pp 56 57 Darnell amp Manassa 2013 p 58 Mahfouz 2008 pp 253 259 261 Bard Fattovich amp Manzo 2013 p 539 Bard Fattovich amp Manzo 2013 p 537 Mahfouz 2008 pp 253 255 amp 273 274 Zecchi 2010 p 38 Callender 2003 pp 152 153 amp 157 Callender 2003 p 152 Chanson 2004 p 544 Gorzo 1999 p 429 Chanson 2004 pp 545 Clayton 1994 p 88 Callender 2003 pp 157 158 a b Verner 2001 p 421 Lehner 2008 p 16 Allen 2008 p 31 a b Lehner 2008 p 179 a b Verner 2001 p 422 a b Verner 2001 p 465 a b Lehner 2008 p 17 Verner 2001 pp 422 423 a b c Verner 2001 p 423 a b Lehner 2008 p 180 Verner 2001 pp 424 426 Lehner 2008 pp 179 180 Verner 2001 p 424 a b Verner 2001 p 427 a b c d e f g h i j k l Lehner 2008 p 181 Verner 2001 pp 427 428 Grajetzki 2006 pp 58 59 a b c Verner 2001 p 428 a b c Verner 2001 p 430 a b c Verner 2001 p 431 Verner 2001 pp 431 432 Farag amp Iskander 1971 Holzl 1999 p 437 Connor 2015 pp 58 amp 60 Connor 2015 p 59 Connor 2015 pp 60 62 Grajetzki 2009 p 34 a b Griffith 1897 p 35 Griffith 1897 pp 35 36 Griffith 1897 pp 31 amp 35 a b JGU 2022 Person PD 189 Griffith 1897 pp 31 35 Griffith 1898 p Plate XII Griffith 1897 p 34 JGU 2022 Person wꜥb ḥrj sꜣ n spdw nb jꜣbtt jḥjj snb wꜣḥ de Meulenaere 1981 p 78 79 a b JGU 2022 Person PD 116 Petrie 1888 p Pl VI no 137 de Morgan et al 1894 pp 29 31 no 10 Thirion 1995 p 174 Allen 2008 pp 29 31 Allen 2008 p 29 Allen 2008 pp 32 JGU 2022 Person DAE 161 a b Tolba 2016 p 135 Universitat zu Koln 2021 Tolba 2016 pp 138 139 JGU 2022 Person PD 27 MAH 2021 JGU 2022 Person PD 551 a b Louvre 2021 JGU 2022 Person PD 94 Yamamoto 2021 pp 249 255 JGU 2022 Person DAE 204 Bard amp Fattovich 2018 p 64 Bard amp Fattovich 2018 p 65 JGU 2022 ss ḥr j ḫtm n pr ḥḏ Bibliography Edit 136780 Stele Arachne Universitat zu Koln 2021 Retrieved 13 September 2021 Allen James 2008 The Historical Inscription of Khnumhotep at Dahshur Preliminary Report Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 352 352 29 39 doi 10 1086 BASOR25609300 ISSN 2161 8062 JSTOR 25609300 S2CID 163394832 Bard Kathryn Fattovich Rodolfo Manzo Andrea 2013 The ancient harbor at Mersa Wadi Gawasis and how to get there New evidence of Pharaonic seafaring expeditions in the Red Sea In Forster Frank Riemer Heiko eds Desert Road Archaeology in Ancient Egypt and Beyond Cologne Heinrich Barth Institut pp 533 557 ISBN 9783927688414 Bard Kathryn Fattovich Rodolfo 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730929779 Dodson Aidan Hilton Dyan 2004 The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt London Thames amp Hudson OCLC 602048312 Farag Naguib Iskander Z 1971 The discovery of Neferwptah Cairo General Organization for Govt Print Offices ISBN 0 500 05128 3 Gardiner Alan Peet Eric Cerny Jaroslavl 1955 The Inscriptions of Sinai Translations and Commentary Vol 2 London Egypt Exploration Society OCLC 941051594 Gorzo Darlene 1999 Gurob In Bard Kathryn ed Encyclopedia of the archaeology of ancient Egypt London New York Routledge pp 429 433 ISBN 978 0 203 98283 9 Grajetzki Wolfram 2006 The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt History Archaeology and Society London Duckworth ISBN 0 7156 3435 6 Grajetzki Wolfram 2009 Court Officials of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom London Bloomsbury ISBN 9780715637456 Grajetzki Wolfram 2015 Oppenheim Adela Arnold Dorothea Arnold Dieter Yamamoto Kumiko eds Ancient Egypt Transformed the Middle Kingdom New York Metropolitan Museum of Art ISBN 9781588395641 Grimal Nicolas 1992 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Persons and Names of the Middle Kingdom Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz Retrieved 11 September 2021 Kitchen Kenneth A 1975 Ramesside Inscriptions Historical and Biographical Vol 1 Oxford Blackwell ISBN 0 903563 08 8 Kitchen Kenneth A 1979 Ramesside Inscriptions Historical and Biographical Vol 2 Oxford Blackwell OCLC 258591788 Kitchen Kenneth A 1980 Ramesside Inscriptions Historical and Biographical Vol 3 Oxford Blackwell OCLC 254744548 Kitchen Kenneth A 2001 King Lists In Redford Donald B ed The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt Volume 2 Oxford Oxford University Press pp 234 238 ISBN 978 0 19 510234 5 Krauss Rolf Warburton David 2006 Conclusions and Chronological Tables In Hornung Erik Krauss Rolf Warburton David eds Ancient Egyptian Chronology Leiden Brill pp 473 498 ISBN 978 90 04 11385 5 Lehner Mark 2008 The Complete Pyramids New York Thames amp Hudson ISBN 978 0 500 28547 3 Leprohon Ronald J 1999 Middle Kingdom In Bard Kathryn ed Encyclopedia of the archaeology of ancient Egypt London New York Routledge pp 50 56 ISBN 978 0 203 98283 9 Leprohon Ronald J 2001 Amenemhat III In Redford Donald B ed The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt Volume 1 Oxford Oxford University Press pp 69 70 ISBN 978 0 19 510234 5 Leprohon Ronald J 2013 The Great Name Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary Writings from the ancient world Vol 33 Atlanta Society of Biblical Literature ISBN 978 1 58983 736 2 Mahfouz El Sayed 2008 Amenemhat III au ouadi Gaouasis Bulletin de l Institut francais d archeologie orientale in French 108 253 279 ISSN 2429 2869 de Meulenaere Herman 1981 Contributions a la prospographie du Moyen Empire 1 Le vizir Imeny 2 Quelques anthroponymes d Edfou du Moyen Empire 3 Une stele d Elkab avec 1 plance Bulletin de l Institut francais d archeologie orientale in French 81 1 77 85 ISSN 2429 2869 Mumford Gregory Duncan 1999 Serabit el Khadim In Bard Kathryn ed Encyclopedia of the archaeology of ancient Egypt London New York Routledge pp 881 885 ISBN 978 0 203 98283 9 Murnane William 1977 Ancient Egyptian Coregencies Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization Vol 40 Chicago IL The Oriental Institute OCLC 462126791 Oppenheim Adela Arnold Dorothea Arnold Dieter Yamamoto Kumiko eds 2015 Ancient Egypt Transformed the Middle Kingdom New York Metropolitan Museum of Art ISBN 9781588395641 Petrie Flinders 1888 A Season in Egypt 1887 London Field amp Tuer The Leadenhall Press EC OCLC 314103922 Redford Donald B 1986 Pharaonic King lists Annals and Day books Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities 4 Mississauga Benben Rubl ISBN 0920168078 Redford Donald B 2001 Manetho In Redford Donald B ed The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt Volume 2 Oxford Oxford University Press pp 336 337 ISBN 978 0 19 510234 5 Roth Silke 2001 Die Konigsmutter des Alten Agypten von der Fruhzeit bis zum Ende der 12 Dynastie in German Wiesbaden Harrassowitz Verlag ISBN 3 447 04368 7 Rothe Russel Miller William Rapp George 2008 Pharaonic Inscriptions from the Southern Eastern Desert of Egypt Winona Lake IN Eisenbrauns ISBN 978 1 57506 147 4 Ryholt Kim 1997 The Political Situation in Egypt During the Second Intermediate Period C 1800 1550 B C Copenhagen Museum Tusculanum Press ISBN 87 7289 421 0 Sadek Ashraf 1980 The Amethyst Mining Inscriptions of Wadi el Hudi Part I Text Warminster Aris amp Phillips ISBN 0 85668 162 8 Saladino Haney Lisa 2020 Visualizing Coregency An Exploration of the Link between Royal Image and Co Rule during the Reign of Senwosret III and Amenemhet III Brill London Boston Brill ISBN 978 90 04 42214 8 Schneider Thomas 2006 The Relative Chronology of the Middle Kingdom and the Hyksos Period Dyns 12 17 In Hornung Erik Krauss Rolf Warburton David eds Ancient Egyptian Chronology Leiden Brill pp 168 196 ISBN 978 90 04 11385 5 Seyfried Karl Joachim 1981 Beitrage zu den Expeditionen des Mittleren Reiches in die Ost Wuste Hildesheim Hildesheim Gerstenberg Verlag ISBN 3806780560 Shaw Ian Jameson Robert 1993 Amethyst Mining in the Eastern Desert A Preliminary Survey at Wadi el Hudi The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 79 81 97 doi 10 2307 3822159 ISSN 0307 5133 JSTOR 3822159 Shaw Ian ed 2003 The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 815034 3 Shaw Ian Bloxam Elisabeth Heldal Tom Storemyr Per 2010 Quarrying and landscape at Gebel el Asr in the Old and Middle Kingdoms In Raffaele Francesco Nuzzollo Massimiliano Incordino Ilaria eds Recent Discoveries and Latest Researches in Egyptology Proceedings of the First Neapolitan Congress of Egyptology Naples June 18th 20th 2008 Wiesbaden Harassowitz Verlag pp 293 312 ISBN 978 3 447 06251 0 Shute Charles 2001 Mathematics In Redford Donald B ed The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt Volume 2 Oxford Oxford University Press pp 348 351 ISBN 978 0 19 510234 5 Simpson William Kelly 2001 Twelfth Dynasty In Redford Donald B ed The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt Volume 3 Oxford Oxford University Press pp 453 457 ISBN 978 0 19 510234 5 Stele de Sasatis Louvre in French Louvre 13 January 2021 Retrieved 13 September 2021 Stele funeraire Sesostris III an 19 soit 1868 av JC selon l inscription Musee d Art et d Histoire de Geneve in French Musee d Art et d Histoire de Geneve 10 July 2021 Retrieved 13 September 2021 Tallet Pierre 2002 Notes sur le ouadi Maghara et sa region au Moyen Empire Bulletin de l Institut francais d archeologie orientale in French 102 371 378 ISSN 2429 2869 Thirion Michelle 1995 Notes d Onomastique Contribution a une Revision du Ranke PN Dixieme Serie Revue d Egyptologie in French 46 171 186 ISSN 1783 1733 Tolba Nevine Hussein Abd el moneim 2016 La stele CGC 20140 d Ikhernofret au Grand Musee egyptien GEM 20140 PDF The Conference Book of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists in French 19 135 170 doi 10 21608 cguaa 2016 29699 ISSN 2536 9938 Uphill Eric 2010 Pharaoh s Gateway to Eternity The Hawara Labyrinth of Amenemhat III London Routledge ISBN 978 0 7103 0627 2 Verner Miroslav 2001 The Pyramids The Mystery Culture and Science of Egypt s Great Monuments New York Grove Press ISBN 978 0 8021 1703 8 von Beckerath Jurgen 1984 Handbuch der agyptischen Konigsnamen Munchen Deutscher Kunstverlag ISBN 9783422008328 Waddell William Gillan 1964 1940 Page Thomas Ethelbert Capps Edward Rouse William Henry Denham Post Levi Arnold Warmington Eric Herbert eds Manetho with an English Translation Cambridge MA Harvard University Press OCLC 610359927 Yamamoto Kei 2021 Treasurer Senwosretankh favored of Amenemhat III In Geisen Christina Li Jean Shubert Steven Yamamoto Kei eds His good name essays on identity and self presentation in ancient Egypt in honor of Ronald J Leprohon Atlanta GA Lockwood Press pp 249 255 ISBN 9781948488372 Zecchi Marco 2010 Sobek of Shedet The Crocodile God in the Fayyum in the Dynastic Period Studi sull antico Egitto Todi Tau Editrice ISBN 978 88 6244 115 5 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amenemhat III Amenemhat III Nimaatre The Pyramid of Amenemhet III from Talking Pyramids Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Amenemhat III amp oldid 1126420564, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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