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Taharqa

January 19, 2024

Taharqa, also spelled Taharka or Taharqo (Egyptian: 𓇿𓉔𓃭𓈎 tꜣhrwq, Akkadian: Tar-qu-ú, Hebrew: תִּרְהָקָה, Modern: Tīrhaqa, Tiberian: Tīrhāqā, Manetho's Tarakos, Strabo's Tearco), was a pharaoh of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt and qore (king) of the Kingdom of Kush (present day Sudan) from 690 to 664 BC. He was one of the "Black Pharaohs" who ruled over Egypt for nearly a century.[5][6]

Taharqa
Statue of Taharqa. His name appears on the center of his belt: 𓇿𓉔𓃭𓈎 (tꜣ-h-rw-q, "Taharqa"). The statue is 2.7 meters tall. Taharqa has a striding pose, the arms held tight, and holds the mekes staff. He wears a pleated kilt called shendjyt and on the head the double-uraeus skullcap, possibly signifying the double rule over Nubia and Egypt.[1] (Louvre Museum, color reconstruction of the jewelry through pigment analysis).[2]
Pharaoh
Reign690–664 BC
PredecessorShabaka
SuccessorTantamani
Royal titulary
Horus name
Qekhau

Nebty name
Qekhau

Golden Horus
Khutawy
Protector of the Two Lands

Prenomen  (Praenomen)
Nefertemkhure
Nefertum is his Protector[3]
Nomen
Taharqa
Taharqa


ConsortGreat Queen Takahatenamun, Atakhebasken, Naparaye, Tabekenamun[4]
ChildrenAmenirdis II, Ushankhuru, Nesishutefnut
FatherPiye
MotherAbar
Died664 BC
Dynasty25th dynasty
nomen or birth name
t h r ḳ (Taharqo)
in hieroglyphs

Early life edit

See also: Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt family tree

Taharqa may have been the son of Piye, the Nubian king of Napata who had first conquered Egypt, though the relationships in this family are not completely clear (see Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt family tree). Taharqa was also the cousin and successor of Shebitku.[7] The successful campaigns of Piye and Shabaka paved the way for a prosperous reign by Taharqa.

Ruling period edit

Taharqa's reign can be dated from 690 BC to 664 BC.[8] Evidence for the dates of his reign is derived from the Serapeum stele, catalog number 192. This stela records that an Apis bull born and installed (fourth month of Season of the Emergence, day 9) in year 26 of Taharqa died in Year 20 of Psamtik I (4th month of Shomu, day 20), having lived 21 years. This would give Taharqa a reign of 26 years and a fraction, in 690–664 BC.[9]

 
Taharqa portrait, Nubian Museum.[10]

Irregular accession to power edit

Taharqa explicitly states in Kawa Stela V, line 15, that he succeeded his predecessor (generally assumed to be Shebitku but now established to be Shabaka instead) after the latter's death with this statement: "I received the Crown in Memphis after the Falcon flew to heaven."[11] The reference to Shebitku was an attempt by Taharqa to legitimise his accession to power.[12] However, Taharqa never mentions the identity of the royal falcon and completely omits any mention of Shabaka's intervening reign between Shebitku and Taharqa possibly because he ousted Shabaka from power.[13]

In Kawa IV, line 7-13, Taharqa states:

He (Taharqa) sailed northward to Thebes amongst the beautiful young people that His Majesty, the late King Shabataqo/Shebitku, had sent from Nubia. He was there (in Thebes) with him. He appreciated him more than any of his brothers. (There here follows a description of the [poor] state of the temple of Kawa as observed by the prince). The heart of his Majesty was in sadness about it until his Majesty became king, crowned as King of Upper and Lower Egypt (...). It was during the first year of his reign he remembered what he had seen of the temple when he was young.[14]

 
Statue of Taharqa, in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts

In Kawa V: line 15, Taharqa states

I was brought from Nubia amongst the royal brothers that his Majesty had brought. As I was with him, he liked me more than all his brothers and all his children, so that he distinguished me. I won the heart of the nobles and was loved by all. It was only after the hawk had flown to heaven that I received the crown in Memphis.[15]

Therefore, Taharqa says that King Shebitku, who was very fond of him, brought him with him to Egypt and during that trip he had the opportunity to see the deplorable state of the temple of Amun at Kawa, an event he remembered after becoming king. But on Kawa V Taharqa says that sometime after his arrival in Egypt under a different king whom this time he chose not to name, there occurred the death of this monarch (Shabaka here) and then his own accession to the throne occurred. Taharqa's evasiveness on the identity of his predecessor suggests that he assumed power in an irregular fashion and chose to legitimise his kingship by conveniently stating the possible fact or propaganda that Shebitku favoured him "more than all his brothers and all his children."[12]

Moreover, in lines 13 – 14 of Kawa stela V, His Majesty (who can be none other but Shebitku), is mentioned twice, and at first sight the falcon or hawk that flew to heaven, mentioned in the very next line 15, seems to be identical with His Majesty referred to directly before (i.e. Shebitku).[16] However, in the critical line 15 which recorded Taharqa's accession to power, a new stage of the narrative begins, separated from the previous one by a period of many years, and the king or hawk/falcon that flew to heaven is conspicuously left unnamed in order to distinguish him from His Majesty, Shebitku. Moreover, the purpose of Kawa V, was to describe several separate events that occurred at distinct stages of Taharqa's life, instead of telling a continuous story about it.[16] Therefore, the Kawa V text began with the 6th year of Taharqa and referred to the High Nile flood of that year before abruptly jumping back to Taharqa's youth at the end of line 13.[16] In the beginning of line 15, Taharqa's coronation is mentioned (with the identity of the hawk/falcon—now known to be Shabaka—left unnamed but if it was Shebitku, Taharqa's favourite king, Taharqa would clearly have identified him) and there is a description given of the extent of the lands and foreign countries under Egypt's control but then (in the middle of line 16) the narrative switches abruptly back again to Taharqa's youth: "My mother was in Ta-Sety …. Now I was far from her as a twenty year old recruit, as I went with His Majesty to the North Land".[16] However, immediately afterwards (around the middle of line 17) the text jumps forward again to the time of Taharqa's accession: "Then she came sailing downstream to see me after a long period of years. She found me after I had appeared on the throne of Horus...".[16] Hence, the Kawa V narrative switches from one event to another, and has little to no chronological coherence or value.

Reign edit

 
Kushite heartland, and Kushite Empire of the 25th dynasty of Egypt, under Taharqa[17]

Although Taharqa's reign was filled with conflict with the Assyrians, it was also a prosperous renaissance period in Egypt and Kush.[18][19] The empire flourished under Taharqa, due in part to a particularly large Nile river flood, abundant crops,[18] and the "intellectual and material resources set free by an efficient central government."[19] Taharqa's inscriptions indicate that he gave large amounts of gold to the temple of Amun at Kawa.[20] The Nile valley empire was as large as it had been since the New Kingdom.[21] Taharqa and the 25th dynasty revived Egyptian culture.[22] Religion, arts, and architecture were restored to their glorious Old, Middle, and New Kingdom forms. During Taharqa's reign, the "central features of Theban theology were merged with Egyptian Middle and New Kingdom imperial ideology.".[19] Under Taharqa, the cultural integration of Egypt and Kush reached such a point that it could not be reversed, even after the Assyrian conquest.[19]

 
Portrait of Taharqa, Kerma Museum
 
Reconstruction with original colors (Louvre Museum).

Taharqa restored existing temples and built new ones. Particularly impressive were his additions to the Temple at Karnak, new temple at Kawa, and temples at Jebel Barkal.[22][23][24][25][26] Taharqa continued the 25th dynasty's ambitious program to develop Jebel Barkal into a "monumental complex of sancturies...centered around the great temple of...Amun."[19] The similarity of Jebel Barkal to Karnak "seems to be central to the builders at Jebel Barkal.".[19] The rest of Taharqa's constructions served to create "Temple Towns", which were "local centers of government, production, and redistribution."[19]

It was during the 25th dynasty that the Nile valley saw the first widespread construction of pyramids (many in modern Sudan) since the Middle Kingdom.[24][27][28] Taharqa built the largest pyramid (~52 meters square at base) in the Nubian region at Nuri (near El-Kurru) with the most elaborate Kushite rock-cut tomb.[29] Taharqa was buried with "over 1070 shabtis of varying sizes and made of granite, green ankerite, and alabaster."[30]

War between Taharqa and Assyria edit

Main article: Assyrian conquest of Egypt
 
 
The Victory stele of Esarhaddon was created following the king's victory in Egypt and depicts Esarhaddon in a majestic pose with a war mace in his hand and royal captives kneeling before him. One is Ushankhuru, the son of Taharqa, shackled with a rope around his neck, but wearing the Kushite crown. The other may be Abdi-Milkutti, King of Sidon.

Taharqa began cultivating alliances with elements in Phoenicia and Philistia who were prepared to take a more independent position against Assyria.[31] Taharqa's army undertook successful military campaigns, as attested by the "list of conquered Asiatic principalities" from the Mut temple at Karnak and "conquered peoples and countries (Libyans, Shasu nomads, Phoenicians?, Khor in Palestine)" from Sanam temple inscriptions.[19] Torok mentions the military success was due to Taharqa's efforts to strengthen the army through daily training in long-distance running, as well as Assyria's preoccupation with Babylon and Elam.[19] Taharqa also built military settlements at the Semna and Buhen forts and the fortified site of Qasr Ibrim.[19]

Imperial ambitions of the Mesopotamian-based Assyrian Empire made war with the 25th dynasty inevitable. In 701 BC, the Kushites aided Judah and King Hezekiah in withstanding the siege of Jerusalem by King Sennacherib of the Assyrians (2 Kings 19:9; Isaiah 37:9).[32] There are various theories (Taharqa's army,[33] disease, divine intervention, Hezekiah's surrender, Herodotus' mice theory) as to why the Assyrians failed to take Jerusalem and withdrew to Assyria.[34] Many historians claim that Sennacherib was the overlord of Khor following the siege in 701 BC. Sennacherib's annals record Judah was forced into tribute after the siege.[35] However, this is contradicted by Khor's frequent utilization of an Egyptian system of weights for trade,[36] the 20 year cessation in Assyria's pattern (before 701 and after Sennacherib's death) of repeatedly invading Khor,[37] Khor paying tribute to Amun of Karnak in the first half of Taharqa's reign,[19] and Taharqa flouting Assyria's ban on Lebanese cedar exports to Egypt, while Taharqa was building his temple to Amun at Kawa.[38]

 
Statue of Pharaoh Taharqa from Jebel Barkal (3.6 meters). National Museum of Sudan.[39]

In 679 BC, Sennacherib's successor, King Esarhaddon, campaigned into Khor and took a town loyal to Egypt. After destroying Sidon and forcing Tyre into tribute in 677-676 BC, Esarhaddon invaded Egypt proper in 674 BC. Taharqa and his army defeated the Assyrians outright in 674 BC, according to Babylonian records.[40] This invasion, which only a few Assyrian sources discuss, ended in what some scholars have assumed was possibly one of Assyria's worst defeats.[41] In 672 BC, Taharqa brought reserve troops from Kush, as mentioned in rock inscriptions.[19] Taharqa's Egypt still held sway in Khor during this period as evidenced by Esarhaddon's 671 BC annal mentioning that Tyre's King Ba'lu had "put his trust upon his friend Taharqa", Ashkelon's alliance with Egypt, and Esarhaddon's inscription asking "if the Kushite-Egyptian forces 'plan and strive to wage war in any way' and if the Egyptian forces will defeat Esarhaddon at Ashkelon."[42] However, Taharqa was defeated in Egypt in 671 BC when Esarhaddon conquered Northern Egypt, captured Memphis, imposed tribute, and then withdrew.[18] Although the Pharaoh Taharqa had escaped to the south, Esarhaddon captured the Pharaoh's family, including "Prince Nes-Anhuret, royal wives,"[19] and most of the royal court[citation needed], which were sent to Assyria as hostages. Cuneiform tablets mention numerous horses and gold headdresses were taken back to Assyria.[19] In 669 BC, Taharqa reoccupied Memphis, as well as the Delta, and recommenced intrigues with the king of Tyre.[18] Taharqa intrigued in the affairs of Lower Egypt, and fanned numerous revolts.[43] Esarhaddon again led his army to Egypt and on his death in 668 BC, the command passed to Ashurbanipal. Ashurbanipal and the Assyrians again defeated Taharqa and advanced as far south as Thebes, but direct Assyrian control was not established."[18] The rebellion was stopped and Ashurbanipal appointed as his vassal ruler in Egypt Necho I, who had been king of the city Sais. Necho's son, Psamtik I was educated at the Assyrian capital of Nineveh during Esarhaddon's reign.[44] As late as 665 BC, the vassal rulers of Sais, Mendes, and Pelusium were still making overtures to Taharqa in Kush.[19] The vassal's plot was uncovered by Ashurbanipal and all rebels but Necho of Sais were executed.[19]

The remains of three colossal statues of Taharqa were found at the entrance of the palace at Nineveh. These statues were probably brought back as war trophies by Esarhaddon, who also brought back royal hostages and numerous luxury objects from Egypt.[45][46]

Death edit

Taharqa died in the city of Thebes[47] in 664 BC. He was followed by his appointed successor Tantamani, a son of Shabaka, who invaded Lower Egypt in hopes of restoring his family's control. This led to a renewed conflict with Ashurbanipal and the Sack of Thebes by the Assyrians in 663 BCE. He was himself succeeded by a son of Taharqa, Atlanersa.

Nuri pyramid edit

 
The ruins of the pyramid of Taharqa at Nuri. It is the earliest and largest pyramid of the Nuri site.
Main article: Nuri

Taharqa chose the site of Nuri in North Sudan to build his pyramid, away from the traditional burial site of El-Kurru. It was the first and the largest pyramid of Nuri, and he was followed by close to twenty later kings at the site.[48]

 
Pyramids of the successors of Taharqa, seen from the top of his pyramid at Nuri, the first pyramid to be built, and the largest, at the site

Biblical references edit

Mainstream scholars agree that Taharqa is the Biblical "Tirhakah" (Heb: תִּרְהָקָה), king of Ethiopia (Kush), who waged war against Sennacherib during the reign of King Hezekiah of Judah (2 Kings 19:9; Isaiah 37:9).[49][33]

The events in the biblical account are believed to have taken place in 701 BC, whereas Taharqa came to the throne some ten years later. If the title of king in the biblical text refers to his future royal title, he still may have been too young to be a military commander,[50] although this is disputed.[51] According to the egyptologist Jeremy Pope, Taharqa was probably between 25 and 33 years old in 701 BC and, following Kushite custom to delegate actual leadership in combat to a subordinate, was sent by his predecessor Shabako as a military commander to fight against the Assyrians.[52]

Aubin mentions that the biblical account in Genesis 10:6-7 (Table of Nations) lists Taharqa's predecessors, Shebitku and Shabako (סַבְתְּכָ֑א and סַבְתָּ֥ה).[53] Concerning Taharqa's successor, the sack of Thebes was a momentous event that reverberated throughout the Ancient Near East. It is mentioned in the Book of Nahum chapter 3:8-10:

 
Profile of Taharqa on the Taharqa Shrine, Ashmolean Museum

Art thou better than populous No, that was situate among the rivers, that had the waters round about it, whose rampart was the sea, and her wall was from the sea? Ethiopia and Egypt were her strength, and it was infinite; Put and Lubim were thy helpers. Yet was she carried away, she went into captivity: her young children also were dashed in pieces at the top of all the streets: and they cast lots for her honourable men, and all her great men were bound in chains

Depictions edit

Taharqa, under the name "Tearco the Aethiopian", was described by the Ancient Greek historian Strabo. Strabo mentioned Taharqa in a list of other notable conquerors (Cyrus the Great, Xerxes, Sesotris) and mentioned that these princes had undertaken "expeditions to lands far remote."[54] Strabo mentions Taharqa as having "Advanced as far as Europe",[55] and (citing Megasthenes), even as far as the Pillars of Hercules in Spain:[56] Similarly, in 1534 the Muslim scholar Ibn-l-Khattib al-Makkary wrote an account of Taharqa's "establishment of a garrison in the south of Spain in approximately 702 BC."[57]

However, Sesostris, the Aegyptian, he adds, and Tearco the Aethiopian advanced as far as Europe; and Nabocodrosor, who enjoyed greater repute among the Chaldaeans than Heracles, led an army even as far as the Pillars. Thus far, he says, also Tearco went.

— Strabo, Geographia, XV.1.6.[58]

The two snakes in the crown of pharaoh Taharqa show that he was the king of both the lands of Egypt and Nubia.

Monuments of Taharqa edit

class=notpageimage|
Location of Taharqa's monuments
 
Stele commemorating the death of an Apis bull enthroned in "Year 26 of Taharqa". Found in the Serapeum of Saqqara, Saqqara. Louvre Museum.
 
Stele of the Great Temple of Tanis, written in the "Year 6 of Taharqa"[59]

Taharqa has left monuments throughout Egypt and Nubia. In Memphis, Thebes, and Napata he rebuilt or restored the Temple of Amon.[60]

Taharqa in Karnak edit

Taharqa is known for various monuments in Karnak.

  •  
    Taharqa column
  •  
    Kiosk of Taharqa in Karnak
  •  
    Chapel of Taharqa and Shepenwepet in Karnak
  •  
    Taharqa's kiosk. Karnak Temple

Shrine of Taharqa in Kawa edit

A small temple of Taharqa was once located at Kawa in Nubia (modern Sudan). It is located today in the Ashmolean Museum.[61]

  •  
    The Shrine of Taharqa, Ashmolean Museum
  •  
    Shrine and Sphinx of Taharqa. Taharqa appears between the legs of the Ram-Spinx
  •  
    The Ram-Spinx and Taharqa
  •  
    Relief of Taharqa on the shrine
  •  
    Taharqa cartouche on the Shrine
  •  
    King Taharqa and the gods of Thebes. Standing on the left, he offers "a white loaf" to his father Amun-Re, who is accompanied by Mut, Khonsu and Montu, Kawa shrine.[62]
  •  
    Taharqa and the gods of Gematen (the Temple of Kawa). He makes an offering to the ram-headed god Amun-Re. Kawa shrine.[63]
  •  
    Taharqa (left) embracing Horus (Re-Horakhty) on the Kawa shrine[64]

Taharqa in Jebel Barkal edit

Taharqa is depicted in various reliefs in Jebel Barkal, particularly in the Temple of Mut.

  •  
    Taharqa in the Temple of Mut
  •  
    Taharqa before the god Amun in Gebel Barkal (Sudan), in Temple of Mut, Jebel Barkal
  •  
    Taharqa followed by his mother Queen Abar. Gebel Barkal – room C
  •  
    Taharqa with Queen Takahatamun at Gebel Barkal
  •  
    Lion-headed God Appademak with Pharaoh Taharqa (right) in the Jebel Barkal Temple of Mut
  •  
    Taharqa, followed by the sistrum shaking queen Takahatenamun in the Jebel Barkal Temple of Mut
  •  
    Taharqa making dedications to Egyptian Gods, in the Temple of Mut, Jebel Barkal, Sudan. His name appears in the second cartouche: 𓇿𓉔𓃭𓈎 (tꜣ-h-rw-k, "Taharqa").

Museum artifacts edit

  •  
    Taharqa offering wine jars to Falcon-god Hemen
  •  
    Taharqa, c. 690-64 BCE, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen
  •  
    Taharqa under a sphinx, British Museum
  •  
    Taharqa appears as the tallest statue in the back (2.7 meters), Kerma Museum.[65]
  •  
    Granite sphinx of Taharqa from Kawa in Sudan
  •  
    Serpentine weight of 10 daric. Inscribed for Taharqa in the midst of Sais. 25th Dynasty. From Egypt, probably from Nesaft. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
  •  
    Taharqa as a sphinx
  •  
    Taharqa close-up
  •  
    Pharaoh Taharqa. 25th dynasty of Egypt
  •  
    Shabti of King Taharqa

See also edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taharqa.

References edit

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  6. ^ "Pharaoh Taharqa ruled from 690 to 664 BCE and in all likelihood was the last black pharaoh to rule over all of Egypt" in Dijk, Lutz van (2006). A History of Africa. Tafelberg. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-624-04257-0. from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
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  48. ^ Why did Taharqa build his tomb at Nuri? 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Conference of Nubian Studies
  49. ^   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Tirhakah". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
  50. ^ Stiebing, William H. Jr. (2016). Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture. Routledge. p. 279. ISBN 978-1-315-51116-0. from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  51. ^ Pope, Jeremy (2022). "Reconstructing the Kushite Royal House". In Keimer, Kyle H.; Pierce, George A. (eds.). The Ancient Israelite World. Taylor & Francis. pp. 675–92. doi:10.4324/9780367815691-48. ISBN 978-1-000-77324-8.
  52. ^ Pope 2022, p. 689.
  53. ^ Aubin, Henry T. (2002). The Rescue of Jerusalem. New York, NY: Soho Press, Inc. pp. x, 178. ISBN 1-56947-275-0.
  54. ^ Aubin, Henry T. (2002). The Rescue of Jerusalem. New York, NY: Soho Press, Inc. pp. x, 162. ISBN 1-56947-275-0.
  55. ^ Strabo (2006). Geography. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-674-99266-0.
  56. ^ Snowden, Before Color Prejudice: The Ancient View of Blacks. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983, p.52
  57. ^ Peggy Brooks-Bertram (1996). Celenko, Theodore (ed.). Egypt in Africa. Indiana, USA: Indianapolis Museum of Art. pp. 101–102. ISBN 0-253-33269-9.
  58. ^ "LacusCurtius Strabo Geography Book XV Chapter 1 (§§ 1-25)". penelope.uchicago.edu. from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  59. ^ "L'An 6 de Taharqa" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  60. ^ Cf. D. Meeks, Hommage à Serge Sauneron
    , 1979    , Une fondation Memphite de Taharqa (Stèle du Caire JE 36861), p. 221-259.
  61. ^ "Taharqa Shrine". Ashmolean Museum. from the original on 6 May 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  62. ^ "Museum notice". 3 November 2017. from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  63. ^ "Museum notice". 3 November 2017. from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  64. ^ "Museum notice". 3 November 2017. from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  65. ^ Elshazly, Hesham. "Kerma and the royal cache". from the original on 3 April 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

Sources edit

  • Mark, Joshua J. (2009). "Ashurbanipal". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  • Ephʿal, Israel (2005). "Esarhaddon, Egypt, and Shubria: Politics and Propaganda". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. University of Chicago Press. 57 (1): 99–111. doi:10.1086/JCS40025994. S2CID 156663868.
  • Mark, Joshua J. (2014). "Esarhaddon". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
  • Kitchen, Kenneth Anderson (1996). The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC) (3rd ed.). Aris & Phillips Ltd. p. 608. ISBN 978-0-85668-298-8. from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  • Payraudeau, Frédéric (2014). Retour sur la succession Shabaqo-Shabataqo (in French). pp. 115–127.
  • Pope, Jeremy W. (2014). The Double Kingdom Under Taharqo: Studies in the History of Kush and Egypt, c. 690 – 664 BC. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-26295-9.
  • Radner, Karen (2012). "After Eltekeh: Royal Hostages from Egypt at the Assyrian Court". Stories of long ago. Festschrift für Michael D. Roaf. Ugarit-Verlag: 471–479.
  • Radner, Karen (2015). Ancient Assyria: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-871590-0.

Further reading edit

  • Bellis, Alice Ogden, ed. (2019). "Jerusalem's Survival, Sennacherib's Departure, and the Kushite Role in 701 BCE: An Examination of Henry Aubin's Rescue of Jerusalem". The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures. Lausanne: Swiss French Institute for Biblical Studies. 19: 1–297. doi:10.5508/jhs29552. ISSN 1203-1542.
  • Grayson, A. K. (1970). "Assyria: Sennacherib and Esarhaddon (704–669 BC)". The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 3 Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-3-11-103358-7.
  • Morkot, Robert (2000). The Black Pharaohs: Egypt's Nubian Rulers. The Rubicon Press. p. 342. ISBN 0-948695-23-4.

January 19, 2024
taharqa, also, spelled, taharka, taharqo, egyptian, 𓇿𓉔𓃭𓈎, tꜣhrwq, akkadian, hebrew, modern, tīrhaqa, tiberian, tīrhāqā, manetho, tarakos, strabo, tearco, pharaoh, twenty, fifth, dynasty, egypt, qore, king, kingdom, kush, present, sudan, from, black, pharaohs, . Taharqa also spelled Taharka or Taharqo Egyptian 𓇿𓉔𓃭𓈎 tꜣhrwq Akkadian Tar qu u Hebrew ת ר ה ק ה Modern Tirhaqa Tiberian Tirhaqa Manetho s Tarakos Strabo s Tearco was a pharaoh of the Twenty fifth Dynasty of Egypt and qore king of the Kingdom of Kush present day Sudan from 690 to 664 BC He was one of the Black Pharaohs who ruled over Egypt for nearly a century 5 6 TaharqaStatue of Taharqa His name appears on the center of his belt 𓇿𓉔𓃭𓈎 tꜣ h rw q Taharqa The statue is 2 7 meters tall Taharqa has a striding pose the arms held tight and holds the mekes staff He wears a pleated kilt called shendjyt and on the head the double uraeus skullcap possibly signifying the double rule over Nubia and Egypt 1 Louvre Museum color reconstruction of the jewelry through pigment analysis 2 PharaohReign690 664 BCPredecessorShabakaSuccessorTantamaniRoyal titularyHorus nameQekhauNebty nameQekhauGolden HorusKhutawyProtector of the Two LandsPrenomen Praenomen NefertemkhureNefertum is his Protector 3 NomenTaharqaTaharqaConsortGreat Queen Takahatenamun Atakhebasken Naparaye Tabekenamun 4 ChildrenAmenirdis II Ushankhuru NesishutefnutFatherPiyeMotherAbarDied664 BCDynasty25th dynastynomen or birth namet h r ḳ Taharqo in hieroglyphs Contents 1 Early life 2 Ruling period 3 Irregular accession to power 4 Reign 5 War between Taharqa and Assyria 6 Death 6 1 Nuri pyramid 7 Biblical references 8 Depictions 9 Monuments of Taharqa 9 1 Taharqa in Karnak 9 2 Shrine of Taharqa in Kawa 9 3 Taharqa in Jebel Barkal 10 Museum artifacts 11 See also 12 References 13 Sources 14 Further readingEarly life editSee also Twenty fifth Dynasty of Egypt family tree Taharqa may have been the son of Piye the Nubian king of Napata who had first conquered Egypt though the relationships in this family are not completely clear see Twenty fifth Dynasty of Egypt family tree Taharqa was also the cousin and successor of Shebitku 7 The successful campaigns of Piye and Shabaka paved the way for a prosperous reign by Taharqa Ruling period editTaharqa s reign can be dated from 690 BC to 664 BC 8 Evidence for the dates of his reign is derived from the Serapeum stele catalog number 192 This stela records that an Apis bull born and installed fourth month of Season of the Emergence day 9 in year 26 of Taharqa died in Year 20 of Psamtik I 4th month of Shomu day 20 having lived 21 years This would give Taharqa a reign of 26 years and a fraction in 690 664 BC 9 nbsp Taharqa portrait Nubian Museum 10 Irregular accession to power editTaharqa explicitly states in Kawa Stela V line 15 that he succeeded his predecessor generally assumed to be Shebitku but now established to be Shabaka instead after the latter s death with this statement I received the Crown in Memphis after the Falcon flew to heaven 11 The reference to Shebitku was an attempt by Taharqa to legitimise his accession to power 12 However Taharqa never mentions the identity of the royal falcon and completely omits any mention of Shabaka s intervening reign between Shebitku and Taharqa possibly because he ousted Shabaka from power 13 In Kawa IV line 7 13 Taharqa states He Taharqa sailed northward to Thebes amongst the beautiful young people that His Majesty the late King Shabataqo Shebitku had sent from Nubia He was there in Thebes with him He appreciated him more than any of his brothers There here follows a description of the poor state of the temple of Kawa as observed by the prince The heart of his Majesty was in sadness about it until his Majesty became king crowned as King of Upper and Lower Egypt It was during the first year of his reign he remembered what he had seen of the temple when he was young 14 nbsp Statue of Taharqa in the Boston Museum of Fine ArtsIn Kawa V line 15 Taharqa states I was brought from Nubia amongst the royal brothers that his Majesty had brought As I was with him he liked me more than all his brothers and all his children so that he distinguished me I won the heart of the nobles and was loved by all It was only after the hawk had flown to heaven that I received the crown in Memphis 15 Therefore Taharqa says that King Shebitku who was very fond of him brought him with him to Egypt and during that trip he had the opportunity to see the deplorable state of the temple of Amun at Kawa an event he remembered after becoming king But on Kawa V Taharqa says that sometime after his arrival in Egypt under a different king whom this time he chose not to name there occurred the death of this monarch Shabaka here and then his own accession to the throne occurred Taharqa s evasiveness on the identity of his predecessor suggests that he assumed power in an irregular fashion and chose to legitimise his kingship by conveniently stating the possible fact or propaganda that Shebitku favoured him more than all his brothers and all his children 12 Moreover in lines 13 14 of Kawa stela V His Majesty who can be none other but Shebitku is mentioned twice and at first sight the falcon or hawk that flew to heaven mentioned in the very next line 15 seems to be identical with His Majesty referred to directly before i e Shebitku 16 However in the critical line 15 which recorded Taharqa s accession to power a new stage of the narrative begins separated from the previous one by a period of many years and the king or hawk falcon that flew to heaven is conspicuously left unnamed in order to distinguish him from His Majesty Shebitku Moreover the purpose of Kawa V was to describe several separate events that occurred at distinct stages of Taharqa s life instead of telling a continuous story about it 16 Therefore the Kawa V text began with the 6th year of Taharqa and referred to the High Nile flood of that year before abruptly jumping back to Taharqa s youth at the end of line 13 16 In the beginning of line 15 Taharqa s coronation is mentioned with the identity of the hawk falcon now known to be Shabaka left unnamed but if it was Shebitku Taharqa s favourite king Taharqa would clearly have identified him and there is a description given of the extent of the lands and foreign countries under Egypt s control but then in the middle of line 16 the narrative switches abruptly back again to Taharqa s youth My mother was in Ta Sety Now I was far from her as a twenty year old recruit as I went with His Majesty to the North Land 16 However immediately afterwards around the middle of line 17 the text jumps forward again to the time of Taharqa s accession Then she came sailing downstream to see me after a long period of years She found me after I had appeared on the throne of Horus 16 Hence the Kawa V narrative switches from one event to another and has little to no chronological coherence or value Reign edit nbsp Kushite heartland and Kushite Empire of the 25th dynasty of Egypt under Taharqa 17 Although Taharqa s reign was filled with conflict with the Assyrians it was also a prosperous renaissance period in Egypt and Kush 18 19 The empire flourished under Taharqa due in part to a particularly large Nile river flood abundant crops 18 and the intellectual and material resources set free by an efficient central government 19 Taharqa s inscriptions indicate that he gave large amounts of gold to the temple of Amun at Kawa 20 The Nile valley empire was as large as it had been since the New Kingdom 21 Taharqa and the 25th dynasty revived Egyptian culture 22 Religion arts and architecture were restored to their glorious Old Middle and New Kingdom forms During Taharqa s reign the central features of Theban theology were merged with Egyptian Middle and New Kingdom imperial ideology 19 Under Taharqa the cultural integration of Egypt and Kush reached such a point that it could not be reversed even after the Assyrian conquest 19 nbsp Portrait of Taharqa Kerma Museum nbsp Reconstruction with original colors Louvre Museum Taharqa restored existing temples and built new ones Particularly impressive were his additions to the Temple at Karnak new temple at Kawa and temples at Jebel Barkal 22 23 24 25 26 Taharqa continued the 25th dynasty s ambitious program to develop Jebel Barkal into a monumental complex of sancturies centered around the great temple of Amun 19 The similarity of Jebel Barkal to Karnak seems to be central to the builders at Jebel Barkal 19 The rest of Taharqa s constructions served to create Temple Towns which were local centers of government production and redistribution 19 It was during the 25th dynasty that the Nile valley saw the first widespread construction of pyramids many in modern Sudan since the Middle Kingdom 24 27 28 Taharqa built the largest pyramid 52 meters square at base in the Nubian region at Nuri near El Kurru with the most elaborate Kushite rock cut tomb 29 Taharqa was buried with over 1070 shabtis of varying sizes and made of granite green ankerite and alabaster 30 War between Taharqa and Assyria editMain article Assyrian conquest of Egypt nbsp nbsp The Victory stele of Esarhaddon was created following the king s victory in Egypt and depicts Esarhaddon in a majestic pose with a war mace in his hand and royal captives kneeling before him One is Ushankhuru the son of Taharqa shackled with a rope around his neck but wearing the Kushite crown The other may be Abdi Milkutti King of Sidon Taharqa began cultivating alliances with elements in Phoenicia and Philistia who were prepared to take a more independent position against Assyria 31 Taharqa s army undertook successful military campaigns as attested by the list of conquered Asiatic principalities from the Mut temple at Karnak and conquered peoples and countries Libyans Shasu nomads Phoenicians Khor in Palestine from Sanam temple inscriptions 19 Torok mentions the military success was due to Taharqa s efforts to strengthen the army through daily training in long distance running as well as Assyria s preoccupation with Babylon and Elam 19 Taharqa also built military settlements at the Semna and Buhen forts and the fortified site of Qasr Ibrim 19 Imperial ambitions of the Mesopotamian based Assyrian Empire made war with the 25th dynasty inevitable In 701 BC the Kushites aided Judah and King Hezekiah in withstanding the siege of Jerusalem by King Sennacherib of the Assyrians 2 Kings 19 9 Isaiah 37 9 32 There are various theories Taharqa s army 33 disease divine intervention Hezekiah s surrender Herodotus mice theory as to why the Assyrians failed to take Jerusalem and withdrew to Assyria 34 Many historians claim that Sennacherib was the overlord of Khor following the siege in 701 BC Sennacherib s annals record Judah was forced into tribute after the siege 35 However this is contradicted by Khor s frequent utilization of an Egyptian system of weights for trade 36 the 20 year cessation in Assyria s pattern before 701 and after Sennacherib s death of repeatedly invading Khor 37 Khor paying tribute to Amun of Karnak in the first half of Taharqa s reign 19 and Taharqa flouting Assyria s ban on Lebanese cedar exports to Egypt while Taharqa was building his temple to Amun at Kawa 38 nbsp Statue of Pharaoh Taharqa from Jebel Barkal 3 6 meters National Museum of Sudan 39 In 679 BC Sennacherib s successor King Esarhaddon campaigned into Khor and took a town loyal to Egypt After destroying Sidon and forcing Tyre into tribute in 677 676 BC Esarhaddon invaded Egypt proper in 674 BC Taharqa and his army defeated the Assyrians outright in 674 BC according to Babylonian records 40 This invasion which only a few Assyrian sources discuss ended in what some scholars have assumed was possibly one of Assyria s worst defeats 41 In 672 BC Taharqa brought reserve troops from Kush as mentioned in rock inscriptions 19 Taharqa s Egypt still held sway in Khor during this period as evidenced by Esarhaddon s 671 BC annal mentioning that Tyre s King Ba lu had put his trust upon his friend Taharqa Ashkelon s alliance with Egypt and Esarhaddon s inscription asking if the Kushite Egyptian forces plan and strive to wage war in any way and if the Egyptian forces will defeat Esarhaddon at Ashkelon 42 However Taharqa was defeated in Egypt in 671 BC when Esarhaddon conquered Northern Egypt captured Memphis imposed tribute and then withdrew 18 Although the Pharaoh Taharqa had escaped to the south Esarhaddon captured the Pharaoh s family including Prince Nes Anhuret royal wives 19 and most of the royal court citation needed which were sent to Assyria as hostages Cuneiform tablets mention numerous horses and gold headdresses were taken back to Assyria 19 In 669 BC Taharqa reoccupied Memphis as well as the Delta and recommenced intrigues with the king of Tyre 18 Taharqa intrigued in the affairs of Lower Egypt and fanned numerous revolts 43 Esarhaddon again led his army to Egypt and on his death in 668 BC the command passed to Ashurbanipal Ashurbanipal and the Assyrians again defeated Taharqa and advanced as far south as Thebes but direct Assyrian control was not established 18 The rebellion was stopped and Ashurbanipal appointed as his vassal ruler in Egypt Necho I who had been king of the city Sais Necho s son Psamtik I was educated at the Assyrian capital of Nineveh during Esarhaddon s reign 44 As late as 665 BC the vassal rulers of Sais Mendes and Pelusium were still making overtures to Taharqa in Kush 19 The vassal s plot was uncovered by Ashurbanipal and all rebels but Necho of Sais were executed 19 The remains of three colossal statues of Taharqa were found at the entrance of the palace at Nineveh These statues were probably brought back as war trophies by Esarhaddon who also brought back royal hostages and numerous luxury objects from Egypt 45 46 Death editTaharqa died in the city of Thebes 47 in 664 BC He was followed by his appointed successor Tantamani a son of Shabaka who invaded Lower Egypt in hopes of restoring his family s control This led to a renewed conflict with Ashurbanipal and the Sack of Thebes by the Assyrians in 663 BCE He was himself succeeded by a son of Taharqa Atlanersa Nuri pyramid edit nbsp The ruins of the pyramid of Taharqa at Nuri It is the earliest and largest pyramid of the Nuri site Main article Nuri Taharqa chose the site of Nuri in North Sudan to build his pyramid away from the traditional burial site of El Kurru It was the first and the largest pyramid of Nuri and he was followed by close to twenty later kings at the site 48 nbsp Pyramids of the successors of Taharqa seen from the top of his pyramid at Nuri the first pyramid to be built and the largest at the siteBiblical references editMainstream scholars agree that Taharqa is the Biblical Tirhakah Heb ת ר ה ק ה king of Ethiopia Kush who waged war against Sennacherib during the reign of King Hezekiah of Judah 2 Kings 19 9 Isaiah 37 9 49 33 The events in the biblical account are believed to have taken place in 701 BC whereas Taharqa came to the throne some ten years later If the title of king in the biblical text refers to his future royal title he still may have been too young to be a military commander 50 although this is disputed 51 According to the egyptologist Jeremy Pope Taharqa was probably between 25 and 33 years old in 701 BC and following Kushite custom to delegate actual leadership in combat to a subordinate was sent by his predecessor Shabako as a military commander to fight against the Assyrians 52 Aubin mentions that the biblical account in Genesis 10 6 7 Table of Nations lists Taharqa s predecessors Shebitku and Shabako ס ב ת כ א and ס ב ת ה 53 Concerning Taharqa s successor the sack of Thebes was a momentous event that reverberated throughout the Ancient Near East It is mentioned in the Book of Nahum chapter 3 8 10 nbsp Profile of Taharqa on the Taharqa Shrine Ashmolean MuseumArt thou better than populous No that was situate among the rivers that had the waters round about it whose rampart was the sea and her wall was from the sea Ethiopia and Egypt were her strength and it was infinite Put and Lubim were thy helpers Yet was she carried away she went into captivity her young children also were dashed in pieces at the top of all the streets and they cast lots for her honourable men and all her great men were bound in chainsDepictions editTaharqa under the name Tearco the Aethiopian was described by the Ancient Greek historian Strabo Strabo mentioned Taharqa in a list of other notable conquerors Cyrus the Great Xerxes Sesotris and mentioned that these princes had undertaken expeditions to lands far remote 54 Strabo mentions Taharqa as having Advanced as far as Europe 55 and citing Megasthenes even as far as the Pillars of Hercules in Spain 56 Similarly in 1534 the Muslim scholar Ibn l Khattib al Makkary wrote an account of Taharqa s establishment of a garrison in the south of Spain in approximately 702 BC 57 However Sesostris the Aegyptian he adds and Tearco the Aethiopian advanced as far as Europe and Nabocodrosor who enjoyed greater repute among the Chaldaeans than Heracles led an army even as far as the Pillars Thus far he says also Tearco went Strabo Geographia XV 1 6 58 The two snakes in the crown of pharaoh Taharqa show that he was the king of both the lands of Egypt and Nubia Monuments of Taharqa edit nbsp nbsp Karnak nbsp Kawa nbsp Jebel Barkal nbsp Thebes nbsp Memphis nbsp Nuri nbsp Saqqara nbsp Tanisclass notpageimage Location of Taharqa s monuments nbsp Stele commemorating the death of an Apis bull enthroned in Year 26 of Taharqa Found in the Serapeum of Saqqara Saqqara Louvre Museum nbsp Stele of the Great Temple of Tanis written in the Year 6 of Taharqa 59 Taharqa has left monuments throughout Egypt and Nubia In Memphis Thebes and Napata he rebuilt or restored the Temple of Amon 60 Taharqa in Karnak edit Taharqa is known for various monuments in Karnak nbsp Taharqa column nbsp Kiosk of Taharqa in Karnak nbsp Chapel of Taharqa and Shepenwepet in Karnak nbsp Taharqa s kiosk Karnak TempleShrine of Taharqa in Kawa edit A small temple of Taharqa was once located at Kawa in Nubia modern Sudan It is located today in the Ashmolean Museum 61 nbsp The Shrine of Taharqa Ashmolean Museum nbsp Shrine and Sphinx of Taharqa Taharqa appears between the legs of the Ram Spinx nbsp The Ram Spinx and Taharqa nbsp Relief of Taharqa on the shrine nbsp Taharqa cartouche on the Shrine nbsp King Taharqa and the gods of Thebes Standing on the left he offers a white loaf to his father Amun Re who is accompanied by Mut Khonsu and Montu Kawa shrine 62 nbsp Taharqa and the gods of Gematen the Temple of Kawa He makes an offering to the ram headed god Amun Re Kawa shrine 63 nbsp Taharqa left embracing Horus Re Horakhty on the Kawa shrine 64 Taharqa in Jebel Barkal edit Taharqa is depicted in various reliefs in Jebel Barkal particularly in the Temple of Mut nbsp Taharqa in the Temple of Mut nbsp Taharqa before the god Amun in Gebel Barkal Sudan in Temple of Mut Jebel Barkal nbsp Taharqa followed by his mother Queen Abar Gebel Barkal room C nbsp Taharqa with Queen Takahatamun at Gebel Barkal nbsp Lion headed God Appademak with Pharaoh Taharqa right in the Jebel Barkal Temple of Mut nbsp Taharqa followed by the sistrum shaking queen Takahatenamun in the Jebel Barkal Temple of Mut nbsp Taharqa making dedications to Egyptian Gods in the Temple of Mut Jebel Barkal Sudan His name appears in the second cartouche 𓇿𓉔𓃭𓈎 tꜣ h rw k Taharqa Museum artifacts edit nbsp Taharqa offering wine jars to Falcon god Hemen nbsp Taharqa c 690 64 BCE Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek Copenhagen nbsp Taharqa under a sphinx British Museum nbsp Taharqa appears as the tallest statue in the back 2 7 meters Kerma Museum 65 nbsp Granite sphinx of Taharqa from Kawa in Sudan nbsp Serpentine weight of 10 daric Inscribed for Taharqa in the midst of Sais 25th Dynasty From Egypt probably from Nesaft The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology London nbsp Taharqa as a sphinx nbsp Taharqa close up nbsp Pharaoh Taharqa 25th dynasty of Egypt nbsp Shabti of King TaharqaSee also edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taharqa List of monarchs of Kush List of biblical figures identified in extra biblical sources Takhar the deity Victory stele of Esarhaddon Statues of Amun in the form of a ram protecting King Taharqa Sphinx of TaharqoReferences edit Bianchi Robert Steven 2004 Daily Life of the Nubians Greenwood Publishing Group p 207 ISBN 978 0 313 32501 4 Elshazly Hesham Kerma and the royal cache Archived from the original on 3 April 2021 Retrieved 17 June 2020 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Clayton Peter A 2006 Chronicle of the Pharaohs The Reign by Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt Thames amp Hudson p 190 ISBN 0 500 28628 0 Dodson Aidan Hilton Dyan 2004 The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt London Thames amp Hudson ISBN 0 500 05128 3 pp 234 6 Burrell Kevin 2020 Cushites in the Hebrew Bible Negotiating Ethnic Identity in the Past and Present BRILL p 79 ISBN 978 90 04 41876 9 Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 Retrieved 15 June 2020 Pharaoh Taharqa ruled from 690 to 664 BCE and in all likelihood was the last black pharaoh to rule over all of Egypt in Dijk Lutz van 2006 A History of Africa Tafelberg p 53 ISBN 978 0 624 04257 0 Archived from the original on 27 June 2020 Retrieved 15 June 2020 Toby Wilkinson The Thames and Hudson Dictionary of Ancient Egypt Thames amp Hudson 2005 p 237 Kitchen 1996 p 380 391 Kitchen 1996 p 161 Smith William Stevenson Simpson William Kelly 1 January 1998 The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt Yale University Press p 235 ISBN 978 0 300 07747 6 Kitchen 1996 p 167 a b Payraudeau 2014 p 115 127 Payraudeau 2014 p 122 3 52 JWIS III 132 135 FHN I number 21 135 144 53 JWIS III 135 138 FHN I number 22 145 158 a b c d e Broekman G P F 2015 The order of succession between Shabaka and Shabataka A different view on the chronology of the Twenty fifth Dynasty GM 245 p 29 Dive beneath the pyramids of Sudan s black pharaohs National Geographic 2 July 2019 Archived from the original on 29 August 2020 Retrieved 31 August 2020 a b c d e Welsby Derek A 1996 The Kingdom of Kush London UK British Museum Press p 158 ISBN 0 7141 0986 X a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Torok Laszlo 1998 The Kingdom of Kush Handbook of the Napatan Meroitic Civilization Leiden BRILL pp 132 133 170 184 ISBN 90 04 10448 8 Welsby Derek A 1996 The Kingdom of Kush London UK British Museum Press p 169 ISBN 0 7141 0986 X Torok Laszlo The Kingdom of Kush Handbook of the Napatan Meroitic Civilization Leiden Brill 1997 Google Scholar Web 20 Oct 2011 a b Diop Cheikh Anta 1974 The African Origin of Civilization Chicago Illinois Lawrence Hill Books pp 219 221 ISBN 1 55652 072 7 Bonnet Charles 2006 The Nubian Pharaohs New York The American University in Cairo Press pp 142 154 ISBN 978 977 416 010 3 a b Mokhtar G 1990 General History of Africa California USA University of California Press pp 161 163 ISBN 0 520 06697 9 Emberling Geoff 2011 Nubia Ancient Kingdoms of Africa New York Institute for the Study of the Ancient World pp 9 11 ISBN 978 0 615 48102 9 Silverman David 1997 Ancient Egypt New York Oxford University Press pp 36 37 ISBN 0 19 521270 3 Emberling Geoff 2011 Nubia Ancient Kingdoms of Africa New York Institute for the Study of the Ancient World pp 9 11 Silverman David 1997 Ancient Egypt New York Oxford University Press pp 36 37 ISBN 0 19 521270 3 Welsby Derek A 1996 The Kingdom of Kush London UK British Museum Press pp 103 107 108 ISBN 0 7141 0986 X Welsby Derek A 1996 The Kingdom of Kush London UK British Museum Press p 87 ISBN 0 7141 0986 X Coogan Michael David Coogan Michael D 2001 The Oxford History of the Biblical World Oxford Oxford University Press p 253 ISBN 0 19 513937 2 Aubin Henry T 2002 The Rescue of Jerusalem New York NY Soho Press Inc pp x 141 144 ISBN 1 56947 275 0 a b Aubin Henry T 2002 The Rescue of Jerusalem New York NY Soho Press Inc pp x 127 129 130 139 152 ISBN 1 56947 275 0 Aubin Henry T 2002 The Rescue of Jerusalem New York NY Soho Press Inc pp x 119 ISBN 1 56947 275 0 Roux Georges 1992 Ancient Iraq Third ed London Penguin ISBN 0 14 012523 X Aubin Henry T 2002 The Rescue of Jerusalem New York NY Soho Press Inc pp x 155 156 ISBN 1 56947 275 0 Aubin Henry T 2002 The Rescue of Jerusalem New York NY Soho Press Inc pp x 152 153 ISBN 1 56947 275 0 Aubin Henry T 2002 The Rescue of Jerusalem New York NY Soho Press Inc pp x 155 ISBN 1 56947 275 0 Smith William Stevenson Simpson William Kelly 1 January 1998 The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt Yale University Press p 235 ISBN 978 0 300 07747 6 Aubin Henry T 2002 The Rescue of Jerusalem New York NY Soho Press Inc pp x 158 161 ISBN 1 56947 275 0 Ephʿal 2005 p 99 Aubin Henry T 2002 The Rescue of Jerusalem New York NY Soho Press Inc pp x 159 161 ISBN 1 56947 275 0 Budge E A Wallis 17 July 2014 Egyptian Literature Routledge Revivals Vol II Annals of Nubian Kings Routledge ISBN 978 1 135 07813 3 Mark 2009 Smith William Stevenson Simpson William Kelly 1 January 1998 The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt Yale University Press p 235 ISBN 978 0 300 07747 6 Thomason Allison Karmel 2004 From Sennacherib s bronzes to Taharqa s feet Conceptions of the material world at Nineveh IRAQ 66 155 doi 10 2307 4200570 ISSN 0021 0889 JSTOR 4200570 Related to the subject of entrances to buildings the final case study that allows insight into conceptions of the material world at Nineveh and in Assyria concerns the statues of the 25th Dynasty Egyptian king Taharqa excavated at the entrance to the arsenal on Nebi Yunus I have argued elsewhere that Egypt was a site of fascination to the Neo Assyrian kings and that its material culture was collected throughout the period Historical Prism inscription of Ashurbanipal I Archived 19 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine by Arthur Carl Piepkorn page 36 Published by University of Chicago Press Why did Taharqa build his tomb at Nuri Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Conference of Nubian Studies nbsp This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Singer Isidore et al eds 1901 1906 Tirhakah The Jewish Encyclopedia New York Funk amp Wagnalls Stiebing William H Jr 2016 Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture Routledge p 279 ISBN 978 1 315 51116 0 Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 Retrieved 23 December 2018 Pope Jeremy 2022 Reconstructing the Kushite Royal House In Keimer Kyle H Pierce George A eds The Ancient Israelite World Taylor amp Francis pp 675 92 doi 10 4324 9780367815691 48 ISBN 978 1 000 77324 8 Pope 2022 p 689 Aubin Henry T 2002 The Rescue of Jerusalem New York NY Soho Press Inc pp x 178 ISBN 1 56947 275 0 Aubin Henry T 2002 The Rescue of Jerusalem New York NY Soho Press Inc pp x 162 ISBN 1 56947 275 0 Strabo 2006 Geography Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press p 7 ISBN 0 674 99266 0 Snowden Before Color Prejudice The Ancient View of Blacks Cambridge Harvard University Press 1983 p 52 Peggy Brooks Bertram 1996 Celenko Theodore ed Egypt in Africa Indiana USA Indianapolis Museum of Art pp 101 102 ISBN 0 253 33269 9 LacusCurtius Strabo Geography Book XV Chapter 1 1 25 penelope uchicago edu Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 Retrieved 17 June 2020 L An 6 de Taharqa PDF Archived PDF from the original on 17 June 2020 Retrieved 17 June 2020 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Cf D Meeks Hommage a Serge Sauneron 1979 Une fondation Memphite de Taharqa Stele du Caire JE 36861 p 221 259 Taharqa Shrine Ashmolean Museum Archived from the original on 6 May 2020 Retrieved 15 June 2020 Museum notice 3 November 2017 Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 Retrieved 25 June 2020 Museum notice 3 November 2017 Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 Retrieved 25 June 2020 Museum notice 3 November 2017 Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 Retrieved 25 June 2020 Elshazly Hesham Kerma and the royal cache Archived from the original on 3 April 2021 Retrieved 17 June 2020 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Sources editMark Joshua J 2009 Ashurbanipal World History Encyclopedia Retrieved 28 November 2019 Ephʿal Israel 2005 Esarhaddon Egypt and Shubria Politics and Propaganda Journal of Cuneiform Studies University of Chicago Press 57 1 99 111 doi 10 1086 JCS40025994 S2CID 156663868 Mark Joshua J 2014 Esarhaddon World History Encyclopedia Retrieved 23 November 2019 Kitchen Kenneth Anderson 1996 The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt 1100 650 BC 3rd ed Aris amp Phillips Ltd p 608 ISBN 978 0 85668 298 8 Archived from the original on 20 August 2020 Retrieved 13 September 2020 Payraudeau Frederic 2014 Retour sur la succession Shabaqo Shabataqo in French pp 115 127 Pope Jeremy W 2014 The Double Kingdom Under Taharqo Studies in the History of Kush and Egypt c 690 664 BC BRILL ISBN 978 90 04 26295 9 Radner Karen 2012 After Eltekeh Royal Hostages from Egypt at the Assyrian Court Stories of long ago Festschrift fur Michael D Roaf Ugarit Verlag 471 479 Radner Karen 2015 Ancient Assyria A Very Short Introduction Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 871590 0 Further reading editBellis Alice Ogden ed 2019 Jerusalem s Survival Sennacherib s Departure and the Kushite Role in 701 BCE An Examination of Henry Aubin s Rescue of Jerusalem The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures Lausanne Swiss French Institute for Biblical Studies 19 1 297 doi 10 5508 jhs29552 ISSN 1203 1542 Grayson A K 1970 Assyria Sennacherib and Esarhaddon 704 669 BC The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 3 Part 2 The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 3 11 103358 7 Morkot Robert 2000 The Black Pharaohs Egypt s Nubian Rulers The Rubicon Press p 342 ISBN 0 948695 23 4 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Taharqa amp oldid 1190781878, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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