Khabaw is well attested through archaeological finds. Fragments of a red granite architrave measuring 2 feet 6 inches (0.76 m) by 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 m) bearing his Horus name and prenomen were discovered during excavations at Bubastis in 1891 conducted by Édouard Naville for the Egypt Exploration Society.[1][3] The architrave is now in the British Museum, under the catalog number BM EA 1100. Another architrave discovered in Tanis shows Khabaw's name together with that of pharaoh Hor of the 13th Dynasty. Darrell Baker and Ryholt suggest that this close association might mean that Khabaw was Hor's son and may have been his coregent.[4]
Ryholt and Baker believe that both architraves did not originate from the Delta region but from Memphis. The architraves could have come to their find spots after the fall of the 13th Dynasty, when the Hyksos moved a large number of monuments from Memphis to Avaris and other cities of the Nile Delta such as Bubastis and Tanis.[4] Alternatively, the architraves may have stayed in Avaris until the reign of Ramses II, when this king built his capital at Pi-Ramesses using material from Avaris. Pi-Ramesses was subsequently dismantled during the 21st Dynasty and its monuments scattered in the Delta region.[2][5]
Khabaw is attested by a cylinder-seal now in the Petrie Museum (UC 11527).[7]
In Nubia, he is attested by 4 seal impressions from the fortress of Uronarti and one from the fortress of Mirgissa.[2]
King ListsEdit
The Turin canon does not mention Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw. Nor is he mentioned in any other ancient king list.[8]
According to Ryholt, Khabaw's name was lost in a wsf (literally "missing") lacuna of the Turin canon reported in Column 7, line 17 of the document. The redactor of this king list, which was written in the early Ramesside period, wrote wsf when the older document from which he was copying the list had a lacuna.[2]
IdentityEdit
The nomen of Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw is unknown and his identity is therefore not completely established. Ryholt has proposed Khabaw's nomen could have been "Sobek", as this nomen is attested from artifacts which must belong to a king of the first half of the 13th Dynasty. Only two kings of this time period have their nomina unknown: Khabaw and Nerikare. "Sobek" may thus possibly be the nomen of Khabaw.[2]
On the other hand, Jürgen von Beckerath identified Khabaw's nomen as Pantjeny, thereby equating Khabaw with Sekhemrekhutawy Pantjeny, who is otherwise attested by a single stele.[9] However, this hypothesis has been invalidated in a recent study of stele by Marcel Marée. Marée has shown that the stele was produced by the same workshop (and possibly the same person) who produced the stelae of Wepwawetemsaf and Rahotep. The latter is firmly dated to the early 17th Dynasty c. 1580 BC and thus Pantjeny must have ruled c. 1600 BC, possibly at the end of the 16th Dynasty.[10] Alternatively, Pantjeny could be a member of the Abydos Dynasty, which ruled over central Egypt from c. 1650 BC until 1600 BC.[2]
Wolfgang Helck and Stephen Quirke have equated Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw with Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep, called Sobekhotep I or Sobekhotep II depending on the scholar. This hypothesis is considered incorrect by most Egyptologists including von Beckerath, Detlef Franke, Ryholt and Anthony Spalinger[11] Von Beckerath and Franke point out that although both kings have the same throne name, their other names are completely different. Spalinger argues that the Nile records of Nubia associated to Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep cannot be attributed to Khabaw.[11] Responding to these arguments, Stephen Quirke pointed out that the Horus and gold names of Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep are known from a single block from Medamud, the attribution of which is not entirely certain.[12]
TheoriesEdit
According to the egyptologist Kim Ryholt, he was the sixteenth king of the dynasty, reigning for three years, from 1775 BC until 1772 BC.[2] Thomas Schneider, on the other hand, places his reign from 1752 BC until 1746 BC.[13] Alternatively, Jürgen von Beckerath sees him as the third king of the dynasty.[14][15][9] As a ruler of the early 13th Dynasty, Khabaw would have ruled from Memphis to Aswan and possibly over the western Nile Delta.[4]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Khabaw Sekhemrekhutawy.
^ abWallis Budge: Hieroglyphic Texts, V (1914) see p. 7 and pl. 18, available copyright-free online.
^ abcdefgK.S.B. Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800 – 1550 BC, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997, excerpts available online here.
^E. Naville: Bubastis, 1891, 15, pl. XXXIII, available copyright-free online
^ abcDarrell D. Baker: The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I - Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC, Stacey International, ISBN978-1-905299-37-9, 2008, p. 289-290
^See a similar situation for the colossi of Imyremeshaw.
^Flinders Petrie: Scarabs and cylinders with names (1917), available copyright-free here, pl. XVIII
^Darrell D. Baker: The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I - Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC, Stacey International, ISBN978-1-905299-37-9, 2008, p. 166-167
^ abJürgen von Beckerath: Handbuch der Ägyptischen Königsnamen, MÄS 49, Philip Von Zabern. (1999)
^Marcel Marée: A sculpture workshop at Abydos from the late Sixteenth or early Seventeenth Dynasty, in: Marcel Marée (editor): The Second Intermediate period (Thirteenth-Seventeenth Dynasties), Current Research, Future Prospects, Leuven, Paris, Walpole, MA. 2010 ISBN978-90-429-2228-0. p. 247, 268
^ abA. Spalinger: Sobekhotep II, in: Wolfgang Helck editor: Lexikon der Ägyptologie, vol. 5. Harrasowitz, Wiesbaden 1984, ISBN3-447-02489-5
^Stephen Quirke: In the Name of the King: on Late Middle Kingdom Cylinders, in: E. Czerny, I. Hein, H. Hunger, D. Melman, A. Schwab (editors): Timelines, Studies in Honour of Manfred Bietak, Volume I, Leuven, Paris/ Dufdley, MA ISBN9789042917309, p. 263-274.
^Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen, Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN3-491-96053-3, p. 255 and 259
^Jürgen von Beckerath: Untersuchungen zur politischen Geschichte der Zweiten Zwischenzeit in Ägypten, Glückstadt, 1964
^Jürgen von Beckerath: Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägyptens, Münchner Ägyptologische Studien 46. Mainz am Rhein, 1997
sekhemrekhutawy, khabaw, egyptian, pharaoh, early, 13th, dynasty, during, second, intermediate, period, drawing, wallis, budge, fragment, granite, architrave, discovered, bubastis, bearing, name, pharaohreign1775, 1772, ryholt, years, baker, 1752, 1746, schnei. Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw was an Egyptian pharaoh of the early 13th Dynasty during the Second Intermediate Period Sekhemrekhutawy KhabawDrawing by Wallis Budge of a fragment of a red granite architrave discovered in Bubastis and bearing the name of Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw 1 PharaohReign1775 1772 BC Ryholt 1 2 years Baker 1752 1746 BC Schneider CoregencyHor PredecessorHorSuccessorDjedkheperewRoyal titularyFatherHor Dynasty13th Dynasty Contents 1 Attestations 2 King Lists 3 Identity 4 Theories 5 See also 6 ReferencesAttestations EditKhabaw is well attested through archaeological finds Fragments of a red granite architrave measuring 2 feet 6 inches 0 76 m by 5 feet 11 inches 1 80 m bearing his Horus name and prenomen were discovered during excavations at Bubastis in 1891 conducted by Edouard Naville for the Egypt Exploration Society 1 3 The architrave is now in the British Museum under the catalog number BM EA 1100 Another architrave discovered in Tanis shows Khabaw s name together with that of pharaoh Hor of the 13th Dynasty Darrell Baker and Ryholt suggest that this close association might mean that Khabaw was Hor s son and may have been his coregent 4 Ryholt and Baker believe that both architraves did not originate from the Delta region but from Memphis The architraves could have come to their find spots after the fall of the 13th Dynasty when the Hyksos moved a large number of monuments from Memphis to Avaris and other cities of the Nile Delta such as Bubastis and Tanis 4 Alternatively the architraves may have stayed in Avaris until the reign of Ramses II when this king built his capital at Pi Ramesses using material from Avaris Pi Ramesses was subsequently dismantled during the 21st Dynasty and its monuments scattered in the Delta region 2 5 Cylinder seal of Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw Petrie Museum UC 11527 6 7 Khabaw is attested by a cylinder seal now in the Petrie Museum UC 11527 7 In Nubia he is attested by 4 seal impressions from the fortress of Uronarti and one from the fortress of Mirgissa 2 King Lists EditThe Turin canon does not mention Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw Nor is he mentioned in any other ancient king list 8 According to Ryholt Khabaw s name was lost in a wsf literally missing lacuna of the Turin canon reported in Column 7 line 17 of the document The redactor of this king list which was written in the early Ramesside period wrote wsf when the older document from which he was copying the list had a lacuna 2 Identity EditThe nomen of Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw is unknown and his identity is therefore not completely established Ryholt has proposed Khabaw s nomen could have been Sobek as this nomen is attested from artifacts which must belong to a king of the first half of the 13th Dynasty Only two kings of this time period have their nomina unknown Khabaw and Nerikare Sobek may thus possibly be the nomen of Khabaw 2 On the other hand Jurgen von Beckerath identified Khabaw s nomen as Pantjeny thereby equating Khabaw with Sekhemrekhutawy Pantjeny who is otherwise attested by a single stele 9 However this hypothesis has been invalidated in a recent study of stele by Marcel Maree Maree has shown that the stele was produced by the same workshop and possibly the same person who produced the stelae of Wepwawetemsaf and Rahotep The latter is firmly dated to the early 17th Dynasty c 1580 BC and thus Pantjeny must have ruled c 1600 BC possibly at the end of the 16th Dynasty 10 Alternatively Pantjeny could be a member of the Abydos Dynasty which ruled over central Egypt from c 1650 BC until 1600 BC 2 Wolfgang Helck and Stephen Quirke have equated Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw with Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep called Sobekhotep I or Sobekhotep II depending on the scholar This hypothesis is considered incorrect by most Egyptologists including von Beckerath Detlef Franke Ryholt and Anthony Spalinger 11 Von Beckerath and Franke point out that although both kings have the same throne name their other names are completely different Spalinger argues that the Nile records of Nubia associated to Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep cannot be attributed to Khabaw 11 Responding to these arguments Stephen Quirke pointed out that the Horus and gold names of Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep are known from a single block from Medamud the attribution of which is not entirely certain 12 Theories EditAccording to the egyptologist Kim Ryholt he was the sixteenth king of the dynasty reigning for three years from 1775 BC until 1772 BC 2 Thomas Schneider on the other hand places his reign from 1752 BC until 1746 BC 13 Alternatively Jurgen von Beckerath sees him as the third king of the dynasty 14 15 9 As a ruler of the early 13th Dynasty Khabaw would have ruled from Memphis to Aswan and possibly over the western Nile Delta 4 See also EditList of pharaohsReferences Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Khabaw Sekhemrekhutawy a b Wallis Budge Hieroglyphic Texts V 1914 see p 7 and pl 18 available copyright free online a b c d e f g K S B Ryholt The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c 1800 1550 BC Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications vol 20 Copenhagen Museum Tusculanum Press 1997 excerpts available online here E Naville Bubastis 1891 15 pl XXXIII available copyright free online a b c Darrell D Baker The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume I Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300 1069 BC Stacey International ISBN 978 1 905299 37 9 2008 p 289 290 See a similar situation for the colossi of Imyremeshaw Flinders Petrie Scarabs and cylinders with names 1917 available copyright free here pl XVIII a b Seal of Khabaw catalog of the Petrie Museum Darrell D Baker The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume I Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300 1069 BC Stacey International ISBN 978 1 905299 37 9 2008 p 166 167 a b Jurgen von Beckerath Handbuch der Agyptischen Konigsnamen MAS 49 Philip Von Zabern 1999 Marcel Maree A sculpture workshop at Abydos from the late Sixteenth or early Seventeenth Dynasty in Marcel Maree editor The Second Intermediate period Thirteenth Seventeenth Dynasties Current Research Future Prospects Leuven Paris Walpole MA 2010 ISBN 978 90 429 2228 0 p 247 268 a b A Spalinger Sobekhotep II in Wolfgang Helck editor Lexikon der Agyptologie vol 5 Harrasowitz Wiesbaden 1984 ISBN 3 447 02489 5 Stephen Quirke In the Name of the King on Late Middle Kingdom Cylinders in E Czerny I Hein H Hunger D Melman A Schwab editors Timelines Studies in Honour of Manfred Bietak Volume I Leuven Paris Dufdley MA ISBN 9789042917309 p 263 274 Thomas Schneider Lexikon der Pharaonen Albatros Dusseldorf 2002 ISBN 3 491 96053 3 p 255 and 259 Jurgen von Beckerath Untersuchungen zur politischen Geschichte der Zweiten Zwischenzeit in Agypten Gluckstadt 1964 Jurgen von Beckerath Chronologie des pharaonischen Agyptens Munchner Agyptologische Studien 46 Mainz am Rhein 1997 Preceded byHor Pharaoh of EgyptThirteenth Dynasty Succeeded byDjedkheperew Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw amp oldid 1144903861, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
