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Smendes

October 15, 2023

For other bearers of the name, see Smendes (name).

Hedjkheperre Setepenre Smendes was the founder of the Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt and succeeded to the throne after burying Ramesses XI in Lower Egypt – territory which he controlled. His Egyptian nomen or birth name was actually Nesbanebdjed[5] meaning "He of the Ram, Lord of Mendes",[6] but it was translated into Greek as Smendes by later classical writers such as Josephus and Sextus Africanus. According to the Story of Wenamun from c. 1000 BC, Smendes was a governor of Lower Egypt during the Era of the Renaissance under the reign of Ramesses XI, however, Egyptologists have questioned the historical accuracy of this story.[7]

Smendes
Nesbanebdjed, Nesibanebdjedet
Pharaoh
Reignc. 1077/1076–1052 BC[1]
PredecessorRamesses XI
SuccessorAmenemnisu
Royal titulary
ConsortTentamun B
ChildrenAmenemnisu ?
Motherprobably Hrere
Died1052 BC
BurialUnknown
Dynasty21st Dynasty

Family Edit

Smendes may have been a son of a lady named Hrere. Hrere was a Chief of the Harem of Amun-Re and likely the wife of a high priest of Amun. If Hrere was Smendes' mother, then he was a brother of Nodjmet and through her brother-in-law of the High Priests Herihor and Piankh.

Smendes was married to Tentamun B, likely a daughter of Ramesses IX. They may have been the parents of his successor Amenemnisu.[8]

Report of Wenamun Edit

Smendes features prominently in the Report of Wenamun. This story is set in an anonymous "Year 5", generally taken to be year 5 of the so-called Renaissance of Pharaoh Ramesses XI, the tenth and last ruler of the Twentieth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt (1190–1077 BC). However, since Karl Jansen-Winkeln has proposed to reverse the order of the High Priests of Amun Herihor and Piankh, this ascription has become disputed.[9] With the pontificate of Herihor falling later than that of Piankh, who is attested in year 7 of the Renaissance,[10] the date in the heading of Wenamun should rather refer to the successor of Ramesses XI. Following Jansen-Winkeln, Arno Egberts (1991) therefore argues that the story is set in the fifth regnal year of Smendes. Recently, Ad Thijs[11] has alternatively ascribed the text to year 5 of king Khakheperre Pinuzem, who is the successor of Ramesses XI in his chronology, which is also based on the reversal of High Priests put forward by Jansen-Winkeln.

As the story begins, the principal character, Wenamun, a priest of Amun at Karnak, is sent by the High Priest of Amun Herihor to the Phoenician city of Byblos to acquire lumber (probably cedar wood) to build a new ship to transport the cult image of Amun. Wenamun first visits Smendes at Tanis and personally presented his letters of accreditation to Smendes in order to receive the latter's permission to travel north to modern Lebanon. Smendes responds by dispatching a ship for Wenamun's travels to Syria and the Levant. Smendes appears as a person of the highest importance in Tanis.

Reign Edit

 
Detail of the Banishment Stela, which bears the highest known regnal date (25 years) of Smendes. Louvre, C 256

Smendes' nominal authority over Upper Egypt is attested by a single inscribed stela found in a quarry at Ed-Dibabiya, opposite Gebelein on the right bank of the Nile, as well as by a separate graffito inscription on an enclosure Wall of the Temple of Monthu at Karnak, the Temple that was originally constructed during the reign of Thutmose III.[12]

The quarry stela describes how Smendes "while residing in Memphis, heard of danger to the temple of Luxor from flooding, gave orders for repairs (hence the quarry works), and received news of the success of the mission."[13]

Smendes is assigned a reign of 26 Years by Manetho in his Epitome.[14] This figure is supported by the Year 25 date on the Banishment Stela which recounts that the High Priest Menkheperre suppressed a local revolt in Thebes in Year 25 of a king who can only be Smendes because there is no evidence that the High Priests counted their own regnal years even when they assumed royal titles like Pinedjem I did.[15] Menkheperre then exiled the leaders of the rebellion to the Western Desert Oases. These individuals were pardoned several years later during the reign of Smendes' successor, Amenemnisu.

Smendes ruled over a divided Egypt and only effectively controlled Lower Egypt during his reign while Middle and Upper Egypt was effectively under the suzerainty of the High Priests of Amun such as Pinedjem I, Masaharta, and Menkheperre. His prenomen or throne name Hedjkheperre Setepenre/Setepenamun—which means 'Bright is the Manifestation of Rê, Chosen of Rê/Amun'[4]—became very popular in the following 22nd Dynasty and 23rd Dynasty. In all, five kings: Shoshenq I, Shoshenq IV, Takelot I, Takelot II and Harsiese A adopted it for their own use. On the death of Smendes in 1052 BC, he was succeeded by Neferkare Amenemnisu, who may have been this king's son.

References Edit

  1. ^ R. Krauss & D.A. Warburton "Chronological Table for the Dynastic Period" in Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss & David Warburton (editors), Ancient Egyptian Chronology (Handbook of Oriental Studies), Brill, 2006. p. 493
  2. ^ Clayton, Peter A. Chronicle of the Pharaohs. Thames & Hudson. 2006. p. 178
  3. ^ Digital Egypt for Universities
  4. ^ a b Clayton, p. 178
  5. ^ Nesbanebdjed
  6. ^ Mansikka, Pekka (2020). New Chronology Using Solar Eclipses, Volume III. p. 180. ISBN 978-9528023142.
  7. ^ Hagens, Graham (1996). "A Critical Review of Dead-Reckoning from the 21st Dynasty". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. American Research Center in Egypt. 33: 156. doi:10.2307/40000612. ISSN 0065-9991. JSTOR 40000612.
  8. ^ Aidan Dodson & Dyan Hilton, The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson (2004) ISBN 0-500-05128-3, pp. 196-209
  9. ^ Karl Jansen-Winkeln, "Das Ende des Neuen Reiches", Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache, 119 (1992), pp.22-37
  10. ^ Nims, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 7 (1948), 157-162
  11. ^ Ad Thijs, The Burial of Psusennes I and “The Bad Times” of P. Brooklyn 16.205, Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache, 96 (2014), 209–223
  12. ^ J. Cerny, "Egypt from the Death of Ramesses III to the End of the Twenty-First Dynasty" in The Middle East and the Aegean Region c. 1380-1000 BC, Cambridge University Press, p. 645 ISBN 0-521-08691-4
  13. ^ K.A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100-650 BC), 3rd ed. (Warminster: Aris & Phillips, 1996), p. 256
  14. ^ Manetho, fragments 58 & 59; translation in W.G. Waddell, Manetho (Cambridge: Harvard University, 1997), pp. 155-7 ISBN 0-674-99385-3
  15. ^ Kitchen, p. 260

Further reading Edit

  • G. Daressy, "Les Carrières de Gebelein et le roi Smendés", Receuil de Travaux Relatifs à la Philologie et à l’Archeologie Égyptiennes et Assyriennes, 10 (1988) 133–8.
  • Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell Books (1992)

External links Edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Smendes.

October 15, 2023
smendes, other, bearers, name, name, hedjkheperre, setepenre, founder, twenty, first, dynasty, egypt, succeeded, throne, after, burying, ramesses, lower, egypt, territory, which, controlled, egyptian, nomen, birth, name, actually, nesbanebdjed, meaning, lord, . For other bearers of the name see Smendes name Hedjkheperre Setepenre Smendes was the founder of the Twenty first Dynasty of Egypt and succeeded to the throne after burying Ramesses XI in Lower Egypt territory which he controlled His Egyptian nomen or birth name was actually Nesbanebdjed 5 meaning He of the Ram Lord of Mendes 6 but it was translated into Greek as Smendes by later classical writers such as Josephus and Sextus Africanus According to the Story of Wenamun from c 1000 BC Smendes was a governor of Lower Egypt during the Era of the Renaissance under the reign of Ramesses XI however Egyptologists have questioned the historical accuracy of this story 7 SmendesNesbanebdjed NesibanebdjedetCanopic jar of Smendes Metropolitan Museum of Art PharaohReignc 1077 1076 1052 BC 1 PredecessorRamesses XISuccessorAmenemnisuRoyal titularyConsortTentamun BChildrenAmenemnisu Motherprobably HrereDied1052 BCBurialUnknownDynasty21st Dynasty Contents 1 Family 2 Report of Wenamun 3 Reign 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksFamily EditSmendes may have been a son of a lady named Hrere Hrere was a Chief of the Harem of Amun Re and likely the wife of a high priest of Amun If Hrere was Smendes mother then he was a brother of Nodjmet and through her brother in law of the High Priests Herihor and Piankh Smendes was married to Tentamun B likely a daughter of Ramesses IX They may have been the parents of his successor Amenemnisu 8 Report of Wenamun EditSmendes features prominently in the Report of Wenamun This story is set in an anonymous Year 5 generally taken to be year 5 of the so called Renaissance of Pharaoh Ramesses XI the tenth and last ruler of the Twentieth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt 1190 1077 BC However since Karl Jansen Winkeln has proposed to reverse the order of the High Priests of Amun Herihor and Piankh this ascription has become disputed 9 With the pontificate of Herihor falling later than that of Piankh who is attested in year 7 of the Renaissance 10 the date in the heading of Wenamun should rather refer to the successor of Ramesses XI Following Jansen Winkeln Arno Egberts 1991 therefore argues that the story is set in the fifth regnal year of Smendes Recently Ad Thijs 11 has alternatively ascribed the text to year 5 of king Khakheperre Pinuzem who is the successor of Ramesses XI in his chronology which is also based on the reversal of High Priests put forward by Jansen Winkeln As the story begins the principal character Wenamun a priest of Amun at Karnak is sent by the High Priest of Amun Herihor to the Phoenician city of Byblos to acquire lumber probably cedar wood to build a new ship to transport the cult image of Amun Wenamun first visits Smendes at Tanis and personally presented his letters of accreditation to Smendes in order to receive the latter s permission to travel north to modern Lebanon Smendes responds by dispatching a ship for Wenamun s travels to Syria and the Levant Smendes appears as a person of the highest importance in Tanis Reign Edit nbsp Detail of the Banishment Stela which bears the highest known regnal date 25 years of Smendes Louvre C 256Smendes nominal authority over Upper Egypt is attested by a single inscribed stela found in a quarry at Ed Dibabiya opposite Gebelein on the right bank of the Nile as well as by a separate graffito inscription on an enclosure Wall of the Temple of Monthu at Karnak the Temple that was originally constructed during the reign of Thutmose III 12 The quarry stela describes how Smendes while residing in Memphis heard of danger to the temple of Luxor from flooding gave orders for repairs hence the quarry works and received news of the success of the mission 13 Smendes is assigned a reign of 26 Years by Manetho in his Epitome 14 This figure is supported by the Year 25 date on the Banishment Stela which recounts that the High Priest Menkheperre suppressed a local revolt in Thebes in Year 25 of a king who can only be Smendes because there is no evidence that the High Priests counted their own regnal years even when they assumed royal titles like Pinedjem I did 15 Menkheperre then exiled the leaders of the rebellion to the Western Desert Oases These individuals were pardoned several years later during the reign of Smendes successor Amenemnisu Smendes ruled over a divided Egypt and only effectively controlled Lower Egypt during his reign while Middle and Upper Egypt was effectively under the suzerainty of the High Priests of Amun such as Pinedjem I Masaharta and Menkheperre His prenomen or throne name Hedjkheperre Setepenre Setepenamun which means Bright is the Manifestation of Re Chosen of Re Amun 4 became very popular in the following 22nd Dynasty and 23rd Dynasty In all five kings Shoshenq I Shoshenq IV Takelot I Takelot II and Harsiese A adopted it for their own use On the death of Smendes in 1052 BC he was succeeded by Neferkare Amenemnisu who may have been this king s son References Edit R Krauss amp D A Warburton Chronological Table for the Dynastic Period in Erik Hornung Rolf Krauss amp David Warburton editors Ancient Egyptian Chronology Handbook of Oriental Studies Brill 2006 p 493 Clayton Peter A Chronicle of the Pharaohs Thames amp Hudson 2006 p 178 Digital Egypt for Universities a b Clayton p 178 Nesbanebdjed Mansikka Pekka 2020 New Chronology Using Solar Eclipses Volume III p 180 ISBN 978 9528023142 Hagens Graham 1996 A Critical Review of Dead Reckoning from the 21st Dynasty Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt American Research Center in Egypt 33 156 doi 10 2307 40000612 ISSN 0065 9991 JSTOR 40000612 Aidan Dodson amp Dyan Hilton The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt Thames amp Hudson 2004 ISBN 0 500 05128 3 pp 196 209 Karl Jansen Winkeln Das Ende des Neuen Reiches Zeitschrift fur agyptische Sprache 119 1992 pp 22 37 Nims Journal of Near Eastern Studies 7 1948 157 162 Ad Thijs The Burial of Psusennes I and The Bad Times of P Brooklyn 16 205 Zeitschrift fur agyptische Sprache 96 2014 209 223 J Cerny Egypt from the Death of Ramesses III to the End of the Twenty First Dynasty in The Middle East and the Aegean Region c 1380 1000 BC Cambridge University Press p 645 ISBN 0 521 08691 4 K A Kitchen The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt 1100 650 BC 3rd ed Warminster Aris amp Phillips 1996 p 256 Manetho fragments 58 amp 59 translation in W G Waddell Manetho Cambridge Harvard University 1997 pp 155 7 ISBN 0 674 99385 3 Kitchen p 260Further reading EditG Daressy Les Carrieres de Gebelein et le roi Smendes Receuil de Travaux Relatifs a la Philologie et a l Archeologie Egyptiennes et Assyriennes 10 1988 133 8 Nicolas Grimal A History of Ancient Egypt Blackwell Books 1992 External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Smendes Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Smendes amp oldid 1169839643, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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