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Liberal conservatism

April 10, 2024

Not to be confused with Conservative liberalism or Libertarian conservatism.
This article is about the political philosophy. For the Canadian political party, see Liberal-Conservative Party.

Liberal conservatism is a political ideology combining conservative policies with liberal stances, especially on economic issues but also on social and ethical matters,[1] representing a brand of political conservatism strongly influenced by liberalism.

The ideology incorporates the classical liberal view of minimal government intervention in the economy, according to which individuals should be free to participate in the market and generate wealth without government interference.[2] However, liberal conservatives also hold that individuals cannot be thoroughly depended on to act responsibly in other spheres of life; therefore, they believe that a strong state is necessary to ensure law and order and that social institutions are needed to nurture a sense of duty and responsibility to the nation.[2] Liberal conservatives also support civil liberties, along with some socially conservative positions. They differ on social issues, with some being socially conservative and others socially liberal, though all liberal conservatives broadly support the rule of law regarding civil rights, social equality and the environment.[3][4] This is equated with the creation of a cohesive and tolerant society with increased levels of individual responsibility and less inequality.[5]

Liberal conservatism shares the classical liberal tenets of a commitment to individualism, belief in negative freedom, a lightly regulated free market, and a minimal rule of law state.[6] A number of commentators have stated that many conservative currents in the 1980s, such as Thatcherism,[2] were rejuvenated classical liberals in all but name.[6] However, in contrast to classical liberalism there is a stronger social agenda and support for a greater degree of state intervention especially in certain areas of social life which liberal conservatives believe should not be subject to market forces.[6] Particularly in regards to the family, sexuality, health and education, these should either always be periodically regulated or minimally protected by the state.[6]

Overview, definitions and usage edit

Both conservatism and liberalism have had different meanings over time in different centuries. The term liberal conservatism has been used in quite different ways. It usually contrasts with aristocratic conservatism, which deems the principle of equality as something discordant with human nature and emphasizes instead the idea of natural inequality. As conservatives in democratic countries have embraced typical liberal institutions such as the rule of law, private property, the market economy and constitutional representative government, the liberal element of liberal conservatism became consensual among conservatives. In some countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States, the term liberal conservatism came to be understood simply as conservatism in popular culture,[7] prompting some conservatives who embraced more strongly classical-liberal values to call themselves libertarians instead.[8] However, there are differences between classical liberals and libertarians.[9]

In their embrace of liberal and free market principles, European liberal conservatives are clearly distinguishable from those holding national-conservative, fully socially conservative and/or outright populist views, let alone a right-wing populist posture. Being liberal often involves stressing free market economics and the belief in individual responsibility together with the defense of civil rights and support for a limited welfare state.[citation needed] Compared to other centre-right political traditions such as Christian democracy, liberal conservatives are less socially conservative and more economically liberal, favouring low taxes and minimal state intervention in the economy.[citation needed] Some regional varieties and peculiarities can be observed:

At the European level, Christian democrats and most liberal conservatives are affiliated to the European People's Party (EPP), while liberals (including conservative and social liberals) to the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party (ALDE Party). In this context, some traditionally Christian-democratic parties (such as Christian-Democratic and Flemish in Belgium, the Christian Democratic Appeal in the Netherlands, the Christian Democratic Union in Germany and the People's Party in Austria) have become almost undistinguishable from other liberal-conservative parties. On the other hand, newer liberal-conservative parties (such as New Democracy in Greece, the Social Democratic Party in Portugal, the People's Party in Spain, Forza Italia/The People of Freedom/Forza Italia in Italy, the Union for a Popular Movement/The Republicans in France and most centre-right parties from countries once belonging to the Eastern Bloc and Yugoslavia) have not adopted traditional labels, but their ideologies are also a mixture of conservatism, Christian democracy and liberalism.

In the modern European discourse, liberal conservatism usually encompasses centre-right political outlooks that reject at least to some extent social conservatism. This position is also associated with support for moderate forms of social safety net and environmentalism (see also green conservatism and green liberalism). This variety of liberal conservatism has been espoused by Nordic conservatives (the Moderate Party in Sweden, the Conservative Party in Norway and the National Coalition Party in Finland) which have been fending off competition from right-wing populists to their right and do not include Christian democrats; and at times the British Conservative Party. In an interview shortly after taking office as Prime Minister in 2010, David Cameron introduced himself as a liberal conservative.[10] During his first speech to a party conference in 2006, Cameron had defined this as believing in individual freedom and human rights, but being skeptical of "grand schemes to remake the world".[11]

Relation to American conservatism edit

In the United States, conservatives often combine the economic individualism of classical liberals with a Burkean form of conservatism that emphasizes the natural inequalities between men, the irrationality of human behavior as the basis for the human drive for order and stability and the rejection of natural rights as the basis for government.[12] From a different perspective, American conservatism (a "hybrid of conservatism and classical liberalism") has exalted three tenets of Burkean conservatism, namely the diffidence toward the power of the state, the preference of liberty over equality and for patriotism while rejecting the three remaining tenets, namely loyalty to traditional institutions and hierarchies, scepticism regarding progress and elitism.[13][clarification needed] Consequently, the term liberal conservatism is not used in the United States. Modern American liberalism happens to be quite different from European liberalism and occupies the centre-left of the political spectrum, in contrast to many European countries where liberalism is often more associated with the centre and centre-right while social democracy makes up a substantial part of the centre-left. The opposite is true in Latin America, where economically liberal conservatism is often labelled under the rubric of neoliberalism both in popular culture and academic discourse.[14]

American libertarian conservatism focuses more on libertarian economic principles and conservative cultural principles, but social stances of European liberal conservatism, on the other hand, are more closely related to relative progressivism than traditional conservatism.[15] American neoconservatism is sometimes described as the same or similar to liberal conservatism in Europe.[16] However, Peter Lawler regarded neoconservatism in the United States as conservative liberalism and distinguished it from liberal conservatism. Fiscal conservatism is also an idea rooted in classical liberalism.

Classical conservatism and economic liberalism edit

 
Joseph de Maistre (1753–1821)

Historically, conservatism in the 18th and 19th centuries comprised a set of principles based on concern for established tradition, respect for authority and religious values. This form of traditionalist or classical conservatism is often considered to be exemplified by the writings of Joseph de Maistre in the post-Enlightenment age. Contemporaneous liberalism, now recalled as classical liberalism, advocated both political freedom for individuals and a free market in the economic sphere. Ideas of this sort were promulgated by John Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, Edward Gibbon, David Hume, Adam Smith, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, who are respectively remembered as the fathers of liberalism, including economic liberalism, the separation of church and state, social liberalism and utilitarianism.

 
Alexis de Tocqueville

According to scholar Andrew Vincent, the maxim of liberal conservatism is "economics is prior to politics".[17] Others emphasize the openness of historical change and a suspicion of tyrannical majorities behind the hailing of individual liberties and traditional virtues by authors such as Edmund Burke and Alexis de Tocqueville[18] as the basis of current liberal conservatism which can be seen both in the works of Raymond Aron and Michael Oakeshott. However, there is general agreement that the original liberal conservatives were those who combined conservative social attitudes with an economically liberal outlook, adapting a previous aristocratic understanding of natural inequalities between men to the rule of meritocracy, without directly criticizing privileges of birth as long as individual liberties were guaranteed. Over time, the majority of conservatives in the Western world came to adopt free market economic ideas as the Industrial Revolution progressed and the monarchy, aristocracy and clergy lost their wealth and power, to the extent that such ideas are now generally considered as part of conservatism. Nonetheless, the term liberal is used in most countries to describe those with free-market economic views. This is the case in continental Europe,[19] Australia[20] and Latin America.[21]

Liberal-conservative parties or parties with liberal-conservative factions edit

Current parties edit

Historical parties or factions edit

Liberal-conservative organisations edit

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ The LDP was described as a liberal or conservative-liberal party in the 1990s and prior to the 1990s, and was described as a liberal-conservative before the Second Abe Cabinet, but since 2012, LDP has been controversial related to ultranationalism and fascism. (Major LDP members are linked to the far-right Nippon Kaigi.)[55][56]
  2. ^ United Russia officially supports the "liberal-conservative" ideology.[72] However, there is a controversy that United Russia is actually authoritarian or anti-liberal.[73]
  3. ^ The AKP was described as a liberal-conservative and conservative-liberal, but there is controversy that the AKP is illiberal.[89]

Citations edit

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  111. ^ Aleks Szczerbiak (2006). "The Polish centre-right's (last?) best hope: The rise and fall of Solidarity Electoral Action". In Aleks Szczerbiak; Seán Hanley (eds.). Centre-right Parties in Post-communist East-Central Europe. Psychology Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-415-34781-5.
  112. ^ "What about the re-establishment of the four-party system, the future political circle?". 아이뉴스21 (in Korean). 3 February 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  113. ^ "New conservative party sets sail ahead of April parliamentary elections". The Korean Herald. 11 June 2021. After the impeachment of Park in 2016, he left the Saenuri Party and joined the minor conservative Bareun Party. He then moved to the liberal-conservative Bareunmirae Party after the Bareun Party and minor liberal People's Party were merged.
  114. ^ Elizabeth Özdalga (2013). "Reflections on the Relationship Between Imaginative Literature and Religious and National Identities". In Riva Kastoryano (ed.). Turkey Between Nationalism and Globalization. Routledge. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-415-52923-5.
  115. ^ "Meet The New Conservative Think-Tanks Hoping To Reboot The Tories". HuffPost UK. 2018-05-24. Retrieved 2019-03-27.
  116. ^ "Winners & Losers: Hungary's opposition primaries first-round recap". Kafkadesk. 2021-10-02. Retrieved 2021-11-27.

General references edit

  • Johnston, Larry (2007). Politics: An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State (3rd ed.). Peterborough, Ont.: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-0040-9.
  • Johnston, Larry (2011). Politics: An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State (4th ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-0533-6.
  • McAnulla, Stuart (2006). British Politics: A Critical Introduction. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-826-46155-1.
  • Turner, Rachel S. (2008). Neo-Liberal Ideology: History, Concepts and Policies: History, Concepts and Policies. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-748-63235-0.
  • van de Haar, Edwin (2015). Degrees of Freedom: Liberal Political Philosophy and Ideology. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-412-85575-4.
  • Vincent, Andrew (2009). Modern Political Ideologies. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-1105-1.

April 10, 2024
liberal, conservatism, confused, with, conservative, liberalism, libertarian, conservatism, this, article, about, political, philosophy, canadian, political, party, liberal, conservative, party, political, ideology, combining, conservative, policies, with, lib. Not to be confused with Conservative liberalism or Libertarian conservatism This article is about the political philosophy For the Canadian political party see Liberal Conservative Party Liberal conservatism is a political ideology combining conservative policies with liberal stances especially on economic issues but also on social and ethical matters 1 representing a brand of political conservatism strongly influenced by liberalism The ideology incorporates the classical liberal view of minimal government intervention in the economy according to which individuals should be free to participate in the market and generate wealth without government interference 2 However liberal conservatives also hold that individuals cannot be thoroughly depended on to act responsibly in other spheres of life therefore they believe that a strong state is necessary to ensure law and order and that social institutions are needed to nurture a sense of duty and responsibility to the nation 2 Liberal conservatives also support civil liberties along with some socially conservative positions They differ on social issues with some being socially conservative and others socially liberal though all liberal conservatives broadly support the rule of law regarding civil rights social equality and the environment 3 4 This is equated with the creation of a cohesive and tolerant society with increased levels of individual responsibility and less inequality 5 Liberal conservatism shares the classical liberal tenets of a commitment to individualism belief in negative freedom a lightly regulated free market and a minimal rule of law state 6 A number of commentators have stated that many conservative currents in the 1980s such as Thatcherism 2 were rejuvenated classical liberals in all but name 6 However in contrast to classical liberalism there is a stronger social agenda and support for a greater degree of state intervention especially in certain areas of social life which liberal conservatives believe should not be subject to market forces 6 Particularly in regards to the family sexuality health and education these should either always be periodically regulated or minimally protected by the state 6 Contents 1 Overview definitions and usage 2 Relation to American conservatism 3 Classical conservatism and economic liberalism 4 Liberal conservative parties or parties with liberal conservative factions 4 1 Current parties 4 2 Historical parties or factions 5 Liberal conservative organisations 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Citations 9 General referencesOverview definitions and usage editBoth conservatism and liberalism have had different meanings over time in different centuries The term liberal conservatism has been used in quite different ways It usually contrasts with aristocratic conservatism which deems the principle of equality as something discordant with human nature and emphasizes instead the idea of natural inequality As conservatives in democratic countries have embraced typical liberal institutions such as the rule of law private property the market economy and constitutional representative government the liberal element of liberal conservatism became consensual among conservatives In some countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States the term liberal conservatism came to be understood simply as conservatism in popular culture 7 prompting some conservatives who embraced more strongly classical liberal values to call themselves libertarians instead 8 However there are differences between classical liberals and libertarians 9 In their embrace of liberal and free market principles European liberal conservatives are clearly distinguishable from those holding national conservative fully socially conservative and or outright populist views let alone a right wing populist posture Being liberal often involves stressing free market economics and the belief in individual responsibility together with the defense of civil rights and support for a limited welfare state citation needed Compared to other centre right political traditions such as Christian democracy liberal conservatives are less socially conservative and more economically liberal favouring low taxes and minimal state intervention in the economy citation needed Some regional varieties and peculiarities can be observed In much of Central and Northwestern Europe especially in Germanic and traditionally Protestant countries as well as the United Kingdom and Belgium a divide persists between liberal conservatives including Christian democrats and liberals including conservative liberals and social liberals citation needed In most Nordic countries liberal conservatives Christian democrats and liberals form distinct political families and each have their own party The largest liberal parties are the Nordic agrarian parties which are traditionally agrarian citation needed In most countries where Romance languages are spoken and where Catholicism is or has been dominant as well as in Greece and Poland liberal conservative movements often encompassing Christian democrats and liberals have more recently gained traction and the terms conservative and liberal may be understood as synonymous citation needed At the European level Christian democrats and most liberal conservatives are affiliated to the European People s Party EPP while liberals including conservative and social liberals to the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party ALDE Party In this context some traditionally Christian democratic parties such as Christian Democratic and Flemish in Belgium the Christian Democratic Appeal in the Netherlands the Christian Democratic Union in Germany and the People s Party in Austria have become almost undistinguishable from other liberal conservative parties On the other hand newer liberal conservative parties such as New Democracy in Greece the Social Democratic Party in Portugal the People s Party in Spain Forza Italia The People of Freedom Forza Italia in Italy the Union for a Popular Movement The Republicans in France and most centre right parties from countries once belonging to the Eastern Bloc and Yugoslavia have not adopted traditional labels but their ideologies are also a mixture of conservatism Christian democracy and liberalism In the modern European discourse liberal conservatism usually encompasses centre right political outlooks that reject at least to some extent social conservatism This position is also associated with support for moderate forms of social safety net and environmentalism see also green conservatism and green liberalism This variety of liberal conservatism has been espoused by Nordic conservatives the Moderate Party in Sweden the Conservative Party in Norway and the National Coalition Party in Finland which have been fending off competition from right wing populists to their right and do not include Christian democrats and at times the British Conservative Party In an interview shortly after taking office as Prime Minister in 2010 David Cameron introduced himself as a liberal conservative 10 During his first speech to a party conference in 2006 Cameron had defined this as believing in individual freedom and human rights but being skeptical of grand schemes to remake the world 11 Relation to American conservatism editIn the United States conservatives often combine the economic individualism of classical liberals with a Burkean form of conservatism that emphasizes the natural inequalities between men the irrationality of human behavior as the basis for the human drive for order and stability and the rejection of natural rights as the basis for government 12 From a different perspective American conservatism a hybrid of conservatism and classical liberalism has exalted three tenets of Burkean conservatism namely the diffidence toward the power of the state the preference of liberty over equality and for patriotism while rejecting the three remaining tenets namely loyalty to traditional institutions and hierarchies scepticism regarding progress and elitism 13 clarification needed Consequently the term liberal conservatism is not used in the United States Modern American liberalism happens to be quite different from European liberalism and occupies the centre left of the political spectrum in contrast to many European countries where liberalism is often more associated with the centre and centre right while social democracy makes up a substantial part of the centre left The opposite is true in Latin America where economically liberal conservatism is often labelled under the rubric of neoliberalism both in popular culture and academic discourse 14 American libertarian conservatism focuses more on libertarian economic principles and conservative cultural principles but social stances of European liberal conservatism on the other hand are more closely related to relative progressivism than traditional conservatism 15 American neoconservatism is sometimes described as the same or similar to liberal conservatism in Europe 16 However Peter Lawler regarded neoconservatism in the United States as conservative liberalism and distinguished it from liberal conservatism Fiscal conservatism is also an idea rooted in classical liberalism Classical conservatism and economic liberalism edit nbsp Joseph de Maistre 1753 1821 Historically conservatism in the 18th and 19th centuries comprised a set of principles based on concern for established tradition respect for authority and religious values This form of traditionalist or classical conservatism is often considered to be exemplified by the writings of Joseph de Maistre in the post Enlightenment age Contemporaneous liberalism now recalled as classical liberalism advocated both political freedom for individuals and a free market in the economic sphere Ideas of this sort were promulgated by John Locke Montesquieu Voltaire Jean Jacques Rousseau Ben Franklin Thomas Jefferson Thomas Paine Edward Gibbon David Hume Adam Smith Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill who are respectively remembered as the fathers of liberalism including economic liberalism the separation of church and state social liberalism and utilitarianism nbsp Alexis de TocquevilleAccording to scholar Andrew Vincent the maxim of liberal conservatism is economics is prior to politics 17 Others emphasize the openness of historical change and a suspicion of tyrannical majorities behind the hailing of individual liberties and traditional virtues by authors such as Edmund Burke and Alexis de Tocqueville 18 as the basis of current liberal conservatism which can be seen both in the works of Raymond Aron and Michael Oakeshott However there is general agreement that the original liberal conservatives were those who combined conservative social attitudes with an economically liberal outlook adapting a previous aristocratic understanding of natural inequalities between men to the rule of meritocracy without directly criticizing privileges of birth as long as individual liberties were guaranteed Over time the majority of conservatives in the Western world came to adopt free market economic ideas as the Industrial Revolution progressed and the monarchy aristocracy and clergy lost their wealth and power to the extent that such ideas are now generally considered as part of conservatism Nonetheless the term liberal is used in most countries to describe those with free market economic views This is the case in continental Europe 19 Australia 20 and Latin America 21 Liberal conservative parties or parties with liberal conservative factions editThis list is incomplete you can help by adding missing items January 2023 Current parties edit nbsp Albania Democratic Party of Albania 22 nbsp Andorra Democrats for Andorra 23 nbsp Argentina Republican Proposal 24 nbsp Australia Country Liberal Party Liberal Party of Australia 25 Liberal National Party of Queensland National Party of Australia nbsp Austria Austrian People s Party 26 nbsp Belarus United Civic Party of Belarus 27 22 nbsp Botswana Botswana Democratic Party 28 nbsp Brazil Brazil Union nbsp Bulgaria Union of Democratic Forces 29 nbsp Canada Conservative Party of Canada 30 nbsp Chile National Renewal 31 nbsp Czech Republic Civic Democratic Party 32 33 TOP 09 34 nbsp Croatia Croatian Democratic Union 35 nbsp Denmark Venstre 36 Conservative People s Party 37 nbsp Estonia Estonian Reform Party 38 nbsp Fiji People s Alliance Social Democratic Liberal Party nbsp Finland National Coalition Party 39 Centre Party 40 nbsp France The Republicans 41 nbsp Germany Christian Democratic Union of Germany 42 Free Democratic Party 43 44 Free Voters 45 nbsp Greece New Democracy 46 nbsp Greenland Feeling of Community 47 nbsp Iceland Independence Party 48 nbsp Ireland Fine Gael 49 nbsp Israel Likud 50 New Hope nbsp Italy Forza Italia 51 nbsp Japan Liberal Democratic Party 52 53 54 a nbsp Latvia Unity 38 nbsp Lithuania Homeland Union 27 141 nbsp Mexico National Action Party 57 nbsp Morocco Constitutional Union 58 nbsp Mongolia Democratic Party 59 nbsp Myanmar National League for Democracy 60 nbsp Netherlands People s Party for Freedom and Democracy 61 62 63 nbsp New Zealand National Party 64 nbsp North Macedonia VMRO DPMNE 65 nbsp Norway Conservative Party 66 nbsp Poland Agreement Civic Platform 33 67 nbsp Portugal Social Democratic Party 68 nbsp Romania National Liberal Party 69 nbsp Russia United Russia 70 71 b Civic Platform 74 Party of Growth nbsp Serbia People s Party 75 Serbian Progressive Party 76 77 nbsp Slovakia Democrats NOVA Civic Conservative Party For the People nbsp Slovenia Slovenian Democratic Party 78 nbsp Spain People s Party 79 80 nbsp Sri Lanka United National Party 81 nbsp Sweden Moderate Party 82 83 84 nbsp Taiwan Kuomintang 85 nbsp Thailand Pheu Thai Party 86 nbsp Turkey Justice and Development Party 87 88 c Democrat Party current nbsp Ukraine European Solidarity 90 nbsp United Kingdom Conservative Party 91 nbsp United States Republican Party 92 nbsp Uruguay National Party 93 Historical parties or factions edit nbsp Brazil Democratic Social Party Democrats 94 nbsp Canada Progressive Conservative Party of Canada nbsp Czech Republic Civic Democratic Alliance 95 Freedom Union Democratic Union 96 Realists 97 nbsp Estonia Res Publica Party 38 nbsp France National Centre of Independents and Peasants Union for the New Republic Independent Republicans 98 Perspectives and Realities Clubs Union of Democrats for the Republic Republican Party Rally for the Republic Union for French Democracy 99 Union for a Popular Movement 100 nbsp Germany Free Conservative Party nbsp India Swatantra Party 101 nbsp Israel General Zionists 102 nbsp Italy Forza Italia 103 The People of Freedom 104 105 Tyrolean Homeland Party 106 Italian Liberal Party 36 nbsp Japan Japan New Party 107 New Party Sakigake 108 Democratic Party of Japan factions 109 nbsp Montenegro Movement for Changes 33 nbsp New Zealand United Future 110 nbsp Poland Conservative People s Party 111 nbsp Romania Democratic Convention of Romania 29 Democratic Liberal Party 33 nbsp Serbia G17 Plus 33 nbsp Slovakia Slovak Democratic and Christian Union Democratic Party 33 nbsp South Korea Bareunmirae Party 112 113 nbsp Spain Liberal Conservative Party nbsp Turkey Democrat Party historical 114 Liberal conservative organisations edit nbsp United Kingdom Bright Blue 115 nbsp Hungary Everybody s Hungary Movement 116 See also edit nbsp Conservatism portalConservative liberalism Progressive conservatismNotes edit The LDP was described as a liberal or conservative liberal party in the 1990s and prior to the 1990s and was described as a liberal conservative before the Second Abe Cabinet but since 2012 LDP has been controversial related to ultranationalism and fascism Major LDP members are linked to the far right Nippon Kaigi 55 56 United Russia officially supports the liberal conservative ideology 72 However there is a controversy that United Russia is actually authoritarian or anti liberal 73 The AKP was described as a liberal conservative and conservative liberal but there is controversy that the AKP is illiberal 89 Citations edit Nordsieck Wolfram 2020 Content Parties and Elections in Europe a b c McAnulla 2006 p 71 Gibbon Gary 7 October 2015 David Cameron tries to return to his liberal Conservatism mission Channel 4 News What was David Cameron s Conservatism overview Britpolitics Redford Pete Cameron and Welfare Questioning the liberal Conservatism project PDF LSE Research Online a b c d Vincent 2009 p 335 Johnston 2007 p 155 Grigsby Ellen Analyzing Politics An Introduction to Political Science Cengage Learning 2011 van de Haar 2015 p 71 Cameron David 2010 05 16 I am a Liberal Conservative BBC Retrieved 18 August 2012 Full text of David Cameron s speech to the Conservative Party conference BBC October 2006 Grigsby Ellen Analyzing Politics An Introduction to Political Science Cengage Learning 2011 p 106 112 Wooldridge Adrian Micklethwait John 2011 The Right Nation Why America is Different Penguin Books Limited ISBN 9780241958896 via Google Books Bethell Leslie The Cambridge History of Latin America Latin America since 1930 Cambridge University Press 1991 Francesco Giubilei Dmytro Finberg Leonid Sinchenko eds 2021 The History of European Conservative Thought Simon and Schuster p 25 ISBN 9781621579106 Oleksii Stus Dmytro Finberg Leonid Sinchenko eds 2021 Ukrainian Dissidents An Anthology of Texts Rowman amp Littlefield p 346 ISBN 9783838215518 The tendency of neoconservatism liberal conservatism is most clearly represented by the literary Vincent 2009 pp 65 66 Lakoff Sandoff Tocqueville Burke and the Origins of Liberal Conservatism The review of politics 60 3 pp 435 464 1998 doi 10 1017 S003467050002742X Slomp Hans 2011 09 26 Europe a Political Profile An American Companion to European Politics Hans Slomp Google Books Abc Clio pp 106 108 ISBN 9780313391828 Goldfarb Michael 20 July 2010 Liberal Are we talking about the same thing BBC News Retrieved 6 July 2016 MacLean James The Two Meanings of Liberalism Retrieved 6 July 2016 http www eliamep gr wp content uploads 2013 04 bn1 pdf bare URL PDF Casal Bertoa Fernando Dumont Patrick 2022 Party Politics in European Microstates Routledge p 184 ISBN 978 1 315 20677 6 Retrieved 2023 04 13 Sergio D Morresi amp Gabriel Vommaro The Difficulties of the Partisan Right in Argentina The Case of the PRO Party Draft March 2013 Nicole A Thomas Tobias Loetscher Danielle Clode Mike Nicholls May 2 2012 Right Wing Politicians Prefer the Emotional Left PLOS ONE 7 5 4 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 736552T doi 10 1371 journal pone 0036552 PMC 3342249 PMID 22567166 The Liberal Party of Australia has an ideology in line with liberal conservatism and is therefore right of centre Ralph P Guntzel 2010 Understanding Old Europe An Introduction to the Culture Politics and History of France Germany and Austria Tectum Wissenschaftsverlag p 162 ISBN 978 3 8288 5300 3 a b Janusz Bugajski 2002 Political Parties of Eastern Europe A Guide to Politics in the Post Communist Era M E Sharpe ISBN 978 1 56324 676 0 Maipose Gervase S 2008 Policy and Institutional Dynamics of Sustained Development in Botswana Commission on Growth and Development 35 20 21 hdl 10986 28032 a b Paul Lewis 2002 Political Parties in Post Communist Eastern Europe Routledge p 53 ISBN 978 1 134 63437 8 Michel Ducharme Jean Francois Constant eds 2009 Liberalism and Hegemony Debating the Canadian Liberal Revolution Springer Nature p 150 ISBN 9780802098825 Arceneaux Craig Pion Berlin David 2005 Transforming Latin America The International And Domestic Origins Of Change University of Pittsburgh Press p 148 John Nagle Alison Mahr 1999 Democracy and Democratization Post Communist Europe in Comparative Perspective SAGE Publications p 188 ISBN 978 0 7619 5679 2 a b c d e f Elizabeth Bakke 2010 Central and Eastern European party systems since 1989 In Sabrina P Ramet ed Central and Southeast European Politics since 1989 Cambridge University Press p 78 ISBN 978 1 139 48750 4 Otto Eibl Michal Pink 2016 Election Results Candidate Lists and the Framing of Campaigns In Ruxandra Boicu Silvia Branea Adriana Stefanel eds Political Communication and European Parliamentary Elections in Times of Crisis Perspectives from Central and South Eastern Europe Palgrave Macmillan UK p 258 ISBN 978 1 137 58591 2 Portret tjedna Andrej Plenkovic kandidat za sefa HDZ a Salonski politicar i HDZ ov liberal antipod Karamarku 25 June 2016 a b Peter Humphreys Michael Steed 3 November 1988 Identifying Liberal Parties In Emil J Kirchner ed Liberal Parties in Western Europe Cambridge University Press pp 408 409 ISBN 978 0 521 32394 9 Nordsieck Wolfram 2019 Denmark Parties and Elections in Europe a b c Kjetil Duvold 2017 When Left and Right is a Matter of Identity Overlapping Political Dimensions in Estonia and Latvia In Andrey Makarychev Alexandra Yatsyk eds Borders in the Baltic Sea Region Suturing the Ruptures Springer p 132 ISBN 978 1 352 00014 6 Mads Dagnis Jensen 2015 The Nordic Countries and the European Parliament In Caroline Howard Gron Peter Nedergaard Anders Wivel eds The Nordic Countries and the European Union Still the Other European Community Routledge p 89 ISBN 978 1 317 53661 1 Finland Political parties Norwegian Centre for Research Data Retrieved 8 March 2019 Nordsieck Wolfram 2017 France Parties and Elections in Europe Archived from the original on 24 April 2020 Retrieved 16 May 2020 Martin Steven 2018 Mark Garnett ed Conservatism in Europe the political thought of Christian Democracy Bloomsbury p 96 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Gordon Smith 1995 The Moderate Right in the German Party System In Peter H Merkl ed The Federal Republic of Germany at Forty Five Union without Unity Peter Lang p 269 ISBN 978 1 349 13520 2 Ricky Van Oers 2013 Deserving Citizenship Citizenship Tests in Germany the Netherlands and the United Kingdom Martinus Nijhoff Publishers p 263 ISBN 978 9 00 425107 6 Sylvia Kritzinger Carolina Plescia SKolja Raube James Wilhelm Jan Wouters eds 2020 Assessing the 2019 European Parliament Elections Taylor amp Francis p 263 ISBN 9781000057263 As in 2014 seven minor parties with vote shares below 5 per cent gained seats in the European Parliament ranging from single issue parties like the Animal Protection Party one seat or the Family Party one seat to the satirical Die Partei two seats or the liberal Conservative Free Voters Jose Maria Magone 2003 The Politics of Southern Europe Integration Into the European Union Greenwood Publishing Group p 148 ISBN 978 0 275 97787 0 Christina Bergqvist 1999 Equal Democracies Gender and Politics in the Nordic Countries Nordic Council of Ministers p 319 ISBN 978 82 00 12799 4 Agust Thor Arnason 2006 The European Union Seen From the Top A View of an Inside Outsider In Joakim Nergelius ed Nordic and Other European Constitutional Traditions BRILL p 34 ISBN 978 90 474 0978 6 Kerstin Hamann John Kelly 2010 Parties Elections and Policy Reforms in Western Europe Voting for Social Pacts Routledge p 1980 ISBN 978 1 136 94986 9 Amnon Rapoport 1990 Experimental Studies of Interactive Decisions Kluwer Academic p 413 ISBN 0792306856 Likud is a liberal conservative party that gains much of its support from the lower and middle classes and promotes free enterprise nationalism and expansionism Nordsieck Wolfram 2018 Italy Parties and Elections in Europe Karan Pradyumna P 2005 Japan in the 21st century environment economy and society University Press of Kentucky ISBN 978 0813137773 Omar Noman 2010 Responsible Development Vulnerable Democracies Hunger and Inequality Routledge p 123 ISBN 9781135180751 William D Hoover 2011 William D Hoover ed Historical Dictionary of Postwar Japan First Edition Scarecrow Press p 211 ISBN 978 0 8108 7539 5 Beautiful Harmony Political Project Behind Japan s New Era Name Analysis eurasia review 16 July 2019 The shifting dynamics around the new era name gengō 元号 offers an opportunity to understand how the domestic politics of the LDP s project of ultranationalism is shaping a new Japan and a new form of nationalism Shinzo Abe and the long history of Japanese political violence The Spectator 9 July 2022 Retrieved 3 March 2023 As the French judge at the trial Henri Bernard noted Japan s wartime atrocities had a principal author Hirohito who escaped all prosecution and of whom in any case the present defendants could only be considered accomplices The result was that whereas ultranationalism became toxic in post war Germany in Japan neo fascism centred around the figure of the emperor retained its allure and became mainstream albeit sotto voce within Japan s ruling Liberal Democratic Party O Toole Gavin 2007 Politics Latin America Pearson Education p 383 ISBN 9781405821292 Abdo Baaklini Guilain Denoeux Springborg Robert 1999 Legislative Politics in the Arab World The Resurgence of Democratic Institutions Lynne Riener p 129 Uribe Burcher Catalina Casal Bertoa Fernando 15 November 2018 Political Finance in Mongolia Assessment and Recommendations PDF Report International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance Open Society Forum p 13 doi 10 31752 idea 2018 68 ISBN 978 91 7671 217 7 Retrieved 22 June 2020 Zappulla Roberta 2017 Challenges for the National League for Democracy in Achieving Peace and Democracy in Myanmar PDF Metropolitan University of Prague via Research gate The firm ideology of the NLD founds a new facet amid democratic liberalism and liberal conservatism Arco Timmermans Edwin van Rooyen Gerrit Voerman 26 November 2014 Policy analysis and political party think tanks In Frans van Nispen Peter Scholten eds Policy analysis in the Netherlands Policy Press p 189 ISBN 978 1 4473 1333 5 Liubomir K Topaloff 2012 Political Parties and Euroscepticism Springer p 21 ISBN 978 1 137 00968 5 Jose M Magone 2017 The Statecraft of Consensus Democracies in a Turbulent World A Comparative Study of Austria Belgium Luxembourg the Netherlands and Switzerland Taylor amp Francis p 112 ISBN 978 1 315 40785 2 Vowles Jack 1987 The New Zealand Journal of History University of Auckland p 225 T he National Party is both conservative and liberal its liberalism containing both elements of classical and new liberalism the implications of the latter also overlapping with elements of conservatism Within the National Party it is the liberals rather than the conservatives who are most self conscious and vocal although the conservatives most frequently seem to prevail VMRO DPMNE Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity https vmro dpmne org mk Valgomaten Riksdekkende 2007 Aftenposten 2007 Archived from the original on 27 July 2011 Retrieved 29 April 2011 Jean Michel De Waele Anna Paczesniak 2011 The Europeanisation of Poland s political parties and party system In Erol Kulahci ed Europeanisation and Party Politics ECPR Press p 131 ISBN 9781907301841 Andre Krouwel 2012 Party Transformations in European Democracies SUNY Press p 348 ISBN 978 1 4384 4483 3 Nordsieck Wolfram 2020 Romania Parties and Elections in Europe Retrieved 18 December 2020 Lim Word ed 2022 The Settlement Agreement Make a repost Litres ISBN 9785041106676 On December 1 2001 the Unity movement the election blocs Fatherland All Russia and Our Home Russia merge into a single liberal conservative political party United Russia Paul Robinson ed 2019 Russian Conservatism Cornell University Press p 196 ISBN 9781501747366 Elena Chebankova ed 2020 Political Ideologies in Contemporary Russia McGill Queen s Press MQUP ISBN 9780228004387 Russia s largest and leading United Russia Party is the main representative of this ideological direction Its official doctrine states that the party espouses conservative right centrist and liberal conservative ideology Carsten Schapkow Frank Jacob eds 2022 Nationalism and Populism Expressions of Fear or Political Strategies Walter de Gruyter GmbH amp Co KG p 48 ISBN 9783110729740 2016 Russia legislative elections State Duma Parties and Elections in Europe 2016 Retrieved 30 December 2017 Program Narodne stranke Narodna Stranka Camprag Nebojsa 2019 01 02 Re imagineering Belgrade and Skopje urban megaprojects between politics and struggle European Planning Studies 27 1 181 200 doi 10 1080 09654313 2018 1545011 ISSN 0965 4313 S2CID 158202545 Derens Jean Arnault 2016 12 01 Rewriting Balkan history Le Monde Retrieved 2022 09 28 Alfio Cerami 2006 Social Policy in Central and Eastern Europe The Emergence of a New European Welfare Regime LIT Verlag Munster pp 29 ISBN 978 3 8258 9699 7 Inmaculada Egido 2005 Transforming Education The Spanish Experience Nova Publishers p 14 ISBN 978 1 59454 208 4 Fernando Reinares 2014 The 2004 Madrid Train Bombings In Bruce Hoffman Fernando Reinares eds The Evolution of the Global Terrorist Threat From 9 11 to Osama bin Laden s Death Columbia University Press p 32 ISBN 978 0 231 53743 8 Derbyshire J Denis Derbyshire Ian 2016 Encyclopedia of World Political Systems Routledge pp 247 249 ISBN 978 0 76568 025 9 Retrieved 2023 04 13 Peter Viggo Jakobsen 2006 Nordic Approaches to Peace Operations A New Model in the Making Taylor amp Francis pp 184 ISBN 978 0 415 38360 8 Hariz Halilovich 2013 Places of Pain Forced Displacement Popular Memory and Trans local Identities in Bosnian War torn Communities Berghahn Books p 208 ISBN 978 0 85745 777 6 Liberala partier i Sveriges riksdag amp deras ideologiska hallning Martin L Lasater ed 2019 The Changing Of The Guard President Clinton And The Security Of Taiwan Routledge Satrusayang Cod 2021 Thailand Thai Enquirer Archived from the original on 4 November 2021 Retrieved 4 January 2022 Ahmet Yildiz 25 March 2008 Problematizing the Intellectual and Political Vestiges From Welfare to Justice and Development In Umit Cizre ed Secular and Islamic Politics in Turkey The Making of the Justice and Development Party Routledge p 50 ISBN 978 1 134 15523 1 Tanil Bora 2013 Notes on the White Turks Debate In Riva Kastoryano ed Turkey Between Nationalism and Globalization Routledge p 97 ISBN 978 0 415 52923 5 Borger Julian 26 October 2020 Republicans closely resemble autocratic parties in Hungary and Turkey study The Guardian Nordsieck Wolfram 2019 Ukraine Parties and Elections in Europe Archived from the original on 10 March 2014 Retrieved 22 July 2019 Stephen Driver 2011 Understanding British Party Politics Polity p 14 ISBN 978 0 7456 4077 8 Slomp 2011 p 107 Martinez Magdalena 2019 11 25 Luis Lacalle Pou el peso de un apellido El Pais in Spanish ISSN 1134 6582 Retrieved 2020 02 27 Kirby Peadar 2003 Introduction to Latin America Twenty First Century Challenges Sage p 157 Liberalni strana liberalove bluefile cz in Czech Retrieved 27 March 2017 Unie svobody zoufale hledani identity www witzany cz Retrieved 27 March 2017 Politicka strana Realiste po trech letech konci rozhodli clenove Idnes 22 July 2019 Retrieved October 3 2019 David Hanley 1999 France Living with Instability In David Broughton ed Changing Party Systems in Western Europe Continuum International Publishing Group p 66 ISBN 978 1 85567 328 1 Retrieved 21 August 2012 Alistair Cole 2003 Stress strain and stability in the French party system In Jocelyn Evans ed The French Party System Manchester University Press p 12 ISBN 978 0 7190 6120 2 Nordsieck Wolfram 2012 France Parties and Elections in Europe Archived from the original on 23 May 2015 Pratapchandra Rasam Vasanti 1997 Swatantra Party a political biography Dattsons p 199 Congressional Record Proceedings and Debates of the United States Congress U S Government Printing Office 1955 p 5443 Ruth Wodak John E Richardson 2013 Analysing Fascist Discourse European Fascism in Talk and Text Routledge p 43 ISBN 978 0 415 89919 2 Donatella M Viola 2015 Italy In Donatella M Viola ed Routledge Handbook of European Elections Routledge p 117 ISBN 978 1 317 50363 7 Ilaria Riccioni Ramono Bongelli Andrzej Zuczkwoski 2013 The communication of certainty and uncertainty in Italian political media discourses In Anita Fetzer ed The Pragmatics of Political Discourse Explorations across cultures John Benjamins Publishing Company p 131 ISBN 978 90 272 7239 3 Pallaver Gunther 2008 Jens Woelk Francesco Palermo Joseph Marko eds South Tyrol s Consociational Democracy Between Political Claim and Social Reality Martinus Nijhoff Publishers p 309 ISBN 978 90 04 16302 7 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Murakami Hiroshi in Japanese 2009 The changing party system in Japan 1993 2007 More competition and limited convergence PDF Ritsumeikan Law Review 26 Ritsumeikan University 30 Retrieved 29 April 2021 William D Hoover 2019 William D Hoover ed Historical Dictionary of Postwar Japan Second Edition Rowman amp Littlefield p 268 ISBN 9781538111567 Hideko Magara 2012 Divergent fate of left parties in political economic regime transitions Italy and Japan in the 1990s In Masanobu Ido ed Varieties of Capitalism Types of Democracy and Globalization Taylor amp Francis p 182 ISBN 978 1 136 34270 7 Caroline Miller 2011 Implementing Sustainability The New Zealand Experience Routledge p 10 ISBN 978 1 136 85441 5 Aleks Szczerbiak 2006 The Polish centre right s last best hope The rise and fall of Solidarity Electoral Action In Aleks Szczerbiak Sean Hanley eds Centre right Parties in Post communist East Central Europe Psychology Press p 66 ISBN 978 0 415 34781 5 What about the re establishment of the four party system the future political circle 아이뉴스21 in Korean 3 February 2018 Retrieved 2 May 2020 New conservative party sets sail ahead of April parliamentary elections The Korean Herald 11 June 2021 After the impeachment of Park in 2016 he left the Saenuri Party and joined the minor conservative Bareun Party He then moved to the liberal conservative Bareunmirae Party after the Bareun Party and minor liberal People s Party were merged Elizabeth Ozdalga 2013 Reflections on the Relationship Between Imaginative Literature and Religious and National Identities In Riva Kastoryano ed Turkey Between Nationalism and Globalization Routledge p 54 ISBN 978 0 415 52923 5 Meet The New Conservative Think Tanks Hoping To Reboot The Tories HuffPost UK 2018 05 24 Retrieved 2019 03 27 Winners amp Losers Hungary s opposition primaries first round recap Kafkadesk 2021 10 02 Retrieved 2021 11 27 General references editJohnston Larry 2007 Politics An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State 3rd ed Peterborough Ont University of Toronto Press ISBN 978 1 4426 0040 9 Johnston Larry 2011 Politics An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State 4th ed Toronto University of Toronto Press ISBN 978 1 4426 0533 6 McAnulla Stuart 2006 British Politics A Critical Introduction A amp C Black ISBN 978 0 826 46155 1 Turner Rachel S 2008 Neo Liberal Ideology History Concepts and Policies History Concepts and Policies Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press ISBN 978 0 748 63235 0 van de Haar Edwin 2015 Degrees of Freedom Liberal Political Philosophy and Ideology New Brunswick NJ Transaction Publishers ISBN 978 1 412 85575 4 Vincent Andrew 2009 Modern Political Ideologies John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 1 4443 1105 1 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Liberal conservatism amp oldid 1216519270, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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