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Wikipedia

Conservative liberalism

January 20, 2023

Not to be confused with Liberal conservatism or Libertarian conservatism.

Conservative liberalism or right-liberalism[1][2] is a variant of liberalism, combining liberal values and policies with conservative stances, or simply representing the right-wing of the liberal movement.[3] In the case of modern "conservative liberalism", scholars sometimes see it as a more positive and less radical variant of classical liberalism, but it is also referred to as an individual tradition that distinguishes it from classical liberalism and social liberalism.[4][5] Conservative liberal parties tend to combine economically liberal policies with more traditional stances and personal beliefs on social and ethical issues.[specify][6]

In general, liberal conservatism and conservative liberalism have different philosophical roots. Historically, "liberal conservatism" refers mainly to the case where conservatives embrace the elements of classical liberalism, and "conservative liberalism" refers to classical liberals who support a laissez-faire economy as well as socially conservative principles (for instance, Christian family values). Since classical liberal institutions were gradually accepted by conservatives, there is very little to distinguish liberal conservatives from conservative liberals.[7]

Neoconservatism has also been identified as an ideological relative or twin to conservative liberalism,[8] and some similarities exist also between conservative liberalism and national liberalism.[9][10]

Overview

 
Alexis de Tocqueville, who had a profound influence on modern conservative liberal philosophy

Conservative liberalism emerged in late 18th century France, when the moderate bourgeoisie supported the monarchy within the liberal camp. Representatively, Doctrinaires, which existed during the Bourbon Restoration was a representative conservative-liberal party.[11] Radicalism emerged as an opposition against the moderateness of these (conservative) liberals.

 
Raymond Aron, known as "Sartre's great intellectual opponent"[12]

According to Robert Kraynak, a professor at Colgate University, rather than "following progressive liberalism (i.e. social liberalism), conservative liberals draw upon pre-modern sources, such as classical philosophy (with its ideas of virtue, the common good, and natural rights), Christianity (with its ideas of natural law, the social nature of man, and original sin), and ancient institutions (such as common law, corporate bodies, and social hierarchies). This gives their liberalism a conservative foundation. It means following Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, St. Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas, and Edmund Burke rather than Locke or Kant; it usually includes a deep sympathy for the politics of the Greek polis, the Roman Republic, and Christian monarchies. But, as realists, conservative liberals acknowledge that classical and medieval politics cannot be restored in the modern world. And, as moralists, they see that the modern experiment in liberty and self-government has the positive effect of enhancing human dignity as well as providing an opening (even in the midst of mass culture) for transcendent longings for eternity. At its practical best, conservative liberalism promotes ordered liberty under God and establishes constitutional safeguards against tyranny. It shows that a regime of liberty based on traditional morality and classical-Christian culture is an achievement we can be proud of, rather than merely defensive about, as trustees of Western civilization".[13]

In the European context, conservative liberalism should not be confused with liberal conservatism which is a variant of conservatism combining conservative views with liberal policies in regards to the economy, social and ethical issues.[6] The roots of conservative liberalism are to be found at the beginning of the history of liberalism. Until the two world wars, the political class in most European countries from Germany to Italy was formed by conservative liberals. The events such as World War I occurring after 1917 brought the more radical version of classical liberalism to a more conservative (i.e. more moderate) type of liberalism.[14] Conservative liberal parties have tended to develop in those European countries where there was no strong secular conservative party and where the separation of church and state was less of an issue. In those countries, where the conservative parties were Christian democratic, this conservative brand of liberalism developed.[3]

Political stance

 
Wilhelm Röpke, who was representative ordoliberal and president of the Mont Pelerin Society from 1961 to 1962

Conservative liberalism is generally a liberal ideology that contrasts with social liberalism.[15]

Conservative liberalism, along with social liberalism and classical liberalism, is mentioned as the main liberal ideology of European politics.[5] It is often used to describe liberalism close to the centre to centre-right of the political spectrum.[16][17] However, there are sometimes conservative liberals who are located on the right-wing political position.

Social, classical and conservative liberalism

"Social liberalism" is a combination of economic Keynesianism and cultural liberalism. "Classical liberalism" is economic liberalism that partially embraces cultural liberalism.

"Conservative liberalism" is an ideology that highlights the conservative aspect of liberalism, so it can appear in a somewhat different form depending on the local reality.

Conservative liberalism refers to ideologies that show relatively conservative tendencies within the liberal camp, so it has some relative meaning. In the United States, conservative liberals mean de facto classical liberals,[18] but in Europe, "Christian democrats" and "Ordoliberals" can also be included. (Christian democracy is a mainstream European conservative ideology, so there are cases where it supports free markets.)[19]

By country

France

Alexis de Tocqueville and Adolphe Thiers were representative French conservative liberals.[20][21] They were classified as centre-left liberals (progressive-Orléanists) during the July monarchy alone,[22][23] but after the 1848 Revolution, the Second Republic entered and they were relegated to conservative liberals.

Germany

Prior to World War II, conservative liberalism or "right-liberalism" (German: Rechtsliberalismus) was often used in a similar sense to "national-liberalism" (German: Nationalliberalismus). National Liberal Party during the German Empire and German People's Party during the Weimar Republic are representative. (Currently, "right-liberalism" and "national liberalism" are used in similar meanings in Germany.)[citation needed] According to the German Wikipedia, most of the national liberals during the Weimar Republic joined the CDU, a liberal-conservative party. For this reason, the terms "conservative liberalism" are not often used in Germany.[citation needed]

Ordoliberalism is more a variant of conservative liberalism than classical liberalism (which is economic liberalism that embraces cultural liberalism) or social liberalism, in principle because it is influenced by the notion of social justice based on traditional Catholic teachings. After the war, Germany pursued economic growth based on the social market economy, which is deeply related to ordoliberalism.[19]

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, David Hume, Adam Smith and Edmund Burke have been identified as conservative liberals.[24]

United States

In the United States, liberal usually refers to a social liberal form, so those referred to as conservative liberals in Europe are often simply referred to as conservatives in the United States. Milton Friedman and Irving Kristol are mentioned as representative conservative liberal scholars.[18][25]

Political scientists evaluate all politicians in the United States as liberals in the academic sense.[26] In general, rather than the Democratic Party, which is close to social-liberal, the Republican Party is evaluated as a conservative-liberal party.[27] In the case of the Democratic Party, Blue Dog Democrats is evaluated as close to conservative-liberal in fiscal policy.[28] However, the current Blue Dog is cultural moderate to liberal.[29] (Unlike classical liberals, conservative liberals in Europe, including KESK, sometimes criticize cultural liberalism.)[30]

American neoconservatives might be classified as conservative liberals, according to Peter Lawler, a professor at Berry College, who argued:

[I]n America today, responsible liberals—who are usually called neoconservatives—see that liberalism depends on human beings who are somewhat child-centered, patriotic, and religious. These responsible liberals praise these non-individualistic human propensities in an effort to shore up liberalism. One of their slogans is 'conservative sociology with liberal politics.' The neoconservatives recognize that the politics of free and rational individuals depends upon a pre-political social world that is far from free and rational as a whole.[31]

In the American context, conservative liberalism as well as liberal conservatism should not be confused with libertarian conservatism, influenced by right-libertarianism.[citation needed]

Notable thinkers

Parties and organisations

Conservative liberal parties or factions

Historical parties or factions

See also

References

  1. ^ Keith L. Nelson, ed. (2019). The Making of Détente: Soviet-American Relations in the Shadow of Vietnam. JHU Press. ISBN 978-1421436210. ... and even today our political parties can most appropriately be described as "right liberal" (those who fear government) and "left liberal" (those who fear concentrated wealth).2 This does not mean, however, that individual American ...
  2. ^ Paul Orlowski, ed. (2011). Teaching About Hegemony: Race, Class and Democracy in the 21st Century. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 110. ISBN 978-9400714182. This pull-yourself-up-by-the-bootstraps idea is part of the conservative and right liberal ideologies.
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Sources

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January 20, 2023
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Not to be confused with Liberal conservatism or Libertarian conservatism This article or section may be written in a style that is too abstract to be readily understandable by general audiences Please improve it by defining technical terminology and by adding examples August 2016 Conservative liberalism or right liberalism 1 2 is a variant of liberalism combining liberal values and policies with conservative stances or simply representing the right wing of the liberal movement 3 In the case of modern conservative liberalism scholars sometimes see it as a more positive and less radical variant of classical liberalism but it is also referred to as an individual tradition that distinguishes it from classical liberalism and social liberalism 4 5 Conservative liberal parties tend to combine economically liberal policies with more traditional stances and personal beliefs on social and ethical issues specify 6 In general liberal conservatism and conservative liberalism have different philosophical roots Historically liberal conservatism refers mainly to the case where conservatives embrace the elements of classical liberalism and conservative liberalism refers to classical liberals who support a laissez faire economy as well as socially conservative principles for instance Christian family values Since classical liberal institutions were gradually accepted by conservatives there is very little to distinguish liberal conservatives from conservative liberals 7 Neoconservatism has also been identified as an ideological relative or twin to conservative liberalism 8 and some similarities exist also between conservative liberalism and national liberalism 9 10 Contents 1 Overview 2 Political stance 2 1 Social classical and conservative liberalism 3 By country 3 1 France 3 2 Germany 3 3 United Kingdom 3 4 United States 4 Notable thinkers 5 Parties and organisations 5 1 Conservative liberal parties or factions 5 2 Historical parties or factions 6 See also 7 References 8 SourcesOverview Edit Alexis de Tocqueville who had a profound influence on modern conservative liberal philosophy Conservative liberalism emerged in late 18th century France when the moderate bourgeoisie supported the monarchy within the liberal camp Representatively Doctrinaires which existed during the Bourbon Restoration was a representative conservative liberal party 11 Radicalism emerged as an opposition against the moderateness of these conservative liberals Raymond Aron known as Sartre s great intellectual opponent 12 According to Robert Kraynak a professor at Colgate University rather than following progressive liberalism i e social liberalism conservative liberals draw upon pre modern sources such as classical philosophy with its ideas of virtue the common good and natural rights Christianity with its ideas of natural law the social nature of man and original sin and ancient institutions such as common law corporate bodies and social hierarchies This gives their liberalism a conservative foundation It means following Plato Aristotle Socrates St Augustine St Thomas Aquinas and Edmund Burke rather than Locke or Kant it usually includes a deep sympathy for the politics of the Greek polis the Roman Republic and Christian monarchies But as realists conservative liberals acknowledge that classical and medieval politics cannot be restored in the modern world And as moralists they see that the modern experiment in liberty and self government has the positive effect of enhancing human dignity as well as providing an opening even in the midst of mass culture for transcendent longings for eternity At its practical best conservative liberalism promotes ordered liberty under God and establishes constitutional safeguards against tyranny It shows that a regime of liberty based on traditional morality and classical Christian culture is an achievement we can be proud of rather than merely defensive about as trustees of Western civilization 13 In the European context conservative liberalism should not be confused with liberal conservatism which is a variant of conservatism combining conservative views with liberal policies in regards to the economy social and ethical issues 6 The roots of conservative liberalism are to be found at the beginning of the history of liberalism Until the two world wars the political class in most European countries from Germany to Italy was formed by conservative liberals The events such as World War I occurring after 1917 brought the more radical version of classical liberalism to a more conservative i e more moderate type of liberalism 14 Conservative liberal parties have tended to develop in those European countries where there was no strong secular conservative party and where the separation of church and state was less of an issue In those countries where the conservative parties were Christian democratic this conservative brand of liberalism developed 3 Political stance Edit Wilhelm Ropke who was representative ordoliberal and president of the Mont Pelerin Society from 1961 to 1962 Conservative liberalism is generally a liberal ideology that contrasts with social liberalism 15 Conservative liberalism along with social liberalism and classical liberalism is mentioned as the main liberal ideology of European politics 5 It is often used to describe liberalism close to the centre to centre right of the political spectrum 16 17 However there are sometimes conservative liberals who are located on the right wing political position Social classical and conservative liberalism Edit Social liberalism is a combination of economic Keynesianism and cultural liberalism Classical liberalism is economic liberalism that partially embraces cultural liberalism Conservative liberalism is an ideology that highlights the conservative aspect of liberalism so it can appear in a somewhat different form depending on the local reality Conservative liberalism refers to ideologies that show relatively conservative tendencies within the liberal camp so it has some relative meaning In the United States conservative liberals mean de facto classical liberals 18 but in Europe Christian democrats and Ordoliberals can also be included Christian democracy is a mainstream European conservative ideology so there are cases where it supports free markets 19 By country EditThis section possibly contains synthesis of material which does not verifiably mention or relate to the main topic Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page January 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message France Edit Alexis de Tocqueville and Adolphe Thiers were representative French conservative liberals 20 21 They were classified as centre left liberals progressive Orleanists during the July monarchy alone 22 23 but after the 1848 Revolution the Second Republic entered and they were relegated to conservative liberals Germany Edit Prior to World War II conservative liberalism or right liberalism German Rechtsliberalismus was often used in a similar sense to national liberalism German Nationalliberalismus National Liberal Party during the German Empire and German People s Party during the Weimar Republic are representative Currently right liberalism and national liberalism are used in similar meanings in Germany citation needed According to the German Wikipedia most of the national liberals during the Weimar Republic joined the CDU a liberal conservative party For this reason the terms conservative liberalism are not often used in Germany citation needed Ordoliberalism is more a variant of conservative liberalism than classical liberalism which is economic liberalism that embraces cultural liberalism or social liberalism in principle because it is influenced by the notion of social justice based on traditional Catholic teachings After the war Germany pursued economic growth based on the social market economy which is deeply related to ordoliberalism 19 United Kingdom Edit In the United Kingdom David Hume Adam Smith and Edmund Burke have been identified as conservative liberals 24 United States Edit In the United States liberal usually refers to a social liberal form so those referred to as conservative liberals in Europe are often simply referred to as conservatives in the United States Milton Friedman and Irving Kristol are mentioned as representative conservative liberal scholars 18 25 Political scientists evaluate all politicians in the United States as liberals in the academic sense 26 In general rather than the Democratic Party which is close to social liberal the Republican Party is evaluated as a conservative liberal party 27 In the case of the Democratic Party Blue Dog Democrats is evaluated as close to conservative liberal in fiscal policy 28 However the current Blue Dog is cultural moderate to liberal 29 Unlike classical liberals conservative liberals in Europe including KESK sometimes criticize cultural liberalism 30 American neoconservatives might be classified as conservative liberals according to Peter Lawler a professor at Berry College who argued I n America today responsible liberals who are usually called neoconservatives see that liberalism depends on human beings who are somewhat child centered patriotic and religious These responsible liberals praise these non individualistic human propensities in an effort to shore up liberalism One of their slogans is conservative sociology with liberal politics The neoconservatives recognize that the politics of free and rational individuals depends upon a pre political social world that is far from free and rational as a whole 31 In the American context conservative liberalism as well as liberal conservatism should not be confused with libertarian conservatism influenced by right libertarianism citation needed Notable thinkers EditDavid Hume 1711 1776 24 Adam Smith 1723 1790 24 Edmund Burke 1729 1797 24 Marquis de Lafayette 1757 1834 Adolphe Thiers 1797 1877 21 Alexis de Tocqueville 1805 1859 20 William Ewart Gladstone 1809 1898 32 Camillo Benso 1810 1861 Stanley Baldwin 1867 1947 Winston Churchill 1874 1965 Gustav Stresemann 1878 1929 Joseph Schumpeter 1883 1950 Walter Eucken 1891 1950 19 Robert Menzies 1894 1978 Ludwig Erhard 1897 1977 19 Wilhelm Ropke 1899 1966 19 Friedrich Hayek 1899 1992 33 Michael Oakeshott 1901 1990 Ayn Rand 1905 1982 Raymond Aron 1905 1983 34 Milton Friedman 1912 2006 18 Erik von Kuehnelt Leddihn 1919 1999 Irving Kristol 1920 2009 25 Francis Fukuyama born 1952 35 Malcolm Turnbull born 1954 Donald Tusk born 1957 36 Parties and organisations EditConservative liberal parties or factions Edit Argentina Union of the Democratic Centre 37 Christian Democratic Party 38 39 Australia Liberal Party of Australia 40 Belgium Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats 3 40 41 Reformist Movement 3 40 41 New Flemish Alliance Libertarian Direct Democratic 42 People s Party 42 Brazil Progressive Party 43 Social Democratic Party Liberal Party Bulgaria National Movement for Stability and Progress 44 Canada British Columbia Liberal Party Coalition Avenir Quebec Saskatchewan Party Croatia Croatian Social Liberal Party 42 Czech Republic Mayors and Independents TOP 09 45 Civic Democratic Party 46 47 48 ANO 2011 44 Denmark Venstre Liberal Party of Denmark 3 42 49 Estonia Estonian Reform Party 50 El Salvador Nuevas Ideas GANA Faroe Islands Union Party 42 People s Party 51 Finland National Coalition Party Centre Party 17 52 France The Republicans Horizons Germany Free Democratic Party 3 53 54 Ghana New Patriotic Party Greece New Democracy 55 Greenland Feeling of Community 42 Iceland Independence Party 56 Ireland Fianna Fail 17 Fine Gael Israel Likud 57 58 Telem New Hope 59 Italy Forza Italia 60 Japan Liberal Democratic Party factions 61 Democratic Party for the People 62 Latvia Unity Lithuania Liberal Movement Freedom and Justice Luxembourg Democratic Party 3 Moldova Liberal Party 42 63 Liberal Reformist Party citation needed Netherlands People s Party for Freedom and Democracy 42 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 JA21 71 72 New Zealand New Zealand National Party Norway Progress Party 42 73 Philippines Liberal Party factions Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino Poland Civic Platform 74 75 76 Portugal Social Democratic Party 77 Romania National Liberal Party 44 Russia People s Freedom Party Democratic Choice Slovakia Freedom and Solidarity 78 For the People Slovenia Slovenian Democratic Party 48 South Africa Democratic Alliance 79 South Korea Minsaeng Party Democratic Party of Korea factions 80 81 82 Spain People s Party 83 Catalan European Democratic Party Basque Nationalist Party 84 Switzerland FDP The Liberals 3 44 Sweden Liberals 44 Thailand Democrat Party 85 Turkey Future Party 86 87 Ukraine Civil Position 88 United Kingdom Conservative Party United States Republican Party Historical parties or factions Edit Austria Constitutional Party Federation of Independents Freedom Party of Austria 3 Belarus Belarusian Peasant Party 89 Brazil National Democratic Union Chile National Party Czech Republic Civic Democratic Alliance 53 90 Public Affairs 91 El Salvador National Coalition Party France Feuillant Thermidorians Doctrinaires Resistance Party Union for the New Republic Union of Democrats for the Republic Rally for the Republic 92 Independent Republicans Republican Party Liberal Democracy 92 Union for French Democracy 93 Republican Party 94 Union for a Popular Movement Agir Germany German People s Party 95 96 Iceland Liberal Party 1927 Liberal Party 1998 97 Ireland Fianna Fail 17 Progressive Democrats 98 Israel General Zionists Liberal Party Italy Italian Liberal Party 3 99 Italian Liberal Right Forza Italia 60 Civic Choice 100 Japan New Party Sakigake 101 Latvia Latvian Way 102 103 Latvia s First Party Latvian Way 44 Lithuania National Resurrection Party Liberal and Centre Union 44 Mexico Liberal Party Netherlands Liberal State Party Party of Freedom 104 New Zealand United Party 105 Norway Frisinnede Venstre 106 Poland Liberty League of the Right of the Republic 107 Liberal Democratic Congress 108 Poland Together 109 Romania Democratic Liberal Party Liberal Reformist Party Russia Democratic Choice of Russia Serbia Serbian Progressive Party 110 Slovakia Democratic Party 111 South Korea Korea Democratic Party Democratic Nationalist Party Democratic Party 1955 New Democratic Party Reunification Democratic Party Democratic Party 1990 United Democratic Party 1995 National Congress for New Politics Democratic Party South Korea 2000 People Party 2016 Party for Democracy and Peace 112 New Alternatives Spain Liberal Party Democratic Convergence of Catalonia 113 Switzerland Free Democratic Party 3 114 Liberal Party 3 42 Turkey Justice and Development Party 115 116 117 Motherland Party United Kingdom Liberal Unionist Party National Liberal Party United States Whig PartySee also Edit Liberalism portalClassical liberalism Economic liberalism Liberal conservatism Libertarian conservatism National liberalism Ordoliberalism 19 References Edit Keith L Nelson ed 2019 The Making of Detente Soviet American Relations in the Shadow of Vietnam JHU Press ISBN 978 1421436210 and even today our political parties can most appropriately be described as right liberal those who fear government and left liberal those who fear concentrated wealth 2 This does not mean however that individual American Paul Orlowski ed 2011 Teaching About Hegemony Race Class and Democracy in the 21st Century Springer Science amp Business Media p 110 ISBN 978 9400714182 This pull yourself up by the bootstraps idea is part of the conservative and right liberal ideologies a b c d e f g h i j k l M Gallagher M Laver and P Mair Representative Government in Europe p 221 R T Allen Beyond Liberalism p 2 a b Emilie van Haute Caroline Close eds 2019 Liberal Parties in Europe Routledge p 326 a b Content Parties and Elections in Europe 2020 Johnston Larry 2007 Politics An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State 3rd ed Peterborough Ont University of Toronto Press pp 154 155 ISBN 978 1442600409 Roger Scruton Liberal Conservatism Not Conservative Liberalism PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2017 10 21 Retrieved 2017 10 21 Telos Telos Press 1998 p 72 Shannan Lorraine Mattiace ed 1998 Peasant and Indian Political Identity and Indian Autonomy in Chiapas Mexico 1970 1996 University of Texas at Austin Robert Tombs ed 2014 France 1814 1914 Routledge ISBN 978 1317871439 The conservative liberal Doctrinaires argued that the classe moyenne their preferred term was the representative part of the nation and could legitimately govern on behalf of all All this placed the idea of class at the centre of The New York Times Book Review New York Times Company 1986 p 1 ISBN 978 1317755098 a friend and philosophical colleague of both Sartre and Sartre s great intellectual opponent Raymond Aron Robert Kraynak Living with liberalism The New Criterion 2005 R T Allen Beyond Liberalism p 13 Hans Slomp ed 2011 Europe A Political Profile An American Companion to European Politics Volume 1 ABC CLIO p 107 ISBN 978 0313391811 Although businesspeople are more inclined to conservative liberalism professionals and intellectuals constitute the backbone of social liberalism Immanuel Wallerstein ed 2011 The Modern World System IV Centrist Liberalism Triumphant 1789 1914 University of California Press a b c d Emilie van Haute Caroline Close eds 2019 Liberal Parties in Europe Routledge pp 338 339 a b c David Cayla ed 2021 Populism and Neoliberalism Routledge p 62 ISBN 978 1000366709 He demonstrates that the concept of neoliberalism did not emerge in the American context and that it was thereby not invented to distinguish Paul Krugman s left wing liberalism from Milton Friedman s conservative liberalism a b c d e f Kenneth Dyson ed 2021 Conservative Liberalism Ordo liberalism and the State Disciplining Democracy and the Market Oxford University Press a b Martin Fitzpatrick Peter Jones eds 2017 The Reception of Edmund Burke in Europe Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN 978 1350012554 If Burke is a liberal conservative Tocqueville is a conservative liberal 49 Beneton then silently excludes French liberalism from conservatism and concentrates on a definition of a genuine conservatism proceeding from the a b Andrew Cleveland Gould ed 1992 Politicians Peasants and Priests Conditions for the Emergence of Liberal Dominance in Western Europe 1815 1914 University of California p 82 Conservative liberal Adolphe Thiers advocate of peace and liberal opposition leader under Jennings Jeremy 2011 Revolution and the Republic A History of Political Thought in France Since the Eighteenth Century Oxford University Press p 188 ISBN 978 0198203131 Agulhon Maurice 1983 The Republican Experiment 1848 1852 Cambridge University Press p 135 a b c d Klein Daniel B 2021 03 01 Conservative liberalism Hume Smith and Burke as policy liberals and polity conservatives Journal of Economic Behavior amp Organization 183 861 873 doi 10 1016 j jebo 2020 11 021 ISSN 0167 2681 S2CID 233880111 a b Otis L Graham Jr ed 1976 Toward a Planned Society From Roosevelt to Nixon Oxford University Press p 1911 ISBN 978 0199923212 The journal The Public Interest in recent years has published notable essays by the skeptics of the planning and Planning impulse by conservative liberal writers like Aaron Wildavsky James O Wilson and Irving Kristol Adams Ian 2001 Political Ideology Today reprinted revised ed Manchester Manchester University Press ISBN 978 0719060205 Slomp 2011 p 107 Educating for Social Justice Field Notes from Rural Communities Brill 2020 p 93 ISBN 978 9004432864 It is entirely feasible that a Liberal for example might hold Conservative views when it comes to financial policy a fiscally conservative liberal or blue dog Democrat Centrist Democrats are back But these are not your father s Blue Dogs Christian Science Monitor 4 June 2019 Retrieved 3 January 2021 Progressives like Mr Lawson disagree he says many Blue Dogs today use socially liberal views to win support from Democratic voters despite the fact that on economic matters they represent corporate interests Vayrynen ryopyttaa keskustan liberaaleja Kaleva fi Archived from the original on 1 October 2011 Retrieved 24 February 2015 Peter Lawler Liberal Conservatism Not Conservative Liberalism The Intercollegiate Review Fall 2003 Spring 2004 Kansas State College of Pittsburg ed 1945 The Educational Leader Kansas State College p 67 The greatest leader of the English Liberal Party in the last century William E Gladstone was in principle and practice a conservative liberal As leader of the party from 1868 to 1894 he was directly Paul Kelly ed 2005 Liberalism Polity p 71 ISBN 978 0745632902 Conservative liberal critics of social justice such as Friedrich Hayek have sought to reject precisely this distinction In Defense of Decadent Europe Transaction Publishers 1996 p XI ISBN 978 1412826044 Aron was a conservative liberal who appreciated that a true affirmation of political liberty required the Phillip Darby ed 1997 At the Edge of International Relations Postcolonialism Gender and Dependency Pinter p 62 Instead in the late twentieth century a conservative liberal Francis Fukuyama comfortably pronounces the victory of Pawel Michal Lewicki ed 2017 EU Space and the Euroclass Modernity Nationality and Lifestyle among Eurocrats in Brussels transcript Verlag p 178 ISBN 978 3839439746 By striving to change the formula of the 12 In 2008 it was not long after the elections in Poland when the national conservative government of Law and Justice 2005 2007 was replaced by the conservative liberal party of Donald Tusk Pion Berlin David 1997 Through Corridors of Power Institutions and Civil military Relations in Argentina Pennsylvania State University Press p 66 Quien es quien Los partidos politicos argentinos PDF Corbiere Emilio J in Spanish August 1983 Retrieved 20 October 2016 Documento Final del Congreso Ideologico Nacional del PDC Partido Democrata Cristiano in Spanish 6 July 2014 Retrieved 24 October 2016 a b c Peter Starke Alexandra Kaasch Franca Van Hooren 2013 The Welfare State as Crisis Manager Explaining the Diversity of Policy Responses to Economic Crisis Palgrave Macmillan pp 191 192 ISBN 978 1137314840 a b Slomp 2011 p 465 a b c d e f g h i j Parties and Elections in Europe Barbara Happe 2003 Brazil In Dirk Berg Schlosser Norbert Kersting eds Poverty and Democracy Self Help and Political Participation in Third World Cities Zed Books p 24 ISBN 978 1842772058 a b c d e f g Caroline Close 2019 The liberal family ideology Distinct but diverse In Emilie van Haute Caroline Close eds Liberal Parties in Europe Taylor amp Francis p 344 ISBN 978 1351245494 NSD European Election Database Czech Republic Rudolf Andorka 1999 A Society Transformed Hungary in Time space Perspective Central European University Press p 163 ISBN 978 9639116498 Krisztina Arato Petr Kaniok 2009 Euroscepticism and European Integration CPI PSRC p 191 ISBN 978 9537022204 a b Vit Hlousek Lubomir Kopecek 2013 Origin Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties East Central and Western Europe Compared Ashgate Publishing Ltd p 177 ISBN 978 1409499770 Emil J Kirchner 1988 Liberal Parties in Western Europe Cambridge University Press p 280 ISBN 978 0521323949 Alari Purju 2003 Economic Performance and Market Reforms In Marat Terterov Jonathan Reuvid eds Doing Business with Estonia GMB Publishing Ltd p 20 ISBN 978 1905050567 Tom Lansford 2014 Political Handbook of the World 2014 Sage Publications p 392 ISBN 978 1483333274 Slomp 2011 p 446 a b Hans Slomp 2000 European Politics Into the Twenty first Century Integration and Division Greenwood Publishing Group p 55 ISBN 978 0275968007 Stephen George 1991 Politics and Policy in the European Community Comparative European Politics University Press p 71 ISBN 978 0198780557 Jorg Arnold 2006 Criminal Law as a Reaction to System Crime Policy for Dealing with the Past in European Transitions In Jerzy W Borejsza Klaus Ziemer eds Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes in Europe Legacies and Lessons from the Twentieth Century Berghahn Books p 410 ISBN 1571816410 Slomp 2011 p 680 Hilo Glazer How Likud s Youngest MK Went From the Peace Camp to the Right Haaretz Sep 29 2015 Anshel Pfeffer How the Likud Primaries Could Backfire on Netanyahu Haaretz Nov 25 2012 Der Rivale macht Ernst a b Agnes Blome 2016 The Politics of Work Family Policy Reforms in Germany and Italy Taylor amp Francis p 142 ISBN 978 1317554363 今さら聞けない 保守 リベラル ってなんだ Can t you ask about them now What are conservative and liberal in Japanese Retrieved 5 June 2020 ところが 現実の政治はもっと複雑です 自民党にもリベラル派がたくさんいるからです 自民党は考え方の近い人たちが派閥というグループをつくっています Tr However real politics is more complicated This is because there are many liberals in the LDP The Liberal Democratic Party is made up of groups of people with similar ideas called factions Yano Takeshi 日本大百科全書 ニッポニカ kotobank jp in Japanese Retrieved February 29 2020 European Forum for Democracy 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민생정치도 흔들 참세상 2014 03 31 Retrieved 2014 04 26 새정치민주연합 성찰적 진보와 합리적 보수 아우를 것 한겨레 March 16 2014 더불어민주당 2중대 로서 정의당 The Justice Party which became the second party of the Democratic Party of Korea 매일노동뉴스 2021 11 04 Retrieved 2021 11 04 집값은 오르고 불로소득은 넘쳐 나고 빈부격차도 심해졌다 노동 개혁도 엉망진창이다 코로나19라는 악재가 있으나 보수적 자유주의 정당인 더불어민주당의 성격을 고려할 때 정권 출범부터 예견됐던 일이다 Housing prices rose unearned income overflowed and the gap between the rich and the poor widened Labor reform is also a mess Although there is a negative factor called COVID 19 it has been predicted since the inauguration of the regime considering the nature of the conservative liberal party the Democratic Party of Korea Anna Bosco 2013 Party Change in Southern Europe Routledge p 15 ISBN 978 1136767777 Slomp 2011 p 519 Siripan Nogsuan Sawasdee 2012 Thailand Political Parties and Democracy Contemporary Western Europe and Asia Palgrave Macmillan p 157 Ahmet Davutoglu Siyaset anlayisimiz gelenege bagli ozgurlukculuk Arsivlenmis kopya Archived from the 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Political Communication and European Parliamentary Elections in Times of Crisis Perspectives from Central and South Eastern Europe Palgrave Macmillan UK p 245 ISBN 978 1137585912 Nyagulov Blagovest 2014 Early Socialism in the Balkans Ideas and Practices in Serbia Romania and Bulgaria Entangled Histories of the Balkans Vol 2 Brill p 232 Jacques Rupnik Jan Zielonka 2003 The Road to the European Union Manchester University Press p 52 ISBN 978 0719065972 Three conservative opposition parties President Roh apologize for canceling his pledge to relocate the office to Gwanghwamun Korean views amp news 8 January 2019 Retrieved 5 January 2019 Slomp 2011 p 518 Slomp 2011 p 489 Picq Manuela 2015 Sexualities in World Politics Routledge p 126 Bugra Ayse 2014 New Capitalism in Turkey The Relationship between Politics Religion and Business Edward Elgar Publishing p 49 Yesilada Birol 2013 Islamization of Turkey under the AKP Rule Routledge p 63 Sources EditSlomp Hans 2011 Europe a Political Profile An 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