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Conservative liberalism

April 08, 2024

This article is about the political ideology representing the conservative wing of the liberal movement. For conservatism influenced by liberalism, see Liberal conservatism.

Conservative liberalism, also referred to as right-liberalism,[1][2] is a variant of liberalism, combining liberal values and policies with conservative stances, or simply representing the right-wing of the liberal movement.[3] In the case of modern conservative liberalism, scholars sometimes see it as a more positive and less radical variant of classical liberalism; it is also referred to as an individual tradition that distinguishes it from classical liberalism and social liberalism.[4][5] Conservative liberal parties tend to combine economically liberal policies with more traditional stances and personal beliefs on social and ethical issues.[specify][6] Ordoliberalism is an influential component of conservative-liberal thought, particularly in its German, British, French, Italian, and American manifestations.[7]

In general, liberal conservatism and conservative liberalism have different philosophical roots. Historically, liberal conservatism refers mainly to the case where conservatives embrace the elements of classical liberalism, and conservative liberalism refers to classical liberals who support a laissez-faire economy as well as socially conservative principles (for instance, Christian family values). Since classical liberal institutions were gradually accepted by conservatives, there is very little to distinguish liberal conservatives from conservative liberals.[8] Neoconservatism has also been identified as an ideological relative or twin to conservative liberalism,[9] and some similarities exist also between conservative liberalism and national liberalism.[10][11]

Overview edit

 
Alexis de Tocqueville had a profound influence on modern conservative-liberal philosophy.

Conservative liberalism emerged in late 18th-century France and the United Kingdom, when the moderate bourgeoisie supported the monarchy within the liberal camp. Representatively, Doctrinaires, which existed during the Bourbon Restoration was a representative conservative-liberal party.[12] Radicalism, the leftward flank of liberalism during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that is referred to as classical radicalism, emerged as an opposition against the moderateness of these conservative liberals. Whiggism, or Whig liberalism, in the United Kingdom also forms early conservative liberalism and is distinguished from the Radicals (radical liberalism).[13]

 
Raymond Aron is known as Jean-Paul Sartre's "great intellectual opponent".[14]

According to Robert Kraynak, a professor at Colgate University, rather than "following progressive liberalism (i.e. social liberalism), conservative liberals draw upon pre-modern sources, such as classical philosophy (with its ideas of virtue, the common good, and natural rights), Christianity (with its ideas of natural law, the social nature of man, and original sin), and ancient institutions (such as common law, corporate bodies, and social hierarchies). This gives their liberalism a conservative foundation. It means following Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, St. Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas, and Edmund Burke rather than Locke or Kant; it usually includes a deep sympathy for the politics of the Greek polis, the Roman Republic, and Christian monarchies. But, as realists, conservative liberals acknowledge that classical and medieval politics cannot be restored in the modern world. And, as moralists, they see that the modern experiment in liberty and self-government has the positive effect of enhancing human dignity as well as providing an opening (even in the midst of mass culture) for transcendent longings for eternity. At its practical best, conservative liberalism promotes ordered liberty under God and establishes constitutional safeguards against tyranny. It shows that a regime of liberty based on traditional morality and classical-Christian culture is an achievement we can be proud of, rather than merely defensive about, as trustees of Western civilization."[15]

In the European context, conservative liberalism should not be confused with liberal conservatism, which is a variant of conservatism combining conservative views with liberal policies in regards to the economy, social and ethical issues.[6] The roots of conservative liberalism are to be found at the beginning of the history of liberalism. Until the two world wars, the political class in most European countries from Germany to Italy was formed by conservative liberals. The events such as World War I occurring after 1917 brought the more radical version of classical liberalism to a more conservative (i.e. more moderate) type of liberalism.[16] Conservative liberal parties have tended to develop in those European countries where there was no strong secular conservative party and where the separation of church and state was less of an issue. In those countries, where the conservative parties were Christian democratic, this conservative brand of liberalism developed.[3]

Political stance edit

 
Wilhelm Röpke was representative of ordoliberalism and president of the Mont Pelerin Society from 1961 to 1962.

Conservative liberalism is generally a liberal ideology that contrasts with social liberalism.[17] Conservative liberalism, along with social liberalism and classical liberalism, is mentioned as the main liberal ideology of European politics.[5] While there are conservative liberals who are located on the right-wing political position, liberal conservatism is often used to describe liberalism close to the political centre to the centre-right of the political spectrum.[18][19]

Social, classical and conservative liberalism edit

Social liberalism is a combination of economic Keynesianism and cultural liberalism. Classical liberalism is economic liberalism that partially embraces cultural liberalism. Conservative liberalism is an ideology that highlights the conservative aspect of liberalism, so it can appear in a somewhat different form depending on the local reality. Conservative liberalism refers to ideologies that show relatively conservative tendencies within the liberal camp, so it has some relative meaning. In the United States, conservative liberals mean de facto classical liberals;[20] in Europe, Christian democrats and ordoliberals can also be included. Christian democracy is a mainstream European conservative ideology, so there are cases where it supports free markets, such as Röpke.[21]

By country edit

France edit

Alexis de Tocqueville and Adolphe Thiers were representative French conservative liberals.[22][23] They were classified as centre-left liberals (progressive-Orléanists) during the July Monarchy alone;[24][25] after the French Revolution of 1848, the now French Second Republic entered and they were relegated to conservative liberals.[citation needed]

Germany edit

Prior to World War II, conservative liberalism or right-liberalism (German: Rechtsliberalismus) was often used in a similar sense to national-liberalism (German: Nationalliberalismus). National Liberal Party during the German Empire and German People's Party during the Weimar Republic are representative. "Right-liberalism" and "national liberalism" are used in similar meanings in Germany.[citation needed] According to the German Wikipedia, most of the national liberals during the Weimar Republic joined the CDU, a liberal-conservative party. For this reason, the terms "conservative liberalism" are not often used in Germany.[citation needed]

Ordoliberalism is more a variant of conservative liberalism than classical liberalism, which is economic liberalism that embraces cultural liberalism, or social liberalism, in principle because it is influenced by the notion of social justice based on traditional Catholic teachings. After the war, Germany pursued economic growth based on the social market economy, which is deeply related to ordoliberalism.[21]

United Kingdom edit

In the United Kingdom, David Hume, Adam Smith, and Edmund Burke have been identified as conservative liberals.[26]

United States edit

In the United States, liberal usually refers to a social liberal form. As such, those referred to as conservative liberals in Europe are often simply referred to as conservatives in the United States. Milton Friedman and Irving Kristol are mentioned as representative conservative liberal scholars.[20][27]

Harry S. Truman is considered a conservative-liberal or national-liberal, although he supported Keynesian economic policies. The former president Franklin D. Roosevelt supported the socially liberal agenda and was conciliatory to the Soviet Union, a member of the Allies of World War II. As the U.S. president in the aftermath of World War II and the start of the Cold War, Truman supported a more moderate social policy and was a strong anti-communist.[28]

Political scientists evaluate all politicians in the United States as liberals in the academic sense.[29] In general, rather than the Democratic Party, which is close to social liberalism, the Republican Party is evaluated as a conservative-liberal party.[30] In the case of the Democratic Party, the Blue Dog Coalition is evaluated as close to conservative-liberal in fiscal policy,[31] and as moderate to liberal on cultural issues.[32] Unlike classical liberals, conservative liberals in Europe, such as Finland's Centre Party, sometimes criticize cultural liberalism.[33]

American neoconservatives might be classified as conservative liberals according to Peter Lawler, a professor at Berry College, who argued:

[I]n America today, responsible liberals—who are usually called neoconservatives—see that liberalism depends on human beings who are somewhat child-centered, patriotic, and religious. These responsible liberals praise these non-individualistic human propensities in an effort to shore up liberalism. One of their slogans is "conservative sociology with liberal politics." The neoconservatives recognize that the politics of free and rational individuals depends upon a pre-political social world that is far from free and rational as a whole.[34]

Notable thinkers edit

List of conservative-liberal parties or parties with conservative-liberal factions edit

Current parties edit

Historical parties edit

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ The LDP was described as a liberal or conservative-liberal party in the 1990s and prior to the 1990s, and was described as a liberal-conservative before the Second Abe Cabinet. Since 2012, the LDP has been controversial due to its relations to ultranationalism and neo-fascism. Major LDP members are linked to the far-right Nippon Kaigi.[67][68]

References edit

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  113. ^ Jerzy Szacki (1994). Liberalism After Communism. Central European University Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-1858660165.
  114. ^ Dariusz Skrzypinski (2016). "Patterns of Recruitment of Polish Candidates in the 2014 European Parliament Elections". In Ruxandra Boicu; Silvia Branea; Adriana Stefanel (eds.). Political Communication and European Parliamentary Elections in Times of Crisis: Perspectives from Central and South-Eastern Europe. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 245. ISBN 978-1137585912.
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  116. ^ Jacques Rupnik; Jan Zielonka (2003). The Road to the European Union. Manchester University Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0719065972.
  117. ^ "Three conservative opposition parties, 'President Roh, apologize for canceling his pledge to relocate the office to Gwanghwamun'. (Korean)". views&news. 8 January 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
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  119. ^ Slomp 2011, p. 489.

Bibliography edit

  • Slomp, Hans (2011). Europe, a Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0313391828.
  • Dyson, Kenneth (2021). Conservative Liberalism, Ordo-liberalism, and the State: Discipling Democracy and the Market. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-885428-9.

April 08, 2024
conservative, liberalism, this, article, about, political, ideology, representing, conservative, wing, liberal, movement, conservatism, influenced, liberalism, liberal, conservatism, this, article, written, style, that, abstract, readily, understandable, gener. This article is about the political ideology representing the conservative wing of the liberal movement For conservatism influenced by liberalism see Liberal conservatism This article may be written in a style that is too abstract to be readily understandable by general audiences Please improve it by defining technical terminology and by adding examples August 2016 Conservative liberalism also referred to as right liberalism 1 2 is a variant of liberalism combining liberal values and policies with conservative stances or simply representing the right wing of the liberal movement 3 In the case of modern conservative liberalism scholars sometimes see it as a more positive and less radical variant of classical liberalism it is also referred to as an individual tradition that distinguishes it from classical liberalism and social liberalism 4 5 Conservative liberal parties tend to combine economically liberal policies with more traditional stances and personal beliefs on social and ethical issues specify 6 Ordoliberalism is an influential component of conservative liberal thought particularly in its German British French Italian and American manifestations 7 In general liberal conservatism and conservative liberalism have different philosophical roots Historically liberal conservatism refers mainly to the case where conservatives embrace the elements of classical liberalism and conservative liberalism refers to classical liberals who support a laissez faire economy as well as socially conservative principles for instance Christian family values Since classical liberal institutions were gradually accepted by conservatives there is very little to distinguish liberal conservatives from conservative liberals 8 Neoconservatism has also been identified as an ideological relative or twin to conservative liberalism 9 and some similarities exist also between conservative liberalism and national liberalism 10 11 Contents 1 Overview 2 Political stance 2 1 Social classical and conservative liberalism 3 By country 3 1 France 3 2 Germany 3 3 United Kingdom 3 4 United States 4 Notable thinkers 5 List of conservative liberal parties or parties with conservative liberal factions 5 1 Current parties 5 2 Historical parties 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 BibliographyOverview edit nbsp Alexis de Tocqueville had a profound influence on modern conservative liberal philosophy Conservative liberalism emerged in late 18th century France and the United Kingdom when the moderate bourgeoisie supported the monarchy within the liberal camp Representatively Doctrinaires which existed during the Bourbon Restoration was a representative conservative liberal party 12 Radicalism the leftward flank of liberalism during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that is referred to as classical radicalism emerged as an opposition against the moderateness of these conservative liberals Whiggism or Whig liberalism in the United Kingdom also forms early conservative liberalism and is distinguished from the Radicals radical liberalism 13 nbsp Raymond Aron is known as Jean Paul Sartre s great intellectual opponent 14 According to Robert Kraynak a professor at Colgate University rather than following progressive liberalism i e social liberalism conservative liberals draw upon pre modern sources such as classical philosophy with its ideas of virtue the common good and natural rights Christianity with its ideas of natural law the social nature of man and original sin and ancient institutions such as common law corporate bodies and social hierarchies This gives their liberalism a conservative foundation It means following Plato Aristotle Socrates St Augustine St Thomas Aquinas and Edmund Burke rather than Locke or Kant it usually includes a deep sympathy for the politics of the Greek polis the Roman Republic and Christian monarchies But as realists conservative liberals acknowledge that classical and medieval politics cannot be restored in the modern world And as moralists they see that the modern experiment in liberty and self government has the positive effect of enhancing human dignity as well as providing an opening even in the midst of mass culture for transcendent longings for eternity At its practical best conservative liberalism promotes ordered liberty under God and establishes constitutional safeguards against tyranny It shows that a regime of liberty based on traditional morality and classical Christian culture is an achievement we can be proud of rather than merely defensive about as trustees of Western civilization 15 In the European context conservative liberalism should not be confused with liberal conservatism which is a variant of conservatism combining conservative views with liberal policies in regards to the economy social and ethical issues 6 The roots of conservative liberalism are to be found at the beginning of the history of liberalism Until the two world wars the political class in most European countries from Germany to Italy was formed by conservative liberals The events such as World War I occurring after 1917 brought the more radical version of classical liberalism to a more conservative i e more moderate type of liberalism 16 Conservative liberal parties have tended to develop in those European countries where there was no strong secular conservative party and where the separation of church and state was less of an issue In those countries where the conservative parties were Christian democratic this conservative brand of liberalism developed 3 Political stance edit nbsp Wilhelm Ropke was representative of ordoliberalism and president of the Mont Pelerin Society from 1961 to 1962 Conservative liberalism is generally a liberal ideology that contrasts with social liberalism 17 Conservative liberalism along with social liberalism and classical liberalism is mentioned as the main liberal ideology of European politics 5 While there are conservative liberals who are located on the right wing political position liberal conservatism is often used to describe liberalism close to the political centre to the centre right of the political spectrum 18 19 Social classical and conservative liberalism edit Social liberalism is a combination of economic Keynesianism and cultural liberalism Classical liberalism is economic liberalism that partially embraces cultural liberalism Conservative liberalism is an ideology that highlights the conservative aspect of liberalism so it can appear in a somewhat different form depending on the local reality Conservative liberalism refers to ideologies that show relatively conservative tendencies within the liberal camp so it has some relative meaning In the United States conservative liberals mean de facto classical liberals 20 in Europe Christian democrats and ordoliberals can also be included Christian democracy is a mainstream European conservative ideology so there are cases where it supports free markets such as Ropke 21 By country editThis section possibly contains synthesis of material which does not verifiably mention or relate to the main topic Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page January 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message France edit Alexis de Tocqueville and Adolphe Thiers were representative French conservative liberals 22 23 They were classified as centre left liberals progressive Orleanists during the July Monarchy alone 24 25 after the French Revolution of 1848 the now French Second Republic entered and they were relegated to conservative liberals citation needed Germany edit Prior to World War II conservative liberalism or right liberalism German Rechtsliberalismus was often used in a similar sense to national liberalism German Nationalliberalismus National Liberal Party during the German Empire and German People s Party during the Weimar Republic are representative Right liberalism and national liberalism are used in similar meanings in Germany citation needed According to the German Wikipedia most of the national liberals during the Weimar Republic joined the CDU a liberal conservative party For this reason the terms conservative liberalism are not often used in Germany citation needed Ordoliberalism is more a variant of conservative liberalism than classical liberalism which is economic liberalism that embraces cultural liberalism or social liberalism in principle because it is influenced by the notion of social justice based on traditional Catholic teachings After the war Germany pursued economic growth based on the social market economy which is deeply related to ordoliberalism 21 United Kingdom edit In the United Kingdom David Hume Adam Smith and Edmund Burke have been identified as conservative liberals 26 United States edit In the United States liberal usually refers to a social liberal form As such those referred to as conservative liberals in Europe are often simply referred to as conservatives in the United States Milton Friedman and Irving Kristol are mentioned as representative conservative liberal scholars 20 27 Harry S Truman is considered a conservative liberal or national liberal although he supported Keynesian economic policies The former president Franklin D Roosevelt supported the socially liberal agenda and was conciliatory to the Soviet Union a member of the Allies of World War II As the U S president in the aftermath of World War II and the start of the Cold War Truman supported a more moderate social policy and was a strong anti communist 28 Political scientists evaluate all politicians in the United States as liberals in the academic sense 29 In general rather than the Democratic Party which is close to social liberalism the Republican Party is evaluated as a conservative liberal party 30 In the case of the Democratic Party the Blue Dog Coalition is evaluated as close to conservative liberal in fiscal policy 31 and as moderate to liberal on cultural issues 32 Unlike classical liberals conservative liberals in Europe such as Finland s Centre Party sometimes criticize cultural liberalism 33 American neoconservatives might be classified as conservative liberals according to Peter Lawler a professor at Berry College who argued I n America today responsible liberals who are usually called neoconservatives see that liberalism depends on human beings who are somewhat child centered patriotic and religious These responsible liberals praise these non individualistic human propensities in an effort to shore up liberalism One of their slogans is conservative sociology with liberal politics The neoconservatives recognize that the politics of free and rational individuals depends upon a pre political social world that is far from free and rational as a whole 34 Notable thinkers editDavid Hume 1711 1776 26 Adam Smith 1723 1790 26 Edmund Burke 1729 1797 26 Marquis de Lafayette 1757 1834 Adolphe Thiers 1797 1877 23 Alexis de Tocqueville 1805 1859 22 William Ewart Gladstone 1809 1898 35 Camillo Benso 1810 1861 Stanley Baldwin 1867 1947 Winston Churchill 1874 1965 Gustav Stresemann 1878 1929 Joseph Schumpeter 1883 1950 Harry S Truman 1884 1972 28 Walter Eucken 1891 1950 21 Robert Menzies 1894 1978 Ludwig Erhard 1897 1977 21 Wilhelm Ropke 1899 1966 21 Friedrich Hayek 1899 1992 36 Michael Oakeshott 1901 1990 Ayn Rand 1905 1982 Raymond Aron 1905 1983 37 Milton Friedman 1912 2006 20 Erik von Kuehnelt Leddihn 1919 1999 Irving Kristol 1920 2009 27 Helmut Schoeck 1922 1993 Francis Fukuyama born 1952 38 List of conservative liberal parties or parties with conservative liberal factions editCurrent parties edit Argentina Union of the Democratic Centre 39 Christian Democratic Party 40 41 Australia Liberal Party of Australia 42 Belgium Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats 3 42 43 Reformist Movement 3 42 43 New Flemish Alliance Libertarian Direct Democratic 44 People s Party 44 Brazil Progressive Party 45 Social Democratic Party factions Liberal Party New Party Bulgaria National Movement for Stability and Progress 46 Canada British Columbia United Coalition Avenir Quebec Saskatchewan Party Chile Evopoli Croatia Croatian Social Liberal Party 44 Czech Republic Mayors and Independents TOP 09 47 Civic Democratic Party 48 49 50 ANO 2011 46 Denmark Venstre Liberal Party of Denmark 3 44 51 Estonia Estonian Reform Party 52 El Salvador Nuevas Ideas GANA Faroe Islands Union Party 44 People s Party 53 Finland National Coalition Party Centre Party 19 54 France The Republicans Horizons Germany Free Democratic Party 3 55 56 Ghana New Patriotic Party Greece New Democracy 57 Greenland Feeling of Community 44 Iceland Independence Party 58 Ireland Fianna Fail 19 Fine Gael 59 Israel Likud 60 61 Telem New Hope 62 Italy Forza Italia 63 Japan Liberal Democratic Party 64 65 66 a Latvia Unity Lithuania Liberal Movement Freedom and Justice Luxembourg Democratic Party 3 Moldova Liberal Party 44 69 Liberal Reformist Party citation needed Netherlands People s Party for Freedom and Democracy 44 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 JA21 77 78 New Zealand New Zealand National Party Norway Progress Party 44 79 Philippines Liberal Party factions Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino Poland Civic Platform 80 81 82 Portugal Social Democratic Party 83 Romania National Liberal Party 46 Russia People s Freedom Party Democratic Choice Serbia People s party Slovakia Freedom and Solidarity 84 Slovenia Slovenian Democratic Party 50 South Africa Democratic Alliance 85 South Korea Minsaeng Party Democratic Party of Korea factions 86 87 88 Spain People s Party 89 Catalan European Democratic Party Basque Nationalist Party 90 Switzerland FDP The Liberals 3 46 Sweden Liberals 46 Thailand Democrat Party 91 Turkey Good Party citation needed Ukraine Civil Position 92 United Kingdom Conservative Party United States Republican Party Historical parties edit Austria Constitutional Party Federation of Independents Freedom Party of Austria 3 Belarus Belarusian Peasant Party 93 Brazil National Democratic Union Canada Liberal Conservative Party 94 Chile National Party Czech Republic Civic Democratic Alliance 55 95 Public Affairs 96 El Salvador National Coalition Party France Feuillant Thermidorians Doctrinaires Resistance Party Union for the New Republic Union of Democrats for the Republic Rally for the Republic 97 Independent Republicans Republican Party Liberal Democracy 97 Union for French Democracy 98 Republican Party 99 Union for a Popular Movement Agir Germany German People s Party 100 101 Iceland Liberal Party 1927 Liberal Party 1998 102 Ireland Fianna Fail 19 Progressive Democrats 103 Israel General Zionists Liberal Party Italy Italian Liberal Party 3 104 Italian Liberal Right Forza Italia 63 Civic Choice 105 Japan New Party Sakigake 106 Latvia Latvian Way 107 108 Latvia s First Party Latvian Way 46 Lithuania National Resurrection Party Liberal and Centre Union 46 Mexico Liberal Party citation needed Netherlands Liberal State Party Party of Freedom 109 New Zealand United Party 110 Norway Frisinnede Venstre 111 Poland Liberty League of the Right of the Republic 112 Liberal Democratic Congress 113 Poland Together 114 Romania Democratic Liberal Party Liberal Reformist Party Russia Democratic Choice of Russia Serbia Serbian Progressive Party 115 Slovakia Democratic Party 116 South Korea Korea Democratic Party Democratic Nationalist Party Democratic Party 1955 New Democratic Party Reunification Democratic Party Democratic Party 1990 United Democratic Party 1995 National Congress for New Politics Democratic Party South Korea 2000 People Party 2016 Party for Democracy and Peace 117 New Alternatives Spain Liberal Party Democratic Convergence of Catalonia 118 Switzerland Free Democratic Party 3 119 Liberal Party 3 44 Turkey Motherland Party United Kingdom Whigs Liberal Unionist Party National Liberal Party United States Whig PartySee also edit nbsp Liberalism portalLibertarian conservatism Muscular liberalismNotes edit The LDP was described as a liberal or conservative liberal party in the 1990s and prior to the 1990s and was described as a liberal conservative before the Second Abe Cabinet Since 2012 the LDP has been controversial due to its relations to ultranationalism and neo fascism Major LDP members are linked to the far right Nippon Kaigi 67 68 References edit Keith L Nelson ed 2019 The Making of Detente Soviet American Relations in the Shadow of Vietnam JHU Press ISBN 978 1421436210 and even today our political parties can most appropriately be described as right liberal those who fear government and left liberal those who fear concentrated wealth 2 This does not mean however that individual American Paul Orlowski ed 2011 Teaching About Hegemony Race Class and Democracy in the 21st Century Springer Science amp Business Media p 110 ISBN 978 9400714182 This pull yourself up by the bootstraps idea is part of the conservative and right liberal ideologies a b c d e f g h i j k l M Gallagher M Laver and P Mair Representative Government in Europe p 221 R T Allen Beyond Liberalism p 2 a b Emilie van Haute Caroline Close eds 2019 Liberal Parties in Europe Routledge p 326 a b Content Parties and Elections in Europe 2020 Retrieved 23 June 2023 Liberal conservatism Liberal conservative parties combine conservative policies with more liberal stances on social and ethical issues Kenneth Dyson 2021 Introduction In Kenneth Dyson ed Conservative Liberalism Ordo liberalism and the State Discipling Democracy and the Market Oxford University Press p 5 ISBN 978 0 19 885428 9 Johnston Larry 2007 Politics An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State 3rd ed Peterborough Ont University of Toronto Press pp 154 155 ISBN 978 1442600409 Roger Scruton Liberal Conservatism Not Conservative Liberalism PDF Archived from the original PDF on 21 October 2017 Retrieved 21 October 2017 Telos Telos Press 1998 p 72 Shannan Lorraine Mattiace ed 1998 Peasant and Indian Political Identity and Indian Autonomy in Chiapas Mexico 1970 1996 University of Texas at Austin Robert Tombs ed 2014 France 1814 1914 Routledge ISBN 978 1317871439 The conservative liberal Doctrinaires argued that the classe moyenne their preferred term was the representative part of the nation and could legitimately govern on behalf of all All this placed the idea of class at the centre of Efraim Podoksik ed 2013 In Defence of Modernity Vision and Philosophy in Michael Oakeshott Imprint Academic p 14 ISBN 9781845404680 For Whig liberalism is also known as conservative liberalism The New York Times Book Review New York Times Company 1986 p 1 ISBN 978 1317755098 a friend and philosophical colleague of both Sartre and Sartre s great intellectual opponent Raymond Aron Kraynak Robert December 2005 Living with liberalism The New Criterion Archived from the original on 1 March 2021 Retrieved 23 June 2023 R T Allen Beyond Liberalism p 13 Hans Slomp ed 2011 Europe A Political Profile An American Companion to European Politics Volume 1 ABC CLIO p 107 ISBN 978 0313391811 Although businesspeople are more inclined to conservative liberalism professionals and intellectuals constitute the backbone of social liberalism Immanuel Wallerstein ed 2011 The Modern World System IV Centrist Liberalism Triumphant 1789 1914 University of California Press a b c d Emilie van Haute Caroline Close eds 2019 Liberal Parties in Europe Routledge pp 338 339 a b c David Cayla ed 2021 Populism and Neoliberalism Routledge p 62 ISBN 978 1000366709 He demonstrates that the concept of neoliberalism did not emerge in the American context and that it was thereby not invented to distinguish Paul Krugman s left wing liberalism from Milton Friedman s conservative liberalism a b c d e Kenneth Dyson ed 2021 Conservative Liberalism Ordo liberalism and the State Disciplining Democracy and the Market Oxford University Press a b Martin Fitzpatrick Peter Jones eds 2017 The Reception of Edmund Burke in Europe Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN 978 1350012554 If Burke is a liberal conservative Tocqueville is a conservative liberal 49 Beneton then silently excludes French liberalism from conservatism and concentrates on a definition of a genuine conservatism proceeding from the a b Andrew Cleveland Gould ed 1992 Politicians Peasants and Priests Conditions for the Emergence of Liberal Dominance in Western Europe 1815 1914 University of California p 82 Conservative liberal Adolphe Thiers advocate of peace and liberal opposition leader under Jennings Jeremy 2011 Revolution and the Republic A History of Political Thought in France Since the Eighteenth Century Oxford University Press p 188 ISBN 978 0198203131 Agulhon Maurice 1983 The Republican Experiment 1848 1852 Cambridge University Press p 135 a b c d Klein Daniel B 1 March 2021 Conservative liberalism Hume Smith and Burke as policy liberals and polity conservatives Journal of Economic Behavior amp Organization 183 861 873 doi 10 1016 j jebo 2020 11 021 ISSN 0167 2681 S2CID 233880111 a b Otis L Graham Jr ed 1976 Toward a Planned Society From Roosevelt to Nixon Oxford University Press p 1911 ISBN 978 0199923212 The journal The Public Interest in recent years has published notable essays by the skeptics of the planning and Planning impulse by conservative liberal writers like Aaron Wildavsky James O Wilson and Irving Kristol a b Howard Brick Christopher Phelps eds 2015 Radicals in America The U S Left since the Second World War Cambridge University Press p 20 ISBN 9780521515603 By 1948 several different third party movements arose to challenge Truman s conservative liberalism each ending in Adams Ian 2001 Political Ideology Today reprinted revised ed Manchester Manchester University Press ISBN 978 0719060205 Slomp 2011 p 107 Educating for Social Justice Field Notes from Rural Communities Brill 2020 p 93 ISBN 978 9004432864 It is entirely feasible that a Liberal for example might hold Conservative views when it comes to financial policy a fiscally conservative liberal or blue dog Democrat Centrist Democrats are back But these are not your father s Blue Dogs Christian Science Monitor 4 June 2019 Retrieved 3 January 2021 Progressives like Mr Lawson disagree he says many Blue Dogs today use socially liberal views to win support from Democratic voters despite the fact that on economic matters they represent corporate interests Vayrynen ryopyttaa keskustan liberaaleja Kaleva fi Archived from the original on 1 October 2011 Retrieved 24 February 2015 Peter Lawler Liberal Conservatism Not Conservative Liberalism The Intercollegiate Review Fall 2003 Spring 2004 Kansas State College of Pittsburg ed 1945 The Educational Leader Kansas State College p 67 The greatest leader of the English Liberal Party in the last century William E Gladstone was in principle and practice a conservative liberal As leader of the party from 1868 to 1894 he was directly Paul Kelly ed 2005 Liberalism Polity p 71 ISBN 978 0745632902 Conservative liberal critics of social justice such as Friedrich Hayek have sought to reject precisely this distinction In Defense of Decadent Europe Transaction Publishers 1996 p XI ISBN 978 1412826044 Aron was a conservative liberal who appreciated that a true affirmation of political liberty required the Phillip Darby ed 1997 At the Edge of International Relations Postcolonialism Gender and Dependency Pinter p 62 Instead in the late twentieth century a conservative liberal Francis Fukuyama comfortably pronounces the victory of Pion Berlin David 1997 Through Corridors of Power Institutions and Civil military Relations in Argentina Pennsylvania State University Press p 66 Quien es quien Los partidos politicos argentinos PDF Corbiere Emilio J in Spanish August 1983 Archived from the original PDF on 6 July 2010 Retrieved 20 October 2016 Documento Final del Congreso Ideologico Nacional del PDC Partido Democrata Cristiano in Spanish 6 July 2014 Archived from the original on 1 October 2015 Retrieved 24 October 2016 a b c Peter Starke Alexandra Kaasch Franca Van Hooren 2013 The Welfare State as Crisis Manager Explaining the 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680 Wahl auf der grunen Insel DW 20 05 2002 Deutsche Welle Hilo Glazer How Likud s Youngest MK Went From the Peace Camp to the Right Haaretz Sep 29 2015 Anshel Pfeffer How the Likud Primaries Could Backfire on Netanyahu Haaretz Nov 25 2012 Der Rivale macht Ernst 10 December 2020 a b Agnes Blome 2016 The Politics of Work Family Policy Reforms in Germany and Italy Taylor amp Francis p 142 ISBN 978 1317554363 Tetsuya Kobayashi 1976 Society Schools and Progress in Japan Elsevier Science p 68 ISBN 978 1483136226 Japan Almanac Mainichi Newspapers 1975 p 43 In the House of Representatives the Liberal Democratic Party guided by conservative liberalism is the No 1 party holding a total of 279 seats or 56 8 per cent of the House quorum of 491 Paul Kevenhorster Werner Pascha Karen Shire 2003 Japan Wirtschaft Gesellschaft Politik VS Verlag p 302 ISBN 978 3 32 299566 7 Beautiful Harmony Political Project Behind Japan s New Era Name Analysis eurasia review 16 July 2019 The shifting dynamics around the new era name gengō 元号 offers an opportunity to understand how the domestic politics of the LDP s project of ultranationalism is shaping a new Japan and a new form of nationalism Shinzo Abe and the long history of Japanese political violence The Spectator 9 July 2022 Retrieved 3 March 2023 As the French judge at the trial Henri Bernard noted Japan s wartime atrocities had a principal author Hirohito who escaped all prosecution and of whom in any case the present defendants could only be considered accomplices The result was that whereas ultranationalism became toxic in post war Germany in Japan neo fascism centred around the figure of the emperor retained its allure and became mainstream albeit sotto voce within Japan s ruling Liberal Democratic Party European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity Archived 2015 04 05 at the Wayback Machine Andeweg R and G Irwin Politics and Governance in the Netherlands Basingstoke Palgrave p 49 NSD European Election Database Netherlands Archived from the original on 24 July 2011 Retrieved 26 August 2011 Rudy W Andeweg Lieven De Winter Patrick Dumont 2011 Government Formation Taylor amp Francis p 147 ISBN 978 1134239726 Retrieved 17 August 2012 Jochen Clasen Daniel Clegg 2011 Regulating the Risk of Unemployment National Adaptations to Post Industrial Labour Markets in Europe Oxford University Press p 76 ISBN 978 0199592296 Retrieved 17 August 2012 Slomp 2011 p 459 David Hanley 1998 Christian Democracy in Europe Continuum International Publishing Group p 67 ISBN 978 1855673823 Retrieved 17 August 2012 Ricky Van Oers Eva Ersboll Dora Kostakopoulou Theodora Kostakopoulou 2010 A Re Definition of Belonging Language and Integration Tests in Europe Brill p 60 ISBN 978 9004175068 Retrieved 17 August 2012 Eerdmans en Nanninga doen met JA21 mee aan verkiezingen NOS in Dutch 18 December 2020 Retrieved 20 December 2020 Boersema Wendelmoet 15 March 2021 Waarom de strijd op rechts nooit een volledig rechts kabinet oplevert NSD European Election Database Norway Archived from the original on 5 January 2013 Retrieved 11 February 2014 Mart Laar 2010 The Power of Freedom Central and Eastern Europe after 1945 Unitas Foundation p 229 ISBN 978 9949214792 Joanna A Gorska 2012 Dealing with a Juggernaut Analyzing Poland s Policy toward Russia 1989 2009 Lexington Books p 104 ISBN 978 0739145340 Bartek Pytlas 2016 Radical Right Parties in Central and Eastern Europe Mainstream Party Competition and Electoral Fortune Routledge p 30 ISBN 978 1317495864 Diamantino P Machado 1991 The Structure of Portuguese Society The Failure of Fascism Greenwood Publishing Group p 192 ISBN 978 0275937843 Slomp 2011 p 561 Pather Raeesa 24 October 2019 Will the DA survive Mmusi Maimane s resignation Al Jazeera English Retrieved 14 July 2021 Zille is seen as representing a conservative liberal grouping within the DA 중도보수 표방 새정치연합 세모녀 법 등 민생정치도 흔들 참세상 31 March 2014 Retrieved 26 April 2014 새정치민주연합 성찰적 진보와 합리적 보수 아우를 것 한겨레 March 16 2014 더불어민주당 2중대 로서 정의당 The Justice Party which became the second party of the Democratic Party of Korea 매일노동뉴스 4 November 2021 Retrieved 4 November 2021 집값은 오르고 불로소득은 넘쳐 나고 빈부격차도 심해졌다 노동 개혁도 엉망진창이다 코로나19라는 악재가 있으나 보수적 자유주의 정당인 더불어민주당의 성격을 고려할 때 정권 출범부터 예견됐던 일이다 Housing prices rose unearned income overflowed and the gap between the rich and the poor widened Labor reform is also a mess Although there is a negative factor called COVID 19 it has been predicted since the inauguration of the regime considering the nature of the conservative liberal party the Democratic Party of Korea Anna Bosco 2013 Party Change in Southern Europe Routledge p 15 ISBN 978 1136767777 Slomp 2011 p 519 Siripan Nogsuan Sawasdee 2012 Thailand Political Parties and Democracy Contemporary Western Europe and Asia Palgrave Macmillan p 157 Olszanski Tadeusz A 17 September 2014 Ukraine s political parties at the start of the election campaign OSW Centre for Eastern Studies Stephen White Elena A Korosteleva John Lowenhardt 2005 Postcommunist Belarus Rowman amp Littlefield p 37 ISBN 978 0742535558 Walter L White Ralph Carl Nelson R H Wagenberg 1998 Introduction to Canadian Politics and Government Harcourt Brace p 77 ISBN 978 0 77 473589 6 Tadeusz Buksinski 2009 Democracy in Western and Postcommunist Countries Twenty Years After the Fall of Communism Peter Lang p 240 ISBN 978 3 631 58543 6 Frank Chibulka 2012 The Czech Republic In Donnacha O Beachain Vera Sheridan Sabina Stan eds Life in Post Communist Eastern Europe after EU Membership Routledge p 36 ISBN 978 1136299810 a b Carol Diane St Louis 2011 Negotiating Change Approaches to and the Distributional Implications of Social Welfare and Economic Reform Stanford University p 105 Stanford RW793BX2256 Retrieved 19 August 2012 Slomp 2011 p 385 Carol Diane St Louis 2011 Negotiating Change Approaches to and the Distributional Implications of Social Welfare and Economic Reform Stanford University p 77 Stanley G Payne 1996 A History of Fascism 1914 1945 University of Wisconsin Pres p 163 ISBN 978 0299148737 Helena Waddy 2010 Oberammergau in the Nazi Era The Fate of a Catholic Village in Hitler s Germany Oxford University Press p 54 ISBN 978 0199707799 Stijn van Kessel 2015 Populist Parties in Europe Agents of Discontent Palgrave Macmillan UK p 67 ISBN 978 1137414113 Kerstin Hamann John Kelly 2010 Parties Elections and Policy Reforms in Western Europe Voting for Social Pacts Routledge p 1982 ISBN 978 1136949869 Maurizio Cotta Luca Verzichelli 2007 Political Institutions in Italy Oxford University Press p 38 ISBN 978 0199284702 Walter Kickert Tiina Randma Liiv 2015 Europe Managing the Crisis The Politics of Fiscal Consolidation Routledge p 263 ISBN 978 1317525707 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典の解説 The Encyclopaedia Britannica Micropaedia s explanation Kotobank in Japanese Retrieved 1 May 2022 Slomp 2011 p 532 Caroline Close Pascal Delwit 2019 Liberal parties and elections Electoral performances and voters profile In Emilie van Haute Caroline Close eds Liberal Parties in Europe Taylor amp Francis p 295 ISBN 978 1351245494 Emiel Lamberts 1997 Christian Democracy in the European Union 1945 1995 Proceedings of the Leuven Colloquium 15 18 November 1995 Leuven University Press p 56 ISBN 978 9061868088 Daniels John Richard Sinclair United Party In McLintock A H ed An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga Retrieved 6 March 2016 Salvatore Garau 2015 Fascism and Ideology Italy Britain and Norway Routledge p 144 ISBN 978 1317909477 Jennifer Lees Marshment 2009 Political Marketing Principles and Applications Routledge p 103 ISBN 978 1134084111 Jerzy Szacki 1994 Liberalism After Communism Central European University Press p 182 ISBN 978 1858660165 Dariusz Skrzypinski 2016 Patterns of Recruitment of Polish Candidates in the 2014 European Parliament Elections In Ruxandra Boicu Silvia Branea Adriana Stefanel eds Political Communication and European Parliamentary Elections in Times of Crisis Perspectives from Central and South Eastern Europe Palgrave Macmillan UK p 245 ISBN 978 1137585912 Nyagulov Blagovest 2014 Early Socialism in the Balkans Ideas and Practices in Serbia Romania and Bulgaria Vol 2 Brill p 232 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Jacques Rupnik Jan Zielonka 2003 The Road to the European Union Manchester University Press p 52 ISBN 978 0719065972 Three conservative opposition parties President Roh apologize for canceling his pledge to relocate the office to Gwanghwamun Korean views amp news 8 January 2019 Retrieved 5 January 2019 Slomp 2011 p 518 Slomp 2011 p 489 Bibliography editSlomp Hans 2011 Europe a Political Profile An American Companion to European Politics ABC CLIO ISBN 978 0313391828 Dyson Kenneth 2021 Conservative Liberalism Ordo liberalism and the State Discipling Democracy and the Market Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 885428 9 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Conservative liberalism amp oldid 1212848144, 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