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Centre-left politics

Centre-left politics lean to the left on the left–right political spectrum but are closer to the centre than other left-wing politics. Those on the centre-left believe in working within the established systems to improve social justice.[1] The centre-left promotes a degree of social equality that it believes is achievable through promoting equal opportunity.[2] The centre-left emphasizes that the achievement of equality requires personal responsibility in areas in control by the individual person through their abilities and talents as well as social responsibility in areas outside control by the person in their abilities or talents.[3]

The centre-left opposes a wide gap between the rich and the poor and supports moderate measures to reduce the economic gap, such as a progressive income tax, laws prohibiting child labour, minimum wage laws, laws regulating working conditions, limits on working hours and laws to ensure the workers' right to organize.[2] The centre-left typically claims that complete equality of outcome is not possible, but instead that equal opportunity improves a degree of equality of outcome in society.[2]

In Europe, the centre-left includes social democrats, progressives, greens and the moderate Christian left. Some variants of liberalism, especially social liberalism, are described as centre-left, but many social liberals are in the centre of the political spectrum as well.[4][5] In the Americas, in relation to economic policy, the center-left also includes economic progressive forms of Christian democracy, some of which may be politically syncretic mixing in the social conservatism of the center-right.

Positions

The main ideologies of the centre-left are social democracy (moderate forms), social liberalism (sometimes, when paired with other ideologies; can also be considered centrist), progressivism and green politics (also can take place under a red–green alliance when cooperating with other parties on the left).

Throughout the world, centre-left groups generally support:

The term may be used to imply positions on the environment, religion, public morality, etc., but these are usually not the defining characteristics, since centre-right parties may sometimes take similar positions on these issues.[6] A centre-left party may or may not be more concerned with reducing industrial emissions than a centre-right party[7][8] if not explicitly adhering to a green ideology.

History

Academia is also divided on when the term "centre-left" came out. Scholars[who?] believe that it mainly appeared between the Bourbon Restoration (1814–1830) and the July Monarchy (1830–1848), a political-historical phase during the Kingdom of France reigned under an almost parliamentary system. During this period, the centre-left mainly showed Liberal Party and Movement Party. The Republicans was classified as left to far-left. the Third Party and the conservative-liberal Doctrinaires is centrist. Resistance Party was classified as centre-right and Ultra-royalists as right to far-right.

During this time, the centre-left was led by Adolphe Thiers (head of the liberal-nationalist Movement Party) and Odilon Barrot, who headed the populist "Dynastic Opposition".[9] The centre-left was Orléanist, but supported a liberal interpretation of the Charter of 1830, more power to the Parliament, manhood suffrage and support to rising European nationalisms. Adolphe Thiers served as Prime Minister for King Louis Philippe I twice (in 1836 and 1840), but he then lost the King's favour, and the centre-left rapidly fell.[10]

In France, during the Second Republic and the Second Empire the centre-left was not strong or organized, but became commonly associated with the moderate republicans' group in Parliament. Finally, in 1871 the Second Empire fell as consequence of the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War and Adolphe Thiers re-established the centre-left after the foundation of the Third Republic. This time the centre-left was constituted of moderate republicans, then called "Opportunists", anti-royalist liberals and radicals from the Republican Union. During the Third Republic, the centre-left was led by political and intellectual figures like Jules Dufaure, Édouard René de Laboulaye, Charles de Rémusat, Léon Say, William Waddington, Jean Casimir-Perier, Edmond Henri Adolphe Schérer and Georges Picot.[11]

 
The SPD is a social-democratic party in the centre-left political position in German politics.

Elsewhere in Europe, centre-left movements appeared from the 1860s, mainly in Spain and Italy. In Italy, the centre-left was born as coalition between the liberal Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour and the progressive Urbano Rattazzi, the heads respectively of the Right and Left groupings in Parliament. This alliance was called "connubio" ("marriage") for its opportunist characteristics.[12] In the 1900s, centre-left positions were expressed by people and parties who believed in social democracy and democratic socialism, but also some liberals or Christian-democrats were associated with the centre-left. Currently, the centre-left parties in Europe are united in the social democratic Party of European Socialists and ecologist European Green Party.

The prevalence of the position occurred mainly due to the rise of socialism caused Liberals to move away from laissez-faire policies to more interventionist policies, which created the New Liberal movement. New liberalism (or social liberalism), along with moderate socialism, is regarded as a representative modern centre-left ideology.

List of major centre-left parties by country

  Antigua and Barbuda

  Australia

  The Bahamas

  Bangladesh

  Barbados

  Belize

  Botswana

  Brazil

  Cameroon

  Canada

  Dominica

  The Gambia

  Ghana

  Guyana

  India

  Ireland

  Jamaica

  Kenya

  Malaysia

  Mauritius

  New Zealand

  Nigeria

  Pakistan

  Philippines

  Seychelles

  Singapore

  South Africa

  Sri Lanka

  Trinidad and Tobago

  United Kingdom

  United States

  Zambia

  Zimbabwe

See also

References

  1. ^ Oliver H. Woshinsky. Explaining Politics: Culture, Institutions, and Political Behavior. New York: Routledge, 2008, pp. 146.
  2. ^ a b c Oliver H. Woshinsky. Explaining Politics: Culture, Institutions, and Political Behavior. New York: Routledge, 2008, pp. 143.
  3. ^ Chris Armstrong. Rethinking Equality: The Challenge of Equal Citizenship. Manchester University Press, 2006, p. 89.
  4. ^ John W. Cioffi and Martin Höpner (21 April 2006). (PDF). Council for European Studies at Columbia University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  5. ^ Manfred Ertel, Hans-Jürgen Schlamp and Stefan Simons (24 September 2009). "The Credibility Trap – Europe's Center-Left Parties Stuck in a Dead End". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  6. ^ John Lloyd (2 October 2009). "Europe's centre-left suffers in the squeezed middle". Financial Times. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  7. ^ "Spotlight on pollution and the environment". Workers Power. 8 May 2008. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  8. ^ Tierra Curry (6 November 2009). "Dirty Coal Czar Confirmed by Senate". Center for Biological Diversity. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  9. ^ Michael Drolet (11 August 2003). Tocqueville, Democracy and Social Reform. Springer. p. 14. ISBN 9780230509641.
  10. ^ Alice Primi; Sophie Kerignard; Véronique Fau-Vincenti (2004). 100 fiches d'histoire du XIXe siècle. Bréal.
  11. ^ Unknown (1993). Léon Say et le centre gauche: 1871-1896 : la grande bourgeoisie libérale dans les débuts de la Troisième République. p. 196.
  12. ^ Serge Berstein; Pierre Milza (1992). Histoire de l'Europe contemporaine: le XIXe siècle (1815-1919). Hatier.

External links

  • . Nico Biver. Archived from the original on 9 February 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2009.

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Centre left politics lean to the left on the left right political spectrum but are closer to the centre than other left wing politics Those on the centre left believe in working within the established systems to improve social justice 1 The centre left promotes a degree of social equality that it believes is achievable through promoting equal opportunity 2 The centre left emphasizes that the achievement of equality requires personal responsibility in areas in control by the individual person through their abilities and talents as well as social responsibility in areas outside control by the person in their abilities or talents 3 The centre left opposes a wide gap between the rich and the poor and supports moderate measures to reduce the economic gap such as a progressive income tax laws prohibiting child labour minimum wage laws laws regulating working conditions limits on working hours and laws to ensure the workers right to organize 2 The centre left typically claims that complete equality of outcome is not possible but instead that equal opportunity improves a degree of equality of outcome in society 2 In Europe the centre left includes social democrats progressives greens and the moderate Christian left Some variants of liberalism especially social liberalism are described as centre left but many social liberals are in the centre of the political spectrum as well 4 5 In the Americas in relation to economic policy the center left also includes economic progressive forms of Christian democracy some of which may be politically syncretic mixing in the social conservatism of the center right Contents 1 Positions 2 History 3 List of major centre left parties by country 3 1 Antigua and Barbuda 3 2 Australia 3 3 The Bahamas 3 4 Bangladesh 3 5 Barbados 3 6 Belize 3 7 Botswana 3 8 Brazil 3 9 Cameroon 3 10 Canada 3 11 Dominica 3 12 The Gambia 3 13 Ghana 3 14 Guyana 3 15 India 3 16 Ireland 3 17 Jamaica 3 18 Kenya 3 19 Malaysia 3 20 Mauritius 3 21 New Zealand 3 22 Nigeria 3 23 Pakistan 3 24 Philippines 3 25 Seychelles 3 26 Singapore 3 27 South Africa 3 28 Sri Lanka 3 29 Trinidad and Tobago 3 30 United Kingdom 3 31 United States 3 32 Zambia 3 33 Zimbabwe 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksPositions EditThe main ideologies of the centre left are social democracy moderate forms social liberalism sometimes when paired with other ideologies can also be considered centrist progressivism and green politics also can take place under a red green alliance when cooperating with other parties on the left Throughout the world centre left groups generally support A mixed economy consisting of both publicly owned or subsidized programmes of education universal health care child care and related social services for all citizens A system of social security with the stated goal of counteracting the effects of poverty and insuring the general public against loss of income following illness unemployment or retirement national insurance contributions Government bodies that regulate private enterprise in the interests of workers and consumers by ensuring labor and consumer rights e g supporting worker access to trade unions workers participation consumer protections and fair market competition A system of progressive taxation that includes tax breaks and subsidies for those under poverty extended from government A value added tax or occasionally a wealth tax to fund government expenditures Government investments and spending for example in public works and Keynesian economics The term may be used to imply positions on the environment religion public morality etc but these are usually not the defining characteristics since centre right parties may sometimes take similar positions on these issues 6 A centre left party may or may not be more concerned with reducing industrial emissions than a centre right party 7 8 if not explicitly adhering to a green ideology History EditSee also Social democracy History Social liberalism Origins and Progressivism History See also Democratic socialism History and Green politics History Academia is also divided on when the term centre left came out Scholars who believe that it mainly appeared between the Bourbon Restoration 1814 1830 and the July Monarchy 1830 1848 a political historical phase during the Kingdom of France reigned under an almost parliamentary system During this period the centre left mainly showed Liberal Party and Movement Party The Republicans was classified as left to far left the Third Party and the conservative liberal Doctrinaires is centrist Resistance Party was classified as centre right and Ultra royalists as right to far right During this time the centre left was led by Adolphe Thiers head of the liberal nationalist Movement Party and Odilon Barrot who headed the populist Dynastic Opposition 9 The centre left was Orleanist but supported a liberal interpretation of the Charter of 1830 more power to the Parliament manhood suffrage and support to rising European nationalisms Adolphe Thiers served as Prime Minister for King Louis Philippe I twice in 1836 and 1840 but he then lost the King s favour and the centre left rapidly fell 10 In France during the Second Republic and the Second Empire the centre left was not strong or organized but became commonly associated with the moderate republicans group in Parliament Finally in 1871 the Second Empire fell as consequence of the French defeat in the Franco Prussian War and Adolphe Thiers re established the centre left after the foundation of the Third Republic This time the centre left was constituted of moderate republicans then called Opportunists anti royalist liberals and radicals from the Republican Union During the Third Republic the centre left was led by political and intellectual figures like Jules Dufaure Edouard Rene de Laboulaye Charles de Remusat Leon Say William Waddington Jean Casimir Perier Edmond Henri Adolphe Scherer and Georges Picot 11 The SPD is a social democratic party in the centre left political position in German politics Elsewhere in Europe centre left movements appeared from the 1860s mainly in Spain and Italy In Italy the centre left was born as coalition between the liberal Camillo Benso Count of Cavour and the progressive Urbano Rattazzi the heads respectively of the Right and Left groupings in Parliament This alliance was called connubio marriage for its opportunist characteristics 12 In the 1900s centre left positions were expressed by people and parties who believed in social democracy and democratic socialism but also some liberals or Christian democrats were associated with the centre left Currently the centre left parties in Europe are united in the social democratic Party of European Socialists and ecologist European Green Party The prevalence of the position occurred mainly due to the rise of socialism caused Liberals to move away from laissez faire policies to more interventionist policies which created the New Liberal movement New liberalism or social liberalism along with moderate socialism is regarded as a representative modern centre left ideology List of major centre left parties by country Edit Antigua and Barbuda Edit Labour Party Australia Edit Labor Party The Bahamas Edit Progressive Liberal Party factions Bangladesh Edit Awami League factions Barbados Edit Labour Party Democratic Labour Party Belize Edit People s United Party Belize People s Front Botswana Edit Umbrella for Democratic Change Brazil Edit Workers Party Democratic Labour Party Brazilian Socialist Party Party of National Mobilization Green Party Solidarity Sustainability Network Cameroon Edit Social Democratic Front Canada Edit New Democratic Party Bloc Quebecois Green Party factions Liberal Party Dominica Edit Labour Party The Gambia Edit United Democratic Party factions Ghana Edit National Democratic Congress Guyana Edit People s Progressive Party A Partnership for National Unity factions People s National Congress Alliance for Change factions India Edit All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam All India Trinamool Congress Biju Janata Dal Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Indian National Congress factions Rashtriya Janata Dal Yuvajana Shramika Rythu Congress Party Ireland Edit Sinn Fein factions Labour Party Green Party Social Democrats Jamaica Edit People s National Party Kenya Edit Orange Democratic Movement Wiper Democratic Movement Kenya National Rainbow Coalition Malaysia Edit People s Justice Party Democratic Action Party National Trust Party Mauritius Edit Labour Party Militant Socialist Movement New Zealand Edit Labour Party Maori Party Nigeria Edit All Progressives Congress Pakistan Edit Pakistan People s Party Pakistan Peoples Party Workers Awami National Party Shia Ulema Council Qaumi Watan Party National Democratic Movement Sindh National Front National Party Muttahida Qaumi Movement Pakistan Philippines Edit Akbayan Liberal Party PDP Laban Seychelles Edit United Seychelles Singapore Edit Workers Party Progress Singapore Party South Africa Edit African National Congress Sri Lanka Edit National People s Power Tamil National Alliance Trinidad and Tobago Edit People s National Movement factions United National Congress United Kingdom Edit Labour Party Liberal Democrats factions Scotland Scottish National Party Scottish Labour Scottish Greens Scottish Liberal Democrats factions Wales Welsh Labour Plaid Cymru factions Welsh Liberal Democrats factions Northern Ireland Sinn Fein factions Social Democratic and Labour Party Green Party factions Alliance Party factions United States Edit Democratic Party factions Zambia Edit Patriotic Front Zimbabwe Edit Movement for Democratic Change Citizens Coalition For ChangeSee also Edit Political science portalCentrism Centre right politics Blairism Brownism Centre left coalition Italy Eco capitalism Economic interventionism Georgism Green liberalism Green libertarianism List of left wing political parties Neoclassical liberalism New Deal coalition Social democracy Social liberalism Social market economy Soft left Third Way Welfare capitalism Welfare stateReferences Edit Oliver H Woshinsky Explaining Politics Culture Institutions and Political Behavior New York Routledge 2008 pp 146 a b c Oliver H Woshinsky Explaining Politics Culture Institutions and Political Behavior New York Routledge 2008 pp 143 Chris Armstrong Rethinking Equality The Challenge of Equal Citizenship Manchester University Press 2006 p 89 John W Cioffi and Martin Hopner 21 April 2006 Interests Preferences and Center Left Party Politics in Corporate Governance Reform PDF Council for European Studies at Columbia University Archived from the original PDF on 5 June 2010 Retrieved 14 November 2009 Manfred Ertel Hans Jurgen Schlamp and Stefan Simons 24 September 2009 The Credibility Trap Europe s Center Left Parties Stuck in a Dead End Der Spiegel Retrieved 14 November 2009 John Lloyd 2 October 2009 Europe s centre left suffers in the squeezed middle Financial Times Retrieved 14 November 2009 Spotlight on pollution and the environment Workers Power 8 May 2008 Retrieved 14 November 2009 Tierra Curry 6 November 2009 Dirty Coal Czar Confirmed by Senate Center for Biological Diversity Retrieved 14 November 2009 Michael Drolet 11 August 2003 Tocqueville Democracy and Social Reform Springer p 14 ISBN 9780230509641 Alice Primi Sophie Kerignard Veronique Fau Vincenti 2004 100 fiches d histoire du XIXe siecle Breal Unknown 1993 Leon Say et le centre gauche 1871 1896 la grande bourgeoisie liberale dans les debuts de la Troisieme Republique p 196 Serge Berstein Pierre Milza 1992 Histoire de l Europe contemporaine le XIXe siecle 1815 1919 Hatier External links Edit Leftist parties of the world Nico Biver Archived from the original on 9 February 2010 Retrieved 14 November 2009 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Centre left politics amp oldid 1129961984, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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