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Environmental issues

March 14, 2023

Environmental issues are disruptions in the usual function of ecosystems. [1] Further, these issues can be caused by humans or they can be natural. These issues are considered serious when the ecosystem cannot recover in the present situation, and catastrophic if the ecosystem is projected to certainly collapse.

Water pollution is an environmental issue that affects many water bodies. This photograph shows foam on the New River as it enters the United States from Mexico.

Environmental protection is the practice of protecting the natural environment on the individual, organizational or governmental levels, for the benefit of both the environment and humans. Environmentalism is a social and environmental movement that addresses environmental issues through advocacy, legislation education, and activism.[2]

Environment destruction caused by humans is a global, ongoing problem. Water pollution also cause problems to marine life. Most scholars think that the project peak global world population of between 9-10 billion people, could live sustainably within the earth's ecosystems if human society worked to live sustainably within planetary boundaries.[3][4][5] The bulk of environmental impacts are caused by the most wealthy populations in the globe consuming too much industrial goods.[6][7][8] The UN Environmental Program, in its "Making Peace With Nature" Report in 2021, found addressing key planetary crises, like pollution, climate change and biodiversity loss, was achievable if parties work to address the Sustainable Development Goals.[9]

Types

Main articles: List of environmental issues and List of environmental disasters

Major current environmental issues may include climate change, pollution, environmental degradation, and resource depletion. The conservation movement lobbies for protection of endangered species and protection of any ecologically valuable natural areas, genetically modified foods and global warming. The UN system has adopted international frameworks for environmental issues in three key issues, which has been encoded as the "triple planetary crises": climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss.[10]

Impact

This section is an excerpt from Environmental degradation.[edit]
 
Eighty-plus years after the abandonment of Wallaroo Mines (Kadina, South Australia), mosses remain the only vegetation at some spots of the site's grounds.

Environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as quality of air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems; habitat destruction; the extinction of wildlife; and pollution. It is defined as any change or disturbance to the environment perceived to be deleterious or undesirable.[11]

Environmental concerns can be defined as the negative effects of any human activity on the environment. The biological as well as the physical features of the environment are included. Some of the primary environmental challenges that are causing great worry are air pollution, water pollution, natural environment pollution, rubbish pollution, and so on.[12]

Environmental degradation is one of the ten threats officially cautioned by the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change of the United Nations. The United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction defines environmental degradation as "the reduction of the capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological objectives, and needs".[13] Environmental degradation comes in many types. When natural habitats are destroyed or natural resources are depleted, the environment is degraded. Efforts to counteract this problem include environmental protection and environmental resources management. Mismanagement that leads to degradation can also lead to environmental conflict where communities organize in opposition to the forces that mismanaged the environment.

Conflict

This section is an excerpt from Environmental conflict.[edit]
 
Hambach Forest protest against coal mine expansion

Environmental conflicts or ecological distribution conflicts (EDCs) are social conflicts caused by environmental degradation or by unequal distribution of environmental resources.[14][15][16] The Environmental Justice Atlas documented 3,100 environmental conflicts worldwide as of April 2020 and emphasised that many more conflicts remained undocumented.[14] Parties involved in these conflicts include locally affected communities, states, companies and investors, and social or environmental movements;[17][18] typically environmental defenders are protecting their homelands from resource extraction or hazardous waste disposal.[14] Resource extraction and hazardous waste activities often create resource scarcities (such as by overfishing or deforestation), pollute the environment, and degrade the living space for humans and nature, resulting in conflict.[19]

Frequently environmental conflicts focus on environmental justice issues, the rights of indigenous people, the rights of peasants, or threats to communities whose livelihoods are dependent on the ocean.[14] Outcomes of local conflicts are increasingly influenced by trans-national environmental justice networks that comprise the global environmental justice movement.[14][20]

Environmental conflict can complicate response to natural disaster or exacerbate existing conflicts – especially in the context of geopolitical disputes or where communities have been displaced to create environmental migrants.[21][16][19]

The terms socio-environmental conflict, environmental conflict, or EDCs are sometimes used interchangeably. The study of these conflicts is related to the fields of ecological economics, political ecology, and environmental justice.

Costs

See also: Cost of pollution and Cost of global warming

Action

Justice

This section is an excerpt from Environmental justice.[edit]

Environmental justice is a social movement to address the unfair exposure of poor and marginalized communities to harms from hazardous waste, resource extraction, and other land uses.[22] The movement has generated hundreds of studies showing that exposure to environmental harms is inequitably distributed.[23]

The global environmental justice movement arises from place-based environmental conflicts in which local environmental defenders frequently confront multi-national corporations in resource extraction or other industries. Local outcomes of these conflicts are increasingly influenced by trans-national environmental justice networks.[24][25]

The movement began in the United States in the 1980s and was heavily influenced by the American civil rights movement. The original conception of environmental justice in the 1980s focused on harms to marginalised racial groups within rich countries such as the United States and was framed as environmental racism. The movement was later expanded to consider gender, international environmental discrimination, and inequalities within disadvantaged groups. As the movement achieved some success in more affluent countries, environmental burdens have shifted to the Global South (as for example through extractivism or the global waste trade). The movement for environmental justice has thus become more global, with some of its aims now being articulated by the United Nations.

Environmental justice scholars have produced a large interdisciplinary body of social science literature that includes political ecology, contributions to environmental law, and theories on justice and sustainability.[22][26]

Law

This section is an excerpt from Environmental law.[edit]
Environmental law is a collective term encompassing aspects of the law that provide protection to the environment.[27] A related but distinct set of regulatory regimes, now strongly influenced by environmental legal principles, focus on the management of specific natural resources, such as forests, minerals, or fisheries. Other areas, such as environmental impact assessment, may not fit neatly into either category, but are nonetheless important components of environmental law.

Movement

This section is an excerpt from Environmental movement.[edit]
 
Levels of air pollution rose during the Industrial Revolution, sparking the first modern environmental laws to be passed in the mid-19th century.

The environmental movement (sometimes referred to as the ecology movement), also including conservation and green politics, is a diverse philosophical, social, and political movement for addressing environmental issues. Environmentalists advocate the just and sustainable management of resources and stewardship of the environment through changes in public policy and individual behaviour. In its recognition of humanity as a participant in (not enemy of) ecosystems, the movement is centered on ecology, health, and human rights.

The environmental movement is an international movement, represented by a range of organizations, from enterprises to grassroots and varies from country to country. Due to its large membership, varying and strong beliefs, and occasionally speculative nature, the environmental movement is not always united in its goals. The movement also encompasses some other movements with a more specific focus, such as the climate movement. At its broadest, the movement includes private citizens, professionals, religious devotees, politicians, scientists, nonprofit organizations, and individual advocates.

Organizations

Main article: Environmental organization

Environmental issues are addressed at a regional, national or international level by government organizations.

The largest international agency, set up in 1972, is the United Nations Environment Programme. The International Union for Conservation of Nature brings together 83 states, 108 government agencies, 766 Non-governmental organizations and 81 international organizations and about 10,000 experts, scientists from countries around the world.[28] International non-governmental organizations include Greenpeace, Friends of the Earth and World Wide Fund for Nature. Governments enact environmental policy and enforce environmental law and this is done to differing degrees around the world.

Film and television

Main article: Environmental issues in film and television

There are an increasing number of films being produced on environmental issues, especially on climate change and global warming. Al Gore's 2006 film An Inconvenient Truth gained commercial success and a high media profile.

See also

Issues

Specific issues

References

  1. ^ Jhariya et al. 2022. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780128229767/natural-resources-conservation-and-advances-for-sustainability "Natural Resources Conservation and Advances for Sustainability" Chapter 7.5 ISBN 978-0-12-822976-7
  2. ^ Eccleston, Charles H. (2010). Global Environmental Policy: Concepts, Principles, and Practice. Chapter 7. ISBN 978-1439847664.
  3. ^ Alberro, Heather. "Why we should be wary of blaming 'overpopulation' for the climate crisis". The Conversation. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  4. ^ "David Attenborough's claim that humans have overrun the planet is his most popular comment". www.newstatesman.com. 4 November 2020. Retrieved 2021-08-03.
  5. ^ "Dominic Lawson: The population timebomb is a myth The doom-sayers are becoming more fashionable just as experts are coming to the view it has all been one giant false alarm". The Independent. UK. 18 January 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  6. ^ Nässén, Jonas; Andersson, David; Larsson, Jörgen; Holmberg, John (2015). "Explaining the Variation in Greenhouse Gas Emissions Between Households: Socioeconomic, Motivational, and Physical Factors". Journal of Industrial Ecology. 19 (3): 480–489. doi:10.1111/jiec.12168. ISSN 1530-9290. S2CID 154132383.
  7. ^ Moser, Stephanie; Kleinhückelkotten, Silke (2017-06-09). "Good Intents, but Low Impacts: Diverging Importance of Motivational and Socioeconomic Determinants Explaining Pro-Environmental Behavior, Energy Use, and Carbon Footprint". Environment and Behavior. 50 (6): 626–656. doi:10.1177/0013916517710685. ISSN 0013-9165. S2CID 149413363.
  8. ^ Lynch, Michael J.; Long, Michael A.; Stretesky, Paul B.; Barrett, Kimberly L. (2019-05-15). "Measuring the Ecological Impact of the Wealthy: Excessive Consumption, Ecological Disorganization, Green Crime, and Justice". Social Currents. 6 (4): 377–395. doi:10.1177/2329496519847491. ISSN 2329-4965. S2CID 181366798.
  9. ^ Environment, U. N. (2021-02-11). "Making Peace With Nature". UNEP - UN Environment Programme. Retrieved 2022-02-18.
  10. ^ "SDGs will address 'three planetary crises' harming life on Earth". UN News. 2021-04-27. Retrieved 2022-02-18.
  11. ^ Johnson, D.L., S.H. Ambrose, T.J. Bassett, M.L. Bowen, D.E. Crummey, J.S. Isaacson, D.N. Johnson, P. Lamb, M. Saul, and A.E. Winter-Nelson. 1997. Meanings of environmental terms. Journal of Environmental Quality 26: 581–589.
  12. ^ Types of Environmental Issues
  13. ^ "ISDR : Terminology". The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. 2004-03-31. Retrieved 2010-06-09.
  14. ^ a b c d e Scheidel, Arnim; Del Bene, Daniela; Liu, Juan; Navas, Grettel; Mingorría, Sara; Demaria, Federico; Avila, Sofía; Roy, Brototi; Ertör, Irmak; Temper, Leah; Martínez-Alier, Joan (2020-07-01). "Environmental conflicts and defenders: A global overview". Global Environmental Change. 63: 102104. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102104. ISSN 0959-3780. PMC 7418451. PMID 32801483.
  15. ^ Lee, James R. (2019-06-12), "What is a field and why does it grow? Is there a field of environmental conflict?", Environmental Conflict and Cooperation, Routledge, pp. 69–75, doi:10.4324/9781351139243-9, ISBN 978-1-351-13924-3, S2CID 198051009, retrieved 2022-02-18
  16. ^ a b Libiszewski, Stephan. "What is an Environmental Conflict?." Journal of Peace Research 28.4 (1991): 407-422.
  17. ^ Cardoso, Andrea (December 2015). "Behind the life cycle of coal: Socio-environmental liabilities of coal mining in Cesar, Colombia". Ecological Economics. 120: 71–82. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.10.004.
  18. ^ Orta-Martínez, Martí; Finer, Matt (December 2010). "Oil frontiers and indigenous resistance in the Peruvian Amazon". Ecological Economics. 70 (2): 207–218. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.04.022.
  19. ^ a b Mason, Simon; Spillman, Kurt R (2009-11-17). "Environmental Conflicts and Regional Conflict Management". WELFARE ECONOMICS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT – Volume II. EOLSS Publications. ISBN 978-1-84826-010-8.
  20. ^ Martinez Alier, Joan; Temper, Leah; Del Bene, Daniela; Scheidel, Arnim (2016). "Is there a global environmental justice movement?". Journal of Peasant Studies. 43 (3): 731–755. doi:10.1080/03066150.2016.1141198. S2CID 156535916.
  21. ^ "Environment, Conflict and Peacebuilding". International Institute for Sustainable Development. Retrieved 2022-02-18.
  22. ^ a b Schlosberg, David. (2007) Defining Environmental Justice: Theories, Movements, and Nature. Oxford University Press.
  23. ^ Malin, Stephanie (June 25, 2019). "Environmental justice and natural resource extraction: intersections of power, equity and access". Environmental Sociology. 5 (2): 109–116. doi:10.1080/23251042.2019.1608420. S2CID 198588483.
  24. ^ Scheidel, Arnim (July 2020). "Environmental conflicts and defenders: A global overview". Global Environmental Change. 63: 102104. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102104. PMC 7418451. PMID 32801483.
  25. ^ Martinez Alier, Joan; Temper, Leah; Del Bene, Daniela; Scheidel, Arnim (2016). "Is there a global environmental justice movement?". Journal of Peasant Studies. 43 (3): 731–755. doi:10.1080/03066150.2016.1141198. S2CID 156535916.
  26. ^ Miller, G. Tyler Jr. (2003). Environmental Science: Working With the Earth (9th ed.). Pacific Grove, California: Brooks/Cole. p. G5. ISBN 0-534-42039-7.
  27. ^ Phillipe Sands (2003) Principles of International Environmental Law. 2nd Edition. p. xxi Available at [1] Accessed 19 February 2020
  28. ^ "About". IUCN. 2014-12-03. Retrieved 2017-05-20.

External links

  •   Media related to Environmental problems at Wikimedia Commons

March 14, 2023
environmental, issues, examples, perspective, this, article, represent, worldwide, view, subject, improve, this, article, discuss, issue, talk, page, create, article, appropriate, march, 2020, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, disruptions, usual, f. The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject You may improve this article discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new article as appropriate March 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Environmental issues are disruptions in the usual function of ecosystems 1 Further these issues can be caused by humans or they can be natural These issues are considered serious when the ecosystem cannot recover in the present situation and catastrophic if the ecosystem is projected to certainly collapse Water pollution is an environmental issue that affects many water bodies This photograph shows foam on the New River as it enters the United States from Mexico Environmental protection is the practice of protecting the natural environment on the individual organizational or governmental levels for the benefit of both the environment and humans Environmentalism is a social and environmental movement that addresses environmental issues through advocacy legislation education and activism 2 Environment destruction caused by humans is a global ongoing problem Water pollution also cause problems to marine life Most scholars think that the project peak global world population of between 9 10 billion people could live sustainably within the earth s ecosystems if human society worked to live sustainably within planetary boundaries 3 4 5 The bulk of environmental impacts are caused by the most wealthy populations in the globe consuming too much industrial goods 6 7 8 The UN Environmental Program in its Making Peace With Nature Report in 2021 found addressing key planetary crises like pollution climate change and biodiversity loss was achievable if parties work to address the Sustainable Development Goals 9 Contents 1 Types 2 Impact 2 1 Conflict 3 Costs 4 Action 4 1 Justice 4 2 Law 4 3 Movement 4 4 Organizations 5 Film and television 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksTypes EditMain articles List of environmental issues and List of environmental disasters Major current environmental issues may include climate change pollution environmental degradation and resource depletion The conservation movement lobbies for protection of endangered species and protection of any ecologically valuable natural areas genetically modified foods and global warming The UN system has adopted international frameworks for environmental issues in three key issues which has been encoded as the triple planetary crises climate change pollution and biodiversity loss 10 Impact EditThis section is an excerpt from Environmental degradation edit Eighty plus years after the abandonment of Wallaroo Mines Kadina South Australia mosses remain the only vegetation at some spots of the site s grounds Environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as quality of air water and soil the destruction of ecosystems habitat destruction the extinction of wildlife and pollution It is defined as any change or disturbance to the environment perceived to be deleterious or undesirable 11 Environmental concerns can be defined as the negative effects of any human activity on the environment The biological as well as the physical features of the environment are included Some of the primary environmental challenges that are causing great worry are air pollution water pollution natural environment pollution rubbish pollution and so on 12 Environmental degradation is one of the ten threats officially cautioned by the High level Panel on Threats Challenges and Change of the United Nations The United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction defines environmental degradation as the reduction of the capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological objectives and needs 13 Environmental degradation comes in many types When natural habitats are destroyed or natural resources are depleted the environment is degraded Efforts to counteract this problem include environmental protection and environmental resources management Mismanagement that leads to degradation can also lead to environmental conflict where communities organize in opposition to the forces that mismanaged the environment Conflict Edit This section is an excerpt from Environmental conflict edit Hambach Forest protest against coal mine expansion Environmental conflicts or ecological distribution conflicts EDCs are social conflicts caused by environmental degradation or by unequal distribution of environmental resources 14 15 16 The Environmental Justice Atlas documented 3 100 environmental conflicts worldwide as of April 2020 and emphasised that many more conflicts remained undocumented 14 Parties involved in these conflicts include locally affected communities states companies and investors and social or environmental movements 17 18 typically environmental defenders are protecting their homelands from resource extraction or hazardous waste disposal 14 Resource extraction and hazardous waste activities often create resource scarcities such as by overfishing or deforestation pollute the environment and degrade the living space for humans and nature resulting in conflict 19 Frequently environmental conflicts focus on environmental justice issues the rights of indigenous people the rights of peasants or threats to communities whose livelihoods are dependent on the ocean 14 Outcomes of local conflicts are increasingly influenced by trans national environmental justice networks that comprise the global environmental justice movement 14 20 Environmental conflict can complicate response to natural disaster or exacerbate existing conflicts especially in the context of geopolitical disputes or where communities have been displaced to create environmental migrants 21 16 19 The terms socio environmental conflict environmental conflict or EDCs are sometimes used interchangeably The study of these conflicts is related to the fields of ecological economics political ecology and environmental justice Costs EditSee also Cost of pollution and Cost of global warming This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it October 2016 Action EditJustice Edit This section is an excerpt from Environmental justice edit Environmental justice is a social movement to address the unfair exposure of poor and marginalized communities to harms from hazardous waste resource extraction and other land uses 22 The movement has generated hundreds of studies showing that exposure to environmental harms is inequitably distributed 23 The global environmental justice movement arises from place based environmental conflicts in which local environmental defenders frequently confront multi national corporations in resource extraction or other industries Local outcomes of these conflicts are increasingly influenced by trans national environmental justice networks 24 25 The movement began in the United States in the 1980s and was heavily influenced by the American civil rights movement The original conception of environmental justice in the 1980s focused on harms to marginalised racial groups within rich countries such as the United States and was framed as environmental racism The movement was later expanded to consider gender international environmental discrimination and inequalities within disadvantaged groups As the movement achieved some success in more affluent countries environmental burdens have shifted to the Global South as for example through extractivism or the global waste trade The movement for environmental justice has thus become more global with some of its aims now being articulated by the United Nations Environmental justice scholars have produced a large interdisciplinary body of social science literature that includes political ecology contributions to environmental law and theories on justice and sustainability 22 26 Law Edit This section is an excerpt from Environmental law edit Environmental law is a collective term encompassing aspects of the law that provide protection to the environment 27 A related but distinct set of regulatory regimes now strongly influenced by environmental legal principles focus on the management of specific natural resources such as forests minerals or fisheries Other areas such as environmental impact assessment may not fit neatly into either category but are nonetheless important components of environmental law Movement Edit This section is an excerpt from Environmental movement edit Levels of air pollution rose during the Industrial Revolution sparking the first modern environmental laws to be passed in the mid 19th century The environmental movement sometimes referred to as the ecology movement also including conservation and green politics is a diverse philosophical social and political movement for addressing environmental issues Environmentalists advocate the just and sustainable management of resources and stewardship of the environment through changes in public policy and individual behaviour In its recognition of humanity as a participant in not enemy of ecosystems the movement is centered on ecology health and human rights The environmental movement is an international movement represented by a range of organizations from enterprises to grassroots and varies from country to country Due to its large membership varying and strong beliefs and occasionally speculative nature the environmental movement is not always united in its goals The movement also encompasses some other movements with a more specific focus such as the climate movement At its broadest the movement includes private citizens professionals religious devotees politicians scientists nonprofit organizations and individual advocates Organizations Edit Main article Environmental organization Environmental issues are addressed at a regional national or international level by government organizations The largest international agency set up in 1972 is the United Nations Environment Programme The International Union for Conservation of Nature brings together 83 states 108 government agencies 766 Non governmental organizations and 81 international organizations and about 10 000 experts scientists from countries around the world 28 International non governmental organizations include Greenpeace Friends of the Earth and World Wide Fund for Nature Governments enact environmental policy and enforce environmental law and this is done to differing degrees around the world Film and television EditMain article Environmental issues in film and television There are an increasing number of films being produced on environmental issues especially on climate change and global warming Al Gore s 2006 film An Inconvenient Truth gained commercial success and a high media profile See also EditCitizen science Ecotax Environmental impact statement Index of environmental articlesIssues List of environmental issues includes mitigation and conservation Specific issues Environmental impact of agriculture Environmental impact of aviation Environmental impact of reservoirs Environmental impact of the energy industry Environmental impact of fishing Environmental impact of irrigation Environmental impact of mining Environmental impact of paint Environmental impact of paper Environmental impact of pesticides Environmental implications of nanotechnology Environmental impact of shipping Environmental impact of warReferences Edit Jhariya et al 2022 https www sciencedirect com book 9780128229767 natural resources conservation and advances for sustainability Natural Resources Conservation and Advances for Sustainability Chapter 7 5 ISBN 978 0 12 822976 7 Eccleston Charles H 2010 Global Environmental Policy Concepts Principles and Practice Chapter 7 ISBN 978 1439847664 Alberro Heather Why we should be wary of blaming overpopulation for the climate crisis The Conversation Retrieved 2020 12 31 David Attenborough s claim that humans have overrun the planet is his most popular comment www newstatesman com 4 November 2020 Retrieved 2021 08 03 Dominic Lawson The population timebomb is a myth The doom sayers are becoming more fashionable just as experts are coming to the view it has all been one giant false alarm The Independent UK 18 January 2011 Retrieved 30 November 2011 Nassen Jonas Andersson David Larsson Jorgen Holmberg John 2015 Explaining the Variation in Greenhouse Gas Emissions Between Households Socioeconomic Motivational and Physical Factors Journal of Industrial Ecology 19 3 480 489 doi 10 1111 jiec 12168 ISSN 1530 9290 S2CID 154132383 Moser Stephanie Kleinhuckelkotten Silke 2017 06 09 Good Intents but Low Impacts Diverging Importance of Motivational and Socioeconomic Determinants Explaining Pro Environmental Behavior Energy Use and Carbon Footprint Environment and Behavior 50 6 626 656 doi 10 1177 0013916517710685 ISSN 0013 9165 S2CID 149413363 Lynch Michael J Long Michael A Stretesky Paul B Barrett Kimberly L 2019 05 15 Measuring the Ecological Impact of the Wealthy Excessive Consumption Ecological Disorganization Green Crime and Justice Social Currents 6 4 377 395 doi 10 1177 2329496519847491 ISSN 2329 4965 S2CID 181366798 Environment U N 2021 02 11 Making Peace With Nature UNEP UN Environment Programme Retrieved 2022 02 18 SDGs will address three planetary crises harming life on Earth UN News 2021 04 27 Retrieved 2022 02 18 Johnson D L S H Ambrose T J Bassett M L Bowen D E Crummey J S Isaacson D N Johnson P Lamb M Saul and A E Winter Nelson 1997 Meanings of environmental terms Journal of Environmental Quality 26 581 589 Types of Environmental Issues ISDR Terminology The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction 2004 03 31 Retrieved 2010 06 09 a b c d e Scheidel Arnim Del Bene Daniela Liu Juan Navas Grettel Mingorria Sara Demaria Federico Avila Sofia Roy Brototi Ertor Irmak Temper Leah Martinez Alier Joan 2020 07 01 Environmental conflicts and defenders A global overview Global Environmental Change 63 102104 doi 10 1016 j gloenvcha 2020 102104 ISSN 0959 3780 PMC 7418451 PMID 32801483 Lee James R 2019 06 12 What is a field and why does it grow Is there a field of environmental conflict Environmental Conflict and Cooperation Routledge pp 69 75 doi 10 4324 9781351139243 9 ISBN 978 1 351 13924 3 S2CID 198051009 retrieved 2022 02 18 a b Libiszewski Stephan What is an Environmental Conflict Journal of Peace Research 28 4 1991 407 422 Cardoso Andrea December 2015 Behind the life cycle of coal Socio environmental liabilities of coal mining in Cesar Colombia Ecological Economics 120 71 82 doi 10 1016 j ecolecon 2015 10 004 Orta Martinez Marti Finer Matt December 2010 Oil frontiers and indigenous resistance in the Peruvian Amazon Ecological Economics 70 2 207 218 doi 10 1016 j ecolecon 2010 04 022 a b Mason Simon Spillman Kurt R 2009 11 17 Environmental Conflicts and Regional Conflict Management WELFARE ECONOMICS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Volume II EOLSS Publications ISBN 978 1 84826 010 8 Martinez Alier Joan Temper Leah Del Bene Daniela Scheidel Arnim 2016 Is there a global environmental justice movement Journal of Peasant Studies 43 3 731 755 doi 10 1080 03066150 2016 1141198 S2CID 156535916 Environment Conflict and Peacebuilding International Institute for Sustainable Development Retrieved 2022 02 18 a b Schlosberg David 2007 Defining Environmental Justice Theories Movements and Nature Oxford University Press Malin Stephanie June 25 2019 Environmental justice and natural resource extraction intersections of power equity and access Environmental Sociology 5 2 109 116 doi 10 1080 23251042 2019 1608420 S2CID 198588483 Scheidel Arnim July 2020 Environmental conflicts and defenders A global overview Global Environmental Change 63 102104 doi 10 1016 j gloenvcha 2020 102104 PMC 7418451 PMID 32801483 Martinez Alier Joan Temper Leah Del Bene Daniela Scheidel Arnim 2016 Is there a global environmental justice movement Journal of Peasant Studies 43 3 731 755 doi 10 1080 03066150 2016 1141198 S2CID 156535916 Miller G Tyler Jr 2003 Environmental Science Working With the Earth 9th ed Pacific Grove California Brooks Cole p G5 ISBN 0 534 42039 7 Phillipe Sands 2003 Principles of International Environmental Law 2nd Edition p xxi Available at 1 Accessed 19 February 2020 About IUCN 2014 12 03 Retrieved 2017 05 20 External links Edit Media related to Environmental problems at Wikimedia Commons Portal Environment Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Environmental issues amp oldid 1139918798, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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