People's Justice Party (Malaysia)

This article is about the People's Justice Party of Malaysia. For the British political party of the same name, see People's Justice Party (UK). For the National Justice Party, see National Justice Party (United States).

The People's Justice Party (Malay: Parti Keadilan Rakyat, often known simply as KEADILAN^[6] or PKR) is a reformist political party in Malaysia formed on 3 August 2003 through a merger of the party's predecessor, the National Justice Party, with the socialist Malaysian People's Party.^[7] The party's predecessor was founded by Wan Azizah Wan Ismail during the height of the Reformasi movement on 4 April 1999 after the arrest of her husband, former Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim. The party is one of main partners of the Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition.

People's Justice Party
Malay name	Parti Keadilan Rakyat ڤرتي كعاديلن رعيت
Chinese name	人民公正黨 Jîn-bîn Kong-chèng-tóng Jan4 man4 gung1 zing3 dong2
Tamil name	மக்கள் நீதி கட்சி Makkaḷ Nīti Kaṭci
Abbreviation	KEADILAN official, PKR
President	Anwar Ibrahim
Secretary-General	Saifuddin Nasution Ismail
Deputy President	Rafizi Ramli
Vice-Presidents	Amirudin Shari Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad Chang Lih Kang Aminuddin Harun Nurul Izzah Anwar Saraswathy Kandasamy Awang Husaini Sahari
AMK's Chief	Adam Adli
Women's Chief	Fadhlina Sidek
Founder	Anwar Ibrahim Wan Azizah Wan Ismail
Founded	10 December 1998 (Formation of Pergerakan Keadilan Sosial NGO) 4 April 1999 (Takeover of Ikatan Masyarakat Islam Malaysia and renamed Parti Keadilan Nasional) 3 August 2003 (Merger with Parti Rakyat Malaysia and renamed Parti Keadilan Rakyat)
Merger of	Parti Keadilan Nasional and Parti Rakyat Malaysia (3 August 2003)
Preceded by	Ikatan Masyarakat Islam Malaysia; Parti Keadilan Nasional and Parti Rakyat Malaysia
Headquarters	A-1-09, Merchant Square, Jalan Tropicana Selatan 1, 47410 Petaling Jaya, Selangor
Newspaper	Suara Keadilan
Think tank	Institut Rakyat
Student wing	Mahasiswa Keadilan
Youth wing	Angkatan Muda Keadilan (AMK)
Women's wing	Wanita Keadilan
Women's youth wing	Srikandi Keadilan
Membership (2022)	2.97 million
Ideology	Liberal democracy^[1] Social liberalism^[2]^[3] Multiculturalism
Political position	Centre^[4]
National affiliation	Barisan Alternatif (1999–2004) Pakatan Rakyat (2008–2015) Pakatan Harapan (Since 2015)
International affiliation	Liberal International (Observer)^[5]
Colours	Light blue, red, white
Slogan	Keadilan Untuk Semua Ketuanan Rakyat Demi Rakyat Reformasi Lawan Tetap Lawan Membujur Lalu Melintang Patah
Anthem	Arus Perjuangan Bangsa
Dewan Negara:	7 / 70
Dewan Rakyat:	31 / 222
Dewan Undangan Negeri:	54 / 607
Chief minister of states	2 / 13
Election symbol
Party flag
Website
www.keadilanrakyat.org
Politics of Malaysia Political parties Elections

In the first general elections contested by the party in 1999, the party won five seats in the Dewan Rakyat. A resurgence of the ruling Barisan Nasional coalition in the 2004 general elections reduced the party to just one seat. However, an election wave in the 2008 general elections favoring the opposition increased the party's parliamentary representation to 31 seats, as well as allowing them to form the government in 5 states. This triggered the resignation of Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi and a lift on the five-year political ban imposed on Anwar Ibrahim on 14 April 2008.

The Pakatan Harapan coalition defeated Barisan Nasional, which had ruled the country for 60 years since independence, in the 2018 general elections, allowing the coalition to form the government. However, defections from within PKR as well as the withdrawal of the Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU) from the coalition caused the collapse of the PH government after just 22 months in power, culminating in the 2020 Malaysian political crisis that resulted in the rise of the Perikatan Nasional government with ally-turned-enemy Muhyiddin Yassin at the helm. The PH coalition would return to power once again after the 2022 elections. The elections produced a hung parliament for the first time in the country's history, but an alliance with other parties allowed Anwar Ibrahim to become the 10th Prime Minister of Malaysia through a unity government with his political rivals in Barisan Nasional as well as other political coalitions and parties to achieve a two-thirds majority in the Dewan Rakyat.

The party enjoys strong support from urban states such as Selangor, Penang, Perak, Negeri Sembilan and Johor, as well as the capital city of Kuala Lumpur. It promotes an agenda with a strong emphasis on social justice and anti-corruption, as well as adopting a platform that seeks to abolish the New Economic Policy to replace it with an economic policy that takes a non-ethnic approach in poverty eradication and correcting economic imbalances.

History

Early years

 

Anwar Ibrahim, founder and leader of the party

The economy of Malaysia was affected by the 1997 Asian financial crisis.^[8] The finance minister at the time, Anwar Ibrahim (also the deputy prime minister), instituted a series of economic reforms and austerity measures in response. These actions were exacerbated when he tabled controversial amendments to the Anti-Corruption Act that sought to increase the powers of the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC).^[9] Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad disagreed with these measures and ultimately sacked Anwar from all his posts.^[10] This incident and the circumstances in which it happened led to a public outcry in what became known as the Reformasi movement, but it also resulted in the arrest and subsequent incarceration of Anwar on what many believed to be politically motivated charges of sexual misconduct and corruption.^[11]

The movement, which began while the country hosted the Commonwealth Games, initially demanded the resignation of Malaysia's then-Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohamad, and for the end of alleged corruption and cronyism within the Barisan Nasional-led (BN) government. It would go on to become a reformist movement demanding social equality and social justice in Malaysia. The movement consisted of civil disobedience, demonstrations, sit-ins, rioting, occupations and online activism.^[12]

Foundation

Once Anwar had been detained, the Reformasi movement continued to develop, with "Justice for Anwar" remaining a potent rallying call. Before his arrest, Anwar had designated his wife, Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, as the successor of the movement. Wan Azizah developed an enormous following, attracting thousands to her speeches. For a time, these followers held massive weekend street demonstrations, mostly in Kuala Lumpur but also occasionally in Penang and other cities, for "keadilan" (justice) and against Mahathir.

Building on the momentum of Reformasi, a political movement called the Social Justice Movement (Malay: Pergerakan Keadilan Sosial), also known as ADIL, was launched on 10 December 1998 and was led by Wan Azizah.^[13][14] However, facing difficulties in registering ADIL as a political party, the Reformasi movement instead merged with the Muslim Community Union of Malaysia (Malay: Ikatan Masyarakat Islam Malaysia), a minor Islamic political party based in Terengganu, and relaunched it as the National Justice Party (Malay: Parti Keadilan Nasional), also known as PKN or KeADILan, on 4 April 1999. The registration was just in time for the new party to take part in the 1999 general elections.^[15] The launch of KeADILan put to rest months of speculation about whether Wan Azizah and Anwar would merely remain in ADIL, join PAS, or try to stage a coup against UMNO. Although Keadilan was multiracial, its primary target was middle-class, middle-of-the-road Malays, particularly from UMNO. The party has been noted as having rough similarities with the now-defunct multi-racial social democratic Parti Keadilan Masyarakat Malaysia.^[16] The party was joined by the Democratic Action Party (DAP), the Malaysian People's Party (PRM) and the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) in a big tent alliance of liberals, socialists, and Islamists known as Barisan Alternatif to take on the ruling BN coalition in the 1999 general elections.^[17]

Arrests

Between 27 and 30 September 1999, seven activists, including Keadilan leaders; Vice-President Tian Chua, N. Gobalakrishnan, Youth leader Mohd Ezam Mohd Nor, Fairus Izuddin and Dr Badrul Amin Baharun; were arrested and as a result prevented from contesting in the elections.^[18] Further arrests were made on 10 April 2001 and those arrested were subsequently charged and incarcerated under the Internal Security Act.^[19] They became known as the Reformasi 10.^[20]

1999 general election

The legislative elections of 29 November 1999 were convened in advance, the pretext being the start of Ramadan. As the outgoing Parliament was dissolved on 11 November, the campaign was very short, drawing strong criticism from the opposition. The party entered the campaign with many of its key leaders under arrest along with many disadvantages, as the short campaign was marked by the distribution of pornographic videocassettes implicating former Deputy Prime Minister Anwar in the villages, as well as the opposition having a lack of access to written and audiovisual media.^[21] As a result of the mounting disadvantages, the election saw the party winning only five parliamentary seats in the elections despite gaining 11.67% of the total votes cast. However, Wan Azizah was elected as the Member of Parliament for Permatang Pauh; the seat formerly held by her husband, Anwar Ibrahim, with a majority of 9,077 votes. The Barisan Alternatif as a whole gained 40.21% of the total votes cast with PAS winning 27 seats and DAP winning ten seats. The big opposition winner was PAS, which gained 20 seats as well as a majority in two Assemblies in the northern States of Kelantan and Terangganu. As for the BN coalition of Mahathir Mohamad, it however scored a two-thirds majority with 148 seats (despite losing 14 seats). Nevertheless, the BN coalition lost power in two of the thirteen states, along with four members of Mahathir's Cabinet who also lost their seats. For the first time in Malaysia's history, UMNO, the dominant Malay-based party which had ruled the country for 40 years since independence, received less than half of the total vote of ethnic Malays.

Merger with Parti Rakyat Malaysia

The post election period saw negotiations between KeADILan and Parti Rakyat Malaysia on a possible merger.^[22] Despite some opposition in both parties to the move,^[23][24] a 13-point Memorandum of Understanding was eventually signed by the two parties on 5 July 2002.^[25] On 3 August 2003, the new merged entity was officially launched and assumed its current name.^[26] Somehow, as PRM had yet to be de-registered by the authorities, the remained dissidents convened a National Congress in Johor Bahru and elected a new Executive Committee led by former PRM youth leader, Hassan Abdul Karim to resume political activities on 17 April 2005.

 

Anwar Ibrahim speaking in 2005

2004 general election

As the new amendments to the party constitution had yet to be approved by the Registrar of Societies, candidates from PRM contested the 2004 general election using the symbol of the old National Justice Party.^[27] The party fared poorly in the elections and only managed to retain one parliamentary seat, Permatang Pauh which is held by Dr Wan Azizah, despite winning 9% of the popular vote. The poor showing was later attributed to malapportionment and gerrymandering in the delineation of constituencies, with one estimate suggesting that on average, a vote for the BN government was worth 28 times the vote of a Keadilan supporter.^{[28][unreliable source?]}

Anwar Ibrahim freed

On 2 September 2004, in a decision by the Federal Court, Anwar Ibrahim's sodomy conviction was overturned and he was freed. This unexpected turn of events came timely for KEADILAN which was facing flagging morale due to its dismal performance in the elections.

In December 2005 PKR organised its second national congress.^{[29][unreliable source?]} Among the motions passed was the New Economic Agenda^[30] that envisioned a non-racial economic policy to replace the race-based New Economic Policy. PKR managed a breakthrough into Sarawak politics in May 2006. In Sarawak state elections, Dominique Ng, a lawyer and activist, won in the Padungan constituency in Kuching, a majority Chinese locale. KEADILAN lost narrowly in Saribas, a Malay-Melanau constituency by just 94 votes. Sarawak is a traditional BN stronghold. PKR has also pursued an aggressive strategy of getting key personalities from within and outside politics. In July 2006, Khalid Ibrahim, former CEO of Permodalan Nasional Berhad and Guthrie, was appointed as Treasurer of the PKR.

2008 general election

In the 2008 elections, PKR won 31 seats in Parliament, with the DAP and PAS making substantial gains as well with 28 seats and 23 seats respectively. In total, the taking of 82 seats by the opposition to BN's 140 seats made it the best performance in Malaysian history by the opposition, and denied BN the two-thirds majority required to make constitutional changes in the Dewan Rakyat.

PKR also successfully contested the state legislative elections which saw the loose coalition of PKR, DAP and PAS forming coalition governments in the states of Kelantan, Kedah, Penang, Perak and Selangor. The offices of the Menteri Besar of Selangor and the Deputy Chief Minister of Penang were held by KEADILAN elected representatives, Khalid Ibrahim and Mohd Fairus Khairuddin, respectively.

Anwar's return to politics

On 14 April 2008, Anwar celebrated his official return to the political stage, as his ban from public office expired a decade after he was sacked as deputy prime minister. One of the main reasons the opposition seized a third of parliamentary seats and five states in the worst ever showing for the BN coalition that has ruled for half a century, was due to him leading at the helm.^[31] A gathering of more than 10,000 supporters greeted Anwar in a rally welcoming back his return to politics. In the midst of the rally, police interrupted Anwar after he had addressed the rally for nearly half an hour and forced him to stop the gathering.^{[32][unreliable source?]}

Malaysia's government intensified its efforts on 6 March to portray opposition figure Anwar Ibrahim as political turncoats, days ahead of Malaysian general election, 2008 on 8 March that would determine whether he posed a legitimate threat to the ruling coalition.^[33] Campaigning wrapped up 7 March for general elections that would see gains for Malaysia's opposition amid anger over race and religion among minority Chinese and Indians.^[34] Malaysians voted on 8 March 2008 in parliamentary elections.^[34] Election results showed that the ruling government suffered a setback when it failed to obtain two-thirds majority in parliament, and five out of 12 state legislatures were won by the opposition parties.^[35] Reasons for the setback of the ruling party, which had retained power since the nation declared independence in 1957, were the rising inflation, crime and ethnic tensions.^[36]

Permatang Pauh by-election

Malaysia's government and ruling coalition declared defeat in a landslide victory in the by-election by Anwar Ibrahim. Muhammad Muhammad Taib, information chief of the United Malays National Organisation which leads the BN coalition stated: Yes of course we have lost . . . we were the underdogs going into this race.^[37] Malaysia's Election Commission officials announced Anwar won by an astounding majority against Arif Shah Omar Shah of National Front coalition and over Prime Minister Abdullah Badawi's UMNO.^[38] Reuters reported that according to news website Malaysiakini, Anwar Ibrahim had won with a majority of 16,210 votes. He had won 26,646 votes, while BN's Arif Omar won 10,436 votes.^[39] Anwar's People's Justice Party's spokeswoman Ginie Lim told BBC: "We won already. We are far ahead".^[38]

On 28 August 2008, Anwar, dressed in a dark blue traditional Malay outfit and black "songkok" hat, took the oath at the main chamber of Parliament house in Kuala Lumpur, as MP for Permatang Pauh at 10.03 am before Speaker Tan Sri Pandikar Amin Mulia. He formally declared Anwar the leader of the 3-party opposition alliance. With his wife Wan Azizah Wan Ismail and his daughter Nurul Izzah Anwar, also a parliamentarian, Anwar announced: "I'm glad to be back after a decade. The prime minister has lost the mandate of the country and the nation".^[40][41] Anwar needed at least 30 government lawmakers especially from Sabah and Sarawak MPs' votes to defect to form a government.^[42][43]

Suara Keadilan publication license suspended

In June 2010, Suara Keadilan's publication was suspended for publishing a report which claimed a government agency is bankrupt. Suara Keadilan is run by opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim's PKR party. The Home Ministry, which oversees Malaysia's newspapers, said it was not satisfied with the paper's explanation for the allegedly inaccurate report.^[44]

Kajang Move

Main article: Kajang Move

In 2014, the Party's Strategy Director then Vice-President-cum-Secretary-General, Rafizi Ramli initiated the failed Kajang Move in a bid to topple the 14th Menteri Besar of Selangor, Abdul Khalid Ibrahim, and install the party's de facto leader Anwar Ibrahim as his replacement. The political manoeuvre resulted in a nine-month political crisis within the state of Selangor and the Pakatan Rakyat coalition, that also involved the palace of Selangor, a by-election costing RM1.6 million in taxpayers’ money, the party losing one seat in Selangor's assembly and Malaysian Parliament. PKR also ended up not getting the Menteri Besar that it wanted.^[45] The crisis concluded with the appointment of PKR's Deputy President, Azmin Ali, as the 15th Menteri Besar of Selangor. Most analysts say that the Kajang Move was a great failure.^[46]

PD Move

On 12 September 2018 the incumbent Danyal Balagopal Abdullah resigned as Member of Parliament for Port Dickson to allow Anwar Ibrahim, who had been granted a royal pardon by the country's monarch the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to re-enter parliament after a 3-year absence. The resignation caused the Port Dickson by-election, 2018 and was dubbed the 'PD Move'. Anwar won the seat with an increased majority against six other candidates.^[47]

Collapse of the Pakatan Harapan government

The 2020 Malaysian political crisis culminated in the collapse of the Pakatan Harapan government. The political crisis began when several political forces, including then PKR deputy president Azmin Ali, attempted to depose the current government led by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad by forming a new government without going through a general election. This was achieved through backroom deals popularly known as the Sheraton Move, which saw the withdrawal of BERSATU from the coalition as well as the exit of Azmin Ali along with 10 other PKR MPs. This deprived the coalition of its majority and paved the way for Muhyiddin Yassin, the President of BERSATU, to form a backdoor government positioning himself as Prime Minister with the support of the newly formed Perikatan Nasional coalition

During the political crisis, in a Facebook Live broadcast of a night prayer session at Anwar's residence, Anwar said that he had been informed of a "treachery" being committed that involved "former friends from BERSATU and a small group from PKR".^[48] Later, Azmin, in a statement, claimed that his action was to protect then Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, who was forced to choose a date for the transition of power during Pakatan Harapan's presidential meeting on 21 February, and that the statutory declaration presented to the Agong was to cement support for Mahathir, not to elect a new prime minister.^[49] He further said that the real traitor was the faction that tried to usurp Mahathir.^[50]

On 24 February 2020, PKR held a press conference where its general secretary, Saifuddin Nasution Ismail, announced that Azmin and the Minister of Housing and Local Government, Zuraida Kamaruddin, who was then a vice president of PKR, had been dismissed by the party.^[51] Saifuddin explained that they were expelled due to their actions on 23 February which went against the party's official line regarding the position of Prime Minister.^[52] Azmin later announced that he would be forming an independent bloc at the parliament along with Zuraida and the other nine MPs who had left the party following his expulsion.^[53]

PKR held a meeting at its headquarters on 1 March 2020.^[54] While leaving the headquarters after the meeting ended, members who were associated with the former deputy president Azmin Ali, such as vice-president Tian Chua and former youth wing deputy chief Afif Bahardin, were harassed and assaulted by PKR supporters who accused them of being "traitors". Police later revealed that one arrest had been made in relation to the incident involving Chua, with at least two reports were lodged.^[55]

A large number of PKR grassroots member who aligned with Azmin's camp had left the party once the political crisis began. This began with three PKR Kelantan branch leaders who announced their immediate departure from the party on 26 February after Azmin and Zuraida Kamaruddin, the party's vice-president, were sacked from their positions and expelled after their betrayal in the Sheraton Move.^[56] This continued with around 2,000 members from the Pasir Puteh branch in Kelantan leaving the party on 28 February, ^[57] followed by 536 members from the Kota Raja branch in Selangor on 1 March.^[58] The day after, around 400 PKR members in Perak also left the party.^[59] This exodus was continued by the exit of 500 members from the Arau and Padang Besar branches in Perlis on 15 March.^[60]

On 4 March 2020, the Penang Exco of Agriculture, Agro-based Industries, Rural Development and Health, Afif Bahardin, resigned from his position in Penang State Executive Council.^[61] A known supporter of Azmin Ali back when the latter was the party's deputy president,^[62] he claimed to have been pressured by the party's state and central leadership to resign from his post.^[63] He was replaced by Norlela Ariffin, the state assemblywoman for Penanti, who was appointed as the new state councillor and sworn in on 12 March in front of the Yang Dipertua Negeri, Abdul Rahman Abbas.^[64][65] On the same day, Chong Fat Full, another Azmin ally representing Pemanis in the Johor assembly, formally announced his exit from the party to become a Perikatan-friendly independent, effectively handling them a majority in the state assembly with a marginal 29 seats against Harapan's 27, thus seizing control of a key state that had previously been won by Harapan.^[66]

The collapse of Harapan governments in the state level continued on 12 May when two Azmin allies in the Kedah assembly: Robert Ling Kui Ee and Azman Nasrudin, representing Sidam and Lunas respectively, had both left the party to become independents supporting Perikatan Nasional.^[67] This handed a majority for Perikatan to form the Kedah government, seizing yet another state that had previously been won by Harapan, thus leaving the coalition with only 13 of 36 seats. This allowed Kedah state opposition leader Muhammad Sanusi Md Nor to announce the formation of a new government later in the day with the support of 23 state assemblymen, including the two ex-PKR members and four of six BERSATU assemblymen previously aligned with Pakatan Harapan.^[68][69] What followed was another departure on 17 May by the Srikandi Keadilan Chief, Nurainie Haziqah Shafii, claiming to have 'lost confidence in the idealism of the struggle and the direction of PKR'.^[70]

The month of June witnessed the departure of more PKR members and representatives, beginning with the Member of Parliament (MP) for Lubok Antu, Jugah Muyang, on 5 June. He had been elected as an independent in the previous election before joining PKR after they had formed the government. However, he left them for BERSATU after the latter deposed the previous government and became the new ruling party. This was followed by another independent MP, Syed Abu Hussin Hafiz, who was MP for Bukit Gantang and had previously been elected under UMNO, who also joined BERSATU alongside Jugah.^[71][72][73] The departures continued on June 13, when Daroyah Alwi, the Deputy Speaker & Exco of the Selangor state assembly as well as an ally of Azmin Ali, announced that she had quit the party to became an independent in support of Perikatan Nasional. She came out on the grounds that he had "lost confidence in the President (Anwar Ibrahim) and his harpist leadership of the idealism of the struggle".^[74]

The exodus of party members in support of Azmin Ali continued on 21 June when 50 Johor Wanita PKR leaders left the party,^[75] followed by 25 PKR grassroots leaders in the Saratok branch, that was once led by the traitrous Ali Biju, on 22 June.^[76] This was followed by the departure of Afif Bahardin on 24 June. He had been another key Azmin ally, having previously been Deputy Youth Chief of the party before marginally losing the election for the position of Youth Chief in 2018, ^[77] His departure was followed by Haniza Talha on 29 June, who had been another prominent Azmin ally, being the women's chief of PKR as well as a Selangor Exco.^[78] On 11 July, she was sacked as a State Exco member.^[79] Haniza Talha has described PKR's decision to sack her from the party as an “act of revenge”.^[80] On the same day, she was replaced by the Kuantan MP, Fuziah Salleh, as the party's new Women's Chief^[81]

On 30 June 2020, Salleh Said Keruak, a prominent politician who was a former Sabah Chief Minister and Federal Minister from UMNO, cancelled his application to join PKR citing the party's internal turmoil. He said the decision was made last April, and with the cancellation, he remained an independent since leaving UMNO in 2018. Previously, Salleh had applied to join PKR in October of the previous year.^[82] On 1 July 2020, Terengganu PKR women chief, Sharifah Norhayati Syed Omar Alyahya exit PKR along with 131 other members. The decision was made after seeing injustice in the party's top leadership.^[83]

The series of departures continued throughout July when PKR's Terengganu women's chief, Sharifah Norhayati Syed Omar Alyahya, left PKR along with 131 other members on 1 July.^[84] This was followed by the Penang state assemblyman from Sungai Acheh, Zulkifli Ibrahim, who was sacked from PKR before joining BERSATU on 4 July.^[85] On the same day, 250 PKR members from the Ampang branch left the party,^[86] along with two councillors, Jess Choy and Shoba Selvarajoo, who was also an Exco in the women's wing.^[87] The party's Jempol branch chief, Karip Mohd Salleh, left the party along with 25 other members on 15 July, causing the branch to be temporarily paralysed.^[88] On 30 July, Inanam assemblyman & Sabah Assistant Minister of Finance, Kenny Chua Teck Ho, was sacked from PKR for backing UMNO's Musa Aman as Chief Minister of Sabah^[89]

On 9 August 2020, BERSATU's Kuala Krau Division Chief, Mohamad Rafidee Hashim, left the party and joined PKR. He stated his action was because "the party was more consistent and principled in its efforts to fight for reform".^[90]

The defections of PKR MPs continued when two MPs, Steven Choong and Larry Sng, who represented Tebrau and Julau respectively, became independents on 27 and 28 February 2021. They would both go on to form the Parti Bangsa Malaysia (PBM) and declare their support for the ruling Perikatan Nasional coalition.^[91] The exodus would finally end on 13 March 2021 when PKR vice-president Xavier Jayakumar, another known Azmin ally, announced his resignation as both vice-president and party member, citing his 'frustrations' by the events of the past year. Subsequently, he would become an independent MP while declaring his full support to Perikatan Nasional's leadership.^[92]

Ideology

PKR's constitution has as one of their core principles,^[93] the establishment of "a society that is just and a nation that is democratic, progressive and united". In practice, the party has primarily focused on promoting social justice,^[94] economic justice,^[95][96] eliminating political corruption^[97] and human rights issues^[98] within a non-ethnic framework.^[99]

List of leaders

President

Order	Name	Term of office		Mandates
1	Wan Azizah Wan Ismail	4 April 1999	17 November 2018	1st (2001) 2nd (2004) 3rd (2007) 4th (2010) 5th (2014)
2	Anwar Ibrahim	17 November 2018	Incumbent	6th (2018) 7th (2022)

Deputy President

Order	Name	Term of office		Mandates
1	Chandra Muzaffar	1999	2001	–
2	Abdul Rahman Othman	2001	2007	1st (2001) 2nd (2004)
3	Syed Husin Ali	2007	28 November 2010	3rd (2007)
4	Mohamed Azmin Ali	28 November 2010	24 February 2020	4th (2010) 5th (2014) 6th (2018)
-	Vacant	24 February 2020	17 July 2022	-
5	Rafizi Ramli	17 July 2022	Incumbent	7th (2022)

Party Organisational Structure (2022–2025)

Central Leadership Council

President: Anwar Ibrahim Deputy President: Rafizi Ramli Vice-Presidents (elected): Amirudin Shari Chang Lih Kang Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad Aminuddin Harun Vice-Presidents (appointed): Nurul Izzah Anwar Saraswathy Kandasami Awang Husaini Sahari Secretary-General: Saifuddin Nasution Ismail Treasurer: William Leong Information Chief: Fahmi Fadzil Chief Organising Secretary: Zahir Hassan Director of Communications: Lee Chean Chung Director of Strategies: Akmal Nasir Director of Election Machinery: Rafizi Ramli

Central Leadership Council Members (elected): Dr. Maszlee Malik Fahmi Zainol Mohd Yahya Sahri Nurin Aina Surip Romli Ishak Siti Aishah Sheikh Ismail Syed Ibrahim Syed Noh Hans Isaac Simon Ooi Tze Min Wong Chen Raiyan Abdul Rahim Tan Kar Hing David Cheong Kian Young Hee Loy Sian Amidi Abdul Manan Elizabeth Wong Muhammad Bakhtiar Wan Chik Central Leadership Council Members (appointed): Manivannan Gowindasamy Christina Liew Abun Sui Anyit Rodziah Ismail Yuneswaran Ramaraj State Chairpersons: Federal Territories & Johor: Rafizi Ramli Penang, Perlis & Kedah: Nurul Izzah Anwar Kelantan & Terengganu: Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad Melaka & Negeri Sembilan: Aminuddin Harun Pahang & Selangor: Amirudin Shari Perak: Chang Lih Kang Sabah: Sangkar Rasam Sarawak: Roland Engan

Youth Wing (Angkatan Muda Keadilan)

Youth Chief: Adam Adli Deputy Youth Chief: Muhammad Kamil Abdul Munim Vice-Youth Chiefs (elected): Atyrah Hanim Razali Pravin Murali Pransanth Kumar Brakasam Vice-Youth Chiefs (appointed): Chermaine Thoo Suet Mei Wendey Agung Baruh Youth Secretary: Omar Mokhtar A Manap Youth Organising Secretary: Muhammad Arshad Hassni Youth Treasurer: Mohd Hilmy Yakap Youth Information Chief: Muhammad Haziq Azfar Ishak Youth Communications Director: Muhammad Syaril Showkat Ali Youth Strategies Director: Bryan Ng Yih Miin Youth Elections Directors: Muhammad Kamil Abdul Munim Prabakaran Parameswaran

Central Angkatan Muda Keadilan Leadership Council Members (elected): Fify Nuriety Harfizy Syamil Luthfi Samsul Bahrin Farah Ariana Nurazam Nanthakumar Poapalan Sathasivam Manohar Gavin Way Arham Rahimin Nasution Muhammad Husaini Mohd Yunos Ahmad Umar Khair Zainuddin Muhd Sallehuddin Nazaruddin Suria Vengadesh Kerishnan Ooi Mei Mei Nurrul Atika Azhar Siti Nur Qamarina Mohd Ghani Mohd Fakharuddin Muslim Central Angkatan Muda Keadilan Leadership Council Members (appointed): Mohd Nashriq Othaman Mohd Afiq Ayob Nadia Fathin Syahira Ahmad Nazri Wan Muhamad Haikal Wan Ghazali Ahmad Saifullah Razali State Youth Chiefs: Federal Territories: Mohammad Azfar Aza Azhar Johor: Mohamad Taufiq Ismail Kedah: Mohammed Taufiq Johari Kelantan: Mohamad Ezzat Zahrim Mohd Hanuzi Melaka: Muhammad Ridhuan Abu Samah Negeri Sembilan: Mohamad Afif Anuar Pahang: Chan Chun Kuang Penang: Muhammad Fadzli Roslan Perak: Za'im Sidqi Zulkifly Perlis: Raskhairulimran Raszali Sabah: Zaidi Jatil Sarawak: Chiew Choon Man Selangor: Muhammad Izuan Ahmad Kasim Terengganu: Md Asyraf Zulfadhly Md Zainudin

Women's Wing (Wanita Keadilan)

Women's Chief: Fadhlina Sidek Deputy Women's Chief: Juwairiya Zulkifli Vice-Women's Chiefs (elected): Wasanthee Sinnasamy June Leow Hsiad Hui Sangetha Jayakumar Vice-Women's Chiefs (appointed): Rufinah Pangeran Faizah Ariffin Srikandi Keadilan Chief: Anetha Vallaitham Pillai Women's Secretary: Loh Ker Chean Women's Treasurer: Sabrina Ahmad Women's Information Chief: Suzana Shaharudin Women's Communications Bureau Chiefs: Nurhidayah Che Rose Farzana Hayani Mohd Nasir Wan Zulaika Abdul Kahar Women's Elections Director: Juwairiya Zulkifli

Central Wanita Keadilan Leadership Council Members (elected): Loo Voon May Nor Faiza Samsi Telagapathi A. Marimuthu Mahani Abdul Moin Ermeemariana Saadon Natrah Ismail Siti Norffinie Mohamed Yassin Rabiatul Adawiyah Sulaiman Saribanon Saibon Noraziah Mohd Razit Mahani Masban Rozaliah Mokhtar Karen Kasturi James Ruthira K. Surasan Wan Zulaika Abdul Kahar Central Wanita Keadilan Leadership Council Members (appointed): Sandrea Ng Shy Ching Haryati Abu Nasir Kartini Madun Meneng Biris Anie Amat Idawatie Pariman Lim Kim Eng Noor Amelia Zainabila Zaiffri Saira Banu Syafiqa Zakaria Annur Nadhirah Abdul Halim State Women's Chiefs: Federal Territories: Rohani Hussin Johor: Zuraidah Zainab Md Zain Kedah: Sabrina Ahmad Kelantan: Nor Azmiza Mamat Melaka: Rusnah Aluai Negeri Sembilan: Noorzunita Begum Mohd Ibrahim Pahang: Haslindalina Hashim Penang: Nurhidayah Che Ros Perak: Norhayati Sani Perlis: Hashimah Hashim Sabah: Noriha Yakup Sarawak: Victoria Musa Selangor: Rozana Zainal Abidin Terengganu: Faizah Ariffin

Elected representatives

Dewan Negara (Senate)

Senators

Main article: Members of the Dewan Negara, 15th Malaysian Parliament

• His Majesty's appointee:
  • Saifuddin Nasution Ismail
  • Saraswathy Kandasamy
  • Fuziah Salleh
  • Abun Sui Anyit
  • Manolan Mohamad
• Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly:
  • Ahmad Azam Hamzah
• Penang State Legislative Assembly:
  • Amir Md Ghazali

Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)

Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament

Main article: Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 15th Malaysian Parliament

PKR has 31 members in the House of Representatives.

State	No.	Parliament Constituency	Member	Party
Kedah	P015	Sungai Petani	Mohammed Taufiq Johari		PKR
Penang	P047	Nibong Tebal	Fadhlina Sidek		PKR
	P052	Bayan Baru	Sim Tze Tzin		PKR
	P053	Balik Pulau	Muhammad Bakhtiar Wan Chik		PKR
Perak	P062	Sungai Siput	Kesavan Subramaniam		PKR
	P063	Tambun	Anwar Ibrahim		PKR
	P071	Gopeng	Tan Kar Hing		PKR
	P077	Tanjong Malim	Chang Lih Kang		PKR
Selangor	P097	Selayang	William Leong Jee Keen		PKR
	P098	Gombak	Amirudin Shari		PKR
	P099	Ampang	Rodziah Ismail		PKR
	P100	Pandan	Rafizi Ramli		PKR
	P104	Subang	Wong Chen		PKR
	P105	Petaling Jaya	Lee Chean Chung		PKR
	P107	Sungai Buloh	Ramanan Ramakrishnan		PKR
Kuala Lumpur	P115	Batu	Prabakaran Parameswaran		PKR
	P116	Wangsa Maju	Zahir Hassan		PKR
	P118	Setiawangsa	Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad		PKR
	P121	Lembah Pantai	Fahmi Fadzil		PKR
	P124	Bandar Tun Razak	Wan Azizah Wan Ismail		PKR
Negeri Sembilan	P132	Port Dickson	Aminuddin Harun		PKR
Malacca	P137	Hang Tuah Jaya	Adam Adli Abdul Halim		PKR
Johor	P140	Segamat	Yuneswaran Ramaraj		PKR
	P141	Sekijang	Zaliha Mustafa		PKR
	P144	Ledang	Syed Ibrahim Syed Noh		PKR
	P150	Batu Pahat	Onn Abu Bakar		PKR
	P158	Tebrau	Jimmy Puah Wee Tse		PKR
	P159	Pasir Gudang	Hassan Abdul Karim		PKR
	P160	Johor Bahru	Akmal Nasrullah Mohd Nasir		PKR
Sabah	P171	Sepanggar	Mustapha Sakmud		PKR
Sarawak	P219	Miri	Chiew Choon Man		PKR
Total	Kedah (1), Penang (3), Perak (4), Selangor (7), F.T. Kuala Lumpur (5), Negeri Sembilan (1), Malacca (1), Johor (7), Sabah (1), Sarawak (1)

Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)

Malaysian State Assembly Representatives

Main article: List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2018–)

Selangor State Legislative Assembly 19 / 56 Penang State Legislative Assembly 12 / 40 Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly 6 / 36 Kedah State Legislative Assembly 5 / 36

Johor State Legislative Assembly 1 / 56 Perak State Legislative Assembly 5 / 59 Perlis State Legislative Assembly 1 / 15

Pahang State Legislative Assembly 2 / 42 Sabah State Legislative Assembly 2 / 79 Sarawak State Legislative Assembly 0 / 82

Malacca State Legislative Assembly 0 / 28 Kelantan State Legislative Assembly 0 / 45 Terengganu State Legislative Assembly 0 / 33

State	No.	Parliament Constituency	No.	State Constituency	Member	Party
Perlis	P2	Kangar	N8	Indera Kayangan	Gan Ay Ling		PKR
Kedah	P9	Alor Setar	N12	Suka Menanti	Zamri Yusuf		PKR
			N14	Alor Mengkudu	Phahrolrazi Mohd Zawawi		PKR
	P14	Merbok	N25	Bukit Selambau	Summugam Rengasamy		PKR
	P15	Sungai Petani	N28	Bakar Arang	Ooi Tze Min		PKR
	P18	Kulim-Bandar Baharu	N35	Kulim	Yeo Keng Chuan		PKR
Penang	P41	Kepala Batas	N2	Pinang Tunggal	Ahmad Zakiyuddin Abdul Rahman		PKR
	P42	Tasek Gelugor	N6	Telok Ayer Tawar	Mustapha Kamal Ahmad		PKR
	P44	Permatang Pauh	N12	Penanti	Norlela Ariffin		PKR
	P45	Bukit Mertajam	N14	Machang Bubok	Lee Khai Loon		PKR
	P46	Batu Kawan	N17	Bukit Tengah	Gooi Hsiao-Leung		PKR
			N18	Bukit Tambun	Goh Choon Aik		PKR
	P47	Nibong Tebal	N21	Sungai Bakap	Amar Pritpal Abdullah		PKR
	P48	Bukit Bendera	N24	Kebun Bunga	Ong Khan Lee		PKR
	P52	Bayan Baru	N35	Batu Uban	Kumaresan Aramugam		PKR
			N36	Pantai Jerejak	Saifuddin Nasution Ismail		PKR
			N37	Batu Maung	Abdul Halim Hussain		PKR
	P53	Balik Pulau	N39	Pulau Betong	Mohd.Tuah Ismail		PKR
Perak	P63	Tambun	N24	Hulu Kinta	Muhamad Arafat Varisai Mahamad		PKR
	P70	Kampar	N43	Tulang Sekah	Mohd Azlan Helmi Helmi		PKR
	P61	Gopeng	N45	Simpang Pulai	Wong Chai Yi		PKR
			N46	Teja	Sandrea Ng Shy Ching		PKR
	P75	Bagan Datuk	N54	Hutan Melintang	Wasanthee Sinnasamy		PKR
Pahang	P82	Indera Mahkota	N13	Semambu	Chan Chun Kuang		PKR
	P83	Kuantan	N14	Teruntum	Sim Chon Siang		PKR
Selangor	P92	Sabak Bernam	N2	Sabak	Ahmad Mustain Othman		PKR
	P95	Tanjong Karang	N9	Permatang	Rozana Zainal Abidin		PKR
	P96	Kuala Selangor	N10	Bukit Melawati	Juwairiya Zulkifli		PKR
			N11	Ijok	Idris Ahmad		PKR
	P97	Selayang	N14	Rawang	Chua Wei Kiat		PKR
	P98	Gombak	N16	Sungai Tua	Amirudin Shari		PKR
	P101	Hulu Langat	N25	Kajang	Hee Loy Sian		PKR
	P105	Petaling Jaya	N32	Seri Setia	Halimey Abu Bakar		PKR
			N33	Taman Medan	Syamsul Firdaus Mohamed Supri		PKR
	P106	Damansara	N37	Bukit Lanjan	Elizabeth Wong		PKR
	P107	Sungai Buloh	N38	Paya Jaras	Mohd.Khairuddin Othman		PKR
			N39	Kota Damansara	Shatiri Mansor		PKR
	P108	Shah Alam	N40	Kota Anggerik	Najwan Halimi		PKR
			N41	Batu Tiga	Rodziah Ismail		PKR
	P109	Kapar	N42	Meru	Mohd. Fakhrulrazi Mohd. Mokhtar		PKR
	P110	Klang	N46	Pelabuhan Klang	Azmizam Zaman Huri		PKR
	P111	Kota Raja	N48	Sentosa	Gunaraj George		PKR
			N49	Sungai Kandis	Mohd.Zawawi Ahmad Mughni		PKR
	P112	Kuala Langat	N51	Tanjong Sepat	Borhan Ahmad Shah		PKR
Negeri Sembilan	P128	Seremban	N13	Sikamat	Aminuddin Harun		PKR
			N14	Ampangan	Mohamad Rafie Ab. Malik		PKR
	P129	Kuala Pilah	N18	Pilah	Mohamad Nazaruddin Sabtu		PKR
	P130	Rasah	N20	Labu	Ismail Ahmad		PKR
	P132	Port Dickson	N29	Chuah	Yek Diew Ching		PKR
			N33	Sri Tanjong	Ravi Munasamy		PKR
Johor	P163	Kulai	N51	Bukit Batu	Arthur Chiong Sen Sern		PKR
Sabah	P171	Sepanggar	N15	Api-Api	Christina Liew		PKR
	P172	Kota Kinabalu	N18	Inanam	Peto Galim		PKR
Total	Perlis (1), Kedah (5), Penang (12), Perak (5), Pahang (2), Selangor (19), Negeri Sembilan (6), Johor (1), Sabah (2)

PKR state governments

State	Leader type	Member	Party		State Constituency
Negeri Sembilan	Menteri Besar	Aminuddin Harun		PKR	Sikamat
Selangor	Menteri Besar	Amirudin Shari		PKR	Sungai Tua

State	Leader type	Member	Party		State Constituency
Penang	Deputy Chief Minister I	Ahmad Zakiyuddin Abdul Rahman		PKR	Pinang Tunggal

General election results

Election	Total seats won	Seat Contested	Total votes	Share of votes	Outcome of election	Election leader
1999	5 / 193	78	773,679	11.67%	5 seats; Opposition coalition (Barisan Alternatif)	Wan Azizah Wan Ismail
2004	1 / 219	80	617,518	8.9%	4 seats; Opposition coalition (Barisan Alternatif)	Wan Azizah Wan Ismail
2008	31 / 222	84	1,509,080	18.58%	30 seats; Opposition coalition (Pakatan Rakyat)	Wan Azizah Wan Ismail
2013	30 / 222	99	2,254,211	20.39%	1 seats; Opposition coalition (Pakatan Rakyat)	Anwar Ibrahim
2018	48 / 222	71	2,046,484	17.10%	18 seats; Governing coalition, later Opposition coalition (Pakatan Harapan)	Wan Azizah Wan Ismail
2022	31 / 222	100	2,442,038	15.74%	17 seats; Governing coalition (Pakatan Harapan)	Anwar Ibrahim

State election results

State election	State Legislative Assembly
	Perlis State Legislative Assembly	Kedah State Legislative Assembly	Kelantan State Legislative Assembly	Terengganu State Legislative Assembly	Penang State Legislative Assembly	Perak State Legislative Assembly	Pahang State Legislative Assembly	Selangor State Legislative Assembly	Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly	Malacca State Legislative Assembly	Johor State Legislative Assembly	Sabah State Legislative Assembly	Sarawak State Legislative Assembly	Total won / Total contested
2/3 majority	2 / 3	2 / 3	2 / 3	2 / 3	2 / 3	2 / 3	2 / 3	2 / 3	2 / 3	2 / 3	2 / 3	2 / 3	2 / 3
1999	0 / 15	0 / 36	0 / 43	0 / 32	1 / 33	1 / 52	1 / 38	1 / 48	0 / 32	0 / 25	0 / 40	0 / 48		4 / 70
2001													0 / 62	0 / 25
2004	0 / 15	0 / 36	0 / 45	0 / 32	0 / 40	0 / 59	0 / 42	0 / 56	0 / 36	0 / 28	0 / 56	0 / 60		0 / 121
2006													1 / 71	1 / 25
2008	0 / 15	4 / 36	1 / 45	0 / 32	9 / 40	7 / 59	0 / 42	15 / 56	4 / 36	0 / 28	0 / 56	0 / 60		40 / 176
2011													3 / 71	3 / 49
2013	1 / 15	4 / 36	1 / 45	1 / 32	10 / 40	5 / 59	2 / 42	14 / 56	3 / 36	0 / 28	1 / 56	7 / 60		49 / 172
2016													3 / 82	5 / 40
2018	3 / 15	7 / 36	0 / 45	0 / 32	14 / 40	4 / 59	2 / 42	21 / 56	6 / 36	3 / 28	5 / 56	2 / 60		70 / 172
2020												2 / 73		2 / 7
2021										0 / 28				0 / 11
2021													0 / 82	0 / 28
2022											1 / 56			1 / 20
2022	1 / 15					5 / 59	2 / 42							8 / 45

See also

• List of political parties in Malaysia
• Malaysian General Election
• Politics of Malaysia
• Pakatan Rakyat
• Pakatan Harapan

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