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By-election

August 08, 2023

A by-election, also known as a special election in the United States and the Philippines, a bye-election in Ireland, a bypoll in India, or a Zimni election (Urdu: ضمنی انتخاب, supplementary election) in Pakistan, is an election used to fill an office that has become vacant between general elections.

A vacancy may arise as a result of an incumbent dying or resigning, or when the incumbent becomes ineligible to continue in office (because of a recall, a prohibited dual mandate, criminal conviction, or failure to maintain a minimum attendance), or when an election is invalidated by voting irregularities. In some cases a vacancy may be filled without a by-election or the office may be left vacant.

Origins

The procedure for filling a vacant seat in the House of Commons of England was developed during the Reformation Parliament of the 16th century by Thomas Cromwell; previously a seat had remained empty upon the death of a member. Cromwell devised a new election that would be called by the king at a time of the king's choosing. This made it a simple matter to ensure the seat rewarded an ally of the crown.[1]

During the eighteen-year Cavalier Parliament of Charles II, which lasted from 1661 to 1679, by-elections were the primary means by which new members entered the House of Commons.[2]

In single-member constituencies

By-elections are held in most nations that elect their parliaments through single-member constituencies, whether with or without a runoff round. This includes most Commonwealth countries, such as the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, as well as non-Commonwealth countries such as France and Italy (until 2006).[3] However, in some cases, such as the French National Assembly, by-elections are only used to fill some vacancies, with the others being filled by the assumption of a seat by a running mate nominated by the vacator.

In the United States, these contests have been called "special elections" because they do not always occur on Election Day like regular congressional elections. Special elections are held when a seat in the House of Representatives, state legislature, or local legislature becomes vacant. At the federal level, the U.S. Constitution requires that vacancies in the House of Representatives be filled with a special election[4] (unlike the Senate, where it is up to law of the state involved to determine how the vacancy is filled).[5] In most cases where a vacancy is filled through a special election, a primary will also be held to determine which candidates will represent the major parties.

In multi-member constituencies

When one seat in a multi-member constituency becomes vacant, the consequences vary. For example, a by-election may be held to fill just the vacancy, all the seats in the constituency could be contested in the by-election, or the vacancy could be filled by other means.

Typically, party-list proportional representation systems do not hold by-elections. Instead, the most successful unelected candidate named on the vacator's list fills the vacancy automatically. However, Turkey is an exception, as it holds by-elections when too many seats become vacant in the parliament (as in 1986) or a repeat vote has to be held (as in 2003).

In multi-member district systems that do not employ party lists – single transferable vote, single non-transferable vote and plurality at-large – vacancies may be filled by a by-election. This is done, for example, in the Dáil of the Republic of Ireland (STV), in the Parliament of Vanuatu (SNTV), and in the Senate of the Philippines (Pl. AL). In those systems, alternatives to holding a by-election include:

  1. re-determining the election results with the vacators disregarded, as in Tasmania[6] or the Australian Capital Territory,[7]
  2. keeping the seat vacant until the next general election. This usually occurs if a vacancy arises shortly before a planned general election (within six months in New Zealand).
  3. nominating another candidate with the same affiliation as the former member, such as European Parliament seats in the Republic of Ireland.

For the Australian Senate (in which each state forms a multi-member constituency elected via single transferable vote), the state parliament appoints a replacement in the event of a vacancy; in 1977 a referendum amended the Constitution to require that the person appointed must belong to the same political party (if any) as the Senator originally elected to that seat. The states with an upper house elected via STV (NSW, Victoria, and South Australia) use the same method, except for Western Australia, which holds a recount of ballots to determine the new winner, with sitting members retaining their seats.

In mixed systems

Mixed-member proportional representation, additional member, and parallel voting systems, in which some members are chosen by party lists and some from single-member constituencies, usually hold by-elections to fill a vacancy in a constituency seat; for example, the assassination of Shinzo Abe resulted in a by-election in Yamaguchi's 4th district, which Abe represented in the House of Representatives of Japan (elected under parallel voting).[8] If a vacancy arises in a party list seat, it would be filled in the manner usual for party-list proportional systems; for example, on the resignation of Darren Hughes from the Parliament of New Zealand in March 2011, Louisa Wall filled the seat after all the five candidates above her on the New Zealand Labour Party's list declined it.[9]

Exceptions to this rule exist: In the German Bundestag, which uses mixed-member proportional representation, by-elections were originally held upon the vacancy of any constituency seat, in the same manner as Scotland and New Zealand. This was changed in January 1953, since which time vacancies in constituency seats have been filled by the next candidate on the state list of the party which won the seat, in the same manner as vacancies among list seats. By-elections are now only held if a vacancy arises in a constituency seat and there is no associated party list with which to fill it – typically, if the former member was elected as an independent. This is referred to as a substitute election (Ersatzwahl). Since no independents have been elected to the Bundestag since the first legislative period, no such substitute election has ever taken place.[10]

Significance and consequences

Direct effects

By-elections can be crucial when the ruling party has only a small majority. In parliamentary systems, party discipline is often so strong that the governing party or coalition can only lose a vote of no confidence after losing enough supporters, whether by floor-crossing or through losing by-elections, for it to become a minority government. Examples are the Labour government of James Callaghan 1976–1979 and Conservative government of John Major 1992–1997. In the United States Senate, Scott Brown's election in 2010 ended the filibuster-proof supermajority formerly enjoyed by Democrats.

By-elections can also be important if a minority party needs to gain one or more seats in order to gain official party status or the balance of power in a minority or coalition situation. For example, Andrea Horwath's win in an Ontario provincial by-election in 2004 allowed the Ontario New Democratic Party to regain official party status with important results in terms of parliamentary privileges and funding.

Predictive value

Non-experts often interpret by-election results as a bellwether or early indicator of the results of the next general election, but political scientists generally caution against overinterpretation. The evidence suggests that while the margin of victory relative to the district's normal performance may be relevant, other indicators generally provide stronger evidence with a larger sample size.[11]

A 2016 study of special elections to the United States House of Representatives found "that while candidate characteristics affect special election outcomes, presidential approval is predictive of special election outcomes as well. Furthermore, we find that the effect of presidential approval on special election outcomes has increased in magnitude from 1995 to 2014, with the 2002 midterm representing an important juncture in the nationalization of special elections."[12]

Seats which have unexpectedly changed hands in by-elections often revert to the former party in the next general election. One reason for this is that voter turnout at by-elections tends to be lower and skewed toward highly motivated supporters of the opposition party.

Indirect impact

By-election upsets can have a psychological impact by creating a sense of momentum for one party or a sense of impending defeat for a government. For example, in Canada, Deborah Grey's 1989 by-election victory in Beaver River was seen as evidence that the newly formed Reform Party of Canada would be a serious political contender and that it posed a serious political threat for the ruling Progressive Conservatives. Similarly, the upset 1960 by-election victory of Walter Pitman in Peterborough as a "New Party" candidate was a significant boost for the movement to replace the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation with an unnamed "New Party" which would be integrated with the labour movement. Pitman's candidacy in a riding in which the CCF was traditionally weak was seen as a test of this concept, and his upset victory convinced the CCF and the labour movement to launch the New Democratic Party (NDP). Gilles Duceppe's 1990 upset landslide by-election victory in Laurier—Sainte-Marie with 66% of the vote on behalf of the newly formed Bloc Québécois was the first electoral test for what was initially a loose parliamentary formation created two months earlier after several Quebec MPs defected from the Progressive Conservative and Liberal parties to protest the failure of the Meech Lake Accord and provided the first indication that the party could be a serious force in the province of Quebec. On the strength of the by-election victory, the BQ went on to be officially formed as a party in 1991 and win 54 seats in the 1993 federal election, enough to form the Official Opposition.

By-elections may occur singly or in small bunches, especially if the authority responsible for calling them has discretion over the timing and can procrastinate. They are sometimes bunched to save money, as holding multiple by-elections is likely to cost more than holding a by-election to fill the vacancies all at once. In Canada, in 1978, 15 by-elections were held on a single date, restoring the House of Commons to 264 members. The media called it a "mini-election", a test of the Liberal government's popularity with a general election due in less than a year. In Hong Kong, in January 2010, five members of the Legislative Council from the Pro-democracy camp, one from each of Hong Kong's five geographical constituencies, resigned and stood in simultaneous by-elections, at which the entire electorate would participate, in an attempt to stage a de facto referendum on democratizing the Hong Kong political system. The effect of the manoeuvre was blunted when the Pro-Beijing camp refused to stand candidates against them.

Upsets

Australia

The 1918 Swan by-election was held following the death of John Forrest. The seat was traditionally a safe seat for the Nationalist Party against the Labor Party, but the emergence of the Country Party lead to a "three-cornered contest". As Australia used a first-past-the-post system at the time, the conservative vote was split between the Country and Nationalists, allowing Labor candidate Edwin Corboy to come in first place and win the seat. The Swan by-election is cited as the reason for the introduction of preferential voting, to prevent Labor from benefiting from a divided opposition in the future.[13]

The 2018 Wentworth by-election was held after the resignation of former prime minister Malcolm Turnbull, who had served as the member for Wentworth since 2004. Wentworth was considered an exceptionally safe seat for the Liberal Party, as it had only ever been held by the Liberal Party and its predecessor parties since its creation in 1901. Former Ambassador to Israel Dave Sharma was preselected as the Liberal Party's candidate for the by-election. The major challenger in the by-election was independent candidate Kerryn Phelps. A huge 17.7% two-party-preferred swing was required for the Liberal Party to lose the seat. Ultimately, the Liberals suffered a 19.0% swing to Phelps, the largest by-election swing in Australian history, which won her the seat. This loss deprived the Liberal Party of its majority in federal Parliament, forcing them into a minority government.

Canada

In 1942, the Conservatives' Arthur Meighen (who had already served as Prime Minister during the 1920s) sought to re-enter the House of Commons of Canada through a by-election in York South. His surprise defeat at the hand of Joseph Noseworthy of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation ended his political career, and may also have been a factor in the Conservative Party's decision to move to the left and rebrand itself the Progressive Conservative Party under Meighen's replacement. Noseworthy's victory was also a significant breakthrough for the CCF giving it credibility as a national party where it has previously been seen as a Western Canadian regional protest party.

On November 1, 1944, General Andrew McNaughton was appointed to Cabinet as Minister of Defence without having a seat in parliament, after his predecessor resigned during the Conscription Crisis of 1944. A by-election was arranged in Grey North which the opposition Progressive Conservative party contested. The major campaign issue became the government's policy of "limited conscription" during World War II, which McNaughton supported, and which the Conservatives rejected. They called, instead, for "full conscription". McNaughton was defeated in the February 5, 1945 by-election. As a result, with confidence in his government undermined, Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King called the 1945 federal election several weeks later; originally he had intended to postpone the election until the war was clearly won. McNaughton sought a seat in the 1945 contest but was again defeated, and resigned shortly after.

The most recent example of a cabinet minister appointed from outside parliament having to resign after losing a by-election was in 1975, when Minister of Communications Pierre Juneau was appointed to Pierre Trudeau's Liberal cabinet directly from the private sector, and tried to enter parliament through a by-election in Hochelaga. Juneau unexpectedly lost to the Progressive Conservative candidate and resigned from cabinet 10 days after his by-election defeat.

In Ontario, John Tory, leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario ran in a 2009 by-election in Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock, after he convinced one of his caucus members to step down, in hopes of re-entering the Ontario legislature. His by-election defeat resulted in his resignation as party leader.

Hong Kong

In the March 2018 Hong Kong by-elections, the pro-democracy camp lost their majority status for the first time in the Geographical constituency part of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong By-elections were held after six pro-democracy lawmakers were disqualified by the High Court of Hong Kong during the oath-taking controversy. The pro-democracy camp was considered safe in the de facto first past the post by-election because both pro-democracy camp and pro-Beijing camp would only nominate one candidate to fill in the by-election. However, the pro-democracy camp lost twice in Kowloon West, which had been considered a safe seat for them.

Ireland

A by-election held in Dublin South-West during 2014 provided a very surprising upset. The Sinn Féin candidate, Cathal King, was the favourite to take the seat. Sinn Féin had done extremely well in the area during that year's local elections. Sinn Féin captured high percentages of the first preference vote across the constituency. However, the Anti-Austerity Alliance candidate, Paul Murphy, was elected on the eighth count. Despite Murphy having received a lower first preference total than Cathal King, he outperformed the Sinn Féin candidate in attracting transfers. Murphy then took his seat in the 31st Dáil. As a direct result of this defeat in the by-election, Sinn Féin hardened their stance against Irish Water and called for the complete abolition of water charges in Ireland.

United Kingdom

In 1965 the British Foreign Secretary Patrick Gordon Walker stood in the Leyton by-election for election to the UK Parliament, having been defeated in controversial circumstances in Smethwick at the previous year's general election. His appointment as a senior minister while not a member of either house of Parliament was against convention, and he therefore sought to regularise the position by standing in the first available by-election, which was at Leyton in January 1965. However a strong swing against Labour resulted in Gordon Walker's defeat: as a result, he resigned as Foreign Secretary.

United States

In 2010, Republican Scott Brown defeated Martha Coakley in the Massachusetts special election to the United States Senate. Coakley, a Democrat, had been widely expected to win, but Brown unexpectedly closed the gap and won, a shocking result in the heavily-Democratic state of Massachusetts. This eliminated the Democratic Party's filibuster-proof majority of 60 votes. Another shocking upset occurred in the 2017 special election in Alabama, one of the most heavily Republican states in the nation. Democrat Doug Jones defeated Republican Roy Moore in a close race after Moore was credibly accused of sexual assault by multiple women.

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ Jennifer Loach. Parliament Under the Tudors. Clarendon Press. Oxford. 1990. p. 36
  2. ^ By-Elections in British Politics. UCL Press, London. 1997 pg. 1
  3. ^ (in Italian) Giampiero Buonomo, I subentri nelle assemblee parlamentari, Quaderni costituzionali, 2006.
  4. ^ Article 1, Clause 4, Section 2 of the Constitution of United States (1789)
  5. ^ Seventeenth Amendment, Section 2 of the Constitution of United States (1913)
  6. ^ . Archived from the original on 2011-04-23.
  7. ^ "Casual Vacancies in the Legislative Assembly". 25 March 2021.
  8. ^ "Abe's Widow, Akie, Not to Run in Lower House By-Election". nippon.com. 21 July 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  9. ^ "Louisa Wall back in Parliament". The New Zealand Herald. 6 April 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  10. ^ "Nachwahl". Wahlrecht.de. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
  11. ^ Nate Silver (September 13, 2011). "A Guide to Cutting Through Special-Election Spin". FiveThirtyEight.
  12. ^ Knotts, H. Gibbs; Ragusa, Jordan M. (2016-01-02). "The Nationalization of Special Elections for the U.S. House of Representatives". Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties. 26 (1): 22–39. doi:10.1080/17457289.2015.1063497. ISSN 1745-7289. S2CID 216142342.
  13. ^ Green, Antony (2004). "History of Preferential Voting in Australia". Antony Green Election Guide: Federal Election 2004. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2020-06-15.

External links

  • Electing Local Authorities—article from the ACE Project

August 08, 2023
election, election, also, known, special, election, united, states, philippines, election, ireland, bypoll, india, zimni, election, urdu, ضمنی, انتخاب, supplementary, election, pakistan, election, used, fill, office, that, become, vacant, between, general, ele. A by election also known as a special election in the United States and the Philippines a bye election in Ireland a bypoll in India or a Zimni election Urdu ضمنی انتخاب supplementary election in Pakistan is an election used to fill an office that has become vacant between general elections A vacancy may arise as a result of an incumbent dying or resigning or when the incumbent becomes ineligible to continue in office because of a recall a prohibited dual mandate criminal conviction or failure to maintain a minimum attendance or when an election is invalidated by voting irregularities In some cases a vacancy may be filled without a by election or the office may be left vacant Contents 1 Origins 2 In single member constituencies 3 In multi member constituencies 4 In mixed systems 5 Significance and consequences 5 1 Direct effects 5 2 Predictive value 5 3 Indirect impact 5 4 Upsets 5 4 1 Australia 5 4 2 Canada 5 4 3 Hong Kong 5 4 4 Ireland 5 4 5 United Kingdom 5 4 6 United States 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External linksOrigins EditThe procedure for filling a vacant seat in the House of Commons of England was developed during the Reformation Parliament of the 16th century by Thomas Cromwell previously a seat had remained empty upon the death of a member Cromwell devised a new election that would be called by the king at a time of the king s choosing This made it a simple matter to ensure the seat rewarded an ally of the crown 1 During the eighteen year Cavalier Parliament of Charles II which lasted from 1661 to 1679 by elections were the primary means by which new members entered the House of Commons 2 In single member constituencies EditBy elections are held in most nations that elect their parliaments through single member constituencies whether with or without a runoff round This includes most Commonwealth countries such as the United Kingdom Canada Australia and New Zealand as well as non Commonwealth countries such as France and Italy until 2006 3 However in some cases such as the French National Assembly by elections are only used to fill some vacancies with the others being filled by the assumption of a seat by a running mate nominated by the vacator In the United States these contests have been called special elections because they do not always occur on Election Day like regular congressional elections Special elections are held when a seat in the House of Representatives state legislature or local legislature becomes vacant At the federal level the U S Constitution requires that vacancies in the House of Representatives be filled with a special election 4 unlike the Senate where it is up to law of the state involved to determine how the vacancy is filled 5 In most cases where a vacancy is filled through a special election a primary will also be held to determine which candidates will represent the major parties In multi member constituencies EditWhen one seat in a multi member constituency becomes vacant the consequences vary For example a by election may be held to fill just the vacancy all the seats in the constituency could be contested in the by election or the vacancy could be filled by other means Typically party list proportional representation systems do not hold by elections Instead the most successful unelected candidate named on the vacator s list fills the vacancy automatically However Turkey is an exception as it holds by elections when too many seats become vacant in the parliament as in 1986 or a repeat vote has to be held as in 2003 In multi member district systems that do not employ party lists single transferable vote single non transferable vote and plurality at large vacancies may be filled by a by election This is done for example in the Dail of the Republic of Ireland STV in the Parliament of Vanuatu SNTV and in the Senate of the Philippines Pl AL In those systems alternatives to holding a by election include re determining the election results with the vacators disregarded as in Tasmania 6 or the Australian Capital Territory 7 keeping the seat vacant until the next general election This usually occurs if a vacancy arises shortly before a planned general election within six months in New Zealand nominating another candidate with the same affiliation as the former member such as European Parliament seats in the Republic of Ireland For the Australian Senate in which each state forms a multi member constituency elected via single transferable vote the state parliament appoints a replacement in the event of a vacancy in 1977 a referendum amended the Constitution to require that the person appointed must belong to the same political party if any as the Senator originally elected to that seat The states with an upper house elected via STV NSW Victoria and South Australia use the same method except for Western Australia which holds a recount of ballots to determine the new winner with sitting members retaining their seats In mixed systems EditMixed member proportional representation additional member and parallel voting systems in which some members are chosen by party lists and some from single member constituencies usually hold by elections to fill a vacancy in a constituency seat for example the assassination of Shinzo Abe resulted in a by election in Yamaguchi s 4th district which Abe represented in the House of Representatives of Japan elected under parallel voting 8 If a vacancy arises in a party list seat it would be filled in the manner usual for party list proportional systems for example on the resignation of Darren Hughes from the Parliament of New Zealand in March 2011 Louisa Wall filled the seat after all the five candidates above her on the New Zealand Labour Party s list declined it 9 Exceptions to this rule exist In the German Bundestag which uses mixed member proportional representation by elections were originally held upon the vacancy of any constituency seat in the same manner as Scotland and New Zealand This was changed in January 1953 since which time vacancies in constituency seats have been filled by the next candidate on the state list of the party which won the seat in the same manner as vacancies among list seats By elections are now only held if a vacancy arises in a constituency seat and there is no associated party list with which to fill it typically if the former member was elected as an independent This is referred to as a substitute election Ersatzwahl Since no independents have been elected to the Bundestag since the first legislative period no such substitute election has ever taken place 10 Significance and consequences EditDirect effects Edit By elections can be crucial when the ruling party has only a small majority In parliamentary systems party discipline is often so strong that the governing party or coalition can only lose a vote of no confidence after losing enough supporters whether by floor crossing or through losing by elections for it to become a minority government Examples are the Labour government of James Callaghan 1976 1979 and Conservative government of John Major 1992 1997 In the United States Senate Scott Brown s election in 2010 ended the filibuster proof supermajority formerly enjoyed by Democrats By elections can also be important if a minority party needs to gain one or more seats in order to gain official party status or the balance of power in a minority or coalition situation For example Andrea Horwath s win in an Ontario provincial by election in 2004 allowed the Ontario New Democratic Party to regain official party status with important results in terms of parliamentary privileges and funding Predictive value Edit Non experts often interpret by election results as a bellwether or early indicator of the results of the next general election but political scientists generally caution against overinterpretation The evidence suggests that while the margin of victory relative to the district s normal performance may be relevant other indicators generally provide stronger evidence with a larger sample size 11 A 2016 study of special elections to the United States House of Representatives found that while candidate characteristics affect special election outcomes presidential approval is predictive of special election outcomes as well Furthermore we find that the effect of presidential approval on special election outcomes has increased in magnitude from 1995 to 2014 with the 2002 midterm representing an important juncture in the nationalization of special elections 12 Seats which have unexpectedly changed hands in by elections often revert to the former party in the next general election One reason for this is that voter turnout at by elections tends to be lower and skewed toward highly motivated supporters of the opposition party Indirect impact Edit By election upsets can have a psychological impact by creating a sense of momentum for one party or a sense of impending defeat for a government For example in Canada Deborah Grey s 1989 by election victory in Beaver River was seen as evidence that the newly formed Reform Party of Canada would be a serious political contender and that it posed a serious political threat for the ruling Progressive Conservatives Similarly the upset 1960 by election victory of Walter Pitman in Peterborough as a New Party candidate was a significant boost for the movement to replace the Co operative Commonwealth Federation with an unnamed New Party which would be integrated with the labour movement Pitman s candidacy in a riding in which the CCF was traditionally weak was seen as a test of this concept and his upset victory convinced the CCF and the labour movement to launch the New Democratic Party NDP Gilles Duceppe s 1990 upset landslide by election victory in Laurier Sainte Marie with 66 of the vote on behalf of the newly formed Bloc Quebecois was the first electoral test for what was initially a loose parliamentary formation created two months earlier after several Quebec MPs defected from the Progressive Conservative and Liberal parties to protest the failure of the Meech Lake Accord and provided the first indication that the party could be a serious force in the province of Quebec On the strength of the by election victory the BQ went on to be officially formed as a party in 1991 and win 54 seats in the 1993 federal election enough to form the Official Opposition By elections may occur singly or in small bunches especially if the authority responsible for calling them has discretion over the timing and can procrastinate They are sometimes bunched to save money as holding multiple by elections is likely to cost more than holding a by election to fill the vacancies all at once In Canada in 1978 15 by elections were held on a single date restoring the House of Commons to 264 members The media called it a mini election a test of the Liberal government s popularity with a general election due in less than a year In Hong Kong in January 2010 five members of the Legislative Council from the Pro democracy camp one from each of Hong Kong s five geographical constituencies resigned and stood in simultaneous by elections at which the entire electorate would participate in an attempt to stage a de facto referendum on democratizing the Hong Kong political system The effect of the manoeuvre was blunted when the Pro Beijing camp refused to stand candidates against them Upsets Edit Australia Edit The 1918 Swan by election was held following the death of John Forrest The seat was traditionally a safe seat for the Nationalist Party against the Labor Party but the emergence of the Country Party lead to a three cornered contest As Australia used a first past the post system at the time the conservative vote was split between the Country and Nationalists allowing Labor candidate Edwin Corboy to come in first place and win the seat The Swan by election is cited as the reason for the introduction of preferential voting to prevent Labor from benefiting from a divided opposition in the future 13 The 2018 Wentworth by election was held after the resignation of former prime minister Malcolm Turnbull who had served as the member for Wentworth since 2004 Wentworth was considered an exceptionally safe seat for the Liberal Party as it had only ever been held by the Liberal Party and its predecessor parties since its creation in 1901 Former Ambassador to Israel Dave Sharma was preselected as the Liberal Party s candidate for the by election The major challenger in the by election was independent candidate Kerryn Phelps A huge 17 7 two party preferred swing was required for the Liberal Party to lose the seat Ultimately the Liberals suffered a 19 0 swing to Phelps the largest by election swing in Australian history which won her the seat This loss deprived the Liberal Party of its majority in federal Parliament forcing them into a minority government Canada Edit In 1942 the Conservatives Arthur Meighen who had already served as Prime Minister during the 1920s sought to re enter the House of Commons of Canada through a by election in York South His surprise defeat at the hand of Joseph Noseworthy of the Co operative Commonwealth Federation ended his political career and may also have been a factor in the Conservative Party s decision to move to the left and rebrand itself the Progressive Conservative Party under Meighen s replacement Noseworthy s victory was also a significant breakthrough for the CCF giving it credibility as a national party where it has previously been seen as a Western Canadian regional protest party On November 1 1944 General Andrew McNaughton was appointed to Cabinet as Minister of Defence without having a seat in parliament after his predecessor resigned during the Conscription Crisis of 1944 A by election was arranged in Grey North which the opposition Progressive Conservative party contested The major campaign issue became the government s policy of limited conscription during World War II which McNaughton supported and which the Conservatives rejected They called instead for full conscription McNaughton was defeated in the February 5 1945 by election As a result with confidence in his government undermined Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King called the 1945 federal election several weeks later originally he had intended to postpone the election until the war was clearly won McNaughton sought a seat in the 1945 contest but was again defeated and resigned shortly after The most recent example of a cabinet minister appointed from outside parliament having to resign after losing a by election was in 1975 when Minister of Communications Pierre Juneau was appointed to Pierre Trudeau s Liberal cabinet directly from the private sector and tried to enter parliament through a by election in Hochelaga Juneau unexpectedly lost to the Progressive Conservative candidate and resigned from cabinet 10 days after his by election defeat In Ontario John Tory leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario ran in a 2009 by election in Haliburton Kawartha Lakes Brock after he convinced one of his caucus members to step down in hopes of re entering the Ontario legislature His by election defeat resulted in his resignation as party leader Hong Kong Edit In the March 2018 Hong Kong by elections the pro democracy camp lost their majority status for the first time in the Geographical constituency part of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong By elections were held after six pro democracy lawmakers were disqualified by the High Court of Hong Kong during the oath taking controversy The pro democracy camp was considered safe in the de facto first past the post by election because both pro democracy camp and pro Beijing camp would only nominate one candidate to fill in the by election However the pro democracy camp lost twice in Kowloon West which had been considered a safe seat for them Ireland Edit A by election held in Dublin South West during 2014 provided a very surprising upset The Sinn Fein candidate Cathal King was the favourite to take the seat Sinn Fein had done extremely well in the area during that year s local elections Sinn Fein captured high percentages of the first preference vote across the constituency However the Anti Austerity Alliance candidate Paul Murphy was elected on the eighth count Despite Murphy having received a lower first preference total than Cathal King he outperformed the Sinn Fein candidate in attracting transfers Murphy then took his seat in the 31st Dail As a direct result of this defeat in the by election Sinn Fein hardened their stance against Irish Water and called for the complete abolition of water charges in Ireland United Kingdom Edit In 1965 the British Foreign Secretary Patrick Gordon Walker stood in the Leyton by election for election to the UK Parliament having been defeated in controversial circumstances in Smethwick at the previous year s general election His appointment as a senior minister while not a member of either house of Parliament was against convention and he therefore sought to regularise the position by standing in the first available by election which was at Leyton in January 1965 However a strong swing against Labour resulted in Gordon Walker s defeat as a result he resigned as Foreign Secretary United States Edit In 2010 Republican Scott Brown defeated Martha Coakley in the Massachusetts special election to the United States Senate Coakley a Democrat had been widely expected to win but Brown unexpectedly closed the gap and won a shocking result in the heavily Democratic state of Massachusetts This eliminated the Democratic Party s filibuster proof majority of 60 votes Another shocking upset occurred in the 2017 special election in Alabama one of the most heavily Republican states in the nation Democrat Doug Jones defeated Republican Roy Moore in a close race after Moore was credibly accused of sexual assault by multiple women See also EditUK parliamentary by elections Widow s succession List of democracy and elections related topics Lists of by elections and special elections by jurisdiction Australia List of Australian federal by elections New South Wales List of New South Wales state by elections Northern Territory List of Northern Territory by elections Queensland List of Queensland state by elections South Australia List of South Australian state by elections Victoria List of Victorian state by elections Western Australia List of Western Australian state by elections Canada List of federal by elections in Canada Alberta List of Alberta by elections British Columbia List of British Columbia by elections Manitoba List of Manitoba by elections New Brunswick List of New Brunswick by elections Newfoundland and Labrador List of Newfoundland and Labrador by elections Nova Scotia List of Nova Scotia by elections Ontario List of Ontario by elections Saskatchewan List of Saskatchewan by elections Quebec List of Quebec by elections Yukon List of Yukon by elections Falkland Islands List of Falkland Islands by elections France List of by elections to the National Assembly France Hong Kong List of Hong Kong by elections Hungary List of Hungarian by elections Jamaica Jamaican Parliamentary by elections Ireland List of Dail by elections List of Seanad by elections Italy Italian by elections Malaysia List of parliamentary by elections in Malaysia States in Malaysia List of state by elections in Malaysia New Zealand List of New Zealand by elections Philippines List of special elections in the Philippines Solomon Islands List of Solomon Islands by elections South Korea List of South Korea by elections Tuvalu List of by elections in Tuvalu United Kingdom Lists of United Kingdom by elections Scotland List of Scottish parliamentary by elections Wales List of by elections to the Senedd United Kingdom by election records United States List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives United States List of special elections to the United States SenateNotes EditReferences Edit Jennifer Loach Parliament Under the Tudors Clarendon Press Oxford 1990 p 36 By Elections in British Politics UCL Press London 1997 pg 1 in Italian Giampiero Buonomo I subentri nelle assemblee parlamentari Quaderni costituzionali 2006 Article 1 Clause 4 Section 2 of the Constitution of United States 1789 Seventeenth Amendment Section 2 of the Constitution of United States 1913 Tasmania s Hare Clark Electoral System Archived from the original on 2011 04 23 Casual Vacancies in the Legislative Assembly 25 March 2021 Abe s Widow Akie Not to Run in Lower House By Election nippon com 21 July 2022 Retrieved 30 December 2022 Louisa Wall back in Parliament The New Zealand Herald 6 April 2011 Retrieved 9 December 2015 Nachwahl Wahlrecht de Retrieved 21 July 2020 Nate Silver September 13 2011 A Guide to Cutting Through Special Election Spin FiveThirtyEight Knotts H Gibbs Ragusa Jordan M 2016 01 02 The Nationalization of Special Elections for the U S House of Representatives Journal of Elections Public Opinion and Parties 26 1 22 39 doi 10 1080 17457289 2015 1063497 ISSN 1745 7289 S2CID 216142342 Green Antony 2004 History of Preferential Voting in Australia Antony Green Election Guide Federal Election 2004 Australian Broadcasting Corporation Retrieved 2020 06 15 External links EditElecting Local Authorities article from the ACE Project Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title By election amp oldid 1160607256, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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