1951 United Kingdom general election

The 1951 United Kingdom general election was held twenty months after the 1950 general election, which the Labour Party had won with a slim majority of just five seats. The Labour government called a snap election for Thursday 25 October 1951 in the hope of increasing its parliamentary majority. However, despite winning the popular vote and achieving both the highest-ever total vote (until it was surpassed by the Conservative Party in 1992 and again in 2019) and highest percentage vote share, Labour won fewer seats than the Conservative Party. This was mainly due to the collapse of the Liberal vote, which enabled the Conservatives to win seats by default. The election marked the return of Winston Churchill as Prime Minister, and the beginning of Labour's thirteen-year spell in opposition. This was the third and final general election to be held during the reign of King George VI, for he died the following year on 6 February and was succeeded by his daughter, Elizabeth II. It was the last election in which the Conservatives did better in Scotland than in England.

1951 United Kingdom general election

← 1950 25 October 1951 1955 →
← outgoing members elected members →
All 625 seats in the House of Commons 313 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Turnout	82.6%, 1.3%
First party Second party Third party   Leader Winston Churchill Clement Attlee Clement Davies Party Conservative Labour Liberal Leader's seat Woodford Walthamstow West Montgomeryshire Last election 298 seats, 43.4% 315 seats, 46.1% 9 seats, 9.1% Seats won 321 295 6 Seat change 23 20 3 Popular vote 13,717,851 13,948,385 730,546 Percentage 48.0% 48.8% 2.5% Swing 4.6% 2.7% 6.6%
Colours denote the winning party—as shown in § Results
Composition of the House of Commons after the election
Prime Minister before election Clement Attlee Labour Prime Minister after election Winston Churchill Conservative

The 1951 election was the second one to be covered on BBC Television. On election night, the results were televised from the BBC Lime Grove Studios in London. Graham Hutton, David Butler and H. G. Nicholas headed the election night coverage from 10.15pm until 4.00am on the television service. On the following day, television coverage started at 10.00am and continued throughout the day until 5.00pm.^[1]

Background

King George VI was apprehensive that, given that the government had such a slim majority and that he was to leave the country to go on his planned Commonwealth tour in early 1952, there was a possibility of a change of government in his absence; Clement Attlee decided to call the election to assuage this concern.^[2] (In the event, the King became too ill to travel, and delegated the tour to his daughter Princess Elizabeth shortly before his death in February 1952). Parliament was dissolved on 5 October 1951.^[3]

The Labour government, which by now had implemented most of its manifesto from the 1945 election, was beginning to lose cabinet ministers, such as Ernest Bevin (death) and Stafford Cripps (health issues). The Conservative Party, however, after the previous year's election, had more new MPs.

Campaign

The Labour Party entered the election weakened by the emerging schism between Gaitskellites, on the right of the party, and left-wing Bevanites.^[4] Its manifesto stated that the party "proud of its record, sure in its policies—confidently asks the electors to renew its mandate". It identified four key tasks facing the United Kingdom which it would tackle: the need to work for peace, the need to work to "maintain full employment and to increase production", the need to reduce cost of living, and the need to "build a just society". The manifesto argued that only a Labour government could achieve these tasks.^[5] It also contrasted the Britain of 1951 with that of the interwar years (when there had largely been Conservative-led governments), saying this period saw "mass-unemployment; mass fear; mass misery".^[6] It did not promise more nationalisations as it did in the previous year's election, and instead focused on offering more council housing and a pledge to "associate the workers more closely with the administration of public industries and services", although it remained opposed to full workers' control of industries.^[4]

While Labour began to have some policy divisions during the election campaign, the Conservatives ran an efficient campaign that was well-funded and orchestrated. Their manifesto Britain Strong and Free stressed that safeguarding "our traditional way of life" was integral to the Conservative purpose. Significantly, they did not propose to dismantle the British welfare state or the National Health Service which the Labour government had established.^[7] The manifesto did, however, promise to "stop all further nationalisation" and to repeal the Steel Act introduced by the Labour government, which was being implemented during the election season. It also attacked Labour for ending wartime rationing and price controls too slowly, and for the rise of industrial conflicts after the end of the wartime wage freeze and Defence Regulations bans on strike actions.^[4][8]

As for the Liberal Party, its poor election result in 1950 only worsened this time; unable to get the same insurance against losses of deposits that it did in the previous year, it was able to field only 109 candidates as opposed to 478 in 1950, and thus posted the worst general election result in the party's history, getting just 2.5% of the vote and winning only six seats. The Liberals' (and later the Liberal Democrats') popular vote total has not fallen so low since, though their lowest total of six seats would be matched in several future elections.^[9] The Liberal Party's growing irrelevance weakened the Labour Party, for two-thirds of potential Liberal voters supported the Conservatives.^[4]

Four candidates were returned unopposed, all of them Ulster Unionists in Northern Ireland. This is the most recent general election in which any candidates have been returned unopposed, although there have since been unopposed by-elections.^[10]

The subsequent Labour defeat was significant for several reasons: the party polled almost a quarter of a million votes more than the Conservative Party and its National Liberal Party ally combined; won the most votes that Labour has ever won (as of 2019); and won the most votes of any political party in any election in British political history, a number not surpassed until the Conservative Party's victory in 1992.

Despite this, the Conservative Party formed the next government with a majority of 17 seats. It performed much better with male working-class voters than in the elections of 1945 or 1950, and was able to tip the vote away from Labour in Lancashire, the Home Counties, and East Anglia.^[4] Under the first-past-the-post electoral system, many Labour votes were 'wasted' as part of large majorities for MPs in safe seats.

This was the fourth of five elections in the twentieth century where a party lost the popular vote, but won the most seats. The others were January 1910, December 1910, 1929 and February 1974; it also happened in the 1874 election. The 1951 and 1874 elections are the only two examples of a political force winning an overall majority while losing the popular vote.

Results

↓ 

321	295	6	3
Conservative	Labour	Lib	O

 

1951 United Kingdom general election

			Candidates						Votes
Party		Leader	Stood	Elected	Gained	Unseated	Net	% of total	%	No.	Net %
	Labour	Clement Attlee	617	295	2	22	−20	47.2	48.8	13,948,883	+2.7
	Conservative	Winston Churchill	617	321	23	1	+22	51.4	48.0	13,717,850	+4.6
	Liberal	Clement Davies	109	6	1	4	−3	1.0	2.6	730,546	−6.5
	Independent Nationalist	N/A	3	2	0	0	0	0.3	0.3	92,787	N/A
	Irish Labour	William Norton	1	1	1	0	+1	0.2	0.1	33,174	−0.1
	Communist	Harry Pollitt	10	0	0	0	0	0.0	0.1	21,640	−0.2
	Independent	N/A	6	0	0	0	0	0.0	0.1	19,791	N/A
	Plaid Cymru	Gwynfor Evans	4	0	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	10,920	−0.1
	SNP	Robert McIntyre	2	0	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	7,299	0.0
	Ind. Conservative	N/A	1	0	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	5,904	N/A
	Ind. Labour Party	Fred Barton	3	0	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	4,057	0.0
	British Empire	P. J. Ridout	1	0	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	1,643	N/A
	Anti-Partition	James McSparran	1	0	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	1,340	0.0
	United Socialist	Guy Aldred	1	0	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	411	0.0

Total votes cast: 28,596,594.^[a]

Government's new majority	17
Total votes cast	28,596,594
Turnout	82.6%

Votes summary

Popular vote Labour   48.78% Conservative   47.97% Liberal   2.55% Others   0.70%

Headline swing: 1.13% to Conservative.

Seats summary

Parliamentary seats Conservative   51.36% Labour   47.20% Liberal   0.96% Others   0.48%

Transfers of seats

All comparisons are with the 1950 election.^[b]

From		To		No.	Seats
	Labour		Labour (HOLD)	273
			Liberal	1	Bolton West
			Conservative	21	Barry, Battersea South, Bedfordshire South, Berwick and East Lothian, Bolton East, Buckingham, Conway, Darlington, Doncaster, Dulwich, King's Lynn, Manchester Blackley, Middlesbrough West, Norfolk South West, Oldham East, Plymouth Sutton, Reading North, Rochdale, Rutherglen, Wycombe, Yarmouth
	Nationalist		Nationalist (HOLD)	1	Fermanagh and South Tyrone
			Independent Nationalist	1	Mid Ulster
	Liberal		Labour	2	Anglesey, Meirioneth
			Liberal (HOLD)	5	Cardiganshire, Carmarthen, Huddersfield West, Montgomery, Orkney and Shetland
			Conservative	2	Eye, Roxburgh and Selkirk
	National Liberal		National Liberal (HOLD)	16	Angus North and Mearns, Angus South, Bedfordshire South, Bradford North, Denbigh, Dumfriesshire, Fife East, Harwich, Holland with Boston, Huntingdonshire, Luton, Norfolk Central, Renfrewshire West, Ross and Cromarty, St Ives, Torrington
	Conservative		National Liberal	1	Newcastle upon Tyne North
			Conservative (HOLD)	many
	Speaker			1	Hexham
	Ulster Unionist		Irish Labour	1	Belfast West
			Ulster Unionist	9	North Antrim, South Antrim, Armagh, Belfast East, Belfast North, Belfast South, Down North, Down South, Londonderry

See also

• List of MPs elected in the 1951 United Kingdom general election
• 1951 United Kingdom general election in Northern Ireland
• 1951 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours

Notes

1. All parties shown. Conservative result includes the Ulster Unionists.
2. No seats changed hands during the 1950–51 Parliament.

References

1. "The General Election". Radio Times (1458): 50. 19 October 1951.
2. Judd 2012, p. 238: Judd writes that Attlee confirmed the king's anxiety in his own autobiography.
3. "Parliamentary Election Timetables" (PDF) (3rd ed.). House of Commons Library. 25 March 1997. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
4. Thorpe, Andrew (1997). A History of the British Labour Party. London: Macmillan Education UK. p. 133. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-25305-0. ISBN 978-0-333-56081-5.
5. The Times House of Commons 1951, London: The Times Office, 1951, p. 228
6. The Times House of Commons 1951, London: The Times Office, 1951, p. 229
7. Kynaston 2009, p. 32.
8. The Times House of Commons 1951, London: The Times Office, 1951, p. 234
9. 1951: Churchill back in power at last, BBC News, 5 April 2005, retrieved 5 October 2013
10. . election.demon.co.uk. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020 – via Wayback Machine.

Sources

• Butler, David E. (1952), The British General Election of 1951, London: Macmillan, The standard study
• Craig, F.W.S. (1989), British Electoral Facts: 1832–1987, Dartmouth: Gower, ISBN 0900178302
• Judd, Dennis (2012), George VI, I.B. Tauris (paperback), ISBN 978-1-78076-071-1
• Kynaston, David (2009), Family Britain 1951–7, London: Bloomsbury, ISBN 9780747583851

External links

• Churchill & the 1951 General Election - UK Parliament Living Heritage

Manifestos

• , 1951 Conservative Party manifesto
• , 1951 Labour Party manifesto
• , 1951 Liberal Party manifesto