Iban language

The Iban language (jaku Iban) is spoken by the Iban, one of the Dayak ethnic groups, who live in Brunei, the Indonesian province of West Kalimantan and in the Malaysian state of Sarawak. It belongs to the Malayic subgroup, a Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family.

Iban
Jaku Iban
Native to	Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia
Region	Sarawak, Malaysia
Ethnicity	Iban
Native speakers	2,450,000 (2019)^[1] 1,900,000 L2 speakers in Malaysia (2019)^[1]
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Malayic Ibanic Iban
Writing system	Latin, Dunging
Official status
Regulated by	Tun Jugah Foundation^[2] Majlis Adat Istiadat Sarawak^[2]
Language codes
ISO 639-2	iba
ISO 639-3	iba
Glottolog	iban1264

An Iban speaker, recorded in Malaysia.

The Iban language is ranked as Level 5 (safe) in term of endangerment on Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS).^[2]

Classification

Iban is classified as a Malayic language, a Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family. The Iban language is related to Sebuyau, Kendayan, Balau, Selaku,^[2] but more closely related to Malay, more closely to Sarawakian Malay.^[3] The Malayic language is divided into three lannguages namely Ibanic, Malayic, and Urak Lawoi languages.^[2] The Ibanic language is spoken in Sarawak, Kalimantan, and Brunei and is confined within the Borneo island. The Malayic languages also originate from western Borneo,^[2][3] and was brought to Sumatra. The Urak Lawoi' language was brought to West Malaysia.^[2]

History

The Iban language is the native language of the Iban people, who fall under the general grouping of "Dayak" (i.e. native peoples of Borneo). Previously, the Iban were referred to during the colonial period as "Sea Dayaks". Their homeland is the island of Borneo, which is politically divided between Malaysia and Indonesia; the Iban can mostly be found in the Malaysian state of Sarawak.

Post-World War II

The Borneo Literature Bureau was founded by the Crown Colony of Sarawak to collect and write down oral Iban literature.^[4] It was shut down following the opening of Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka branch offices in Kuching and Kota Kinabalu in 1977, though other smaller publishers continue in this niche such as the Kuching based company Klasik, churches and state outlets like Federal Government's Department of Information with its Pembrita magazine. While Sarawakian media is controlled by the federal government just as its Peninsular and Sabahan counterparts, Iban language news reporting such as newspapers are far more disadvantaged due to higher costs of printing in high quality imported paper and perceived low advertising revenue compared to those in English and Chinese dailies.^[5]

In 2008, Iban was taught as an elective language subject in Malaysian Form 5 secondary schools for Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) certificate examination.^[2] A survey done in Sarawak in 2008 showed that a total of 367 primary schools and 55 secondary schools have taught the Iban subjects since 1968. The number of primary schools offering the Iban language subject increased to 1,264 in 2015 while the number of secondary schools reduced to 52 in 2015. Most of the schools are located in Kapit, Sibu, Sri Aman, and Sarikei Divisions where there are significant Iban population. The Iban language subject is also offered in undergraduate programmes in two teachers' institutions in Sarawak. In Sultan Idris Education University, Perak, the Iban language is offered as a minor subject for Iban students majoring in Malay studies.^[2]

The Iban language is also allowed in the Sarawak State Legislative Assembly with the special permission from the Speaker and simultaneous interpretations will be provided during the assembly sitting and when written into the hansard.^[2]

Radio Televisyen Malaysia (RTM) expanded their Iban radio broadcasts to 10 hours on Sundays and 9 hours on rest of the week by the 1980s as WaiFM^[5][2] Cats FM is the first commercial radio station to broadcast in Iban opening in 1997.^[5] RTM later opened their first Borneo-oriented channel TVi in 2011 which later became TV Okey which includes a 30-minute Iban news slot.^[6] The Utusan Borneo and The Borneo Post newspapers have Iban language sections. The Pegari Iban language magazine is also published regularly.^[2]

Some churches in Sarawak conduct services in the Iban language.^[2]

Rentap's battle cry while fighting against James Brooke in 1860s “Agi Idup, Agi Ngelaban!” (“I will fight as long I will live!”) was adopted by Sarawak Royal Ranger Regiment as their motto. The battle cry is also used in speeches and car stickers to evoke the warrior spirit of the Iban people.^[2] The word "Oo-ha", an Iban call for celebration, was popularised by the former chief minister of Sarawak Adenan Satem as a form of "hello" before giving speeches in order to motivate a crowd.^[2] The Chinese-predominant Sarawak United Peoples' Party used the Iban word "Sa'ati" (United) as their party slogan.^[7][8] Another Chinese-predominant Sarawak Democratic Action Party has been using the Iban language to garner support from the Iban population.^[9][10] Other words include "Segulai sejalai" (going together} that was selected as the slogan for Malaysian national unity,^[11] and "Ngap Sayot" (literally means "eat vegetables") used by Sarawak FA football team battle cry to signify taking down opponents just like eating vegetables.^[12][13][14]

Plans for an independent regional Sarawakian broadcaster were discussed since 2017 under the state government of then-Chief Minister (later State Premier) Abang Johari Tun Openg who had complained of indifference in coverage of state affairs from mainstream Kuala Lumpur-based broadcasters.^[15] This would later lead to the launch of TVS under Sarawak Media Group in 2020 first as a streaming-only channel before transitioning to free-to-air television; TVS provides Iban language news and programming alongside official state languages Malay and English as well as Chinese.^[16][17]

Dialects

Iban can be subdivided into different sub-ethnic groups, each of which speak in different dialects. The most formal, intermediate, and working dialect is the Saribas dialect, and mainly Betong and Saratok. Others such as Balau, Sebuyau, Ulu Ai, and Rejang are mutually intelligible throughout the Sarawak region. The exception is the Iban Remun/Milikin dialect, which is still understood by Ibans from other districts. In West Kalimantan, dialects such as Bugau, Seberuang, Mualang, Chengkang, Sebaru, and Dau are more disparate.

Dialect comparison

Comparison between Sarawak Iban and Mualang

English	Balau (Sarawak)	Mualang (Kalimantan)
Rooster	Manuk	Renyau
Smell	Nyium	Lulum
Stupid	Tuyu, banga	Mawa
Twins	sapit	Rakup
Window	Penyinga/jenila	Telingu'
Father	Apai	Mpai
Feel	Asai	Asa'
And	Enggau	Aba'
Animal	Jelu	Ibun
Arrange	Tusun	Tunsun, tipan
Breathe	Seput	Penyuan

Sample text (Luke 2:10-11)

Mualang

10 Baroꞌ mlikat Tuhan Allah madah ke sidaꞌ: “Nang kitaꞌ takot! Ku madah brita bayek ari Tuhan Allah ke kitaꞌ, te nyuroh gaga ugaꞌ bansa.

11 Malam toꞌ de kuta Daod^e udah adai Penyelamat kitaꞌ, Al Maseh Raja te dedanyi Tuhan Allah, nyaꞌ mah Tuhan.

Iban

10 Tang ku melikat nya bejaku ngagai sida, “Anang takut! Laban aku mai ngagai kita Berita Manah ti ngasuh ati semua mensia gaga:

11 sehari tu, di nengeri David, Juruselamat kita udah ada, iya nya Kristus ti Tuhan!

Comparison between Standard Iban and Remun

English	Standard Iban	Remun/Milikin
No	Enda	Entai
See	Meda	Ngilau
Know	Nemu	Badak
Shirt	Gari	Kelatang
Run	Belanda	Belawa
Silence!	Anang inggar	Sengian
Stupid	Beli'/Palui/bangka	Labuan
No/Did not	Nadai	Entai
Tomorrow	Pagila	Pagi
Later	Lagi/legi	Ila
Mat	Tikai	Kelaya
Good	Manah	Nyelaie

Sample phases in Iban Remun

• Entai ku ngilau – Nadai aku meda. ('I did not see it.')
• Entauk ku badak – Enda ku nemu. ('I don't know.')

Comparison between Standard Iban and Sebuyau

English	Standard Iban	Sebuyau/Kua'
You	Nuan	Kua'
Why	Lapa	Mentang
Stupid	Tuyu, beli	Banga
No	Enda	Adai
Later	Lagi	Ila
Tomorrow	Pagila	Pagi
Know	Nemu	Siba
To hurry	Beguai/Berumban	Temengat
Side dishes	Engkayu	Hempah
Come out	Pansut	Temenyul
Restless	Kekasak	Kekajal
Untidy	Temerak	Kemada
Like this	Baka nya	Baka nia
Causes	Ngasuh	Mela
Shocked	Tekenyit	Tekanyat
Slow	Lubah	Lumbu

Phonology

Consonants

Iban has the following consonant inventory:^[18]

Iban consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t	tʃ	k	ʔ
	voiced	b	d	dʒ	ɡ
Fricative			s			h
Lateral			l
Rhotic			r
Approximant		w		j

Vowels

Iban has a six-vowel system, with five cardinal vowels plus schwa:^[19]

Iban vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid	e	ə	o
Open		a

Vowel sounds are nasalized when preceded by a nasal consonant.^[19]

Writing system

Although the Iban language is presently written using the Latin alphabet, an Iban syllabary^[20] (the Dunging script) was devised by Dunging anak Gunggu, who reportedly spent fifteen years from 1947 to 1962 devising the script.^[21] Twenty generations before Dunging, which would represent approximately 400–600 years, an ancestor named Renggi also devised a script, but it was apparently lost in a flood.^{[citation needed]} The Iban syllabary is published but is not widely distributed; efforts by Dr. Bromeley Philip of Universiti Teknologi MARA to promote and revitalize the use of script have resulted in the creation of digital fonts in 2010, called LaserIban. His aim is to help preserve the Iban alphabet in digital form in the modern world. The LaserIban font is available for Windows and Macintosh computers and is completely cross-platform compatible. His work has also led to the creation of a teaching program and the transcription of several traditional folktales.^[22][23]

Grammar

Lexical roots can be expanded by many affixes in Iban, as exemplified here with the verb gagai.

• gagai 'chase'
• begagai 'chasing/playing with each other'
• begagaika 'chasing something/someone'
• ngagai 'to chase'
• digagai 'being chased by'
• dipegagaika 'being chased by many'
• pengagai 'chaser'
• tegagaika 'outrun/outpace'

There are four types of affixes in Iban, namely prefixes, suffixes, circumfixes and infixes.

Type of noun affixes	Affix	Example of root word	Example of derived word
Prefix	pe-	mangah (angry)	pemangah (hot tempered)
	pen-	datai (arrive)	penatai (arrival)
	penge-	rindu (love) (verb)	pengerindu (love) (noun)
	be-	reta (property, possessions)	bereta (rich)
	bepe-	rindang (entertained)	beperindang (being entertained)
	beke- bete	kitang (hang)	bekekitang (hanging in group)
	ke-	rimpak (break)	kerimpak (broken pieces)
	m- n- me- nge- nye	panduk (cooked)	manduk (cooking)
	di-	sium (kiss)	disium (being kissed)
	dipe-	jaku (word, talk)	dipejaku (being talk about, gossiped)
	se-	iku (tail)	seiku, siku (one (person))
	sepe(m)-	panjai (long)	sepemanjai (as long as, measurement of long)
	te-	indik (footstep)	terindik (accidentally stepping on something)
Infix	⟨er⟩	titik (drip)	teritik (dripping)
Suffix	-ka	pasuk (wear)	pasukka (wear) (command)
	-i	garam (salt)	garami, gerami (marinade)
Circumfix	ng-...-kn	ayah (waste)	ngayahka (wasting, playing)
	be-...-ka	kena (hit, for)	bekenaka (wears)

Other examples:

• Sayau 'love'
• Dikesayauka 'was loved by'
• Penyayau 'affection'
• Kiruh 'busy'
• Ngiruhka 'to make someone busy'
• Pengiruh 'preoccupied'
• Pengiruh-ngiruh 'really preoccupied'
• Enjuk 'give'
• Berenjuk 'giving each other' (present)
• ngenjuk^{[clarification needed]}
• Dienjuk 'gave' (past)
• Deka ngenjuk 'will be given' (future)
• Pengenjuk 'giver'
• Kangau 'call'
• Bekangau 'calling each other' (present)
• Ngangau 'calling' (present)
• Dikangau 'was called' (past)
• Deka dikangau 'will be called' (future)
• Pengangau 'caller'

Personal pronouns

Iban has separate words for inclusive and exclusive we, and distinguishes singular, dual, and plural.^[24]

	singular	dual	plural
First-person exclusive	aku	kami səduai	kami
First-person inclusive	---	tua	kitai
Second person	deʔ noan	deʔ səduai noan səduai	kitaʔ
Third person	iya	səduai	sidaʔ

Sample

• Ke nuan 'for you'
• Ke aku 'for me'
• Ke kami 'for us'
• Bup aku 'my book'
• Bakih aku 'my friend'
• Apai aku 'my father'
• Gamal nuan 'your look'
• Sulu nuan 'your beloved'
• Sekula kami 'our school'
• Ke pangan aku 'for my beloved'
• Ke anak aku 'for my child'
• Ari indai di 'from your mother'
• Ari bakih aku 'from my friend'

Pronouns are primarily put after subjects.

Possessive pronouns

Iban	English
engku	mine
enggi di, ngedi	your
enggi iya, ngi'ya	his/her
enggi tua	ours (both of us)
engkita	belong to all of you
enggi sida	theirs

Sample phases:

• baju tu engku 'This shirt is mine.'
• Tu enggi nuan 'This is yours.'
• Siti nyin enggi tua 'That one belongs to both of us.'

Demonstrative determiners

There are three demonstrative determiners in Iban. Tu 'this, these' is used for a noun which is generally near to the speaker, nya 'that, those' is used for a noun which is generally far from the speaker, and nyin, which is the furthest from the speaker.

Pronoun	Iban	English
tu	bup tu	This book, these books
nya	ukui nya	That dog, those dogs
nyin	bungai nyin	That (furthest) flower(s)

These words can also act as demonstrative pronouns where they can stands on theirs own, replacing rather than modifying a noun.

Example:

• Nyamai tu. 'This is good.'
• Ok meh nya. 'That's ok.'
• Peda di nyin dih. 'Look at that.'

Demonstrative pronouns

In Iban, demonstrative pronouns are words that show which person or thing is being referred in relation to the location of the addressee to the speaker. There are three demonstrative pronouns in Iban depending on location to the speaker. They can only be used to refer to an addressee (human) and cannot be used to refer to inanimate objects.

Demonstrative pronouns

Space	Form	Gloss
Proximal	iya tu	this person
Medial	iya nya	that person
Distal	iya nyin	the other person (furthest)

Examples:

• Nama gaga iya tu baka nya? 'Why is this person acting in such a way?'
• Kini ke iya nya tadi? 'Where is he going?' (Referring to the second closest person to the speaker)
• Ni iya nyin tadi dih? 'Where is the other (person) one?' (referring to third person which is the furthest from the speaker)

Adverbs

Demonstrative adverbs

Demonstrative adverbs in Iban are closely related to the demonstrative pronouns in Iban grammar. For example, corresponding to the demonstrative pronouns are the adverbs such as kitu ('going here'), kia ('going there') and kin ('going there (farthest)') equivalent adverbs corresponding to the demonstrative pronoun this are tu, nya and nyin.

Demonstrative adverbs

Space	Form	Gloss
Proximal	kitu	going here
Medial	kia	going there
Distal	kin	going there, going yonder

Examples:

• Kitu nuan. 'Come here (you).'
• Kini di kia? 'Why are you going there?' (within the sight of the speaker)
• Aram kin tua. 'Let's go there.' (referring to location far away from speaker)

Locatives

Locative determiners

Space	Form	Gloss
Proximal	ditu	here
Medial	dia	there
Distal	din	there, yonder

Examples:

• Ditu ku nganti nuan. 'I wait for you here.'
• Dia ku nganti nuan. 'I wait for you there.' (not far from the speaker's location)
• Din ku nganti nuan. 'I wait for you there.' (referring to a far place)

Manner

Iban also has a set of adverbs referring to manner. They are a combination of baka (ke) ('like/as') and the abbreviated determiner forms tu, nya and nyin.

Locative determiners

Space	Form	Gloss
Proximal	baka tu	like this, this way
Medial	baka nya	like that, that way
Distal	baka nyin	like that, that way

Examples:

• Aku ka iya baka tu. 'I want it to be like this.'
• Nama di ngaga iya baka nya? 'Why did you treat him like this?'
• Uji gaga di baka ke nyin. 'Try to do it like that.'

Interrogative words

Iban also has a few interrogative words: sapa, nama, ni, lapa, kemaya and berapa.

• Sapa – Who

Sapa

Who

empu

own

jam

watch

tu?

this

Sapa empu jam tu?

Who own watch this

Who owns this watch?

• Nama – What

Nama

What

gaga

doing

nuan

you

ditu?

here

Nama gaga nuan ditu?

What doing you here

What are you doing here?

• Ni – Where (Dini and Ba ni also used to ask for specific location)

Ni

Where

ai

water/drink

ku

my

tadi?

just now

Ni ai ku tadi?

Where water/drink my {just now}

Where is my drink?

• Lapa – Why (Nama kebuah also used.)

Lapa

Why

nuan

you

nyabak?

crying

Lapa nuan nyabak?

Why you crying

Why are you crying?

• Kemaya – When

Kemaya

When

tua

we

deka

going to

betemu?

meet

Kemaya tua deka betemu?

When we {going to} meet

When are we going to meet?

• Berapa – How many

Berapa

How many

iku

CL

manuk

chicken

tupi

raise

nuan?

you

Berapa iku manuk tupi nuan?

{How many} CL chicken raise you

How many chicken you raise?

• Bakani – How

Bakani

How

gaya

look

mua ari

weather

saritu?

today

Bakani gaya {mua ari} saritu?

How look weather today

How is the weather today?

Examples

Numbers

Iban	Iban Standard	English
San	Sa/satu	One
Duan	Dua	Two
Dangku	Tiga	Three
Dangkan	Empat	Four
Dana/Tebak	Lima	Five
Dia/Tunggul	Nam	Six
Tuchung/Kusil	Tujuh	Seven
Dalun/Kulat	Lapan	Eight
Dunggau/Kedu	Semilan	Nine
Dupuk/Kedat	Sepuluh	Ten

Family

Iban	English
Apai/Aba	Father
Indai/Ina	Mother
Aki	Grandfather
Ini	Grandmother
Aya	Uncle
Ibu	Aunt
Menyadi/Madi	Siblings
Aka/Ika/Menyadi tuai	Elder brother/Elder sister
Adi/Menyadi biak	Younger brother/sister
Uchu	Grandchildren
Ichit	Great grandchildren

For extended family in Iban

Iban	English
Entua	Parent-in-law
Entua ke laki	Father-in-law
Entua ke indu	Mother-in-law
Apai/Indai tiri	Stepfather or stepmother
Menyadi/Madi ipar	Siblings-in-law
Ipar ke laki	Brother-in-law
Ipar ke indu	Sister-in-law
Aki ichit	Great-grandfather
Ini ichit	Great-grandmother
Anak buah	Nibling
Anak buah ke laki	Nephew
Anak buah ke indu	Niece
Petunggal	Cousin
Isan	One's parent to parents-in-law

Example;

• Anak buah bini ku nya. 'That is my wife's nibling.'
• Anak buah ke indu laki ku nya. 'That is my husband's niece.'
• Entua laki ku nya. 'That is my husband's parent-in-law.'
• Entua ke laki laki ku nya. 'That is my husband's father-in-law.'
• Petunggal bini ku nya. 'That is my wife's cousin.'

Days

Iban	English/Roman
Ensanus/Ensana	Day before yesterday
Kemari	Yesterday
Saritu	Today
Pagila	Tomorrow
Lusa	Day after tomorrow
Tulat	3 days later
Lupat	The fourth day

Example:

• Tulat tua betemu. 'We'll meet again the third day.'

• Ensanus ku bisi meda iya 'I saw him two days ago.'

Months

The Iban calendar is one month ahead of the Gregorian calendar as follows:

Iban	English/Gregorian
Empalai rubai	January
Emperega/Empekap	February
Lelang	March
Turun panggul	April
Sandih tundan	May
Tujuh	June
Berenggang reban	July
Kelebun	August
Labuh benih	September
Gantung senduk	October
Chechanguk	November
Pangka di labu (first month of Iban calendar)	December

Sample phrases

Iban	English/Roman
Nama berita nuan?	How are you?
Sapa nama nuan?	What is your name?
Berapa/mesa rega utai tu?	How much is this?
Dini alai ___?	Where is ___?
Ari ni penatai nuan?	Where are you from?
Datai ari ___aku	I come from ___
Pukul berapa diatu?	What is the time now?
Selamat lemai!	Good evening!
Selamat ngalih ari!	Good afternoon!
Lalu nemuai!	Welcome!
Anang manchal!	Don't be naughty!
Enda ulih datai	Couldn't make it
Anang guai	Hold on/Wait a second
Nadai ngawa nya/enda ngawa	Nevermind/it does not matter
Ka belaya	Do you want to fight?
Pulai/mupuk dulu	Going back
Aram bekelala tua	Let's get to know each other
Pengerindu	Love, passion
Aku lelengauka nuan	I miss you/I am missing you
Sapa enggau nuan?	Who came/is with you?
Aku enggau ___	I came / went with ___; I am with ___
Alau dinga	Please listen (Saratok dialect)
Anang inggar / ragak	Silent, please
Kini ke nuan?	Where are you going?
Mar amat!	Too expensive/difficult
Tusah endar!	Too difficult
Kapa nya!	Couldn't care less/what is that for!
Selamat pagi, Pengajar	Good morning, teacher
Enda nemu aku tu	I don't know
Aram ngirup mih kitai	Let's we drink^[clarification needed]
Ka ke pasar ku pagila	I want to go to the town tomorrow
Mupuk gawa aku	I'm going to work
Ka tinduk aku	I want to go to sleep/bed
Sapa kita ke manchal?	Who is being naughty?
Bajik amat nuan	You are pretty/beautiful (for women)
Sigat amat nuan	You are handsome (for men)
Aku meruan sayauka nuan belama	I will always love you
Asai ke kala meda nuan	I feel like I have seen you before

Bible translation and Sample Text

Genesis 1:1–3

Ba pun iya kelia, lebuh Allah Taala berengkah ngaga langit enggau dunya, dunya endang apin bisi bakal tauka gamal sereta nadai utai nguan. Semina ribut ti deras ari Allah Taala aja ti bepuput atas tasik ti agi petang. Allah Taala lalu bejaku, “Awakka penampak pegari.” Penampak lalu pegari. Allah Taala meda penampak nya manah; lalu Iya nyeraraka penampak nya ari pemetang. Iya ngumbai penampak nya “Siang” lalu pemetang nya dikumbai Iya “Malam.” Lemai ambis lalu pagi pen datai. Nya hari ti keterubah.^[25]

In the beginning God created heaven and earth. The earth was formless and empty, and darkness covered the deep water. The spirit of God was hovering over the water. Then God said, "Let there be light!" So there was light. God saw the light was good. So God separated the light from the darkness. God named the light "day", and the darkness he named "night". There was evening, then morning, the first day.

Human Rights

English: Article 1 – All human beings are born free and equal in rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Malay: Perkara 1 – Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan sama dalam hak. Mereka dikurniakan akal dan hati nurani dan harus bertindak antara satu sama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan.

Standard Iban: Pekara 1 : Semua mensia ada meratai enggau hak ke sebaka. Sida diberi pemikir enggau ati tuchi lalu patut begulai enggau diri sama diri dalam serakup entara bala menyadi.

Balau Iban Dialect: Pekaha 1 : Semua mensia ada bebas enggau hak ti sebaka. Sida dibehi pikih enggau ati behesi alu patut begulai enggau dihi sama dihi dalam gehempung entaha bala menyadi.

Other Iban Dialect: Pekaro 1 : Semuo mensio ado bebas enggau hak ti sebako. Sida diberi pikir enggau ati tuchi lalu patut begulai enggau diri samo diri dalam serakup entaro balo menyadi.

Pikaro 1 : Simuo minsio ado bibas nggau hak ti sibako. Sida dibiri pikir enggau ati tuchi lalu patut bigulai nggau diri samo diri dalam sirakup intaro balo minyadi.

References

1. Iban at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
2. Su Hie, Ting; Andyson, Tinggang; Mertom, Lily (28 July 2021). "Language use and attitudes as indicators of subjective vitality: The Iban of Sarawak, Malaysia". Language Documentation and Conservation. 15: 190–218. ISSN 1934-5275. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
3. Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James J.; Tryon, Darrell, eds. (2006). The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. Canberra: ANU Press. doi:10.22459/a.09.2006. ISBN 978-1-920942-85-4.
4. Tawai, Jimbun A. (1998). "Iban mother tongue education". In Kia Soong (ed.). Mother Tongue Education of Malaysia Ethnic Minorities. Kuala Lumpur: Dong Jiao Zong Higher Learning Center. pp. 100–113.
5. Postill, John (15 May 2006). Media and Nation Building: How the Iban became Malaysian. Berghahn Books. pp. 59, 71–8. ISBN 978-0-85745-687-8.
6. "New TV channel for Sabah and Sarawak". The Star (Malaysia). Bernama. 7 April 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
7. . The Borneo Post. 4 June 2014. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
8. . Dayak Daily. 22 May 2022. Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
9. "YES! Jom Aram Neh Berubah! (Yes! Let's just change!)" (PDF). Perdana Leadership Foundation Library. Democratic Action Party. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
10. . Sarawak Democratic Action Party. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
11. . Malaysiakini. 7 June 2023. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
12. Lau, Ceres. . Behance. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
13. . The Borneo Post. 16 June 2013. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
14. Masilamany, Joseph. . The Vibes. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
15. "Sarawak macam anak tiri stesen TV siaran percuma" (in Malay). Astro Awani. 27 November 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
16. "Berita Sarawak" (in Iban). TVS. Retrieved 2023-09-13.
17. Collin Jerome; Ting Su Hie; Ahmad Junaidi Ahmad Hadzmy; Humaira Raslie (Mar 13, 2023). Accessing News in the Digital Era: The Case of Sarawak, Malaysia. 5th Kuala Lumpur International Conference on Education, Economics and Technology. Kuala Lumpur. p. 23-4.
18. Asmah Haji Omar (1969), p. 38.
19. Asmah Haji Omar (1969), p. 51.
20. "Iban". Omniglot. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
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23. Universiti Teknologi MARA (18 May 2015). "Reviving the Iban Alphabet". Phys.org. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
24. Asmah Haji Omar (1969), p. 185.
25. . G-KRIS. Archived from the original on 2018-10-22.

Sources

• Richards, Anthony (1981). An Iban-English Dictionary. New York: Oxford University Press. [Paperback reprint in the 1988 by Penerbit Fajar Bakti, Petaling Jaya. ISBN 967653384X]
• Asmah Haji Omar (1969). The Iban Language of Sarawak: A Grammatical Description (PhD thesis). SOAS University of London.
• Asmah Haji Omar (1981). The Iban Language of Sarawak: A Grammatical Description. Kuala Lumpur: Kementarian Pelajaran Malaysia.
• Steinmayer, Otto (1999). Jalai Jako' Iban: A Basic Grammar of the Iban Language of Sarawak. Kuching: Klasik Publishing House.
• Renang Anak Ansali (2002), "Jaku Iban serta basa kitai", University of London Magazine

• Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia / Jabatan Pelajaran Sarawak /Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum KPM 2007

External links

 

Iban language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

 

Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Iban.

• Digitized books about Iban at the SOAS library
• Ator Sambiang Mass Baru: The Holy Eucharist in Iban (1980) Anglican eucharistic liturgy digitized by Richard Mammana