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Calabash

Calabash (/ˈkæləbæʃ/;[2] Lagenaria siceraria), also known as bottle gourd,[3] white-flowered gourd,[4] long melon, birdhouse gourd,[5] New Guinea bean, New Guinea butter bean, Tasmania bean,[6] and opo squash, is a vine grown for its fruit. It can be either harvested young to be consumed as a vegetable, or harvested mature to be dried and used as a utensil, container, or a musical instrument. When it is fresh, the fruit has a light green smooth skin and white flesh.

Calabash
Green calabash growing on its vine
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Cucurbitales
Family: Cucurbitaceae
Genus: Lagenaria
Species:
L. siceraria
Binomial name
Lagenaria siceraria
Synonyms[1]
List
    • Cucumis bicirrha J.R.Forst. ex Guill.
    • Cucumis lagenaria (L.) Dumort.
    • Cucumis mairei H.Lév.
    • Cucurbita ciceraria Molina
    • Cucurbita idololatrica Willd.
    • Cucurbita lagenaria L.
    • Cucurbita leucantha Duchesne
    • Cucurbita longa W.M.Fletcher
    • Cucurbita pyriformis M.Roem.
    • Cucurbita siceraria Molina
    • Cucurbita vittata Blume
    • Lagenaria bicornuta Chakrav.
    • Lagenaria cochinchinensis M.Roem.
    • Lagenaria hispida Ser.
    • Lagenaria idolatrica (Willd.) Ser.
    • Lagenaria lagenaria (L.) Cockerell
    • Lagenaria leucantha Rusby
    • Lagenaria microcarpa Naudin
    • Lagenaria siceraria f. depressa (Ser.) M.Hiroe
    • Lagenaria siceraria var. laevisperma Millán
    • Lagenaria siceraria f. microcarpa (Naudin) M.Hiroe
    • Lagenaria vittata Ser.
    • Lagenaria vulgaris Ser.
    • Lagenaria vulgaris var. clavata Ser.
    • Lagenaria vulgaris var. gourda Ser.
    • Pepo lagenarius Moench
    • Trochomeria rehmannii Cogn.

Calabash fruits have a variety of shapes: they can be huge and rounded, small and bottle-shaped, or slim and serpentine, and they can grow to be over a metre long. Rounder varieties are typically called calabash gourds. The gourd was one of the world's first cultivated plants grown not primarily for food, but for use as containers. The bottle gourd may have been carried from Asia to Africa, Europe, and the Americas in the course of human migration,[7] or by seeds floating across the oceans inside the gourd. It has been proven to have been globally domesticated (and existed in the New World) during the Pre-Columbian era.

There is sometimes confusion when discussing "calabash" because the name is shared with the unrelated calabash tree (Crescentia cujete), whose hard, hollow fruits are also used to make utensils, containers, and musical instruments.[8]

Etymology edit

The English word calabash is loaned from Middle French calebasse, which in turn derived from Spanish calabaza meaning gourd or pumpkin. It is either loaned from Arabic قَرْعَةٌ يَابِسَةٌ‎ (qarʕatun yābisatun, “dry gourd”) or directly from its etymon Persian خربزه‎ (xarboze, “melon”).[9][10] The English word is cognate with Catalan carabassa (“pumpkin; orange colour”), Galician cabaza (“gourd, pumpkin, squash; calabash (container)”), Occitan calebasso, carabasso, carbasso, Portuguese cabaça (“gourd; calabash (container)”) and Sicilian caravazza (and caramazza).[citation needed]

History edit

 
Bottle gourd curry

The bottle gourd has been recovered from archaeological contexts in China and Japan dating to ca. 8,000–9,000 B.P.,[11] whereas in Africa, despite decades of high-quality archaeobotanical research, the earliest record of its occurrence remains the 1884 report of a bottle gourd being recovered from a 12th Dynasty tomb at Thebes dating to ca. 4,000 B.P.[11] When considered together, the genetic and archaeological information points toward L. siceraria being independently brought under domestication first in Asia, and more than 4,000 years later, in Africa.[11] The bottle gourd is a commonly cultivated plant in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, and was eventually domesticated in southern Africa. Stands of L. siceraria, which may be source plants and not merely domesticated stands, were reported in Zimbabwe in 2004.[12] This apparent wild plant produces thinner-walled fruit that, when dried, would not endure the rigors of use on long journeys as a water container. Today's gourd may owe its tough, waterproof wall to selection pressures over its long history of domestication.[13]

Gourds were cultivated in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas for thousands of years before Columbus' arrival to the Americas. Polynesian specimens of calabash were found to have genetic markers suggesting hybridization from Asian and American cultivars.[14] In Europe,[15] Walahfrid Strabo (808–849), abbot and poet from Reichenau and advisor to the Carolingian kings, discussed the gourd in his Hortulus as one of the 23 plants of an ideal garden.[16][17]

The mystery of the bottle gourd – namely that this African or Eurasian species was being grown in the Americas over 8,000 years ago[18] – comes from the difficulty in understanding how it arrived in the Americas. The bottle gourd was theorized to have drifted across the Atlantic Ocean from Africa to South America, but in 2005 a group of researchers suggested that it may have been domesticated earlier than food crops and livestock and, like dogs, was brought into the New World at the end of the ice age by the native hunter-gatherer Paleo-Indians, which they based on a study of the genetics of archaeological samples. This study purportedly showed that gourds in American archaeological finds were more closely related to Asian variants than to African ones.[7]

In 2014 this theory was repudiated based on a more thorough genetic study. Researchers more completely examined the plastid genomes of a broad sample of bottle gourds, and concluded that North and South American specimens were most closely related to wild African variants and could have drifted over the ocean several or many times, as long as 10,000 years ago.[19]

Cultivation edit

 
Pollen of Lagenaria siceraria (Size: ~60 microns)

Bottle gourds are grown by direct sowing of seeds or transplanting 15- to 20-day-old seedlings. The plant prefers well-drained, moist, organic rich soil. It requires plenty of moisture in the growing season and a warm, sunny position, sheltered from the wind. It can be cultivated in small places such as in a pot, and allowed to spread on a trellis or roof. In rural areas, many houses with thatched roofs are covered with the gourd vines. Bottle gourds grow very rapidly and their stems can reach a length of 9 m in the summer, so they need a solid support along the stem if they are to climb a pole or trellis. If planted under a tall tree, the vine may grow up to the top of the tree. To obtain more fruit, farmers sometimes cut off the tip of the vine when it has grown to 6–8 feet in length. This forces the plant to produce side branches that will bear flowers and yield more fruit.

The plant produces night blooming white flowers. The male flowers have long peduncles and the females have short ones with an ovary in the shape of the fruit. Sometimes the female flowers drop off without growing into a gourd due to the failure of pollination if there is no night pollinator (probably a kind of moth) in the garden. Hand pollination can be used to solve the problem. Pollens are around 60 microns in length.

First crop is ready for harvest within two months; first flowers open in about 45 days from sowing. Each plant can yield 1 fruit per day for the next 45 days if enough nutrients are available.

Yield ranges from 35 to 40 tons/ha, per season of 3 months cycle.

Toxicity edit

Like other members of the family Cucurbitaceae, gourds contain cucurbitacins that are known to be cytotoxic at a high concentration. The tetracyclic triterpenoid cucurbitacins present in fruits and vegetables of the cucumber family are responsible for the bitter taste, and could cause stomach ulcers. In extreme cases, people have died from drinking the juice of gourds.[20][21][22] The toxic cases are usually due to the gourd being used to make juice, which the drinkers described as being unusually bitter.[23] In three of the lethal cases, the victims were diabetics in their 50s and 60s.[23] In 2018, a healthy woman in her 40s was hospitalized for severe reactions after consuming the juice and died three days later from complications.[24]

The plant is not normally toxic when eaten. The excessively bitter (and toxic) gourds are due to improper storage (temperature swings or high temperature) and over-ripening.[23]

Nutrition edit

Boiled calabash is 95% water, 4% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and contains negligible fat (table). In a reference amount of 100 grams (3.5 oz), cooked calabash supplies a moderate amount of vitamin C (10% of the Daily Value), with no other micronutrients in significant amounts (table).

Calabash, cooked, no salt
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy63 kJ (15 kcal)
3.69 g
Dietary fiber1.2 g
0.02 g
0.6 g
VitaminsQuantity
%DV
Thiamine (B1)
3%
0.029 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
2%
0.022 mg
Niacin (B3)0.39 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
3%
0.144 mg
Vitamin B6
3%
0.038 mg
Folate (B9)
1%
4 μg
Vitamin C
10%
8.5 mg
MineralsQuantity
%DV
Calcium
2%
24 mg
Iron
2%
0.25 mg
Magnesium
3%
11 mg
Manganese
3%
0.066 mg
Phosphorus
2%
13 mg
Potassium
6%
170 mg
Sodium
0%
2 mg
Zinc
7%
0.7 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water95 g

Link to USDA Database entry
Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA FoodData Central

Culinary uses edit

Central America edit

In Central America the seeds of the bottle gourd are toasted and ground with other ingredients (including rice, cinnamon, and allspice) to make one type of the drink horchata.

East Asia edit

China edit

The calabash is frequently used in southern Chinese cuisine in either a stir-fry dish or a soup.

Japan edit

 
Calabash varieties, illustration from the Japanese agricultural encyclopedia Seikei Zusetsu (1804)

In Japan, it is commonly sold in the form of dried, marinated strips known as kanpyō and is used as an ingredient for making makizushi (rolled sushi).

Korea edit

Traditionally in Korea, the inner flesh has been eaten as namul vegetable and the outside cut in half to make bowls. Both fresh and dried flesh of bak is used in Korean cuisine. Fresh calabash flesh, scraped out, seeded, salted and squeezed to draw out moisture, is called baksok. Scraped and sun-dried calabash flesh, called bak-goji, is usually soaked before being stir-fried. Soaked bak-goji is often simmered in sauce or stir-fried before being added to japchae and gimbap.[25][26] Sometimes uncooked raw baksok is seasoned to make saengchae.

Southeast Asia edit

Burma edit

In Burma, it is a popular fruit. The young leaves are also boiled and eaten with a spicy, fermented fish sauce. It can also be cut up, coated in batter and deep fried to make fritters, which are eaten with Burmese mohinga.

Philippines edit

In the Philippines, calabash (known locally as upo) is commonly cooked in soup dishes like tinola. They are also common ingredients in noodle (pancit) dishes.

Vietnam edit

In Vietnam, it is a very popular vegetable, commonly cooked in soup with shrimp, meatballs, clams, various fish like freshwater catfish or snakehead fish or crab. It is also commonly stir-fried with meat or seafood, or incorporated as an ingredient of a hotpot. It is also used as a medicine. Americans have called calabashes from Vietnam "opo squash".

The shoots, tendrils, and leaves of the plant may also be eaten as greens.

South Asia edit

India edit

 
Bengali dish made with the stems and leaves of a bottle gourd plant

A popular north Indian dish is lauki chana, (chana dal and diced gourd in a semi-dry gravy). In the state of Maharashtra in India, a similar preparation called dudhi chana is popular. The skin of the vegetable is used in making a dry spicy chutney preparation. It is consumed in Assam with fish curry, as boiled vegetable curry and also fried with potato and tomatoes. lauki kheer (grated bottle gourd, sugar and milk preparation) is a dessert from Telangana, usually prepared for festive occasions. In Andhra Pradesh it is called anapakaya and is used to make anapakaya pulusu (with tamarind juice), anapakaya palakura (curry with milk and spices) and anapakaya pappu (with lentils). Lau chingri, a dish prepared with bottle gourd and prawn, is popular in West Bengal.[27] The edible leaves and young stems of the plant are widely used in Bengali cuisine. Although popularly called lauki in Hindi in northern part of the country, it is also called kaddu in certain parts of country like eastern India. (However, "kaddu" popularly translates to "pumpkin" in northern India.) It can be consumed as a dish with rice or roti for its medicinal benefits. In Gujarat, a traditional Gujarati savoury cake called handvo is made primarily using bottle gourd (in Gujarati, dudhi), sesame seeds, flour, and often lentils. In Karnataka, bottle gourd is called Sorekayi and is used to prepare palya (stir-fry) and Sambaru (a south Indian stew). Also, crispy sorekayi dosé (dosa) is one of the popular breakfasts in Karnataka.

Bangladesh edit

In Bangladesh the fruit is served with rice as a common dish.

Nepal edit

In Nepal, in the Madheshi southern plains, preparations other than as a normal vegetable include halva and khichdi.

Pakistan edit

In Pakistan, the calabash is cultivated on a large scale as its fruit are a popular vegetable.

Sri Lanka edit

In Sri Lanka, it is used in combination with rice to make a variety of milk rice, which is a popular dish in Sri Lanka.

Europe edit

Italy edit

In Southern Italy and Sicily, the variety Lagenaria siceraria var. longissima, called zucca da vino, zucca bottiglia, or cucuzza, is grown and used in soup or along with pasta.

In Sicily, mostly in the Palermo area, a traditional soup called "Minestra di Tenerumi" is made with the tender leaves of var. Longissima along with peeled tomato and garlic. The young leaves are themselves called "tenerumi", and Lagenaria in Sicily is cultivated both professionally and in home orchards mostly to use the leaves as a vegetable, the fruit being treated almost as a secondary product.[28]

It is also grown by the Italian diaspora.[29]

Cultural uses edit

Africa edit

Hollowed-out and dried calabashes are a very typical utensil in households across West Africa. They are used to clean rice, carry water, and as food containers. Smaller sizes are used as bowls to drink palm wine. Calabashes are used in making the West African instruments like the Ṣẹ̀kẹ̀rẹ̀, a Yoruba instrument similar to a maraca, kora (a harp-lute), xalam/ngoni (a lute) and the goje (a traditional fiddle). They also serve as resonators underneath the balafon (West African marimba). The calabash is also used in making the shegureh (a Sierra Leonean women's rattle)[30] and balangi (a Sierra Leonean type of balafon) musical instruments. Sometimes large calabashes are simply hollowed, dried and used as percussion instruments by striking them, especially by Fulani, Songhai, Gur-speaking and Hausa peoples. In Nigeria the calabash has been used by some motorcyclists as an imitation helmet in an attempt to circumvent motorcycle helmet laws.[31] In South Africa it is commonly used as a drinking vessel and a vessel for carrying food by communities, such as the Bapedi and AmaZulu. Erbore children of Ethiopia wear hats made from the calabash to protect them from the sun. South Africa's FNB Stadium, which hosted the 2010 FIFA World Cup, is known as The Calabash as its shape takes inspiration from the calabash. The calabash is also used in the manufacture of puppets.

Calabash also has a large cultural significance. In many African legends, Calabash (commonly referred to as gourds) are presented as a vessel for knowledge and wisdom.[32]

China edit

The húlu (葫芦/葫蘆), as the calabash is called in Mandarin Chinese, is an ancient symbol for health. Hulu had fabled healing properties due to doctors in former times carrying medicine inside it. The hulu was believed to absorb negative, earth-based qi (energy) that would otherwise affect health, and is a traditional Chinese medicine cure. The bottle gourd is a symbol of the Eight Immortals, and particularly Li Tieguai, who is associated with medicine. Li Tieguai's gourd was said to carry medicine that could cure any illness and never emptied, which he dispensed to the poor and needy.[33][34] Some folk myths say the "gourd had spirals of smoke ascend from it, denoting his power of setting his spirit free from his body,"[35] and that it "served as a bedroom for the night..."[34] The gourd is also an attribute of the deity Shouxing and a symbol of longevity.[36]

Dried calabash were also used as containers for liquids, often liquors or medicines. Calabash gourds were also grown in earthen molds to form different shapes with imprinted floral or arabesque designs. Molded gourds were also dried to house pet crickets. The texture of the gourd lends itself nicely to the sound of the insect, much like a musical instrument. The musical instrument, hulusi, is a kind of flute made from the gourd.[clarification needed]

Jewish culture edit

In the Safaradi Jewish culture, the gourd is eaten during Rosh Hashana (Jewish New Year’s Eve). According to the texts the gourd is eaten as a symbol of tearing apart the enemies who may come and attack. It is called Qaraa, which in Hebrew means “torn” קרע. “שיקרעו אויבנו מעלינו” meaning “may our enemies be torn apart over from us”.[citation needed]

Polynesia edit

The plant is spread throughout Polynesia known by hue in many related languages.[37]

In Hawaii the word "calabash" refers to a large serving bowl, usually made from hardwood rather than from the calabash gourd, which is used on a buffet table or in the middle of the dining table. The use of the calabash in Hawaii has led to terms like "calabash family" or "calabash cousins", indicating an extended family grown up around shared meals and close friendships. This gourd is often dried when ripe and used as a percussion instrument called an ipu heke (double gourd drum) or just Ipu in contemporary and ancient hula.

The Māori people of New Zealand grew several cultivars of calabash for particular uses like ipu kai cultivars as food containers and tahā wai cultivars as water gourds. They believed the gourd as a representation of Pū-tē-hue, one of Tāne (their god of forests)'s offspring.[38]

India/Bangladesh edit

The calabash is used as a resonator in many string instruments in India. Instruments that look like guitars are made of wood, but can have a calabash resonator at the end of the strings table, called toomba. The sitar, the surbahar, the tanpura (north of India, tambura south of India), may have a toomba. In some cases, the toomba may not be functional, but if the instrument is large, it is retained because of its balance function, which is the case of the Saraswati veena. Other instruments like rudra veena and vichitra veena have two large calabash resonators at both ends of the strings table. The instrument, Gopichand used by the Baul singers of Bengal is made out of calabash. The practice is also common among Buddhist and Jain sages.[39]

These toombas are made of dried calabash gourds, using special cultivars that were originally imported from Africa and Madagascar. They are mostly grown in Bengal and near Miraj, Maharashtra. These gourds are valuable items and they are carefully tended; for example, they are sometimes given injections to stop worms and insects from making holes in them while they are drying.

Hindu ascetics (sadhu) traditionally use a dried gourd vessel called the kamandalu. The juice of a bottle gourd is considered to have medicinal properties and be very healthy (see juice toxicity above).

In parts of India a dried, unpunctured gourd is used as a float (called surai-kuduvai in Tamil) to help people learn to swim in rural areas.

Philippines edit

In the Philippines, dried calabash gourds are one common material for making a traditional salakot hat.[44]

In 2012, Teófilo García of Abra in Luzon, an expert artisan who makes the Ilocano tamburaw variant using calabash, was awarded by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts with the "Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan" (National Living Treasures Award). He was cited for his dedication to practising and teaching the craft as an intangible cultural heritage of the Philippines under the Traditional Craftsmanship category.[44]

New Guinea edit

Among some New Guinea highland tribes, the calabash is used by men as a penis sheath.

South America edit

In Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Chile and southern Brazil, calabash gourds are dried and carved into mates (from the Quichua word mathi,[45] adopted into the Spanish language), the traditional container for mate, the caffeinated, tea-like drink brewed from the yerba mate plant. In the region the beverage itself is called mate as well as the calabash from which the drinking vessels are made. In Peru it is used in a popular practice for the making of mate burilado; "burilado" is the technique adopted for decorating the mate calabashes.

In Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador calabash gourds are used for medicinal purposes. The Inca culture applied symbols from folklore to gourds, this practice is still familiar and valued.

North America edit

Calabash's watertight features allowed it to be often used as container to ship seeds across the translantic slave trade.[32] They were also used by enslaved people to carry seeds for planting on plantation fields.[32] On plantations that held enslaved African Americans, the Calabash symbolized freedom—as alluded to in the song "Follow the Drinking Gourd" that referenced the Big Dipper constellation that was used to guide the Underground Railroad.[32]

Other uses edit

Tobacco smoking pipe edit

The gourd can be dried and used to smoke pipe tobacco. According to American consular reports from the early 20th century calabash pipes were commonly used in South Africa. Calabash was said to bestow a "special softness" of flavor that could not be duplicated by other materials. The lining was made of meerschaum, though tin was used for low-grade models.[46] A typical design yielded by this squash is recognized (theatrically) as the pipe of Sherlock Holmes, but the inventor of this character, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, never mentioned Holmes using a calabash pipe. It was the preferred pipe for stage actors portraying Holmes, because they could balance this pipe better than other styles while delivering their lines.[citation needed]

Enema equipment edit

The gourd is used traditionally to administer enemas. Along the upper Congo River an enema apparatus is made by making a hole in one end of the gourd for filling it, and using a resin to attach a hollow cane to the gourd's neck.[47]

References edit

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External links edit

  • How Bottle Gourds were brought to America by Native Americans
  • Multilingual taxonomic information at the University of Melbourne
  • Calabashes used for flotation and to store fish during huge Nigerian fish festival
  • Brief discussion of the species, uses, ecology, and etymology of generic and specific names 6 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  • Lagenaria siceraria in West African plants – A Photo Guide.

calabash, this, article, about, gourd, winter, squash, with, same, english, name, calabaza, trees, crescentia, other, uses, disambiguation, lagenaria, siceraria, also, known, bottle, gourd, white, flowered, gourd, long, melon, birdhouse, gourd, guinea, bean, g. This article is about the gourd For the winter squash with the same English name see Calabaza For the trees see Crescentia For other uses see Calabash disambiguation Calabash ˈ k ae l e b ae ʃ 2 Lagenaria siceraria also known as bottle gourd 3 white flowered gourd 4 long melon birdhouse gourd 5 New Guinea bean New Guinea butter bean Tasmania bean 6 and opo squash is a vine grown for its fruit It can be either harvested young to be consumed as a vegetable or harvested mature to be dried and used as a utensil container or a musical instrument When it is fresh the fruit has a light green smooth skin and white flesh CalabashGreen calabash growing on its vineScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade RosidsOrder CucurbitalesFamily CucurbitaceaeGenus LagenariaSpecies L sicerariaBinomial nameLagenaria siceraria Molina Standl Synonyms 1 List Cucumis bicirrha J R Forst ex Guill Cucumis lagenaria L Dumort Cucumis mairei H Lev Cucurbita ciceraria Molina Cucurbita idololatrica Willd Cucurbita lagenaria L Cucurbita leucantha Duchesne Cucurbita longa W M Fletcher Cucurbita pyriformis M Roem Cucurbita siceraria Molina Cucurbita vittata Blume Lagenaria bicornuta Chakrav Lagenaria cochinchinensis M Roem Lagenaria hispida Ser Lagenaria idolatrica Willd Ser Lagenaria lagenaria L Cockerell Lagenaria leucantha Rusby Lagenaria microcarpa Naudin Lagenaria siceraria f depressa Ser M Hiroe Lagenaria siceraria var laevisperma Millan Lagenaria siceraria f microcarpa Naudin M Hiroe Lagenaria vittata Ser Lagenaria vulgaris Ser Lagenaria vulgaris var clavata Ser Lagenaria vulgaris var gourda Ser Pepo lagenarius Moench Trochomeria rehmannii Cogn Calabash fruits have a variety of shapes they can be huge and rounded small and bottle shaped or slim and serpentine and they can grow to be over a metre long Rounder varieties are typically called calabash gourds The gourd was one of the world s first cultivated plants grown not primarily for food but for use as containers The bottle gourd may have been carried from Asia to Africa Europe and the Americas in the course of human migration 7 or by seeds floating across the oceans inside the gourd It has been proven to have been globally domesticated and existed in the New World during the Pre Columbian era There is sometimes confusion when discussing calabash because the name is shared with the unrelated calabash tree Crescentia cujete whose hard hollow fruits are also used to make utensils containers and musical instruments 8 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Cultivation 4 Toxicity 5 Nutrition 6 Culinary uses 6 1 Central America 6 2 East Asia 6 2 1 China 6 2 2 Japan 6 2 3 Korea 6 3 Southeast Asia 6 3 1 Burma 6 3 2 Philippines 6 3 3 Vietnam 6 4 South Asia 6 4 1 India 6 4 2 Bangladesh 6 4 3 Nepal 6 4 4 Pakistan 6 4 5 Sri Lanka 6 5 Europe 6 5 1 Italy 7 Cultural uses 7 1 Africa 7 2 China 7 3 Jewish culture 7 4 Polynesia 7 5 India Bangladesh 7 6 Philippines 7 7 New Guinea 7 8 South America 7 9 North America 8 Other uses 8 1 Tobacco smoking pipe 8 2 Enema equipment 9 References 10 External linksEtymology editThe English word calabash is loaned from Middle French calebasse which in turn derived from Spanish calabaza meaning gourd or pumpkin It is either loaned from Arabic ق ر ع ة ي اب س ة qarʕatun yabisatun dry gourd or directly from its etymon Persian خربزه xarboze melon 9 10 The English word is cognate with Catalan carabassa pumpkin orange colour Galician cabaza gourd pumpkin squash calabash container Occitan calebasso carabasso carbasso Portuguese cabaca gourd calabash container and Sicilian caravazza and caramazza citation needed History edit nbsp Bottle gourd curryThe bottle gourd has been recovered from archaeological contexts in China and Japan dating to ca 8 000 9 000 B P 11 whereas in Africa despite decades of high quality archaeobotanical research the earliest record of its occurrence remains the 1884 report of a bottle gourd being recovered from a 12th Dynasty tomb at Thebes dating to ca 4 000 B P 11 When considered together the genetic and archaeological information points toward L siceraria being independently brought under domestication first in Asia and more than 4 000 years later in Africa 11 The bottle gourd is a commonly cultivated plant in tropical and subtropical areas of the world and was eventually domesticated in southern Africa Stands of L siceraria which may be source plants and not merely domesticated stands were reported in Zimbabwe in 2004 12 This apparent wild plant produces thinner walled fruit that when dried would not endure the rigors of use on long journeys as a water container Today s gourd may owe its tough waterproof wall to selection pressures over its long history of domestication 13 Gourds were cultivated in Africa Asia Europe and the Americas for thousands of years before Columbus arrival to the Americas Polynesian specimens of calabash were found to have genetic markers suggesting hybridization from Asian and American cultivars 14 In Europe 15 Walahfrid Strabo 808 849 abbot and poet from Reichenau and advisor to the Carolingian kings discussed the gourd in his Hortulus as one of the 23 plants of an ideal garden 16 17 The mystery of the bottle gourd namely that this African or Eurasian species was being grown in the Americas over 8 000 years ago 18 comes from the difficulty in understanding how it arrived in the Americas The bottle gourd was theorized to have drifted across the Atlantic Ocean from Africa to South America but in 2005 a group of researchers suggested that it may have been domesticated earlier than food crops and livestock and like dogs was brought into the New World at the end of the ice age by the native hunter gatherer Paleo Indians which they based on a study of the genetics of archaeological samples This study purportedly showed that gourds in American archaeological finds were more closely related to Asian variants than to African ones 7 In 2014 this theory was repudiated based on a more thorough genetic study Researchers more completely examined the plastid genomes of a broad sample of bottle gourds and concluded that North and South American specimens were most closely related to wild African variants and could have drifted over the ocean several or many times as long as 10 000 years ago 19 Cultivation edit nbsp Pollen of Lagenaria siceraria Size 60 microns Bottle gourds are grown by direct sowing of seeds or transplanting 15 to 20 day old seedlings The plant prefers well drained moist organic rich soil It requires plenty of moisture in the growing season and a warm sunny position sheltered from the wind It can be cultivated in small places such as in a pot and allowed to spread on a trellis or roof In rural areas many houses with thatched roofs are covered with the gourd vines Bottle gourds grow very rapidly and their stems can reach a length of 9 m in the summer so they need a solid support along the stem if they are to climb a pole or trellis If planted under a tall tree the vine may grow up to the top of the tree To obtain more fruit farmers sometimes cut off the tip of the vine when it has grown to 6 8 feet in length This forces the plant to produce side branches that will bear flowers and yield more fruit The plant produces night blooming white flowers The male flowers have long peduncles and the females have short ones with an ovary in the shape of the fruit Sometimes the female flowers drop off without growing into a gourd due to the failure of pollination if there is no night pollinator probably a kind of moth in the garden Hand pollination can be used to solve the problem Pollens are around 60 microns in length First crop is ready for harvest within two months first flowers open in about 45 days from sowing Each plant can yield 1 fruit per day for the next 45 days if enough nutrients are available Yield ranges from 35 to 40 tons ha per season of 3 months cycle nbsp Pear shaped bottle gourd in Seoul Korea nbsp Slim elongated upo squash in San Rafael Bulacan Philippines nbsp A female Calabash flower with a visible ovary at night in West Bengal India nbsp Crook necked geese cultivar in Granville Island Public Market Canada nbsp Serpentine snake gourds in Media Pennsylvania United States nbsp Calabash flower nbsp Calabash seeds nbsp Collection of bowls and spoons made of bottle gourd from Mali 2007 nbsp Wuhua District Yunnan Kunming ChinaToxicity editLike other members of the family Cucurbitaceae gourds contain cucurbitacins that are known to be cytotoxic at a high concentration The tetracyclic triterpenoid cucurbitacins present in fruits and vegetables of the cucumber family are responsible for the bitter taste and could cause stomach ulcers In extreme cases people have died from drinking the juice of gourds 20 21 22 The toxic cases are usually due to the gourd being used to make juice which the drinkers described as being unusually bitter 23 In three of the lethal cases the victims were diabetics in their 50s and 60s 23 In 2018 a healthy woman in her 40s was hospitalized for severe reactions after consuming the juice and died three days later from complications 24 The plant is not normally toxic when eaten The excessively bitter and toxic gourds are due to improper storage temperature swings or high temperature and over ripening 23 Nutrition editBoiled calabash is 95 water 4 carbohydrates 1 protein and contains negligible fat table In a reference amount of 100 grams 3 5 oz cooked calabash supplies a moderate amount of vitamin C 10 of the Daily Value with no other micronutrients in significant amounts table Calabash cooked no saltNutritional value per 100 g 3 5 oz Energy63 kJ 15 kcal Carbohydrates3 69 gDietary fiber1 2 gFat0 02 gProtein0 6 gVitaminsQuantity DV Thiamine B1 3 0 029 mgRiboflavin B2 2 0 022 mgNiacin B3 0 39 mgPantothenic acid B5 3 0 144 mgVitamin B63 0 038 mgFolate B9 1 4 mgVitamin C10 8 5 mgMineralsQuantity DV Calcium2 24 mgIron2 0 25 mgMagnesium3 11 mgManganese3 0 066 mgPhosphorus2 13 mgPotassium6 170 mgSodium0 2 mgZinc7 0 7 mgOther constituentsQuantityWater95 gLink to USDA Database entryUnits mg micrograms mg milligrams IU International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults Source USDA FoodData CentralCulinary uses editCentral America edit In Central America the seeds of the bottle gourd are toasted and ground with other ingredients including rice cinnamon and allspice to make one type of the drink horchata East Asia edit China edit The calabash is frequently used in southern Chinese cuisine in either a stir fry dish or a soup Japan edit nbsp Calabash varieties illustration from the Japanese agricultural encyclopedia Seikei Zusetsu 1804 In Japan it is commonly sold in the form of dried marinated strips known as kanpyō and is used as an ingredient for making makizushi rolled sushi Korea edit Traditionally in Korea the inner flesh has been eaten as namul vegetable and the outside cut in half to make bowls Both fresh and dried flesh of bak is used in Korean cuisine Fresh calabash flesh scraped out seeded salted and squeezed to draw out moisture is called baksok Scraped and sun dried calabash flesh called bak goji is usually soaked before being stir fried Soaked bak goji is often simmered in sauce or stir fried before being added to japchae and gimbap 25 26 Sometimes uncooked raw baksok is seasoned to make saengchae nbsp Bak namul seasoned calabash side dish Southeast Asia edit Burma edit In Burma it is a popular fruit The young leaves are also boiled and eaten with a spicy fermented fish sauce It can also be cut up coated in batter and deep fried to make fritters which are eaten with Burmese mohinga Philippines edit In the Philippines calabash known locally as upo is commonly cooked in soup dishes like tinola They are also common ingredients in noodle pancit dishes nbsp Upo with sotanghon nbsp Upo being sauteed ginisa Vietnam edit In Vietnam it is a very popular vegetable commonly cooked in soup with shrimp meatballs clams various fish like freshwater catfish or snakehead fish or crab It is also commonly stir fried with meat or seafood or incorporated as an ingredient of a hotpot It is also used as a medicine Americans have called calabashes from Vietnam opo squash The shoots tendrils and leaves of the plant may also be eaten as greens South Asia edit India edit nbsp Bengali dish made with the stems and leaves of a bottle gourd plantA popular north Indian dish is lauki chana chana dal and diced gourd in a semi dry gravy In the state of Maharashtra in India a similar preparation called dudhi chana is popular The skin of the vegetable is used in making a dry spicy chutney preparation It is consumed in Assam with fish curry as boiled vegetable curry and also fried with potato and tomatoes lauki kheer grated bottle gourd sugar and milk preparation is a dessert from Telangana usually prepared for festive occasions In Andhra Pradesh it is called anapakaya and is used to make anapakaya pulusu with tamarind juice anapakaya palakura curry with milk and spices and anapakaya pappu with lentils Lau chingri a dish prepared with bottle gourd and prawn is popular in West Bengal 27 The edible leaves and young stems of the plant are widely used in Bengali cuisine Although popularly called lauki in Hindi in northern part of the country it is also called kaddu in certain parts of country like eastern India However kaddu popularly translates to pumpkin in northern India It can be consumed as a dish with rice or roti for its medicinal benefits In Gujarat a traditional Gujarati savoury cake called handvo is made primarily using bottle gourd in Gujarati dudhi sesame seeds flour and often lentils In Karnataka bottle gourd is called Sorekayi and is used to prepare palya stir fry and Sambaru a south Indian stew Also crispy sorekayi dose dosa is one of the popular breakfasts in Karnataka Bangladesh edit In Bangladesh the fruit is served with rice as a common dish Nepal edit In Nepal in the Madheshi southern plains preparations other than as a normal vegetable include halva and khichdi Pakistan edit In Pakistan the calabash is cultivated on a large scale as its fruit are a popular vegetable Sri Lanka edit In Sri Lanka it is used in combination with rice to make a variety of milk rice which is a popular dish in Sri Lanka Europe edit Italy edit In Southern Italy and Sicily the variety Lagenaria siceraria var longissima called zucca da vino zucca bottiglia or cucuzza is grown and used in soup or along with pasta In Sicily mostly in the Palermo area a traditional soup called Minestra di Tenerumi is made with the tender leaves of var Longissima along with peeled tomato and garlic The young leaves are themselves called tenerumi and Lagenaria in Sicily is cultivated both professionally and in home orchards mostly to use the leaves as a vegetable the fruit being treated almost as a secondary product 28 It is also grown by the Italian diaspora 29 nbsp Man with cucuzzaCultural uses editAfrica edit Hollowed out and dried calabashes are a very typical utensil in households across West Africa They are used to clean rice carry water and as food containers Smaller sizes are used as bowls to drink palm wine Calabashes are used in making the West African instruments like the Ṣẹ kẹ rẹ a Yoruba instrument similar to a maraca kora a harp lute xalam ngoni a lute and the goje a traditional fiddle They also serve as resonators underneath the balafon West African marimba The calabash is also used in making the shegureh a Sierra Leonean women s rattle 30 and balangi a Sierra Leonean type ofbalafon musical instruments Sometimes large calabashes are simply hollowed dried and used as percussion instruments by striking them especially by Fulani Songhai Gur speaking and Hausa peoples In Nigeria the calabash has been used by some motorcyclists as an imitation helmet in an attempt to circumvent motorcycle helmet laws 31 In South Africa it is commonly used as a drinking vessel and a vessel for carrying food by communities such as the Bapedi and AmaZulu Erbore children of Ethiopia wear hats made from the calabash to protect them from the sun South Africa s FNB Stadium which hosted the 2010 FIFA World Cup is known as The Calabash as its shape takes inspiration from the calabash The calabash is also used in the manufacture of puppets Calabash also has a large cultural significance In many African legends Calabash commonly referred to as gourds are presented as a vessel for knowledge and wisdom 32 nbsp Calabashes nkalu in Kikongo are used to collect and store palm wine in Bandundu Province Democratic Republic of the Congo c 1990 nbsp The Malian kora player Toumani Diabate with his instrument 2007 nbsp Calabash puppet Marionette 2020 nbsp The African percussion calabash 2017 China edit The hulu 葫芦 葫蘆 as the calabash is called in Mandarin Chinese is an ancient symbol for health Hulu had fabled healing properties due to doctors in former times carrying medicine inside it The hulu was believed to absorb negative earth based qi energy that would otherwise affect health and is a traditional Chinese medicine cure The bottle gourd is a symbol of the Eight Immortals and particularly Li Tieguai who is associated with medicine Li Tieguai s gourd was said to carry medicine that could cure any illness and never emptied which he dispensed to the poor and needy 33 34 Some folk myths say the gourd had spirals of smoke ascend from it denoting his power of setting his spirit free from his body 35 and that it served as a bedroom for the night 34 The gourd is also an attribute of the deity Shouxing and a symbol of longevity 36 Dried calabash were also used as containers for liquids often liquors or medicines Calabash gourds were also grown in earthen molds to form different shapes with imprinted floral or arabesque designs Molded gourds were also dried to house pet crickets The texture of the gourd lends itself nicely to the sound of the insect much like a musical instrument The musical instrument hulusi is a kind of flute made from the gourd clarification needed nbsp A Qing dynasty cricket cage nbsp A bottle gourd nbsp A hulusi the calabash gourd flute or bottle gourd fluteJewish culture edit In the Safaradi Jewish culture the gourd is eaten during Rosh Hashana Jewish New Year s Eve According to the texts the gourd is eaten as a symbol of tearing apart the enemies who may come and attack It is called Qaraa which in Hebrew means torn קרע שיקרעו אויבנו מעלינו meaning may our enemies be torn apart over from us citation needed Polynesia edit The plant is spread throughout Polynesia known by hue in many related languages 37 In Hawaii the word calabash refers to a large serving bowl usually made from hardwood rather than from the calabash gourd which is used on a buffet table or in the middle of the dining table The use of the calabash in Hawaii has led to terms like calabash family or calabash cousins indicating an extended family grown up around shared meals and close friendships This gourd is often dried when ripe and used as a percussion instrument called an ipu heke double gourd drum or just Ipu in contemporary and ancient hula The Maori people of New Zealand grew several cultivars of calabash for particular uses like ipu kai cultivars as food containers and taha wai cultivars as water gourds They believed the gourd as a representation of Pu te hue one of Tane their god of forests s offspring 38 India Bangladesh edit The calabash is used as a resonator in many string instruments in India Instruments that look like guitars are made of wood but can have a calabash resonator at the end of the strings table called toomba The sitar the surbahar the tanpura north of India tambura south of India may have a toomba In some cases the toomba may not be functional but if the instrument is large it is retained because of its balance function which is the case of the Saraswati veena Other instruments like rudra veena and vichitra veena have two large calabash resonators at both ends of the strings table The instrument Gopichand used by the Baul singers of Bengal is made out of calabash The practice is also common among Buddhist and Jain sages 39 These toombas are made of dried calabash gourds using special cultivars that were originally imported from Africa and Madagascar They are mostly grown in Bengal and near Miraj Maharashtra These gourds are valuable items and they are carefully tended for example they are sometimes given injections to stop worms and insects from making holes in them while they are drying nbsp Sitars and onerudra veena down right nbsp Sitar with resonator made from a bottle gourd 40 Surbahar is similar but larger and with lower sounds something like a bass sitar 41 nbsp Saraswati veena the calabash resonator is not always functional but it is kept in place because of the balancing effect 42 nbsp Rudra veena is a large plucked string instrument used in Hindustani classical music One of the major types of veena played in Indian classical music it has two calabash gourd resonators 42 The vichitra veena also with two large resonators is a similar instrument nbsp Ektara one string resonator made from a calabash gourd nbsp The tambura or tanpura may have a toomba although not in this picture a resonator made of calabash at the end of the strings table 43 Hindu ascetics sadhu traditionally use a dried gourd vessel called the kamandalu The juice of a bottle gourd is considered to have medicinal properties and be very healthy see juice toxicity above In parts of India a dried unpunctured gourd is used as a float called surai kuduvai in Tamil to help people learn to swim in rural areas Philippines edit In the Philippines dried calabash gourds are one common material for making a traditional salakot hat 44 In 2012 Teofilo Garcia of Abra in Luzon an expert artisan who makes the Ilocano tamburaw variant using calabash was awarded by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts with the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan National Living Treasures Award He was cited for his dedication to practising and teaching the craft as an intangible cultural heritage of the Philippines under the Traditional Craftsmanship category 44 nbsp Salakot in the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Money Museum with the bottom one made from calabash nbsp Salakot from the Philippines c 1900 the top one is made from calabash nbsp Bust of Diego Silang the 18th century Ilocano revolutionary leader shown wearing a tamburaw made from gourdNew Guinea edit Among some New Guinea highland tribes the calabash is used by men as a penis sheath South America edit In Argentina Uruguay Paraguay Chile and southern Brazil calabash gourds are dried and carved into mates from the Quichua word mathi 45 adopted into the Spanish language the traditional container for mate the caffeinated tea like drink brewed from the yerba mate plant In the region the beverage itself is called mate as well as the calabash from which the drinking vessels are made In Peru it is used in a popular practice for the making of mate burilado burilado is the technique adopted for decorating the mate calabashes nbsp L siceraria mate type nbsp Calabash used as a container for drinking mate with a metal bombilla nbsp Mate carved and decorated as a drinking container also called mate and the infusion also called mate nbsp Mate burilado in PeruIn Peru Bolivia and Ecuador calabash gourds are used for medicinal purposes The Inca culture applied symbols from folklore to gourds this practice is still familiar and valued North America edit Calabash s watertight features allowed it to be often used as container to ship seeds across the translantic slave trade 32 They were also used by enslaved people to carry seeds for planting on plantation fields 32 On plantations that held enslaved African Americans the Calabash symbolized freedom as alluded to in the song Follow the Drinking Gourd that referenced the Big Dipper constellation that was used to guide the Underground Railroad 32 Other uses editTobacco smoking pipe edit See also Smoking pipe tobacco Calabash The gourd can be dried and used to smoke pipe tobacco According to American consular reports from the early 20th century calabash pipes were commonly used in South Africa Calabash was said to bestow a special softness of flavor that could not be duplicated by other materials The lining was made of meerschaum though tin was used for low grade models 46 A typical design yielded by this squash is recognized theatrically as the pipe of Sherlock Holmes but the inventor of this character Sir Arthur Conan Doyle never mentioned Holmes using a calabash pipe It was the preferred pipe for stage actors portraying Holmes because they could balance this pipe better than other styles while delivering their lines citation needed Enema equipment edit The gourd is used traditionally to administer enemas Along the upper Congo River an enema apparatus is made by making a hole in one end of the gourd for filling it and using a resin to attach a hollow cane to the gourd s neck 47 References edit Lagenaria siceraria Molina Standl Plants of the World Online Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew 2017 Retrieved 2 December 2020 calabash noun Definition pictures pronunciation and usage notes Oxford Advanced Learner s Dictionary at Oxfordlearnersdictionaries com Retrieved 6 May 2022 USDA NRCS n d Lagenaria siceraria The PLANTS Database plants usda gov Greensboro North Carolina National Plant Data Team Retrieved 22 January 2016 BSBI List 2007 xls Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland Archived from the original xls on 26 June 2015 Retrieved 17 October 2014 Grow Birdhouse Gourds FineGardening 25 April 2009 Retrieved 25 July 2021 Hill Kathryn 1 September 2009 Ingredient Spotlight Cucuzza Googootz The Kitchn a b Erickson D L Smith B D Clarke A C Sandweiss D H Tuross N 2005 An Asian origin for a 10 000 year old domesticated plant in the Americas Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102 51 18315 20 Bibcode 2005PNAS 10218315E doi 10 1073 pnas 0509279102 PMC 1311910 PMID 16352716 Price Sally 1982 When is a calabash not a calabash New West Indian Guide 56 69 82 Calabash Definition amp Meaning Dictionary com Retrieved 17 August 2023 calabash n meanings etymology and more Oxford English Dictionary www oed com Retrieved 17 August 2023 a b c Erickson David L Smith Bruce D Clarke Andrew C Sandweiss Daniel H Tuross Noreen 20 December 2005 An Asian origin for a 10 000 year old domesticated plant in the Americas Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102 51 18315 18320 Bibcode 2005PNAS 10218315E doi 10 1073 pnas 0509279102 PMC 1311910 PMID 16352716 Decker Walters Deena S Wilkins Ellert Mary Chung Sang Min Staub Jack E 2004 Discovery and Genetic Assessment of Wild Bottle Gourd Lagenaria Siceraria Mol Standley Cucurbitaceae from Zimbabwe Economic Botany 58 4 501 8 doi 10 1663 0013 0001 2004 058 0501 DAGAOW 2 0 CO 2 hdl 10113 44303 JSTOR 4256864 S2CID 32430173 Clarke Andrew C Burtenshaw Michael K McLenachan Patricia A Erickson David L Penny David 2006 Reconstructing the Origins and Dispersal of the Polynesian Bottle Gourd Lagenaria siceraria Molecular Biology and Evolution 23 5 893 900 doi 10 1093 molbev msj092 PMID 16401685 Clarke Andrew C Burtenshaw Michael K McLenachan Patricia A Erickson David L Penny David May 2006 Reconstructing the Origins and Dispersal of the Polynesian Bottle Gourd Lagenaria siceraria Molecular Biology and Evolution 23 5 893 900 doi 10 1093 molbev msj092 PMID 16401685 Retrieved 28 November 2022 Gemuse des Jahres 2002 Der Flaschenkurbis in German Schandelah VEN Verein zur Erhaltung der Nutzpflanzen Vielfalt e V 2002 Archived from the original on 10 August 2007 Retrieved 14 July 2010 Strabo Walahfrid 2000 De cultura hortorum in Latin and German Naf W es Gabathuler M ford Thorbecke ISBN 978 3 7995 3504 5 Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 Retrieved 14 July 2010 Walahfrid Strabo 2002 De cultura hortorum sive Hortulus VII Cucurbita in Latin Fachhochschule Augsburg bibliotheca Augustana White Nancy 2005 Nancy White University of South Florida South American Archaeology Archaic Preceramic Sedentism Bloomington Indiana University Bloomington MATRIX project Kistler Logan Montenegro Alvaro Smith Bruce D Gifford John A Green Richard E Newsom Lee A Shapiro Beth 25 February 2014 Transoceanic drift and the domestication of African bottle gourds in the Americas Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 8 2937 2941 Bibcode 2014PNAS 111 2937K doi 10 1073 pnas 1318678111 PMC 3939861 PMID 24516122 Adhyaru Majithia Priya 13 March 2010 Not all bitter veggies are good they can kill you Doctors DNA Bhaskar Group Archived from the original on 26 June 2010 Retrieved 9 July 2010 Chandra Neetu 9 July 2010 Toxin in lauki kills diabetic city scientist India Today Living Media Archived from the original on 12 July 2010 Retrieved 9 July 2010 Bitter lauki juice can kill you The Times of India 28 June 2011 Archived from the original on 5 July 2011 Retrieved 28 June 2010 a b c Puri Rajesh Sud Randhir Khaliq Abdul Kumar Mandhir Jain Sanjay September 2011 Gastrointestinal toxicity due to bitter bottle gourd Lagenaria siceraria a report of 15 cases Indian Journal of Gastroenterology 30 5 233 236 doi 10 1007 s12664 011 0110 z PMID 21986853 S2CID 12653649 Pune woman dies after drinking bottle gourd juice Times of India The Times of India Retrieved 7 July 2018 Jeong Jaehoon 14 September 2016 정재훈의 밥상 공부 광해군이 먹고 감탄해 벼슬까지 내린 잡채는 Jeong Jaehoon s dining table study What japchae impressed Gwanghaegun so much that he gave it a title of a public official ChosunBiz in Korean Retrieved 15 December 2016 김 민지 14 March 2012 냄비우동 박고지김밥 5000원의 행복 맛보러 오세요 Naembi udong bakgoji gimbap Come to taste the happiness of 5 000 won Gyeongnam Domin Ilbo in Korean Waheed Karim 14 July 2021 For Bangladesh Kishwar has already won The Daily Star Retrieved 12 August 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