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Eudicots

May 19, 2023

The eudicots, Eudicotidae, or eudicotyledons are a clade of flowering plants mainly characterized by having two seed leaves upon germination.[1] The term derives from Dicotyledons.

Arabis pollen has three colpi.

Traditionally they were called tricolpates or non-magnoliid dicots by previous authors. The botanical terms were introduced in 1991 by evolutionary botanist James A. Doyle and paleobotanist Carol L. Hotton to emphasize the later evolutionary divergence of tricolpate dicots from earlier, less specialized, dicots.[2]

Numerous familiar plants are eudicots, including many common food plants, trees, and ornamentals. Some common and familiar eudicots include sunflower, dandelion, forget-me-not, cabbage, apple, buttercup, maple, and macadamia. Most leafy trees of midlatitudes also belong to eudicots, with notable exceptions being magnolias and tulip trees which belong to the magnoliids, and Ginkgo biloba, which is not an angiosperm.

Description

The close relationships among flowering plants with tricolpate pollen grains was initially seen in morphological studies of shared derived characters. These plants have a distinct trait in their pollen grains of exhibiting three colpi or grooves paralleling the polar axis.[3]

Later molecular evidence confirmed the genetic basis for the evolutionary relationships among flowering plants with tricolpate pollen grains and dicotyledonous traits. The term means "true dicotyledons", as it contains the majority of plants that have been considered dicots and have characteristics of the dicots. One of the genetic traits which defines the eudicots is the duplication of DELLA protein‐encoding genes in their most recent common ancestor.[4] The term "eudicots" has subsequently been widely adopted in botany to refer to one of the two largest clades of angiosperms (constituting over 70% of the angiosperm species), monocots being the other. The remaining angiosperms include magnoliids and what are sometimes referred to as basal angiosperms or paleodicots, but these terms have not been widely or consistently adopted, as they do not refer to a monophyletic group.

Taxonomy

The earlier name for the eudicots is tricolpates, a name which refers to the grooved structure of the pollen. Members of the group have tricolpate pollen, or forms derived from it. These pollens have three or more pores set in furrows called colpi. In contrast, most of the other seed plants (that is the gymnosperms, the monocots and the paleodicots) produce monosulcate pollen, with a single pore set in a differently oriented groove called the sulcus. The name "tricolpates" is preferred by some botanists to avoid confusion with the dicots, a nonmonophyletic group.[5]

The name "eudicots" (plural) is used in the APG systems (from APG system, of 1998, to APG IV system, of 2016) for classification of angiosperms. It is applied to a clade, a monophyletic group, which includes most of the (former) dicots.

"Tricolpate" is a synonym for the "Eudicot" monophyletic group, the "true dicotyledons" (which are distinguished from all other flowering plants by their tricolpate pollen structure). The number of pollen grain furrows or pores helps classify the flowering plants, with eudicots having three colpi (tricolpate), and other groups having one sulcus.[6][5]

Pollen apertures are any modification of the wall of the pollen grain. These modifications include thinning, ridges and pores, they serve as an exit for the pollen contents and allow shrinking and swelling of the grain caused by changes in moisture content. The elongated apertures/ furrows in the pollen grain are called colpi (singular colpus), which, along with pores, are a chief criterion for identifying the pollen classes.[7]

Subdivisions

The eudicots can be divided into two groups: the basal eudicots and the core eudicots.[8] Basal eudicot is an informal name for a paraphyletic group. The core eudicots are a monophyletic group.[9] A 2010 study suggested the core eudicots can be divided into two clades, Gunnerales and a clade called Pentapetalae, comprising all the remaining core eudicots.[10]

The Pentapetalae can be then divided into three clades:

This division of the eudicots is shown in the following cladogram:[11]

The following is a more detailed breakdown according to APG IV, showing within each clade and orders:[12]

References

  1. ^ "EUDICOTS". Basic Biology. Basic Biology 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  2. ^ Endress, Peter K. (2002). "Morphology and Angiosperm Systematics in the Molecular Era" (PDF). Botanical Review. Structural Botany in Systematics: A Symposium in Memory of William C. Dickison. 68 (4): 545–570. doi:10.1663/0006-8101(2002)068[0545:maasit]2.0.co;2. JSTOR 4354438. S2CID 39486751.
  3. ^ Furness, Carol A.; Rudall, Paula J. (March 2004). "Pollen aperture evolution – a crucial factor for eudicot success?". Trends in Plant Science. 9 (3): 154–158. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2004.01.001. PMID 15003239.
  4. ^ Evolution of DELLA function and signaling in land plants - PMC
  5. ^ a b Judd & Olmstead 2004
  6. ^ Sporne, Kenneth R. (1972). "Some Observations on the Evolution of Pollen Types in Dicotyledons". New Phytologist. 71 (1): 181–5. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1972.tb04826.x.
  7. ^ Davis, Owen (1999). . University of Arizona - Geosciences. Archived from the original on 2009-02-03. Retrieved 2009-02-16.
  8. ^ Worberg, A; Quandt, D; Barniske, A-M; Löhne, C; Hilu, KW; Borsch, T (2007). "Phylogeny of basal eudicots: insights from non-coding and rapidly evolving DNA". Organisms, Diversity and Evolution. 7 (1): 55–77. doi:10.1016/j.ode.2006.08.001.
  9. ^ Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Endress, Peter K.; Chase, Mark W. (2005). Phylogeny and Evolution of Angiosperms. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 9780878938179.
  10. ^ Moore, Michael J.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Bell, Charles D.; Burleigh, J. Gordon & Soltis, Douglas E. (2010). "Phylogenetic analysis of 83 plastid genes further resolves the early diversification of eudicots". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (10): 4623–8. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.4623M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0907801107. PMC 2842043. PMID 20176954.
  11. ^ Based on:
    Stevens, P.F. (2001–2014). "Trees". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Retrieved 2014-11-17.
    Stevens, P.F. (2001–2016). "Eudicots". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Retrieved 2014-11-17.
  12. ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385.

Bibliography

  • Doyle, J.A.; Hotton, C.L. (1991). "Diversification of early angiosperm pollen in a cladistic context". In Blackmore, S.; Barnes, S.H. (eds.). Pollen and Spores. Patterns of Diversification. Systematics Association Publications. Vol. 44. Clarendon Press. pp. 169–195. ISBN 9780198577461.
  • Judd, Walter S.; Olmstead, Richard G. (2004). "A survey of tricolpate (eudicot) phylogenetic relationships". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1627–44. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1627. PMID 21652313.
  • Eudicots in Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 7, May 2006.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eudicots.

May 19, 2023
eudicots, eudicots, eudicotidae, eudicotyledons, clade, flowering, plants, mainly, characterized, having, seed, leaves, upon, germination, term, derives, from, dicotyledons, temporal, range, early, cretaceous, recent, preꞒ, nsenecio, angulatus, eudicotscientif. The eudicots Eudicotidae or eudicotyledons are a clade of flowering plants mainly characterized by having two seed leaves upon germination 1 The term derives from Dicotyledons EudicotsTemporal range Early Cretaceous recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NSenecio angulatus a eudicotScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade StreptophytaClade EmbryophytesClade PolysporangiophytesClade TracheophytesClade SpermatophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClades APG IV Basal eudicots Buxales Proteales Ranunculales Trochodendrales Core eudicots Clades Superasterids Superrosids Orders Dilleniales GunneralesArabis pollen has three colpi Traditionally they were called tricolpates or non magnoliid dicots by previous authors The botanical terms were introduced in 1991 by evolutionary botanist James A Doyle and paleobotanist Carol L Hotton to emphasize the later evolutionary divergence of tricolpate dicots from earlier less specialized dicots 2 Numerous familiar plants are eudicots including many common food plants trees and ornamentals Some common and familiar eudicots include sunflower dandelion forget me not cabbage apple buttercup maple and macadamia Most leafy trees of midlatitudes also belong to eudicots with notable exceptions being magnolias and tulip trees which belong to the magnoliids and Ginkgo biloba which is not an angiosperm Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 3 Subdivisions 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External linksDescription EditThe close relationships among flowering plants with tricolpate pollen grains was initially seen in morphological studies of shared derived characters These plants have a distinct trait in their pollen grains of exhibiting three colpi or grooves paralleling the polar axis 3 Later molecular evidence confirmed the genetic basis for the evolutionary relationships among flowering plants with tricolpate pollen grains and dicotyledonous traits The term means true dicotyledons as it contains the majority of plants that have been considered dicots and have characteristics of the dicots One of the genetic traits which defines the eudicots is the duplication of DELLA protein encoding genes in their most recent common ancestor 4 The term eudicots has subsequently been widely adopted in botany to refer to one of the two largest clades of angiosperms constituting over 70 of the angiosperm species monocots being the other The remaining angiosperms include magnoliids and what are sometimes referred to as basal angiosperms or paleodicots but these terms have not been widely or consistently adopted as they do not refer to a monophyletic group Taxonomy EditThe earlier name for the eudicots is tricolpates a name which refers to the grooved structure of the pollen Members of the group have tricolpate pollen or forms derived from it These pollens have three or more pores set in furrows called colpi In contrast most of the other seed plants that is the gymnosperms the monocots and the paleodicots produce monosulcate pollen with a single pore set in a differently oriented groove called the sulcus The name tricolpates is preferred by some botanists to avoid confusion with the dicots a nonmonophyletic group 5 The name eudicots plural is used in the APG systems from APG system of 1998 to APG IV system of 2016 for classification of angiosperms It is applied to a clade a monophyletic group which includes most of the former dicots Tricolpate is a synonym for the Eudicot monophyletic group the true dicotyledons which are distinguished from all other flowering plants by their tricolpate pollen structure The number of pollen grain furrows or pores helps classify the flowering plants with eudicots having three colpi tricolpate and other groups having one sulcus 6 5 Pollen apertures are any modification of the wall of the pollen grain These modifications include thinning ridges and pores they serve as an exit for the pollen contents and allow shrinking and swelling of the grain caused by changes in moisture content The elongated apertures furrows in the pollen grain are called colpi singular colpus which along with pores are a chief criterion for identifying the pollen classes 7 Subdivisions EditThe eudicots can be divided into two groups the basal eudicots and the core eudicots 8 Basal eudicot is an informal name for a paraphyletic group The core eudicots are a monophyletic group 9 A 2010 study suggested the core eudicots can be divided into two clades Gunnerales and a clade called Pentapetalae comprising all the remaining core eudicots 10 The Pentapetalae can be then divided into three clades Dilleniales superrosids consisting of Saxifragales and rosids the APG IV system includes the Vitales in the rosids superasterids consisting of Santalales Berberidopsidales Caryophyllales and asteridsThis division of the eudicots is shown in the following cladogram 11 eudicots basal eudicots paraphyletic group Ranunculales Proteales Trochodendrales Buxales core eudicots GunneralesPentapetalae Dillenialessuperrosids Saxifragalesrosids Vitaleseurosids fabids 8 orders malvids 8 orders superasterids SantalalesBerberidopsidalesCaryophyllalesasterids CornalesEricaleseuasterids campanulids 7 orders lamiids 8 orders The following is a more detailed breakdown according to APG IV showing within each clade and orders 12 clade Eudicots order Ranunculales order Proteales order Trochodendrales order Buxales clade Core eudicotsorder Gunnerales order Dilleniales clade Superrosidsorder Saxifragales clade Rosidsorder Vitales clade Fabidsorder Fabales order Rosales order Fagales order Cucurbitales order Oxalidales order Malpighiales order Celastrales order Zygophyllales dd clade Malvidsorder Geraniales order Myrtales order Crossosomatales order Picramniales order Malvales order Brassicales order Huerteales order Sapindales dd dd dd clade Superasteridsorder Berberidopsidales order Santalales order Caryophyllales clade Asteridsorder Cornales order Ericales clade Campanulidsorder Aquifoliales order Asterales order Escalloniales order Bruniales order Apiales order Dipsacales order Paracryphiales dd clade Lamiidsorder Solanales order Lamiales order Vahliales order Gentianales order Boraginales order Garryales order Metteniusales order Icacinales dd dd dd dd References Edit EUDICOTS Basic Biology Basic Biology 2020 Retrieved 6 July 2020 Endress Peter K 2002 Morphology and Angiosperm Systematics in the Molecular Era PDF Botanical Review Structural Botany in Systematics A Symposium in Memory of William C Dickison 68 4 545 570 doi 10 1663 0006 8101 2002 068 0545 maasit 2 0 co 2 JSTOR 4354438 S2CID 39486751 Furness Carol A Rudall Paula J March 2004 Pollen aperture evolution a crucial factor for eudicot success Trends in Plant Science 9 3 154 158 doi 10 1016 j tplants 2004 01 001 PMID 15003239 Evolution of DELLA function and signaling in land plants PMC a b Judd amp Olmstead 2004 Sporne Kenneth R 1972 Some Observations on the Evolution of Pollen Types in Dicotyledons New Phytologist 71 1 181 5 doi 10 1111 j 1469 8137 1972 tb04826 x Davis Owen 1999 Pollen Aperture Definitions University of Arizona Geosciences Archived from the original on 2009 02 03 Retrieved 2009 02 16 Worberg A Quandt D Barniske A M Lohne C Hilu KW Borsch T 2007 Phylogeny of basal eudicots insights from non coding and rapidly evolving DNA Organisms Diversity and Evolution 7 1 55 77 doi 10 1016 j ode 2006 08 001 Soltis Douglas E Soltis Pamela S Endress Peter K Chase Mark W 2005 Phylogeny and Evolution of Angiosperms Sunderland MA Sinauer Associates ISBN 9780878938179 Moore Michael J Soltis Pamela S Bell Charles D Burleigh J Gordon amp Soltis Douglas E 2010 Phylogenetic analysis of 83 plastid genes further resolves the early diversification of eudicots Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 10 4623 8 Bibcode 2010PNAS 107 4623M doi 10 1073 pnas 0907801107 PMC 2842043 PMID 20176954 Based on Stevens P F 2001 2014 Trees Angiosperm Phylogeny Website Retrieved 2014 11 17 Stevens P F 2001 2016 Eudicots Angiosperm Phylogeny Website Retrieved 2014 11 17 Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2016 An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants APG IV Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181 1 1 20 doi 10 1111 boj 12385 Bibliography EditDoyle J A Hotton C L 1991 Diversification of early angiosperm pollen in a cladistic context In Blackmore S Barnes S H eds Pollen and Spores Patterns of Diversification Systematics Association Publications Vol 44 Clarendon Press pp 169 195 ISBN 9780198577461 Judd Walter S Olmstead Richard G 2004 A survey of tricolpate eudicot phylogenetic relationships American Journal of Botany 91 10 1627 44 doi 10 3732 ajb 91 10 1627 PMID 21652313 Eudicots in Stevens P F 2001 onwards Angiosperm Phylogeny Website Version 7 May 2006 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eudicots Eudicots at the Encyclopedia of Life Eudicots Tree of Life Web Project Dicots Archived 2015 02 24 at the Wayback Machine Plant Life Forms Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Eudicots amp oldid 1139650138, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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