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Snakehead (fish)

May 13, 2023

For other uses, see Snakehead.

The snakeheads are members of the freshwater perciform fish family Channidae, native to parts of Africa and Asia. These elongated, predatory fish are distinguished by their long dorsal fins, large mouths, and shiny teeth. They breathe air with gills, which allows them to migrate short distances over land. They have suprabranchial organs, which are primitive forms of labyrinth organs, that develop when they grow older.[1] The two extant genera are Channa in Asia and Parachanna in Africa, consisting of more than 50 species.

Snakehead
Temporal range: Eocene to recent, 48.6–0 Ma
Northern snakehead, Channa argus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Anabantiformes
Suborder: Channoidei
Berg, 1940
Family: Channidae
Fowler, 1934
Genera

see text

They are valuable as a food source and have become notorious as an intentionally released invasive species. These fish have been kept as pets but as they get larger, people let them go into ponds, lakes, and rivers, making these fish invasive.

Description

The various species of snakeheads differ greatly in size; dwarf snakeheads, such as Channa orientalis, do not surpass 25 cm (10 in) in length. Most other snakeheads reach between 30 and 90 cm (12 and 35 in). Five species (C. argus, C. barca, C. marulius, C. micropeltes, and C. striata) can reach 1 m (3 ft 3 in) or more.[2]

Snakeheads are thrust-feeders that consume plankton, aquatic insects, and mollusks when small. As adults, they mostly feed on other fish (such as carp) or on frogs. In rare cases, small rodents such as rats are eaten.

History

The Channidae are well represented in the fossil record and known from numerous specimens. They likely originated in the south Himalayan region of the Indian subcontinent (modern-day northern India and eastern Pakistan) at least 50 million years ago (Mya), during the Early Eocene epoch. Two of the earliest known species, Eochanna chorlakkiensis and Anchichanna kuldanensis , have both been found in the Middle Eocene of Pakistan.[3][4] By 17 Mya, during the Early Miocene, Channidae had spread into western and central Eurasia, and by 8 Mya, during the late Tortonian, they existed throughout Africa and East Asia.[5] As Channidae are adapted to climates of high precipitation with mean temperatures of 20 °C (68 °F), their migrations into Europe and Asia correspond to the development of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, which increased air humidity, and the intensification of the East Asian monsoon. Both weather patterns emerged due to greater vertical growth of the Alps, Pyrenees, and Himalayas, which affected Eurasian climatic patterns.[5]

Ecological concerns

 
Snakehead murrel, Channa striata, Java, Indonesia

Snakeheads can become invasive species and cause ecological damage because, in many areas to which they are not native, the absence of natural enemies makes them an apex predator. Not only can they breathe air, but they can also survive on land for up to 4 days, provided they are wet, and are known to migrate up to 400 m (1/4 mi) on wet land to other bodies of water by wriggling with their bodies and fins. National Geographic has referred to snakeheads as "fishzilla"[6] and the National Geographic Channel reported the "northern snakehead reaches sexual maturity by age two or three. Each spawning-age female can release up to 15,000 eggs at once. Snakeheads can mate as often as five times a year. This means in just two years, a single female can release up to 150,000 eggs."[7]

"Since 2002, it has been illegal to possess a live snakehead in many US states, where they are considered a destructive invasive species."[8] Virginia has criminalized the "introduction" of snakeheads into the state without specific authorization, although the relevant statute does not explain whether mere importation is sufficient to constitute "introduction into the Commonwealth" or whether instead release into the environment is required.[9]

Intentional introductions

Humans have been introducing snakeheads to nonindigenous waters for over 100 years. In parts of Asia and Africa, the snakehead is considered a valuable food fish since the flesh is very tender, and is produced in aquacultures (fisheries motivation) or by accidental release (as was the case in Crofton, Maryland). [1] Examples of the introduction of snakeheads to nonindigenous waters include:

  • Channa maculata was introduced to Madagascar and to Hawaii around the end of the 19th century. It can still be found there today.
  • Channa striata was introduced to islands east of the Wallace line by governmental programs in the latter half of the 20th century. In Fiji, the introduction failed.
  • Channa asiatica, which is native to southern China, was introduced to Taiwan and southern Japan; the origin of and reason for the introduction are unknown.
  • Channa argus, which is native to northern China's Amur River, was introduced to central Asia (Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan). It was introduced from the Korean Peninsula to Japan about 100 years ago due to fisheries' motivations. Its introduction to Czechoslovakia by its government in the 1960s failed.

Reported sightings

In the United States

Snakeheads became a national news topic in the United States because of the appearance of C. argus, commonly known as northern snakeheads, spawning in a Crofton, Maryland, pond in 2002.[8] Northern snakeheads became permanently established in the Potomac River around 2004;[10] and possibly established in Florida.[8] In about 120 mi (190 km) of river, the population has surpassed 21,000 individuals.[11]

According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, snakeheads have also been spotted in California, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Virginia, and Rhode Island.[12] Snakeheads have also been spotted in New York State according to the state's Department of Environmental Conservation.[13] Snakeheads have been caught in New Jersey since at least 2008 and according to the New Jersey Department of environmental protection the snakehead population appears to be growing and expanding its distribution. Due to the extensive and habitat and sheer size of the Delaware River complete eradication of the species does not appear to be feasible.[14]

World record

According to the International Game Fish Association, Caleb Newton, a Spotsylvania County, Virginia, resident, caught a world-record 17 lb 6 oz (7.9 kg) northern snakehead at the junction of Aquia Creek and the Potomac River, United States, on June 1, 2013. The previous record,17 lb 4 oz (7.8 kg), had been caught in 2004, in Miki, Kagawa, Japan.[15]

As food

Snakeheads are valuable food fish. Called nga yant in Burmese and in Manipur [Meiteilon] as porom, they are prized fish eaten in a variety of ways. In Vietnam, they are called cá lóc, cá quả, or cá chuối, and are prized in clay-pot, steamed, and pickled preparations. Larger species, such as C. striata, C. maculata, and Parachanna obscura, are farmed in aquaculture. In the United States, chefs have suggested controlling the snakehead invasion by serving them in restaurants.[16] In Indonesia, snakehead fish, called ikan gabus, are served as the main parts of traditional dishes such as the Betawi people's pucung gabus, and considered to be a delicacy due to their rarity in the wild and in aquaculture, as they are harder to raise than other popular freshwater fish such as catfish and carp.

 
C. pleurophthalma

Classification

The snakeheads comprise three extant genera:

  • Channa Scopoli, 1777 (49 species native to Asia)
  • Parachanna Teugels & Daget 1984 (three extant species, one fossil species, all native to Africa)

Two other genera are only known from fossils:

  • †Anchichanna Murray & Thewissen, 2008[17] (one species)
  • †Eochanna Roe, 1991 (one species)

The genus Aenigmachanna was initially classified in Channidae upon its discovery, but analysis supports it being reclassified into its own family Aenigmachannidae.[18]

In popular culture

After its release in non-native North American waters, either accidentally or intentionally, the aggressive and predator-free snakehead's reputation as a "Frankenfish"[19] or "monster fish" has become part of popular culture.[20] Besides mentions on TV shows such as The Sopranos,[21] The Office[22] and CSI:NY episode "Sangre por Sangre" and Central Park episode "A Fish Called Snakehead", the snakehead has been featured in three Sci-fi Channel original pictures entitled Snakehead Terror, Frankenfish, and Swarm of the Snakehead. In the Animal Planet TV series River Monsters, Jeremy Wade shows a dramatization of a snakehead, "the fish from hell", stalking an unsuspecting baby and a Chihuahua. With the help of a snakehead researcher, however, Wade shows that although it is capable of living outside of water and is able to move on land, its weak pectoral muscles make movement difficult and render the snakehead an unlikely "stalker" on land.[23] In Bless the Harts, the snakefish was shown as a wanted fish in North Carolina on the tenth episode of its second season. Wayne becomes affected by the slime from the snakefish and begins hallucinating.

 
A bowfin, a living fossil, often confused with the snakehead

See also

References

  1. ^ Pinter, H. (1986). Labyrinth Fish. Barron's Educational Series, Inc., ISBN 0-8120-5635-3.
  2. ^ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2014). Species of Channa in FishBase. June 2014 version.
  3. ^ Murray, A. M.; Thewissen, J. G. M. (2008). "Eocene actinopterygian fishes from Pakistan, with the description of a new genus and species of channid (channiformes)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28: 41–52. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[41:EAFFPW]2.0.CO;2.
  4. ^ Roe, L. J. (1991). "Phylogenetic and Ecological Significance of Channidae (Osteichthyes Teleostei) from the Early Eocene Kuldana Formation of Kohat, Pakistan". Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology. 28 (5): 93–100. hdl:2027.42/48541.
  5. ^ a b Böhme, M. (2004). "Migration history of air-breathing fishes reveals Neogene atmospheric circulation patterns". Geology. 32 (5): 393. Bibcode:2004Geo....32..393B. doi:10.1130/G20316.1.
  6. ^ Cruz, Elena (2007-12-03). "Snakehead Frenzy!". NGC Blog. National Geographic Channel.
  7. ^ . Wild. National Geographic Channel. Archived from the original on 2008-05-15. Video clip titled: "The Northern Snakehead fish wreaks havoc".
  8. ^ a b c Courtenay, Jr., Walter R. and James D. Williams. USGS Circular 1251: Snakeheads (Pisces, Chinnidae) - A Biological Synopsis and Risk Assessment. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. 2004-04-01. Retrieved 2021-07-05.
  9. ^ Code of Virginia § 18.2-313.2: "Any person who knowingly introduces into the Commonwealth any snakehead fish of the family Channidae[...] without a permit from the Director of Game and Inland Fisheries [...] is guilty of a class 1 misdemeanor [punishable by up to twelve months in jail and/or a fine of up to $2,500]."
  10. ^ Potomac snakeheads not related to others Associated Press, Baltimore Sun, 27 April 2007.
  11. ^ Clark Howard, Brian (2016-03-17). "Fishermen Battle Invasive 'Frankenfish' Snakeheads". National Geographic News. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
  12. ^ "History of introduction in the United States: Four species of snakeheads (Channa argus, C. marulius, C. micropeltes, and C. striata) have been recorded from open waters of the United States (California, Florida, Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island), and two have become established as reproducing populations." Injurious Wildlife Species; Snakeheads Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
  13. ^ "Invasive Northern Snakehead - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation". NYS DEC. New York State. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  14. ^ ""Snakehead Management Activities: 2010"" (PDF).
  15. ^ Rusty Dennen (6 August 2013). . news.fredericksburg.com. Archived from the original on 2013-08-09.
  16. ^ . News.msn.com. Archived from the original on 2014-03-20. Retrieved 2014-03-20.
  17. ^ A. M. Murray & J.G.M. Thewissen (2008). "Eocene actinopterygian fishes from Pakistan, with the description of a new genus and species of channid (channiformes)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (1): 41–52. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[41:EAFFPW]2.0.CO;2.
  18. ^ Britz, Ralf; Dahanukar, Neelesh; Anoop, V. K.; Philip, Siby; Clark, Brett; Raghavan, Rajeev; Rüber, Lukas (2020-09-30). "Aenigmachannidae, a new family of snakehead fishes (Teleostei: Channoidei) from subterranean waters of South India". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 16081. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73129-6. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7527459. PMID 32999397.
  19. ^ "B.C.'s snakehead caught after Burnaby pond drained. CBC News (Posted: June 8, 2012)". Cbc.ca. 2012-06-08. Retrieved 2014-03-20.
  20. ^ "The Ultimate Monster Fish: The Frankenfish Snakehead", Carina Suarez, 28 July 2014, National Geographic
  21. ^ "Soprano Home Movies" episode 13, season 6, The Sopranos, 8 April 2007, HBO
  22. ^ Blackmail - The Office US, 2018-02-24, retrieved 2018-04-01[dead YouTube link]
  23. ^ . animal.discovery.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-20.

Further reading

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Channidae.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Channidae.
  • Snakeheads—A Biological Synopsis and Risk Assessment published by the U.S. Geological Survey
  • About.com's article on Snakeheads
  • snakeheads.org world's largest website for snakeheads
  • [2]

May 13, 2023
snakehead, fish, other, uses, snakehead, snakeheads, members, freshwater, perciform, fish, family, channidae, native, parts, africa, asia, these, elongated, predatory, fish, distinguished, their, long, dorsal, fins, large, mouths, shiny, teeth, they, breathe, . For other uses see Snakehead The snakeheads are members of the freshwater perciform fish family Channidae native to parts of Africa and Asia These elongated predatory fish are distinguished by their long dorsal fins large mouths and shiny teeth They breathe air with gills which allows them to migrate short distances over land They have suprabranchial organs which are primitive forms of labyrinth organs that develop when they grow older 1 The two extant genera are Channa in Asia and Parachanna in Africa consisting of more than 50 species SnakeheadTemporal range Eocene to recent 48 6 0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NNorthern snakehead Channa argusScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass ActinopterygiiOrder AnabantiformesSuborder ChannoideiBerg 1940Family ChannidaeFowler 1934Generasee textThey are valuable as a food source and have become notorious as an intentionally released invasive species These fish have been kept as pets but as they get larger people let them go into ponds lakes and rivers making these fish invasive Contents 1 Description 2 History 3 Ecological concerns 3 1 Intentional introductions 3 2 Reported sightings 3 2 1 In the United States 3 2 2 World record 4 As food 5 Classification 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksDescription EditThe various species of snakeheads differ greatly in size dwarf snakeheads such as Channa orientalis do not surpass 25 cm 10 in in length Most other snakeheads reach between 30 and 90 cm 12 and 35 in Five species C argus C barca C marulius C micropeltes and C striata can reach 1 m 3 ft 3 in or more 2 Snakeheads are thrust feeders that consume plankton aquatic insects and mollusks when small As adults they mostly feed on other fish such as carp or on frogs In rare cases small rodents such as rats are eaten History EditThe Channidae are well represented in the fossil record and known from numerous specimens They likely originated in the south Himalayan region of the Indian subcontinent modern day northern India and eastern Pakistan at least 50 million years ago Mya during the Early Eocene epoch Two of the earliest known species Eochanna chorlakkiensis and Anchichanna kuldanensis have both been found in the Middle Eocene of Pakistan 3 4 By 17 Mya during the Early Miocene Channidae had spread into western and central Eurasia and by 8 Mya during the late Tortonian they existed throughout Africa and East Asia 5 As Channidae are adapted to climates of high precipitation with mean temperatures of 20 C 68 F their migrations into Europe and Asia correspond to the development of the Intertropical Convergence Zone which increased air humidity and the intensification of the East Asian monsoon Both weather patterns emerged due to greater vertical growth of the Alps Pyrenees and Himalayas which affected Eurasian climatic patterns 5 Ecological concerns Edit Snakehead murrel Channa striata Java Indonesia Snakeheads can become invasive species and cause ecological damage because in many areas to which they are not native the absence of natural enemies makes them an apex predator Not only can they breathe air but they can also survive on land for up to 4 days provided they are wet and are known to migrate up to 400 m 1 4 mi on wet land to other bodies of water by wriggling with their bodies and fins National Geographic has referred to snakeheads as fishzilla 6 and the National Geographic Channel reported the northern snakehead reaches sexual maturity by age two or three Each spawning age female can release up to 15 000 eggs at once Snakeheads can mate as often as five times a year This means in just two years a single female can release up to 150 000 eggs 7 Since 2002 it has been illegal to possess a live snakehead in many US states where they are considered a destructive invasive species 8 Virginia has criminalized the introduction of snakeheads into the state without specific authorization although the relevant statute does not explain whether mere importation is sufficient to constitute introduction into the Commonwealth or whether instead release into the environment is required 9 Intentional introductions Edit Humans have been introducing snakeheads to nonindigenous waters for over 100 years In parts of Asia and Africa the snakehead is considered a valuable food fish since the flesh is very tender and is produced in aquacultures fisheries motivation or by accidental release as was the case in Crofton Maryland 1 Examples of the introduction of snakeheads to nonindigenous waters include Channa maculata was introduced to Madagascar and to Hawaii around the end of the 19th century It can still be found there today Channa striata was introduced to islands east of the Wallace line by governmental programs in the latter half of the 20th century In Fiji the introduction failed Channa asiatica which is native to southern China was introduced to Taiwan and southern Japan the origin of and reason for the introduction are unknown Channa argus which is native to northern China s Amur River was introduced to central Asia Kazakhstan Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan It was introduced from the Korean Peninsula to Japan about 100 years ago due to fisheries motivations Its introduction to Czechoslovakia by its government in the 1960s failed Reported sightings Edit In the United States Edit Snakeheads became a national news topic in the United States because of the appearance of C argus commonly known as northern snakeheads spawning in a Crofton Maryland pond in 2002 8 Northern snakeheads became permanently established in the Potomac River around 2004 10 and possibly established in Florida 8 In about 120 mi 190 km of river the population has surpassed 21 000 individuals 11 According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency snakeheads have also been spotted in California Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Maine Maryland Massachusetts Virginia and Rhode Island 12 Snakeheads have also been spotted in New York State according to the state s Department of Environmental Conservation 13 Snakeheads have been caught in New Jersey since at least 2008 and according to the New Jersey Department of environmental protection the snakehead population appears to be growing and expanding its distribution Due to the extensive and habitat and sheer size of the Delaware River complete eradication of the species does not appear to be feasible 14 World record Edit According to the International Game Fish Association Caleb Newton a Spotsylvania County Virginia resident caught a world record 17 lb 6 oz 7 9 kg northern snakehead at the junction of Aquia Creek and the Potomac River United States on June 1 2013 The previous record 17 lb 4 oz 7 8 kg had been caught in 2004 in Miki Kagawa Japan 15 As food EditSnakeheads are valuable food fish Called nga yant in Burmese and in Manipur Meiteilon as porom they are prized fish eaten in a variety of ways In Vietnam they are called ca loc ca quả or ca chuối and are prized in clay pot steamed and pickled preparations Larger species such as C striata C maculata and Parachanna obscura are farmed in aquaculture In the United States chefs have suggested controlling the snakehead invasion by serving them in restaurants 16 In Indonesia snakehead fish called ikan gabus are served as the main parts of traditional dishes such as the Betawi people s pucung gabus and considered to be a delicacy due to their rarity in the wild and in aquaculture as they are harder to raise than other popular freshwater fish such as catfish and carp C pleurophthalmaClassification EditThe snakeheads comprise three extant genera Channa Scopoli 1777 49 species native to Asia Parachanna Teugels amp Daget 1984 three extant species one fossil species all native to Africa Two other genera are only known from fossils Anchichanna Murray amp Thewissen 2008 17 one species Eochanna Roe 1991 one species The genus Aenigmachanna was initially classified in Channidae upon its discovery but analysis supports it being reclassified into its own family Aenigmachannidae 18 In popular culture EditAfter its release in non native North American waters either accidentally or intentionally the aggressive and predator free snakehead s reputation as a Frankenfish 19 or monster fish has become part of popular culture 20 Besides mentions on TV shows such as The Sopranos 21 The Office 22 and CSI NY episode Sangre por Sangre and Central Park episode A Fish Called Snakehead the snakehead has been featured in three Sci fi Channel original pictures entitled Snakehead Terror Frankenfish and Swarm of the Snakehead In the Animal Planet TV series River Monsters Jeremy Wade shows a dramatization of a snakehead the fish from hell stalking an unsuspecting baby and a Chihuahua With the help of a snakehead researcher however Wade shows that although it is capable of living outside of water and is able to move on land its weak pectoral muscles make movement difficult and render the snakehead an unlikely stalker on land 23 In Bless the Harts the snakefish was shown as a wanted fish in North Carolina on the tenth episode of its second season Wayne becomes affected by the slime from the snakefish and begins hallucinating A bowfin a living fossil often confused with the snakeheadSee also EditAmphibious fish BowfinReferences Edit Pinter H 1986 Labyrinth Fish Barron s Educational Series Inc ISBN 0 8120 5635 3 Froese Rainer and Pauly Daniel eds 2014 Species of Channa in FishBase June 2014 version Murray A M Thewissen J G M 2008 Eocene actinopterygian fishes from Pakistan with the description of a new genus and species of channid channiformes Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28 41 52 doi 10 1671 0272 4634 2008 28 41 EAFFPW 2 0 CO 2 Roe L J 1991 Phylogenetic and Ecological Significance of Channidae Osteichthyes Teleostei from the Early Eocene Kuldana Formation of Kohat Pakistan Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology 28 5 93 100 hdl 2027 42 48541 a b Bohme M 2004 Migration history of air breathing fishes reveals Neogene atmospheric circulation patterns Geology 32 5 393 Bibcode 2004Geo 32 393B doi 10 1130 G20316 1 Cruz Elena 2007 12 03 Snakehead Frenzy NGC Blog National Geographic Channel Fishzilla Snakehead Invasion Wild National Geographic Channel Archived from the original on 2008 05 15 Video clip titled The Northern Snakehead fish wreaks havoc a b c Courtenay Jr Walter R and James D Williams USGS Circular 1251 Snakeheads Pisces Chinnidae A Biological Synopsis and Risk Assessment U S Department of the Interior U S Geological Survey 2004 04 01 Retrieved 2021 07 05 Code of Virginia 18 2 313 2 Any person who knowingly introduces into the Commonwealth any snakehead fish of the family Channidae without a permit from the Director of Game and Inland Fisheries is guilty of a class 1 misdemeanor punishable by up to twelve months in jail and or a fine of up to 2 500 Potomac snakeheads not related to others Associated Press Baltimore Sun 27 April 2007 Clark Howard Brian 2016 03 17 Fishermen Battle Invasive Frankenfish Snakeheads National Geographic News Retrieved 2016 03 18 History of introduction in the United States Four species of snakeheads Channa argus C marulius C micropeltes andC striata have been recorded from open waters of the United States California Florida Hawaii Maine Maryland Massachusetts and Rhode Island and two have become established as reproducing populations Injurious Wildlife Species Snakeheads Environmental Protection Agency Retrieved 17 February 2008 Invasive Northern Snakehead NYS Dept of Environmental Conservation NYS DEC New York State Retrieved 18 November 2020 Snakehead Management Activities 2010 PDF Rusty Dennen 6 August 2013 Spotsylvania resident Caleb Newton snags world record snakehead news fredericksburg com Archived from the original on 2013 08 09 Chefs solution for invading Frankenfish Eat em News msn com Archived from the original on 2014 03 20 Retrieved 2014 03 20 A M Murray amp J G M Thewissen 2008 Eocene actinopterygian fishes from Pakistan with the description of a new genus and species of channid channiformes Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28 1 41 52 doi 10 1671 0272 4634 2008 28 41 EAFFPW 2 0 CO 2 Britz Ralf Dahanukar Neelesh Anoop V K Philip Siby Clark Brett Raghavan Rajeev Ruber Lukas 2020 09 30 Aenigmachannidae a new family of snakehead fishes Teleostei Channoidei from subterranean waters of South India Scientific Reports 10 1 16081 doi 10 1038 s41598 020 73129 6 ISSN 2045 2322 PMC 7527459 PMID 32999397 B C s snakehead caught after Burnaby pond drained CBC News Posted June 8 2012 Cbc ca 2012 06 08 Retrieved 2014 03 20 The Ultimate Monster Fish The Frankenfish Snakehead Carina Suarez 28 July 2014 National Geographic Soprano Home Movies episode 13 season 6 The Sopranos 8 April 2007 HBO Blackmail The Office US 2018 02 24 retrieved 2018 04 01 dead YouTube link GIANT SNAKEHEAD animal discovery com Archived from the original on 2012 08 20 Further reading EditFroese Rainer and Daniel Pauly eds 2006 Channidae in FishBase January 2006 version Channidae Integrated Taxonomic Information System Retrieved 20 March 2006 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Channidae Wikispecies has information related to Channidae Snakeheads A Biological Synopsis and Risk Assessment published by the U S Geological Survey About com s article on Snakeheads snakeheads org world s largest website for snakeheads Overview of Northern Snakehead biology Fish or Foul Snakeheads near Washington D C and the people who love them 2 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Snakehead fish amp oldid 1153312514, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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