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Sherlock Holmes

March 20, 2023

For other uses, see Sherlock Holmes (disambiguation).

Sherlock Holmes (/ˈʃɜːrlɒk ˈhoʊmz/) is a fictional detective created by British author Arthur Conan Doyle. Referring to himself as a "consulting detective" in the stories, Holmes is known for his proficiency with observation, deduction, forensic science and logical reasoning that borders on the fantastic, which he employs when investigating cases for a wide variety of clients, including Scotland Yard.

Sherlock Holmes
Sherlock Holmes character
Sherlock Holmes in a 1904 illustration by Sidney Paget
First appearanceA Study in Scarlet (1887)
Last appearance"The Adventure of Shoscombe Old Place" (1927, canon)
Created bySir Arthur Conan Doyle
In-universe information
OccupationConsulting private detective
FamilyMycroft Holmes (brother)
NationalityBritish
Born1854

First appearing in print in 1887's A Study in Scarlet, the character's popularity became widespread with the first series of short stories in The Strand Magazine, beginning with "A Scandal in Bohemia" in 1891; additional tales appeared from then until 1927, eventually totalling four novels and 56 short stories. All but one[a] are set in the Victorian or Edwardian eras, between about 1880 and 1914. Most are narrated by the character of Holmes's friend and biographer Dr. John H. Watson, who usually accompanies Holmes during his investigations and often shares quarters with him at the address of 221B Baker Street, London, where many of the stories begin.

Though not the first fictional detective, Sherlock Holmes is arguably the best known.[1] By the 1990s, there were already over 25,000 stage adaptations, films, television productions and publications featuring the detective,[2] and Guinness World Records lists him as the most portrayed human literary character in film and television history.[3] Holmes's popularity and fame are such that many have believed him to be not a fictional character but a real individual;[4][5][6] numerous literary and fan societies have been founded on this pretence. Avid readers of the Holmes stories helped create the modern practice of fandom.[7] The character and stories have had a profound and lasting effect on mystery writing and popular culture as a whole, with the original tales as well as thousands written by authors other than Conan Doyle being adapted into stage and radio plays, television, films, video games, and other media for over one hundred years.

Inspiration for the character

 
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930), Sherlock Holmes's creator, in 1914

Edgar Allan Poe's C. Auguste Dupin is generally acknowledged as the first detective in fiction and served as the prototype for many later characters, including Holmes.[8] Conan Doyle once wrote, "Each [of Poe's detective stories] is a root from which a whole literature has developed ... Where was the detective story until Poe breathed the breath of life into it?"[9] Similarly, the stories of Émile Gaboriau's Monsieur Lecoq were extremely popular at the time Conan Doyle began writing Holmes, and Holmes's speech and behaviour sometimes follow those of Lecoq.[10][11] Doyle has his main characters discuss these literary antecedents near the beginning of A Study in Scarlet, which is set soon after Watson is first introduced to Holmes. Watson attempts to compliment Holmes by comparing him to Dupin, to which Holmes replies that he found Dupin to be "a very inferior fellow" and Lecoq to be "a miserable bungler".[12]

Conan Doyle repeatedly said that Holmes was inspired by the real-life figure of Joseph Bell, a surgeon at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, whom Conan Doyle met in 1877 and had worked for as a clerk. Like Holmes, Bell was noted for drawing broad conclusions from minute observations.[13] However, he later wrote to Conan Doyle: "You are yourself Sherlock Holmes and well you know it".[14] Sir Henry Littlejohn, Chair of Medical Jurisprudence at the University of Edinburgh Medical School, is also cited as an inspiration for Holmes. Littlejohn, who was also Police Surgeon and Medical Officer of Health in Edinburgh, provided Conan Doyle with a link between medical investigation and the detection of crime.[15]

Other possible inspirations have been proposed, though never acknowledged by Doyle, such as Maximilien Heller, by French author Henry Cauvain. In this 1871 novel (sixteen years before the first appearance of Sherlock Holmes), Henry Cauvain imagined a depressed, anti-social, opium-smoking polymath detective, operating in Paris.[16][17][18] It is not known if Conan Doyle read the novel, but he was fluent in French.[19] Similarly, Michael Harrison suggested that a German self-styled "consulting detective" named Walter Scherer may have been the model for Holmes.[20]

Fictional character biography

Family and early life

 
The cover page of the 1887 edition of Beeton's Christmas Annual, which contains Holmes's first appearance (A Study in Scarlet)

Details of Sherlock Holmes's life in Conan Doyle's stories are scarce and often vague. Nevertheless, mentions of his early life and extended family paint a loose biographical picture of the detective.

A statement of Holmes's age in "His Last Bow" places his year of birth at 1854; the story, set in August 1914, describes him as sixty years of age.[21] His parents are not mentioned, although Holmes mentions that his "ancestors" were "country squires". In "The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter", he claims that his grandmother was sister to the French artist Vernet, without clarifying whether this was Claude Joseph, Carle, or Horace Vernet. Holmes's brother Mycroft, seven years his senior, is a government official. Mycroft has a unique civil service position as a kind of human database for all aspects of government policy. Sherlock describes his brother as the more intelligent of the two, but notes that Mycroft lacks any interest in physical investigation, preferring to spend his time at the Diogenes Club.[22][23]

Holmes says that he first developed his methods of deduction as an undergraduate; his earliest cases, which he pursued as an amateur, came from fellow university students.[24] A meeting with a classmate's father led him to adopt detection as a profession.[25]

Life with Watson

 
Holmes (right) and Watson in a Sidney Paget illustration for "The Adventure of Silver Blaze"

In the first Holmes tale, A Study in Scarlet, financial difficulties lead Holmes and Dr. Watson to share rooms together at 221B Baker Street, London.[26] Their residence is maintained by their landlady, Mrs. Hudson.[27] Holmes works as a detective for twenty-three years, with Watson assisting him for seventeen of those years.[28] Most of the stories are frame narratives written from Watson's point of view, as summaries of the detective's most interesting cases. Holmes frequently calls Watson's records of Holmes's cases sensational and populist, suggesting that they fail to accurately and objectively report the "science" of his craft:

Detection is, or ought to be, an exact science and should be treated in the same cold and unemotional manner. You have attempted to tinge it [A Study in Scarlet] with romanticism, which produces much the same effect as if you worked a love-story or an elopement into the fifth proposition of Euclid. ... Some facts should be suppressed, or, at least, a just sense of proportion should be observed in treating them. The only point in the case which deserved mention was the curious analytical reasoning from effects to causes, by which I succeeded in unravelling it.[29]

Nevertheless, when Holmes recorded a case himself, he was forced to concede that he could more easily understand the need to write it in a manner that would appeal to the public rather than his intention to focus on his own technical skill.[30]

Holmes's friendship with Watson is his most significant relationship. When Watson is injured by a bullet, although the wound turns out to be "quite superficial", Watson is moved by Holmes's reaction:

It was worth a wound; it was worth many wounds; to know the depth of loyalty and love which lay behind that cold mask. The clear, hard eyes were dimmed for a moment, and the firm lips were shaking. For the one and only time I caught a glimpse of a great heart as well as of a great brain. All my years of humble but single-minded service culminated in that moment of revelation.[31]

After confirming Watson's assessment of the wound, Holmes makes it clear to their opponent that the man would not have left the room alive if he genuinely had killed Watson.[31]

Practice

Holmes's clients vary from the most powerful monarchs and governments of Europe, to wealthy aristocrats and industrialists, to impoverished pawnbrokers and governesses. He is known only in select professional circles at the beginning of the first story, but is already collaborating with Scotland Yard. However, his continued work and the publication of Watson's stories raise Holmes's profile, and he rapidly becomes well known as a detective; so many clients ask for his help instead of (or in addition to) that of the police[32] that, Watson writes, by 1887 "Europe was ringing with his name"[33] and by 1895 Holmes has "an immense practice".[34] Police outside London ask Holmes for assistance if he is nearby.[35] A Prime Minister[36] and the King of Bohemia[37] visit 221B Baker Street in person to request Holmes's assistance; the President of France awards him the Legion of Honour for capturing an assassin;[38] the King of Scandinavia is a client;[39] and he aids the Vatican at least twice.[40] The detective acts on behalf of the British government in matters of national security several times,[41] and declines a knighthood "for services which may perhaps some day be described".[42] However, he does not actively seek fame and is usually content to let the police take public credit for his work.[43]

The Great Hiatus

 
Holmes and archenemy Moriarty struggle at the Reichenbach Falls; drawing by Sidney Paget

The first set of Holmes stories was published between 1887 and 1893. Conan Doyle killed off Holmes in a final battle with the criminal mastermind Professor James Moriarty[44] in "The Final Problem" (published 1893, but set in 1891), as Conan Doyle felt that "my literary energies should not be directed too much into one channel."[45] However, the reaction of the public surprised Doyle very much. Distressed readers wrote anguished letters to The Strand Magazine, which suffered a terrible blow when 20,000 people cancelled their subscriptions to the magazine in protest.[46] Conan Doyle himself received many protest letters, and one lady even began her letter with "You brute".[46] Legend has it that Londoners were so distraught upon hearing the news of Holmes's death that they wore black armbands in mourning, though there is no known contemporary source for this; the earliest known reference to such events comes from 1949.[47] However, the recorded public reaction to Holmes's death was unlike anything previously seen for fictional events.[7]

After resisting public pressure for eight years, Conan Doyle wrote The Hound of the Baskervilles (serialised in 1901–02, with an implicit setting before Holmes's death). In 1903, Conan Doyle wrote "The Adventure of the Empty House"; set in 1894, Holmes reappears, explaining to a stunned Watson that he had faked his death to fool his enemies.[48] Following "The Adventure of the Empty House", Conan Doyle would sporadically write new Holmes stories until 1927. Holmes aficionados refer to the period from 1891 to 1894—between his disappearance and presumed death in "The Final Problem" and his reappearance in "The Adventure of the Empty House"—as the Great Hiatus.[49] The earliest known use of this expression dates to 1946.[50]

Retirement

In His Last Bow, the reader is told that Holmes has retired to a small farm on the Sussex Downs and taken up beekeeping as his primary occupation.[51] The move is not dated precisely, but can be presumed to be no later than 1904 (since it is referred to retrospectively in "The Adventure of the Second Stain", first published that year).[52] The story features Holmes and Watson coming out of retirement to aid the British war effort. Only one other adventure, "The Adventure of the Lion's Mane", takes place during the detective's retirement.[53]

Personality and habits

 
Holmes examining a bicycle with Watson standing behind in "The Adventure of the Priory School" from 1904. Sidney Paget’s illustrations in The Strand Magazine iconicised both characters.

Watson describes Holmes as "bohemian" in his habits and lifestyle.[54] Said to have a "cat-like" love of personal cleanliness,[55] at the same time Holmes is an eccentric with no regard for contemporary standards of tidiness or good order. Watson describes him as

in his personal habits one of the most untidy men that ever drove a fellow-lodger to distraction. [He] keeps his cigars in the coal-scuttle, his tobacco in the toe end of a Persian slipper, and his unanswered correspondence transfixed by a jack-knife into the very centre of his wooden mantelpiece. ... He had a horror of destroying documents.... Thus month after month his papers accumulated, until every corner of the room was stacked with bundles of manuscript which were on no account to be burned, and which could not be put away save by their owner.[56]

While Holmes can be dispassionate and cold, during an investigation he is animated and excitable. He has a flair for showmanship, often keeping his methods and evidence hidden until the last possible moment so as to impress observers.[57] His companion condones the detective's willingness to bend the truth (or break the law) on behalf of a client—lying to the police, concealing evidence or breaking into houses—when he feels it morally justifiable.[58]

Except for that of Watson, Holmes avoids casual company. In "The Gloria Scott", he tells the doctor that during two years at college he made only one friend: "I was never a very sociable fellow, Watson ... I never mixed much with the men of my year".[59] The detective goes without food at times of intense intellectual activity, believing that "the faculties become refined when you starve them."[60][61] At times Holmes relaxes with music, either playing the violin,[62] or enjoying the works of composers such as Wagner[63] and Pablo de Sarasate.[64]

Drug use

 
1891 Paget portrait of Holmes smoking his pipe for "The Man with the Twisted Lip"

Holmes occasionally uses addictive drugs, especially in the absence of stimulating cases.[65] He sometimes used morphine and sometimes cocaine, the latter of which he injects in a seven-percent solution; both drugs were legal in 19th-century England.[66][67][68] As a physician, Watson strongly disapproves of his friend's cocaine habit, describing it as the detective's only vice, and concerned about its effect on Holmes's mental health and intellect.[69][70] In "The Adventure of the Missing Three-Quarter", Watson says that although he has "weaned" Holmes from drugs, the detective remains an addict whose habit is "not dead, but merely sleeping".[71]

Watson and Holmes both use tobacco, smoking cigarettes, cigars, and pipes. Although his chronicler does not consider Holmes's smoking a vice per se, Watson—a physician—does criticise the detective for creating a "poisonous atmosphere" in their confined quarters.[72][73]

Finances

Holmes is known to charge clients for his expenses and claim any reward offered for a problem's solution, such as in "The Adventure of the Speckled Band", "The Red-Headed League", and "The Adventure of the Beryl Coronet". The detective states at one point that "My professional charges are upon a fixed scale. I do not vary them, save when I remit them altogether". In this context, a client is offering to double his fee, and it is implied that wealthy clients habitually pay Holmes more than his standard rate.[74] In "The Adventure of the Priory School", Holmes earns a £6,000 fee[75] (at a time where annual expenses for a rising young professional were in the area of £500).[76] However, Watson notes that Holmes would refuse to help even the wealthy and powerful if their cases did not interest him.[77]

Attitudes towards women

As Conan Doyle wrote to Joseph Bell, "Holmes is as inhuman as a Babbage's Calculating Machine and just about as likely to fall in love".[78] Holmes says of himself that he is "not a whole-souled admirer of womankind",[79] and that he finds "the motives of women ... inscrutable. ... How can you build on such quicksand? Their most trivial actions may mean volumes..."[80] In The Sign of Four, he says, "Women are never to be entirely trusted—not the best of them", a feeling Watson notes as an "atrocious sentiment".[81] In "The Adventure of the Lion's Mane", Holmes writes, "Women have seldom been an attraction to me, for my brain has always governed my heart".[82] At the end of The Sign of Four, Holmes states that "love is an emotional thing, and whatever is emotional is opposed to that true, cold reason which I place above all things. I should never marry myself, lest I bias my judgement."[83] Ultimately, Holmes claims outright that "I have never loved".[84]

But while Watson says that the detective has an "aversion to women",[85] he also notes Holmes as having "a peculiarly ingratiating way with [them]".[86] Watson notes that their housekeeper Mrs. Hudson is fond of Holmes because of his "remarkable gentleness and courtesy in his dealings with women. He disliked and distrusted the sex, but he was always a chivalrous opponent".[87] However, in "The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton", the detective becomes engaged under false pretenses in order to obtain information about a case, abandoning the woman once he has the information he requires.[88]

Irene Adler

Irene Adler is a retired American opera singer and actress who appears in "A Scandal in Bohemia". Although this is her only appearance, she is one of only a handful of people who best Holmes in a battle of wits, and the only woman. For this reason, Adler is the frequent subject of pastiche writing.[89] The beginning of the story describes the high regard in which Holmes holds her:

To Sherlock Holmes she is always the woman. I have seldom heard him mention her under any other name. In his eyes she eclipses and predominates the whole of her sex. It was not that he felt any emotion akin to love for Irene Adler. ... And yet there was but one woman to him, and that woman was the late Irene Adler, of dubious and questionable memory.[90]

Five years before the story's events, Adler had a brief liaison with Crown Prince of Bohemia Wilhelm von Ormstein. As the story opens, the Prince is engaged to another. Fearful that the marriage would be called off if his fiancée's family learns of this past impropriety, Ormstein hires Holmes to regain a photograph of Adler and himself. Adler slips away before Holmes can succeed. Her memory is kept alive by the photograph of Adler that Holmes received for his part in the case.[91]

Knowledge and skills

Shortly after meeting Holmes in the first story, A Study in Scarlet (generally assumed to be 1881, though the exact date is not given), Watson assesses the detective's abilities:

  1. Knowledge of Literature – nil.
  2. Knowledge of Philosophy – nil.
  3. Knowledge of Astronomy – nil.
  4. Knowledge of Politics – Feeble.
  5. Knowledge of Botany – Variable. Well up in belladonna, opium, and poisons generally. Knows nothing of practical gardening.
  6. Knowledge of Geology – Practical, but limited. Tells at a glance different soils from each other. After walks, has shown me splashes upon his trousers, and told me by their colour and consistence in what part of London he had received them.
  7. Knowledge of Chemistry – Profound.
  8. Knowledge of Anatomy – Accurate, but unsystematic.
  9. Knowledge of Sensational Literature – Immense. He appears to know every detail of every horror perpetrated in the century.
  10. Plays the violin well.
  11. Is an expert singlestick player, boxer, and swordsman.
  12. Has a good practical knowledge of British law.[92]

In A Study in Scarlet, Holmes claims to be unaware that the earth revolves around the sun since such information is irrelevant to his work; after hearing that fact from Watson, he says he will immediately try to forget it. The detective believes that the mind has a finite capacity for information storage, and learning useless things reduces one's ability to learn useful things.[93] The later stories move away from this notion: in The Valley of Fear, he says, "All knowledge comes useful to the detective",[94] and in "The Adventure of the Lion's Mane", the detective calls himself "an omnivorous reader with a strangely retentive memory for trifles".[95] Looking back on the development of the character in 1912, Conan Doyle wrote that "In the first one, the Study in Scarlet, [Holmes] was a mere calculating machine, but I had to make him more of an educated human being as I went on with him."[96]

Despite Holmes's supposed ignorance of politics, in "A Scandal in Bohemia" he immediately recognises the true identity of the disguised "Count von Kramm".[37] At the end of A Study in Scarlet, Holmes demonstrates a knowledge of Latin.[97] The detective cites Hafez,[98] Goethe,[99] as well as a letter from Gustave Flaubert to George Sand in the original French.[100] In The Hound of the Baskervilles, the detective recognises works by Godfrey Kneller and Joshua Reynolds: "Watson won't allow that I know anything of art, but that is mere jealousy since our views upon the subject differ".[101] In "The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans", Watson says that "Holmes lost himself in a monograph which he had undertaken upon the Polyphonic Motets of Lassus", considered "the last word" on the subject—which must have been the result of an intensive and very specialized musicological study which could have had no possible application to the solution of criminal mysteries.[102][103]

Holmes is a cryptanalyst, telling Watson that "I am fairly familiar with all forms of secret writing, and am myself the author of a trifling monograph upon the subject, in which I analyse one hundred and sixty separate ciphers".[104] Holmes also demonstrates a knowledge of psychology in "A Scandal in Bohemia", luring Irene Adler into betraying where she hid a photograph based on the premise that a woman will rush to save her most valued possession from a fire.[105] Another example is in "The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle", where Holmes obtains information from a salesman with a wager: "When you see a man with whiskers of that cut and the 'Pink 'un' protruding out of his pocket, you can always draw him by a bet .... I daresay that if I had put 100 pounds down in front of him, that man would not have given me such complete information as was drawn from him by the idea that he was doing me on a wager".[106]

Maria Konnikova points out in an interview with D. J. Grothe that Holmes practises what is now called mindfulness, concentrating on one thing at a time, and almost never "multitasks". She adds that in this he predates the science showing how helpful this is to the brain.[107]

Holmesian deduction

 
Sidney Paget illustration of Holmes examining a corpse for "The Adventure of the Abbey Grange"

Holmes observes the dress and attitude of his clients and suspects, noting skin marks (such as tattoos), contamination (such as ink stains or clay on boots), emotional state, and physical condition in order to deduce their origins and recent history. The style and state of wear of a person's clothes and personal items are also commonly relied on; in the stories Holmes is seen applying his method to items such as walking sticks,[108] pipes,[109] and hats.[110] For example, in "A Scandal in Bohemia", Holmes infers that Watson had got wet lately and had "a most clumsy and careless servant girl". When Watson asks how Holmes knows this, the detective answers:

It is simplicity itself ... my eyes tell me that on the inside of your left shoe, just where the firelight strikes it, the leather is scored by six almost parallel cuts. Obviously they have been caused by someone who has very carelessly scraped round the edges of the sole in order to remove crusted mud from it. Hence, you see, my double deduction that you had been out in vile weather, and that you had a particularly malignant boot-slitting specimen of the London slavey.[111]

In the first Holmes story, A Study in Scarlet, Dr. Watson compares Holmes to C. Auguste Dupin, Edgar Allan Poe's fictional detective, who employed a similar methodology. Alluding to an episode in "The Murders in the Rue Morgue", where Dupin determines what his friend is thinking despite their having walked together in silence for a quarter of an hour, Holmes remarks: "That trick of his breaking in on his friend's thoughts with an apropos remark... is really very showy and superficial".[112] Nevertheless, Holmes later performs the same 'trick' on Watson in "The Cardboard Box"[113] and "The Adventure of the Dancing Men".[114]

Though the stories always refer to Holmes's intellectual detection method as "deduction", he primarily relies on abduction: inferring an explanation for observed details.[115][116][117] "From a drop of water", he writes, "a logician could infer the possibility of an Atlantic or a Niagara without having seen or heard of one or the other".[118] However, Holmes does employ deductive reasoning as well. The detective's guiding principle, as he says in The Sign of Four, is: "When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth."[119]

Despite Holmes's remarkable reasoning abilities, Conan Doyle still paints him as fallible in this regard (this being a central theme of "The Yellow Face").[120]

Forensic science

 
19th-century Seibert microscope

Though Holmes is famed for his reasoning capabilities, his investigative technique relies heavily on the acquisition of hard evidence. Many of the techniques he employs in the stories were at the time in their infancy.[121][122]

The detective is particularly skilled in the analysis of trace evidence and other physical evidence, including latent prints (such as footprints, hoof prints, and shoe and tire impressions) to identify actions at a crime scene;[123] using tobacco ashes and cigarette butts to identify criminals;[124] handwriting analysis and graphology;[125] comparing typewritten letters to expose a fraud;[126] using gunpowder residue to expose two murderers;[127] and analyzing small pieces of human remains to expose two murders.[128]

Because of the small scale of much of his evidence, the detective often uses a magnifying glass at the scene and an optical microscope at his Baker Street lodgings. He uses analytical chemistry for blood residue analysis and toxicology to detect poisons; Holmes's home chemistry laboratory is mentioned in "The Naval Treaty".[129] Ballistics feature in "The Adventure of the Empty House" when spent bullets are recovered to be matched with a suspected murder weapon, a practice which became regular police procedure only some fifteen years after the story was published.[130]

Laura J. Snyder has examined Holmes's methods in the context of mid- to late-19th-century criminology, demonstrating that, while sometimes in advance of what official investigative departments were formally using at the time, they were based upon existing methods and techniques. For example, fingerprints were proposed to be distinct in Conan Doyle's day, and while Holmes used a thumbprint to solve a crime in "The Adventure of the Norwood Builder" (generally held to be set in 1895), the story was published in 1903, two years after Scotland Yard's fingerprint bureau opened.[122][131] Though the effect of the Holmes stories on the development of forensic science has thus often been overstated, Holmes inspired future generations of forensic scientists to think scientifically and analytically.[132]

Disguises

Holmes displays a strong aptitude for acting and disguise. In several stories ("The Sign of Four", "The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton", "The Man with the Twisted Lip", "The Adventure of the Empty House" and "A Scandal in Bohemia"), to gather evidence undercover he uses disguises so convincing that Watson fails to recognise him. In others ("The Adventure of the Dying Detective" and "A Scandal in Bohemia"), Holmes feigns injury or illness to incriminate the guilty. In the latter story, Watson says, "The stage lost a fine actor ... when [Holmes] became a specialist in crime".[133]

Guy Mankowski has said of Holmes that his ability to change his appearance to blend into any situation "helped him personify the idea of the English eccentric chameleon, in a way that prefigured the likes of David Bowie."[134]

Agents

Until Watson's arrival at Baker Street, Holmes largely worked alone, only occasionally employing agents from the city's underclass. These agents included a variety of informants, such as Langdale Pike, a "human book of reference upon all matters of social scandal",[135] and Shinwell Johnson, who acted as Holmes's "agent in the huge criminal underworld of London".[136] The best known of Holmes's agents are a group of street children he called "the Baker Street Irregulars".[137][138]

Combat

 
British Army (Adams) Mark III, the type probably carried by Watson

Pistols

Holmes and Watson often carry pistols with them to confront criminals—in Watson's case, his old service weapon (probably a Mark III Adams revolver, issued to British troops during the 1870s).[139] Holmes and Watson shoot the eponymous hound in The Hound of the Baskervilles,[140] and in "The Adventure of the Empty House" Watson pistol-whips Colonel Sebastian Moran.[141] In "The Problem of Thor Bridge", Holmes uses Watson's revolver to solve the case through an experiment.

Other weapons

As a gentleman, Holmes often carries a stick or cane. He is described by Watson as an expert at singlestick,[92] and uses his cane twice as a weapon.[142] In A Study in Scarlet, Watson describes Holmes as an expert swordsman,[92] and in "The Gloria Scott" the detective says he practised fencing while at university.[59] In several stories ("A Case of Identity", "The Red-Headed League", "The Adventure of the Six Napoleons") Holmes wields a riding crop, described in the latter story as his "favourite weapon".[143]

Personal combat

 
Holmes outfighting Mr Woodley in "The Solitary Cyclist"

The detective is described (or demonstrated) as possessing above-average physical strength. In "The Yellow Face", Holmes's chronicler says, "Few men were capable of greater muscular effort."[144] In "The Adventure of the Speckled Band", Dr. Roylott demonstrates his strength by bending a fire poker in half. Watson describes Holmes as laughing, "'if he had remained I might have shown him that my grip was not much more feeble than his own.' As he spoke he picked up the steel poker and, with a sudden effort, straightened it out again."[145]

Holmes is an adept bare-knuckle fighter; "The Gloria Scott" mentions that Holmes boxed while at university.[59] In The Sign of Four, he introduces himself to McMurdo, a prize fighter, as "the amateur who fought three rounds with you at Alison's rooms on the night of your benefit four years back." McMurdo remembers: "Ah, you're one that has wasted your gifts, you have! You might have aimed high if you had joined the fancy."[146] In "The Yellow Face", Watson says: "He was undoubtedly one of the finest boxers of his weight that I have ever seen".[147] In "The Solitary Cyclist" Holmes visits a country pub to make enquiries regarding a certain Mr Woodley which resulted in violence. Mr Woodley, Holmes tells Watson,[148]

Had been drinking his beer in the tap-room, and had heard the whole conversation. Who was I? What did I want? What did I mean by asking questions? He had a fine flow of language, and his adjectives were very vigorous. He ended a string of abuse by a vicious backhander, which I failed to entirely avoid. The next few minutes were delicious. It was a straight left against a slogging ruffian. I emerged as you see me. Mr. Woodley went home in a cart.[148]

Another character subsequently refers to Mr Woodley as looking "much disfigured" as a result of his encounter with Holmes.[149]

In "The Adventure of the Empty House", Holmes tells Watson that he used a Japanese martial art known as baritsu to fling Moriarty to his death in the Reichenbach Falls.[150] "Baritsu" is Conan Doyle's version of bartitsu, which combines jujitsu with boxing and cane fencing.[151]

Reception

Popularity

 
The popularity of Sherlock Holmes became widespread after his first appearance in The Strand Magazine in 1891. This September 1917 edition of the magazine, with the cover story, ‘Sherlock Holmes outwits a German spy’, could be posted to troops free of charge.

The first two Sherlock Holmes stories, the novels A Study in Scarlet (1887) and The Sign of the Four (1890), were moderately well received, but Holmes first became very popular early in 1891 when the first six short stories featuring the character were published in The Strand Magazine. Holmes became widely known in Britain and America.[1] The character was so well known that in 1893 when Arthur Conan Doyle killed Holmes in the short story "The Final Problem", the strongly negative response from readers was unlike any previous public reaction to a fictional event. The Strand reportedly lost more than 20,000 subscribers as a result of Holmes's death. Public pressure eventually contributed to Conan Doyle writing another Holmes story in 1901 and resurrecting the character in a story published in 1903.[7] In Japan, Sherlock Holmes (and Alice from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland) became immensely popular in the country in the 1890s as it was opening up to the West, and they are cited as two British fictional Victorians who left an enormous creative and cultural legacy there.[152]

Many fans of Sherlock Holmes have written letters to Holmes's address, 221B Baker Street. Though the address 221B Baker Street did not exist when the stories were first published, letters began arriving to the large Abbey National building which first encompassed that address almost as soon as it was built in 1932. Fans continue to send letters to Sherlock Holmes;[153] these letters are now delivered to the Sherlock Holmes Museum.[154] Some of the people who have sent letters to 221B Baker Street believe Holmes is real.[4] Members of the general public have also believed Holmes actually existed. In a 2008 survey of British teenagers, 58 percent of respondents believed that Sherlock Holmes was a real individual.[5]

The Sherlock Holmes stories continue to be widely read.[1] Holmes's continuing popularity has led to many reimaginings of the character in adaptations.[7] Guinness World Records, which awarded Sherlock Holmes the title for "most portrayed literary human character in film & TV" in 2012, released a statement saying that the title "reflects his enduring appeal and demonstrates that his detective talents are as compelling today as they were 125 years ago."[3]

Honours

 
Blue plaque at The Sherlock Holmes Museum 221b Baker Street, London

The London Metropolitan Railway named one of its twenty electric locomotives deployed in the 1920s for Sherlock Holmes. He was the only fictional character so honoured, along with eminent Britons such as Lord Byron, Benjamin Disraeli, and Florence Nightingale.[155]

A number of London streets are associated with Holmes. York Mews South, off Crawford Street, was renamed Sherlock Mews, and Watson's Mews is near Crawford Place.[156] The Sherlock Holmes is a public house in Northumberland Street in London which contains a large collection of memorabilia related to Holmes, the original collection having been put together for display in Baker Street during the Festival of Britain in 1951.[157][158]

In 2002, the Royal Society of Chemistry bestowed an honorary fellowship on Holmes for his use of forensic science and analytical chemistry in popular literature, making him (as of 2019) the only fictional character thus honoured.[159] Holmes has been commemorated numerous times on a UK postage stamp issued by the Royal Mail, most recently in their August 2020 series to celebrate the Sherlock television series.[160]

There are multiple statues of Sherlock Holmes around the world. The first, sculpted by John Doubleday, was unveiled in Meiringen, Switzerland, in September 1988. The second was unveiled in October 1988 in Karuizawa, Japan, and was sculpted by Yoshinori Satoh. The third was installed in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1989, and was sculpted by Gerald Laing.[161] In 1999, a statue of Sherlock Holmes in London, also by John Doubleday, was unveiled near the fictional detective's address, 221B Baker Street.[162] In 2001, a sculpture of Holmes and Arthur Conan Doyle by Irena Sedlecká was unveiled in a statue collection in Warwickshire, England.[163] A sculpture depicting both Holmes and Watson was unveiled in 2007 in Moscow, Russia, based partially on Sidney Paget's illustrations and partially on the actors in The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson.[164] In 2015, a sculpture of Holmes by Jane DeDecker was installed in the police headquarters of Edmond, Oklahoma, United States.[165] In 2019, a statue of Holmes was unveiled in Chester, Illinois, United States, as part of a series of statues honouring cartoonist E. C. Segar and his characters. The statue is titled "Sherlock & Segar", and the face of the statue was modelled on Segar.[166]

Societies

Main article: Sherlock Holmes fandom § Societies

In 1934, the Sherlock Holmes Society (in London) and the Baker Street Irregulars (in New York) were founded. The latter is still active. The Sherlock Holmes Society was dissolved later in the 1930s, but was succeeded by a society with a slightly different name, the Sherlock Holmes Society of London, which was founded in 1951 and remains active.[167][168] These societies were followed by many more, first in the U.S. (where they are known as "scion societies"—offshoots—of the Baker Street Irregulars) and then in England and Denmark. There are at least 250 societies worldwide, including Australia, Canada (such as The Bootmakers of Toronto), India, and Japan.[169] Fans tend to be called "Holmesians" in the U.K. and "Sherlockians" in the U.S.,[170][171][172] though recently "Sherlockian" has also come to refer to fans of the Benedict Cumberbatch-led BBC series regardless of location.[173]

Legacy

The detective story

 
Statue of Holmes in an Inverness cape and a deerstalker cap on Picardy Place in Edinburgh (Conan Doyle's birthplace)

Although Holmes is not the original fictional detective, his name has become synonymous with the role. Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories introduced multiple literary devices that have become major conventions in detective fiction, such as the companion character who is not as clever as the detective and has solutions explained to him (thus informing the reader as well), as with Dr. Watson in the Holmes stories. Other conventions introduced by Doyle include the arch-criminal who is too clever for the official police to defeat, like Holmes's adversary Professor Moriarty, and the use of forensic science to solve cases.[1]

The Sherlock Holmes stories established crime fiction as a respectable genre popular with readers of all backgrounds, and Doyle's success inspired many contemporary detective stories.[174] Holmes influenced the creation of other "eccentric gentleman detective" characters, like Agatha Christie's fictional detective Hercule Poirot, introduced in 1920.[175] Holmes also inspired a number of anti-hero characters "almost as an antidote to the masterful detective", such as the gentleman thief characters A. J. Raffles (created by E. W. Hornung in 1898) and Arsène Lupin (created by Maurice Leblanc in 1905).[174]

"Elementary, my dear Watson"

The phrase "Elementary, my dear Watson" has become one of the most quoted and iconic aspects of the character. However, although Holmes often observes that his conclusions are "elementary", and occasionally calls Watson "my dear Watson", the phrase "Elementary, my dear Watson" is never uttered in any of the sixty stories by Conan Doyle.[176] One of the nearest approximations of the phrase appears in "The Adventure of the Crooked Man" (1893) when Holmes explains a deduction: "'Excellent!' I cried. 'Elementary,' said he."[177][178]

William Gillette is widely considered to have originated the phrase with the formulation, "Oh, this is elementary, my dear fellow", allegedly in his 1899 play Sherlock Holmes. However, the script was revised numerous times over the course of some three decades of revivals and publications, and the phrase is present in some versions of the script, but not others.[176] The appearance of the line "Elementary, my dear Potson" in a Sherlock Holmes parody from 1901 has led some authors to speculate that, rather than this being an incidental formulation, the parodist drew upon an already well-established occurrences of "Elementary, my dear Watson."[179][180]

The exact phrase, as well as close variants, can be seen in newspaper and journal articles as early as 1909.[176][181] It was also used by P. G. Wodehouse in his novel Psmith, Journalist, which was first serialised in The Captain magazine between October 1909 and February 1910; the phrase occurred in the January 1910 instalment. The phrase became familiar with the American public in part due to its use in the Rathbone-Bruce series of films from 1939 to 1946.[182]

The Great Game

Main article: Sherlockian game
 
Russ Stutler's view of 221B Baker Street
Sherlock Holmes Museum, London
 
Study
 
Drawing room

Conan Doyle's 56 short stories and four novels are known as the "canon" by Holmes aficionados. The Great Game (also known as the Holmesian Game, the Sherlockian Game, or simply the Game, also the Higher Criticism) applies the methods of literary and especially Biblical criticism to the canon, operating on the pretense that Holmes and Watson were real people and that Conan Doyle was not the author of the stories but Watson's literary agent. From this basis, it attempts to resolve or explain away contradictions in the canon—such as the location of Watson's war wound, described as being in his shoulder in A Study in Scarlet and in his leg in The Sign of Four—and clarify details about Holmes, Watson and their world, such as the exact dates of events in the stories, combining historical research with references from the stories to construct scholarly analyses.[183][184][185]

For example, one detail analyzed in the Game is Holmes's birth date. The chronology of the stories is notoriously difficult, with many stories lacking dates and many others containing contradictory ones. Christopher Morley and William Baring-Gould contend that the detective was born on 6 January 1854, the year being derived from the statement in "His Last Bow" that he was 60 years of age in 1914, while the precise day is derived from broader, non-canonical speculation.[186] This is the date the Baker Street Irregulars work from, with their annual dinner being held each January.[187][188] Laurie R. King instead argues that details in "The Gloria Scott" (a story with no precise internal date) indicate that Holmes finished his second (and final) year of university in 1880 or 1885. If he began university at age 17, his birth year could be as late as 1868.[189]

Museums and special collections

For the 1951 Festival of Britain, Holmes's living room was reconstructed as part of a Sherlock Holmes exhibition, with a collection of original material. After the festival, items were transferred to The Sherlock Holmes (a London pub) and the Conan Doyle collection housed in Lucens, Switzerland by the author's son, Adrian. Both exhibitions, each with a Baker Street sitting-room reconstruction, are open to the public.[190]

In 1969, the Toronto Reference Library began a collection of materials related to Conan Doyle. Stored today in Room 221B, this vast collection is accessible to the public.[191][192] Similarly, in 1974 the University of Minnesota founded a collection that is now "the world’s largest gathering of material related to Sherlock Holmes and his creator". Access is closed to the general public, but is occasionally open to tours.[193][194]

In 1990, the Sherlock Holmes Museum opened on Baker Street in London, followed the next year by a museum in Meiringen (near the Reichenbach Falls) dedicated to the detective.[190] A private Conan Doyle collection is a permanent exhibit at the Portsmouth City Museum, where the author lived and worked as a physician.[195]

Postcolonial criticism

The Sherlock Holmes stories have been scrutinized by a few academics for themes of empire and colonialism.

Susan Cannon Harris claims that themes of contagion and containment are common in the Holmes series, including the metaphors of Eastern foreigners as the root cause of "infection" within and around Europe.[196] Lauren Raheja, writing in the Marxist journal Nature, Society, and Thought, claims that Doyle used these characteristics to paint eastern colonies in a negative light, through their continually being the source of threats. For example, in one story Doyle makes mention of the Sumatran cannibals (also known as Batak) who throw poisonous darts, in "The Adventure of the Devil's Foot" a character employs a deadly West African poison, and in "The Speckled Band" a "long residence in the tropics" was a negative influence on one antagonist's bad temper.[197] Yumna Siddiqi argues that Doyle depicted returned colonials as "marginal, physically ravaged characters that threaten the peace," while putting non-colonials in a much more positive light.[198]

Adaptations and derived works

The popularity of Sherlock Holmes has meant that many writers other than Arthur Conan Doyle have created tales of the detective in a wide variety of different media, with varying degrees of fidelity to the original characters, stories, and setting. The first known period pastiche dates from 1891. Titled "The Late Sherlock Holmes", it was written by Conan Doyle's close friend, J. M. Barrie.[199]

Adaptations have seen the character taken in radically different directions or placed in different times or even universes. For example, Holmes falls in love and marries in Laurie R. King's Mary Russell series, is re-animated after his death to fight future crime in the animated series Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century, and is meshed with the setting of H. P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos in Neil Gaiman's "A Study in Emerald" (which won the 2004 Hugo Award for Best Short Story). An especially influential pastiche was Nicholas Meyer's The Seven-Per-Cent Solution, a 1974 New York Times bestselling novel (made into the 1976 film of the same name) in which Holmes's cocaine addiction has progressed to the point of endangering his career. It served to popularize the trend of incorporating clearly identified and contemporaneous historical figures (such as Oscar Wilde, Aleister Crowley, Sigmund Freud, or Jack the Ripper) into Holmesian pastiches, something Conan Doyle himself never did.[200][201][202] Another common pastiche approach is to create a new story fully detailing an otherwise-passing canonical reference (such as an aside by Conan Doyle mentioning the "giant rat of Sumatra, a story for which the world is not yet prepared" in "The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire").[203]

Related and derivative writings

Main article: Sherlock Holmes pastiches
Further information: List of authors of new Sherlock Holmes stories
 
1904 Sidney Paget illustration of "The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton"

In addition to the Holmes canon, Conan Doyle's 1898 "The Lost Special" features an unnamed "amateur reasoner" intended to be identified as Holmes by his readers. The author's explanation of a baffling disappearance argued in Holmesian style poked fun at his own creation. Similar Conan Doyle short stories are "The Field Bazaar", "The Man with the Watches", and 1924's "How Watson Learned the Trick", a parody of the Watson–Holmes breakfast-table scenes. The author wrote other material featuring Holmes, especially plays: 1899's Sherlock Holmes (with William Gillette), 1910's The Speckled Band, and 1921's The Crown Diamond (the basis for "The Adventure of the Mazarin Stone").[204] These non-canonical works have been collected in several works released since Conan Doyle's death.[205]

In terms of writers other than Conan Doyle, authors as diverse as Anthony Burgess, Neil Gaiman, Dorothy B. Hughes, Stephen King, Tanith Lee, A. A. Milne, and P. G. Wodehouse have all written Sherlock Holmes pastiches. Contemporary with Conan Doyle, Maurice Leblanc directly featured Holmes in his popular series about the gentleman thief, Arsène Lupin, though legal objections from Conan Doyle forced Leblanc to modify the name to "Herlock Sholmes" in reprints and later stories.[206] Famed American mystery writer John Dickson Carr collaborated with Arthur Conan Doyle's son, Adrian Conan Doyle, on The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes, a pastiche collection from 1954.[207] In 2011, Anthony Horowitz published a Sherlock Holmes novel, The House of Silk, presented as a continuation of Conan Doyle's work and with the approval of the Conan Doyle estate;[208] a follow-up, Moriarty, appeared in 2014.[209] The "MX Book of New Sherlock Holmes Stories" series of pastiches, edited by David Marcum and published by MX Publishing, has reached over thirty volumes and features hundreds of stories echoing the original canon which were compiled for the restoration of Undershaw and the support of Stepping Stones School, now housed in it.[210][211]

Some authors have written tales centred on characters from the canon other than Holmes. Anthologies edited by Michael Kurland and George Mann are entirely devoted to stories told from the perspective of characters other than Holmes and Watson. John Gardner, Michael Kurland, and Kim Newman, amongst many others, have all written tales in which Holmes's nemesis Professor Moriarty is the main character. Mycroft Holmes has been the subject of several efforts: Enter the Lion by Michael P. Hodel and Sean M. Wright (1979),[212] a four-book series by Quinn Fawcett,[213] and 2015's Mycroft Holmes, by Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Anna Waterhouse.[214] M. J. Trow has written a series of seventeen books using Inspector Lestrade as the central character, beginning with The Adventures of Inspector Lestrade in 1985.[215] Carole Nelson Douglas' Irene Adler series is based on "the woman" from "A Scandal in Bohemia", with the first book (1990's Good Night, Mr. Holmes) retelling that story from Adler's point of view.[216] Martin Davies has written three novels where Baker Street housekeeper Mrs. Hudson is the protagonist.[217]

In 1980's The Name of the Rose, Italian author Umberto Eco creates a Sherlock Holmes of the 1320s in the form of a Franciscan friar and main protagonist named Brother William of Baskerville, his name a clear reference to Holmes per The Hound of the Baskervilles.[218] Brother William investigates a series of murders in the abbey alongside his novice Adso of Melk, who acts as his Dr. Watson. Furthermore, Umberto Eco's description of Brother William bears marked similarities in both physique and personality to Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's description of Sherlock Holmes in A Study in Scarlet.[219]

Laurie R. King recreated Holmes in her Mary Russell series (beginning with 1994's The Beekeeper's Apprentice), set during the First World War and the 1920s. Her Holmes, semi-retired in Sussex, meets a teenaged American girl. Recognising a kindred spirit, he trains her as his apprentice and subsequently marries her. As of 2021, the series includes seventeen base novels and additional writings.[220]

Short stories featuring sage-detective Zavant Konniger and his halfling manservant Vido, written by fantasy authors Gordon Rennie and Josh Reynolds for the Warhammer Fantasy universe, were published by Black Library from 2002 to 2018, including "How Vido Learned the Trick" ("How Watson Learned the Trick") and "The Problem of Three-Toll Bridge" ("The Problem of Thor Bridge").[221][222]

The Final Solution, a 2004 novella by Michael Chabon, concerns an unnamed but long-retired detective interested in beekeeping who tackles the case of a missing parrot belonging to a Jewish refugee boy.[223] Mitch Cullin's novel A Slight Trick of the Mind (2005) takes place two years after the end of the Second World War, and explores an old and frail Sherlock Holmes (now 93) as he comes to terms with a life spent in emotionless logic;[224] this was also adapted into a film, 2015's Mr. Holmes.[225]

There have been many scholarly works dealing with Sherlock Holmes, some working within the bounds of the Great Game, and some written from the perspective that Holmes is a fictional character. In particular, there have been three major annotated editions of the complete series. The first was William Baring-Gould's 1967 The Annotated Sherlock Holmes. This two-volume set was ordered to fit Baring-Gould's preferred chronology, and was written from a Great Game perspective. The second was 1993's The Oxford Sherlock Holmes (general editor: Owen Dudley Edwards), a nine-volume set written in a straight scholarly manner. The most recent is Leslie Klinger's The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes (2004–05), a three-volume set that returns to a Great Game perspective.[226][227]

Adaptations in other media

Main article: Adaptations of Sherlock Holmes
Further information: List of actors who have played Sherlock Holmes
 
Poster for the 1899 play Sherlock Holmes by Conan Doyle and actor William Gillette

In 2012, Guinness World Records listed Holmes as the most portrayed literary human character in film and television history, with more than 75 actors playing the part in over 250 productions.[3]

The 1899 play Sherlock Holmes, by Conan Doyle and William Gillette, was a synthesis of several Conan Doyle stories. In addition to its popularity, the play is significant because it, rather than the original stories, introduced one of the key visual qualities commonly associated with Holmes today: his calabash pipe;[228] the play also formed the basis for Gillette's 1916 film, Sherlock Holmes. Gillette performed as Holmes some 1,300 times. In the early 1900s, H. A. Saintsbury took over the role from Gillette for a tour of the play. Between this play and Conan Doyle's own stage adaptation of "The Adventure of the Speckled Band", Saintsbury portrayed Holmes over 1,000 times.[229]

 
Basil Rathbone as Holmes

Holmes's first screen appearance was in the 1900 Mutoscope film, Sherlock Holmes Baffled.[230] From 1921 to 1923, Eille Norwood played Holmes in forty-seven silent films (45 shorts and two features), in a series of performances that Conan Doyle spoke highly of.[2][231] 1929's The Return of Sherlock Holmes was the first sound title to feature Holmes.[232] From 1939 to 1946, Basil Rathbone played Holmes and Nigel Bruce played Watson in fourteen U.S. films (two for 20th Century Fox and a dozen for Universal Pictures) and in The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes radio show. While the Fox films were period pieces, the Universal films abandoned Victorian Britain and moved to a then-contemporary setting in which Holmes occasionally battled Nazis.[233]

 
 
Holmes in two television adaptations: L–R: Jeremy Brett in Sherlock Holmes (1984) and Benedict Cumberbatch in Sherlock (2010)

The character has also enjoyed numerous radio adaptations, beginning with Edith Meiser's The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes,[234] which ran from 1930 to 1936. Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce continued with their roles for most of the run of The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, airing from 1939 to 1950. Bert Coules, having dramatised the entire Holmes canon for BBC Radio Four from 1989 to 1998,[235][236] penned The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes between 2002 and 2010. This pastiche series also aired on Radio Four, and starred Clive Merrison as Holmes and Michael Williams and then Andrew Sachs as Watson.[235][237]

 
Waxwork of Robert Downey Jr. as Holmes on display at Madame Tussauds London

The 1984–85 Italian/Japanese anime series Sherlock Hound adapted the Holmes stories for children, with its characters being anthropomorphic dogs. The series was co-directed by Hayao Miyazaki.[238] Between 1979 and 1986, the Soviet studio Lenfilm produced a series of five television films, The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson. The series were split into eleven episodes and starred Vasily Livanov as Holmes and Vitaly Solomin as Watson. For his performance, in 2006 Livanov was appointed an Honorary Member of the Order of the British Empire.[239][240]

Jeremy Brett played the detective in Sherlock Holmes for Granada Television from 1984 to 1994. Watson was played by David Burke (in the first two series) and Edward Hardwicke (in the remainder). Brett and Hardwicke also appeared on stage in 1988–89 in The Secret of Sherlock Holmes, directed by Patrick Garland.[241]

The 2009 film Sherlock Holmes earned Robert Downey Jr. a Golden Globe Award for his portrayal of Holmes and co-starred Jude Law as Watson.[242] Downey and Law returned for a 2011 sequel, Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows.

Benedict Cumberbatch plays a modern version of the detective and Martin Freeman as a modern version of John Watson in the BBC One TV series Sherlock, which premiered in 2010. In the series, created by Mark Gatiss and Steven Moffat, the stories' original Victorian setting is replaced by present-day London, with Watson a veteran of the modern War in Afghanistan.[243] Similarly, Elementary premiered on CBS in 2012, and ran for seven seasons, until 2019. Set in contemporary New York, the series featured Jonny Lee Miller as Sherlock Holmes and Lucy Liu as a female Dr. Joan Watson.[244] With 24 episodes per season, by the end of season two, Miller became the actor who had portrayed Sherlock Holmes the most in television and/or film.[245]

The 2015 film Mr. Holmes starred Ian McKellen as a retired Sherlock Holmes living in Sussex, in 1947, who grapples with an unsolved case involving a beautiful woman. The film is based on Mitch Cullin's 2005 novel A Slight Trick of the Mind.[246][247]

The 2018 television adaptation, Miss Sherlock, was a Japanese-language production, and the first adaptation with a woman (portrayed by Yūko Takeuchi) in the signature role. The episodes were based in modern-day Tokyo, with many references to Conan Doyle's stories.[248][249]

Holmes has also appeared in video games, including the Sherlock Holmes series of eight main titles. According to the publisher, Frogwares, by 2017 the series sold over seven million copies.[250]

Copyright issues

The copyright for Conan Doyle's works expired in the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia at the end of 1980, fifty years after Conan Doyle's death.[251][252] In the United Kingdom it was revived in 1996 due to new provisions harmonising UK law with that of the European Union, and expired again at the end of 2000 (seventy years after Conan Doyle's death).[253] The author's works are now in the public domain in those countries.[254][255]

In the United States, all works published before 1923 entered public domain by 1998, but, as ten Holmes stories were published after that date, the Conan Doyle estate maintained that the Holmes and Watson characters as a whole were still under copyright.[252][256] On 14 February 2013, Leslie S. Klinger (lawyer and editor of The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes) filed a declaratory judgement suit against the Conan Doyle estate asking the court to acknowledge that the characters of Holmes and Watson were public domain in the U.S. The court ruled in Klinger's favour on 23 December, and the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed its decision on 16 June 2014. The case was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which declined to hear the case, letting the appeals court's ruling stand. This resulted in the characters from the Holmes stories being in the public domain in the U.S. The stories still under copyright due to the ruling, as of that time, were those collected in The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes other than "The Adventure of the Mazarin Stone" and "The Problem of Thor Bridge": a total of ten stories.[255][257][258]

In 2020, although the United States court ruling and the passage of time meant that most of the Holmes stories and characters were in the public domain in that country, the Doyle estate legally challenged the use of Sherlock Holmes in the film Enola Holmes in a complaint filed in the United States.[259] The Doyle estate alleged that the film depicts Holmes with personality traits that were only exhibited by the character in the stories still under copyright.[260][261] On 18 December 2020, the lawsuit was dismissed with prejudice by stipulation of all parties.[262][263]

The remaining ten Holmes stories moved out of copyright between 1 January 2019 and 1 January 2023, leaving the stories and characters completely in the public domain in the United States as of the latter date.[264][265][266]

Works

Main article: Canon of Sherlock Holmes

Novels

Short story collections

The short stories, originally published in magazines, were later collected in five anthologies:

See also

Notes

  1. ^ His Last Bow: The War Service of Sherlock Holmes

Sherlock Holmes story references

  • Klinger, Leslie (ed.). The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes, Volume I (New York: W. W. Norton, 2005). ISBN 0-393-05916-2 ("Klinger I")
  • Klinger, Leslie (ed.). The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes, Volume II (New York: W. W. Norton, 2005). ISBN 0-393-05916-2 ("Klinger II")
  • Klinger, Leslie (ed.). The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes, Volume III (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006). ISBN 978-0393058000 ("Klinger III")

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d Sutherland, John. "Sherlock Holmes, the world's most famous literary detective". British Library. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  2. ^ a b Haigh, Brian (20 May 2008). "A star comes to Huddersfield!". BBC. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  3. ^ a b c "Sherlock Holmes awarded title for most portrayed literary human character in film & TV". Guinness World Records. 14 May 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  4. ^ a b Rule, Sheila (5 November 1989). "Sherlock Holmes's Mail: Not Too Mysterious". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  5. ^ a b Simpson, Aislinn (4 February 2008). "Winston Churchill didn't really exist, say teens". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  6. ^ Scott, C.T. (6 October 2021). "The curious incident of Sherlock Holmes's real-life secretary". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  7. ^ a b c d Armstrong, Jennifer Keishin (6 January 2016). "How Sherlock Holmes changed the world". BBC. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  8. ^ Sova, Dawn B. (2001). Edgar Allan Poe: A to Z (Paperback ed.). New York: Checkmark Books. pp. 162–163. ISBN 0-8160-4161-X.
  9. ^ Knowles, Christopher (2007). Our Gods Wear Spandex: The Secret History of Comic Book Heroes. San Francisco: Weiser Books. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-57863-406-4.
  10. ^ Conan Doyle, Arthur (1993). Lancelyn Green, Richard (ed.). The Oxford Sherlock Holmes: The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. xv.
  11. ^ Sims, Michael (25 January 2017). "How Sherlock Holmes Got His Name". Literary Hub. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  12. ^ Klinger III, pp. 42-44—A Study in Scarlet
  13. ^ Lycett, Andrew (2007). The Man Who Created Sherlock Holmes: The Life and Times of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Free Press. pp. 53–54, 190. ISBN 978-0-7432-7523-1.
  14. ^ Barring-Gould, William S. (1974). The Annotated Sherlock Holmes. Clarkson N. Potter, Inc. p. 8. ISBN 0-517-50291-7.
  15. ^ Doyle, A. Conan (1961). The Boys' Sherlock Holmes, New & Enlarged Edition. Harper & Row. p. 88.
  16. ^ Cauvain, Henry (2006). Peter D. O'Neill, foreword to Maximilien Heller. ISBN 9781901414301. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
  17. ^ "¿Fue Sherlock Holmes un plagio?". ABC. 22 February 2015. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
  18. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 November 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
  19. ^ "France". The Arthur Conan Doyle Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  20. ^ Brown, David W. (14 May 2015). "15 Curious Facts About Sherlock Holmes and the Sherlockian Subculture". Mental Floss. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  21. ^ Klinger II, p. 1432—"His Last Bow"
  22. ^ Klinger I, pp. 637-639—"The Greek Interpreter"
  23. ^ Quigley, Michael J. "Mycroft Holmes". The Official Conan Doyle Estate Ltd. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  24. ^ Klinger I, pp. 529-531—"The Musgrave Ritual"
  25. ^ Klinger I, pp. 501-502—"The Gloria Scott"
  26. ^ Klinger III, pp. 17-18, 28—A Study in Scarlet
  27. ^ Birkby, Michelle. "Mrs Hudson". The Official Conan Doyle Estate Ltd. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  28. ^ Klinger II, pp. 1692, 1705-1706—"The Adventure of the Veiled Lodger"
  29. ^ Klinger III, p. 217—The Sign of Four
  30. ^ Klinger II, pp. 1482-1483—"The Blanched Soldier"
  31. ^ a b Klinger II, p. 1598—"The Adventure of the Three Garridebs"
  32. ^ "The Reigate Squires" and "The Adventure of the Illustrious Client" are two examples.
  33. ^ "The Reigate Squires"
  34. ^ Klinger II, p. 976—"The Adventure of Black Peter"
  35. ^ Klinger I, pp. 561-562—"The Reigate Squires"
  36. ^ Klinger II, pp. 1190-1191, 1222-1225—"The Adventure of the Second Stain"
  37. ^ a b Klinger I, pp. 15-16—"A Scandal in Bohemia"
  38. ^ Klinger II, p. 1092—"The Adventure of the Golden Pince-Nez"
  39. ^ Klinger I, p. 299—"The Adventure of the Noble Bachelor"—there was no such position in existence at the time of the story.
  40. ^ The Hound of the Baskervilles (Klinger III p. 409) and "The Adventure of Black Peter" (Klinger II p. 977)
  41. ^ "The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans", "The Naval Treaty", and after retirement, "His Last Bow".
  42. ^ Klinger II, p. 1581—"The Adventure of the Three Garridebs"
  43. ^ In "The Naval Treaty" (Klinger I p. 691), Holmes remarks that, of his last fifty-three cases, the police have had all the credit in forty-nine.
  44. ^ Walsh, Michael. "Professor James Moriarty". The Official Conan Doyle Estate Ltd. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  45. ^ Klinger II, p. 1448—The Case-book of Sherlock Holmes
  46. ^ a b "The hounding of Arthur Conan Doyle". The Irish News. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  47. ^ Calamai, Peter (22 May 2013). "A Reader Challenge & Prize". The Baker Street Journal. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  48. ^ Klinger I, pp. 791-794—"The Adventure of the Empty House"
  49. ^ Klinger II, pp. 815-822
  50. ^ Riggs, Ransom (2009). The Sherlock Holmes Handbook. The methods and mysteries of the world's greatest detective. Philadelphia: Quirk Books. pp. 115–118. ISBN 978-1-59474-429-7.
  51. ^ Klinger II, pp. 1229, 1437, 1440—His Last Bow
  52. ^ Klinger II, p. 1189—"The Adventure of the Second Stain"
  53. ^ Klinger II, p. 1667—"The Adventure of the Lion's Mane"
  54. ^ Klinger I, p. 265—"The Adventure of the Engineer's Thumb"
  55. ^ Klinger III, p. 550—The Hound of the Baskervilles
  56. ^ Klinger I, pp. 528-529—"The Musgrave Ritual"
  57. ^ Klinger III, p. 481—The Hound of the Baskervilles
  58. ^ "A Scandal in Bohemia", "The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton", and "The Adventure of the Illustrious Client"
  59. ^ a b c Klinger I, p. 502—"The Gloria Scott"
  60. ^ Klinger II, p. 848—"The Adventure of the Norwood Builder"
  61. ^ Klinger II, p. 1513—"The Adventure of the Mazarin Stone"
  62. ^ Klinger III, pp. 34-36—A Study in Scarlet
  63. ^ Klinger II, pp. 1296-1297—"The Adventure of the Red Circle"
  64. ^ Klinger I, p. 58—"The Red-Headed League"
  65. ^ Klinger III, pp. 213-214—The Sign of Four
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  71. ^ Klinger II, p. 1124—"The Adventure of the Missing Three-Quarter"
  72. ^ Klinger III, p. 423—The Hound of the Baskervilles. See also Klinger II, pp. 950, 1108-1109.
  73. ^ Klinger II, p. 1402—"The Adventure of the Devil's Foot"
  74. ^ Klinger II, p. 1609—"The Problem of Thor Bridge"
  75. ^ Klinger II, p. 971—"The Adventure of the Priory School"
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  80. ^ Klinger II, pp. 1203-1204—"The Adventure of the Second Stain"
  81. ^ Klinger III, p. 311—The Sign of Four
  82. ^ Klinger II, p. 1676—"The Adventure of the Lion's Mane"
  83. ^ Klinger III, p. 378—The Sign of Four
  84. ^ Klinger II, p. 1422—"The Adventure of the Devil's Foot"
  85. ^ Klinger I, p. 635—"The Greek Interpreter"
  86. ^ Klinger II, p. 1111—"The Adventure of the Golden Pince-Nez"
  87. ^ Klinger II, pp. 1341-1342—"The Adventure of the Dying Detective"
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  95. ^ Klinger II, p. 1689—"The Adventure of the Lion's Mane"
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  98. ^ Klinger I, p. 100—"A Case of Identity"
  99. ^ Klinger IIII, p. 282—The Sign of Four
  100. ^ Klinger I, p. 73—"The Red-Headed League"
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Further reading

  • Accardo, Pasquale J. (1987). Diagnosis and Detection: Medical Iconography of Sherlock Holmes. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 0-517-50291-7.
  • Baring-Gould, William (1967). The Annotated Sherlock Holmes. New York: Clarkson N. Potter. ISBN 0-517-50291-7.
  • Baring-Gould, William (1962). Sherlock Holmes of Baker Street: The Life of the World's First Consulting Detective. New York: Clarkson N. Potter. OCLC 63103488.
  • Blakeney, T. S. (1994). Sherlock Holmes: Fact or Fiction?. London: Prentice Hall & IBD. ISBN 1-883402-10-7.
  • Bradley, Alan (2004). Ms Holmes of Baker Street: The Truth About Sherlock. Alberta: University of Alberta Press. ISBN 0-88864-415-9.
  • Campbell, Mark (2007). Sherlock Holmes. London: Pocket Essentials. ISBN 978-0-470-12823-7.
  • Dakin, David (1972). A Sherlock Holmes Commentary. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-5493-0.
  • Duncan, Alistair (2008). Eliminate the Impossible: An Examination of the World of Sherlock Holmes on Page and Screen. London: MX Publishing. ISBN 978-1-904312-31-4.
  • Duncan, Alistair (2009). Close to Holmes: A Look at the Connections Between Historical London, Sherlock Holmes and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. London: MX Publishing. ISBN 978-1-904312-50-5.
  • Duncan, Alistair (2010). The Norwood Author: Arthur Conan Doyle and the Norwood Years (1891–1894). London: MX Publishing. ISBN 978-1-904312-69-7.
  • Fenoli Marc, Qui a tué Sherlock Holmes ? [Who shot Sherlock Holmes ?], Review L'Alpe 45, Glénat-Musée Dauphinois, Grenoble-France, 2009. ISBN 978-2-7234-6902-9
  • Green, Richard Lancelyn (1987). The Sherlock Holmes Letters. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. ISBN 0-87745-161-3.
  • Hall, Trevor (1969). Sherlock Holmes: Ten Literary Studies. London: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-0469-4.
  • Hall, Trevor (1977). Sherlock Holmes and his Creator. New York: St Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-71719-9.
  • Hammer, David (1995). The Before-Breakfast Pipe of Mr. Sherlock Holmes. London: Wessex Pr. ISBN 0-938501-21-6.
  • Harrison, Michael (1973). The World of Sherlock Holmes. London: Frederick Muller Ltd.
  • Jones, Kelvin (1987). Sherlock Holmes and the Kent Railways. Sittingborne, Kent: Meresborough Books. ISBN 0-948193-25-5.
  • Keating, H. R. F. (2006). Sherlock Holmes: The Man and His World. Edison, NJ: Castle. ISBN 0-7858-2112-0.
  • Kestner, Joseph (1997). Sherlock's Men: Masculinity, Conan Doyle and Cultural History. Farnham: Ashgate. ISBN 1-85928-394-2.
  • King, Joseph A. (1996). Sherlock Holmes: From Victorian Sleuth to Modern Hero. Lanham, US: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-3180-5.
  • Klinger, Leslie (1998). The Sherlock Holmes Reference Library. Indianapolis: Gasogene Books. ISBN 0-938501-26-7.
  • Knowles, Christopher (2007). Our Gods Wear Spandex: The Secret History of Comic Book Heroes. San Francisco: Weiser Books. ISBN 978-1-57863-406-4.
  • Lester, Paul (1992). Sherlock Holmes in the Midlands. Studley, Warwickshire: Brewin Books. ISBN 0-947731-85-7.
  • Lieboe, Eli. Doctor Joe Bell: Model for Sherlock Holmes. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green University Popular Press, 1982; Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-87972-198-5
  • McClure, Michael (2020). Sherlock Holmes and the Cryptic Clues. Chester, IL: Baskerville Productions. ISBN 978-0-9981084-7-6.
  • Mitchelson, Austin (1994). The Baker Street Irregular: Unauthorised Biography of Sherlock Holmes. Romford: Ian Henry Publications Ltd. ISBN 0-8021-4325-3.
  • Payne, David S. (1992). Myth and Modern Man in Sherlock Holmes: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and the Uses of Nostalgia. Bloomington, Ind: Gaslight's Publications. ISBN 0-934468-29-X.
  • Redmond, Christopher (1987). In Bed with Sherlock Holmes: Sexual Elements in Conan Doyle's Stories. London: Players Press. ISBN 0-8021-4325-3.
  • Redmond, Donald (1983). Sherlock Holmes: A Study in Sources. Quebec: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-7735-0391-9.
  • Rennison, Nick (2007). Sherlock Holmes. The Unauthorized Biography. London: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-4325-9.
  • Richards, Anthony John (1998). Holmes, Chemistry and the Royal Institution: A Survey of the Scientific Works of Sherlock Holmes and His Relationship with the Royal Institution of Great Britain. London: Irregulars Special Press. ISBN 0-7607-7156-1.
  • Riley, Dick (2005). The Bedside Companion to Sherlock Holmes. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 0-7607-7156-1.
  • Riley, Peter (2005). The Highways and Byways of Sherlock Holmes. London: P.&D. Riley. ISBN 978-1-874712-78-7.
  • Roy, Pinaki (2008). The Manichean Investigators: A Postcolonial and Cultural Rereading of the Sherlock Holmes and Byomkesh Bakshi Stories. New Delhi: Sarup and Sons. ISBN 978-81-7625-849-4.
  • Sebeok, Thomas; Umiker-Sebeok, Jean (1984). "'You Know My Method': A Juxtaposition of Charles S. Peirce and Sherlock Holmes". In Eco, Umberto; Sebeok, Thomas (eds.). The Sign of Three: Dupin, Holmes, Peirce. Bloomington, IN: History Workshop, Indiana University Press. pp. 11–54. ISBN 978-0-253-35235-4. OCLC 9412985. Previously published as chapter 2, pp. 17–52 of Sebeok, Thomas (1981). The Play of Musement. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-39994-6. LCCN 80008846. OCLC 7275523.
  • Shaw, John B. (1995). Encyclopedia of Sherlock Holmes: A Complete Guide to the World of the Great Detective. London: Pavilion Books. ISBN 1-85793-502-0.
  • Sova, Dawn B. (2001). Edgar Allan Poe: A to Z (Paperback ed.). New York: Checkmark Books. ISBN 0-8160-4161-X.
  • Starrett, Vincent (1993). The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes. London: Prentice Hall & IBD. ISBN 978-1-883402-05-1.
  • Tracy, Jack (1988). The Sherlock Holmes Encyclopedia: Universal Dictionary of Sherlock Holmes. London: Crescent Books. ISBN 0-517-65444-X.
  • Tracy, Jack (1996). Subcutaneously, My Dear Watson: Sherlock Holmes and the Cocaine Habit. Bloomington, Ind.: Gaslight Publications. ISBN 0-934468-25-7.
  • Wagner, E. J. (2007). La Scienza di Sherlock Holmes. Torino: Bollati Boringheri. ISBN 978-0-470-12823-7.
  • Weller, Philip (1993). The Life and Times of Sherlock Holmes. Simsbury: Bracken Books. ISBN 1-85891-106-0.
  • Wexler, Bruce (2008). The Mysterious World of Sherlock Holmes. London: Running Press. ISBN 978-0-7624-3252-3.

External links

  • The Sherlock Holmes Museum 221b Baker Street London NW1 6XE England.
  • "Sherlock Holmes". 8 July 1930. at Internet Archive
  • Sherlock Holmes plaques on openplaques.org
  • Discovering Sherlock Holmes at Stanford University
  • Chess and Sherlock Holmes essay by Edward Winter
  • "The Burden of Holmes" – 23.12.09 article in The Wall Street Journal
  • Sir Arthur Conan Doyle audio books by Lit2Go from the University of South Florida

March 20, 2023
sherlock, holmes, other, uses, disambiguation, ɜːr, fictional, detective, created, british, author, arthur, conan, doyle, referring, himself, consulting, detective, stories, holmes, known, proficiency, with, observation, deduction, forensic, science, logical, . For other uses see Sherlock Holmes disambiguation Sherlock Holmes ˈ ʃ ɜːr l ɒ k ˈ h oʊ m z is a fictional detective created by British author Arthur Conan Doyle Referring to himself as a consulting detective in the stories Holmes is known for his proficiency with observation deduction forensic science and logical reasoning that borders on the fantastic which he employs when investigating cases for a wide variety of clients including Scotland Yard Sherlock HolmesSherlock Holmes characterSherlock Holmes in a 1904 illustration by Sidney PagetFirst appearanceA Study in Scarlet 1887 Last appearance The Adventure of Shoscombe Old Place 1927 canon Created bySir Arthur Conan DoyleIn universe informationOccupationConsulting private detectiveFamilyMycroft Holmes brother NationalityBritishBorn1854First appearing in print in 1887 s A Study in Scarlet the character s popularity became widespread with the first series of short stories in The Strand Magazine beginning with A Scandal in Bohemia in 1891 additional tales appeared from then until 1927 eventually totalling four novels and 56 short stories All but one a are set in the Victorian or Edwardian eras between about 1880 and 1914 Most are narrated by the character of Holmes s friend and biographer Dr John H Watson who usually accompanies Holmes during his investigations and often shares quarters with him at the address of 221B Baker Street London where many of the stories begin Though not the first fictional detective Sherlock Holmes is arguably the best known 1 By the 1990s there were already over 25 000 stage adaptations films television productions and publications featuring the detective 2 and Guinness World Records lists him as the most portrayed human literary character in film and television history 3 Holmes s popularity and fame are such that many have believed him to be not a fictional character but a real individual 4 5 6 numerous literary and fan societies have been founded on this pretence Avid readers of the Holmes stories helped create the modern practice of fandom 7 The character and stories have had a profound and lasting effect on mystery writing and popular culture as a whole with the original tales as well as thousands written by authors other than Conan Doyle being adapted into stage and radio plays television films video games and other media for over one hundred years Contents 1 Inspiration for the character 2 Fictional character biography 2 1 Family and early life 2 2 Life with Watson 2 3 Practice 2 4 The Great Hiatus 2 5 Retirement 3 Personality and habits 3 1 Drug use 3 2 Finances 3 3 Attitudes towards women 3 3 1 Irene Adler 4 Knowledge and skills 4 1 Holmesian deduction 4 2 Forensic science 4 3 Disguises 4 4 Agents 4 5 Combat 4 5 1 Pistols 4 5 2 Other weapons 4 5 3 Personal combat 5 Reception 5 1 Popularity 5 2 Honours 5 3 Societies 6 Legacy 6 1 The detective story 6 2 Elementary my dear Watson 6 3 The Great Game 6 4 Museums and special collections 6 5 Postcolonial criticism 7 Adaptations and derived works 7 1 Related and derivative writings 7 2 Adaptations in other media 7 3 Copyright issues 8 Works 8 1 Novels 8 2 Short story collections 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Sherlock Holmes story references 12 Citations 13 Further reading 14 External linksInspiration for the character Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 1859 1930 Sherlock Holmes s creator in 1914 Edgar Allan Poe s C Auguste Dupin is generally acknowledged as the first detective in fiction and served as the prototype for many later characters including Holmes 8 Conan Doyle once wrote Each of Poe s detective stories is a root from which a whole literature has developed Where was the detective story until Poe breathed the breath of life into it 9 Similarly the stories of Emile Gaboriau s Monsieur Lecoq were extremely popular at the time Conan Doyle began writing Holmes and Holmes s speech and behaviour sometimes follow those of Lecoq 10 11 Doyle has his main characters discuss these literary antecedents near the beginning of A Study in Scarlet which is set soon after Watson is first introduced to Holmes Watson attempts to compliment Holmes by comparing him to Dupin to which Holmes replies that he found Dupin to be a very inferior fellow and Lecoq to be a miserable bungler 12 Conan Doyle repeatedly said that Holmes was inspired by the real life figure of Joseph Bell a surgeon at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh whom Conan Doyle met in 1877 and had worked for as a clerk Like Holmes Bell was noted for drawing broad conclusions from minute observations 13 However he later wrote to Conan Doyle You are yourself Sherlock Holmes and well you know it 14 Sir Henry Littlejohn Chair of Medical Jurisprudence at the University of Edinburgh Medical School is also cited as an inspiration for Holmes Littlejohn who was also Police Surgeon and Medical Officer of Health in Edinburgh provided Conan Doyle with a link between medical investigation and the detection of crime 15 Other possible inspirations have been proposed though never acknowledged by Doyle such as Maximilien Heller by French author Henry Cauvain In this 1871 novel sixteen years before the first appearance of Sherlock Holmes Henry Cauvain imagined a depressed anti social opium smoking polymath detective operating in Paris 16 17 18 It is not known if Conan Doyle read the novel but he was fluent in French 19 Similarly Michael Harrison suggested that a German self styled consulting detective named Walter Scherer may have been the model for Holmes 20 Fictional character biographyFamily and early life The cover page of the 1887 edition of Beeton s Christmas Annual which contains Holmes s first appearance A Study in Scarlet Details of Sherlock Holmes s life in Conan Doyle s stories are scarce and often vague Nevertheless mentions of his early life and extended family paint a loose biographical picture of the detective A statement of Holmes s age in His Last Bow places his year of birth at 1854 the story set in August 1914 describes him as sixty years of age 21 His parents are not mentioned although Holmes mentions that his ancestors were country squires In The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter he claims that his grandmother was sister to the French artist Vernet without clarifying whether this was Claude Joseph Carle or Horace Vernet Holmes s brother Mycroft seven years his senior is a government official Mycroft has a unique civil service position as a kind of human database for all aspects of government policy Sherlock describes his brother as the more intelligent of the two but notes that Mycroft lacks any interest in physical investigation preferring to spend his time at the Diogenes Club 22 23 Holmes says that he first developed his methods of deduction as an undergraduate his earliest cases which he pursued as an amateur came from fellow university students 24 A meeting with a classmate s father led him to adopt detection as a profession 25 Life with Watson Holmes right and Watson in a Sidney Paget illustration for The Adventure of Silver Blaze In the first Holmes tale A Study in Scarlet financial difficulties lead Holmes and Dr Watson to share rooms together at 221B Baker Street London 26 Their residence is maintained by their landlady Mrs Hudson 27 Holmes works as a detective for twenty three years with Watson assisting him for seventeen of those years 28 Most of the stories are frame narratives written from Watson s point of view as summaries of the detective s most interesting cases Holmes frequently calls Watson s records of Holmes s cases sensational and populist suggesting that they fail to accurately and objectively report the science of his craft Detection is or ought to be an exact science and should be treated in the same cold and unemotional manner You have attempted to tinge it A Study in Scarlet with romanticism which produces much the same effect as if you worked a love story or an elopement into the fifth proposition of Euclid Some facts should be suppressed or at least a just sense of proportion should be observed in treating them The only point in the case which deserved mention was the curious analytical reasoning from effects to causes by which I succeeded in unravelling it 29 Nevertheless when Holmes recorded a case himself he was forced to concede that he could more easily understand the need to write it in a manner that would appeal to the public rather than his intention to focus on his own technical skill 30 Holmes s friendship with Watson is his most significant relationship When Watson is injured by a bullet although the wound turns out to be quite superficial Watson is moved by Holmes s reaction It was worth a wound it was worth many wounds to know the depth of loyalty and love which lay behind that cold mask The clear hard eyes were dimmed for a moment and the firm lips were shaking For the one and only time I caught a glimpse of a great heart as well as of a great brain All my years of humble but single minded service culminated in that moment of revelation 31 After confirming Watson s assessment of the wound Holmes makes it clear to their opponent that the man would not have left the room alive if he genuinely had killed Watson 31 Practice Holmes s clients vary from the most powerful monarchs and governments of Europe to wealthy aristocrats and industrialists to impoverished pawnbrokers and governesses He is known only in select professional circles at the beginning of the first story but is already collaborating with Scotland Yard However his continued work and the publication of Watson s stories raise Holmes s profile and he rapidly becomes well known as a detective so many clients ask for his help instead of or in addition to that of the police 32 that Watson writes by 1887 Europe was ringing with his name 33 and by 1895 Holmes has an immense practice 34 Police outside London ask Holmes for assistance if he is nearby 35 A Prime Minister 36 and the King of Bohemia 37 visit 221B Baker Street in person to request Holmes s assistance the President of France awards him the Legion of Honour for capturing an assassin 38 the King of Scandinavia is a client 39 and he aids the Vatican at least twice 40 The detective acts on behalf of the British government in matters of national security several times 41 and declines a knighthood for services which may perhaps some day be described 42 However he does not actively seek fame and is usually content to let the police take public credit for his work 43 The Great Hiatus Holmes and archenemy Moriarty struggle at the Reichenbach Falls drawing by Sidney Paget The first set of Holmes stories was published between 1887 and 1893 Conan Doyle killed off Holmes in a final battle with the criminal mastermind Professor James Moriarty 44 in The Final Problem published 1893 but set in 1891 as Conan Doyle felt that my literary energies should not be directed too much into one channel 45 However the reaction of the public surprised Doyle very much Distressed readers wrote anguished letters to The Strand Magazine which suffered a terrible blow when 20 000 people cancelled their subscriptions to the magazine in protest 46 Conan Doyle himself received many protest letters and one lady even began her letter with You brute 46 Legend has it that Londoners were so distraught upon hearing the news of Holmes s death that they wore black armbands in mourning though there is no known contemporary source for this the earliest known reference to such events comes from 1949 47 However the recorded public reaction to Holmes s death was unlike anything previously seen for fictional events 7 After resisting public pressure for eight years Conan Doyle wrote The Hound of the Baskervilles serialised in 1901 02 with an implicit setting before Holmes s death In 1903 Conan Doyle wrote The Adventure of the Empty House set in 1894 Holmes reappears explaining to a stunned Watson that he had faked his death to fool his enemies 48 Following The Adventure of the Empty House Conan Doyle would sporadically write new Holmes stories until 1927 Holmes aficionados refer to the period from 1891 to 1894 between his disappearance and presumed death in The Final Problem and his reappearance in The Adventure of the Empty House as the Great Hiatus 49 The earliest known use of this expression dates to 1946 50 Retirement In His Last Bow the reader is told that Holmes has retired to a small farm on the Sussex Downs and taken up beekeeping as his primary occupation 51 The move is not dated precisely but can be presumed to be no later than 1904 since it is referred to retrospectively in The Adventure of the Second Stain first published that year 52 The story features Holmes and Watson coming out of retirement to aid the British war effort Only one other adventure The Adventure of the Lion s Mane takes place during the detective s retirement 53 Personality and habits Holmes examining a bicycle with Watson standing behind in The Adventure of the Priory School from 1904 Sidney Paget s illustrations in The Strand Magazine iconicised both characters Watson describes Holmes as bohemian in his habits and lifestyle 54 Said to have a cat like love of personal cleanliness 55 at the same time Holmes is an eccentric with no regard for contemporary standards of tidiness or good order Watson describes him as in his personal habits one of the most untidy men that ever drove a fellow lodger to distraction He keeps his cigars in the coal scuttle his tobacco in the toe end of a Persian slipper and his unanswered correspondence transfixed by a jack knife into the very centre of his wooden mantelpiece He had a horror of destroying documents Thus month after month his papers accumulated until every corner of the room was stacked with bundles of manuscript which were on no account to be burned and which could not be put away save by their owner 56 While Holmes can be dispassionate and cold during an investigation he is animated and excitable He has a flair for showmanship often keeping his methods and evidence hidden until the last possible moment so as to impress observers 57 His companion condones the detective s willingness to bend the truth or break the law on behalf of a client lying to the police concealing evidence or breaking into houses when he feels it morally justifiable 58 Except for that of Watson Holmes avoids casual company In The Gloria Scott he tells the doctor that during two years at college he made only one friend I was never a very sociable fellow Watson I never mixed much with the men of my year 59 The detective goes without food at times of intense intellectual activity believing that the faculties become refined when you starve them 60 61 At times Holmes relaxes with music either playing the violin 62 or enjoying the works of composers such as Wagner 63 and Pablo de Sarasate 64 Drug use 1891 Paget portrait of Holmes smoking his pipe for The Man with the Twisted Lip Holmes occasionally uses addictive drugs especially in the absence of stimulating cases 65 He sometimes used morphine and sometimes cocaine the latter of which he injects in a seven percent solution both drugs were legal in 19th century England 66 67 68 As a physician Watson strongly disapproves of his friend s cocaine habit describing it as the detective s only vice and concerned about its effect on Holmes s mental health and intellect 69 70 In The Adventure of the Missing Three Quarter Watson says that although he has weaned Holmes from drugs the detective remains an addict whose habit is not dead but merely sleeping 71 Watson and Holmes both use tobacco smoking cigarettes cigars and pipes Although his chronicler does not consider Holmes s smoking a vice per se Watson a physician does criticise the detective for creating a poisonous atmosphere in their confined quarters 72 73 Finances Holmes is known to charge clients for his expenses and claim any reward offered for a problem s solution such as in The Adventure of the Speckled Band The Red Headed League and The Adventure of the Beryl Coronet The detective states at one point that My professional charges are upon a fixed scale I do not vary them save when I remit them altogether In this context a client is offering to double his fee and it is implied that wealthy clients habitually pay Holmes more than his standard rate 74 In The Adventure of the Priory School Holmes earns a 6 000 fee 75 at a time where annual expenses for a rising young professional were in the area of 500 76 However Watson notes that Holmes would refuse to help even the wealthy and powerful if their cases did not interest him 77 Attitudes towards women As Conan Doyle wrote to Joseph Bell Holmes is as inhuman as a Babbage s Calculating Machine and just about as likely to fall in love 78 Holmes says of himself that he is not a whole souled admirer of womankind 79 and that he finds the motives of women inscrutable How can you build on such quicksand Their most trivial actions may mean volumes 80 In The Sign of Four he says Women are never to be entirely trusted not the best of them a feeling Watson notes as an atrocious sentiment 81 In The Adventure of the Lion s Mane Holmes writes Women have seldom been an attraction to me for my brain has always governed my heart 82 At the end of The Sign of Four Holmes states that love is an emotional thing and whatever is emotional is opposed to that true cold reason which I place above all things I should never marry myself lest I bias my judgement 83 Ultimately Holmes claims outright that I have never loved 84 But while Watson says that the detective has an aversion to women 85 he also notes Holmes as having a peculiarly ingratiating way with them 86 Watson notes that their housekeeper Mrs Hudson is fond of Holmes because of his remarkable gentleness and courtesy in his dealings with women He disliked and distrusted the sex but he was always a chivalrous opponent 87 However in The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton the detective becomes engaged under false pretenses in order to obtain information about a case abandoning the woman once he has the information he requires 88 Irene Adler Irene Adler is a retired American opera singer and actress who appears in A Scandal in Bohemia Although this is her only appearance she is one of only a handful of people who best Holmes in a battle of wits and the only woman For this reason Adler is the frequent subject of pastiche writing 89 The beginning of the story describes the high regard in which Holmes holds her To Sherlock Holmes she is always the woman I have seldom heard him mention her under any other name In his eyes she eclipses and predominates the whole of her sex It was not that he felt any emotion akin to love for Irene Adler And yet there was but one woman to him and that woman was the late Irene Adler of dubious and questionable memory 90 Five years before the story s events Adler had a brief liaison with Crown Prince of Bohemia Wilhelm von Ormstein As the story opens the Prince is engaged to another Fearful that the marriage would be called off if his fiancee s family learns of this past impropriety Ormstein hires Holmes to regain a photograph of Adler and himself Adler slips away before Holmes can succeed Her memory is kept alive by the photograph of Adler that Holmes received for his part in the case 91 Knowledge and skillsShortly after meeting Holmes in the first story A Study in Scarlet generally assumed to be 1881 though the exact date is not given Watson assesses the detective s abilities Knowledge of Literature nil Knowledge of Philosophy nil Knowledge of Astronomy nil Knowledge of Politics Feeble Knowledge of Botany Variable Well up in belladonna opium and poisons generally Knows nothing of practical gardening Knowledge of Geology Practical but limited Tells at a glance different soils from each other After walks has shown me splashes upon his trousers and told me by their colour and consistence in what part of London he had received them Knowledge of Chemistry Profound Knowledge of Anatomy Accurate but unsystematic Knowledge of Sensational Literature Immense He appears to know every detail of every horror perpetrated in the century Plays the violin well Is an expert singlestick player boxer and swordsman Has a good practical knowledge of British law 92 In A Study in Scarlet Holmes claims to be unaware that the earth revolves around the sun since such information is irrelevant to his work after hearing that fact from Watson he says he will immediately try to forget it The detective believes that the mind has a finite capacity for information storage and learning useless things reduces one s ability to learn useful things 93 The later stories move away from this notion in The Valley of Fear he says All knowledge comes useful to the detective 94 and in The Adventure of the Lion s Mane the detective calls himself an omnivorous reader with a strangely retentive memory for trifles 95 Looking back on the development of the character in 1912 Conan Doyle wrote that In the first one the Study in Scarlet Holmes was a mere calculating machine but I had to make him more of an educated human being as I went on with him 96 Despite Holmes s supposed ignorance of politics in A Scandal in Bohemia he immediately recognises the true identity of the disguised Count von Kramm 37 At the end of A Study in Scarlet Holmes demonstrates a knowledge of Latin 97 The detective cites Hafez 98 Goethe 99 as well as a letter from Gustave Flaubert to George Sand in the original French 100 In The Hound of the Baskervilles the detective recognises works by Godfrey Kneller and Joshua Reynolds Watson won t allow that I know anything of art but that is mere jealousy since our views upon the subject differ 101 In The Adventure of the Bruce Partington Plans Watson says that Holmes lost himself in a monograph which he had undertaken upon the Polyphonic Motets of Lassus considered the last word on the subject which must have been the result of an intensive and very specialized musicological study which could have had no possible application to the solution of criminal mysteries 102 103 Holmes is a cryptanalyst telling Watson that I am fairly familiar with all forms of secret writing and am myself the author of a trifling monograph upon the subject in which I analyse one hundred and sixty separate ciphers 104 Holmes also demonstrates a knowledge of psychology in A Scandal in Bohemia luring Irene Adler into betraying where she hid a photograph based on the premise that a woman will rush to save her most valued possession from a fire 105 Another example is in The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle where Holmes obtains information from a salesman with a wager When you see a man with whiskers of that cut and the Pink un protruding out of his pocket you can always draw him by a bet I daresay that if I had put 100 pounds down in front of him that man would not have given me such complete information as was drawn from him by the idea that he was doing me on a wager 106 Maria Konnikova points out in an interview with D J Grothe that Holmes practises what is now called mindfulness concentrating on one thing at a time and almost never multitasks She adds that in this he predates the science showing how helpful this is to the brain 107 Holmesian deduction Sidney Paget illustration of Holmes examining a corpse for The Adventure of the Abbey Grange Holmes observes the dress and attitude of his clients and suspects noting skin marks such as tattoos contamination such as ink stains or clay on boots emotional state and physical condition in order to deduce their origins and recent history The style and state of wear of a person s clothes and personal items are also commonly relied on in the stories Holmes is seen applying his method to items such as walking sticks 108 pipes 109 and hats 110 For example in A Scandal in Bohemia Holmes infers that Watson had got wet lately and had a most clumsy and careless servant girl When Watson asks how Holmes knows this the detective answers It is simplicity itself my eyes tell me that on the inside of your left shoe just where the firelight strikes it the leather is scored by six almost parallel cuts Obviously they have been caused by someone who has very carelessly scraped round the edges of the sole in order to remove crusted mud from it Hence you see my double deduction that you had been out in vile weather and that you had a particularly malignant boot slitting specimen of the London slavey 111 In the first Holmes story A Study in Scarlet Dr Watson compares Holmes to C Auguste Dupin Edgar Allan Poe s fictional detective who employed a similar methodology Alluding to an episode in The Murders in the Rue Morgue where Dupin determines what his friend is thinking despite their having walked together in silence for a quarter of an hour Holmes remarks That trick of his breaking in on his friend s thoughts with an apropos remark is really very showy and superficial 112 Nevertheless Holmes later performs the same trick on Watson in The Cardboard Box 113 and The Adventure of the Dancing Men 114 Though the stories always refer to Holmes s intellectual detection method as deduction he primarily relies on abduction inferring an explanation for observed details 115 116 117 From a drop of water he writes a logician could infer the possibility of an Atlantic or a Niagara without having seen or heard of one or the other 118 However Holmes does employ deductive reasoning as well The detective s guiding principle as he says in The Sign of Four is When you have eliminated the impossible whatever remains however improbable must be the truth 119 Despite Holmes s remarkable reasoning abilities Conan Doyle still paints him as fallible in this regard this being a central theme of The Yellow Face 120 Forensic science 19th century Seibert microscope Though Holmes is famed for his reasoning capabilities his investigative technique relies heavily on the acquisition of hard evidence Many of the techniques he employs in the stories were at the time in their infancy 121 122 The detective is particularly skilled in the analysis of trace evidence and other physical evidence including latent prints such as footprints hoof prints and shoe and tire impressions to identify actions at a crime scene 123 using tobacco ashes and cigarette butts to identify criminals 124 handwriting analysis and graphology 125 comparing typewritten letters to expose a fraud 126 using gunpowder residue to expose two murderers 127 and analyzing small pieces of human remains to expose two murders 128 Because of the small scale of much of his evidence the detective often uses a magnifying glass at the scene and an optical microscope at his Baker Street lodgings He uses analytical chemistry for blood residue analysis and toxicology to detect poisons Holmes s home chemistry laboratory is mentioned in The Naval Treaty 129 Ballistics feature in The Adventure of the Empty House when spent bullets are recovered to be matched with a suspected murder weapon a practice which became regular police procedure only some fifteen years after the story was published 130 Laura J Snyder has examined Holmes s methods in the context of mid to late 19th century criminology demonstrating that while sometimes in advance of what official investigative departments were formally using at the time they were based upon existing methods and techniques For example fingerprints were proposed to be distinct in Conan Doyle s day and while Holmes used a thumbprint to solve a crime in The Adventure of the Norwood Builder generally held to be set in 1895 the story was published in 1903 two years after Scotland Yard s fingerprint bureau opened 122 131 Though the effect of the Holmes stories on the development of forensic science has thus often been overstated Holmes inspired future generations of forensic scientists to think scientifically and analytically 132 Disguises Holmes displays a strong aptitude for acting and disguise In several stories The Sign of Four The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton The Man with the Twisted Lip The Adventure of the Empty House and A Scandal in Bohemia to gather evidence undercover he uses disguises so convincing that Watson fails to recognise him In others The Adventure of the Dying Detective and A Scandal in Bohemia Holmes feigns injury or illness to incriminate the guilty In the latter story Watson says The stage lost a fine actor when Holmes became a specialist in crime 133 Guy Mankowski has said of Holmes that his ability to change his appearance to blend into any situation helped him personify the idea of the English eccentric chameleon in a way that prefigured the likes of David Bowie 134 Agents Until Watson s arrival at Baker Street Holmes largely worked alone only occasionally employing agents from the city s underclass These agents included a variety of informants such as Langdale Pike a human book of reference upon all matters of social scandal 135 and Shinwell Johnson who acted as Holmes s agent in the huge criminal underworld of London 136 The best known of Holmes s agents are a group of street children he called the Baker Street Irregulars 137 138 Combat British Army Adams Mark III the type probably carried by Watson Pistols Holmes and Watson often carry pistols with them to confront criminals in Watson s case his old service weapon probably a Mark III Adams revolver issued to British troops during the 1870s 139 Holmes and Watson shoot the eponymous hound in The Hound of the Baskervilles 140 and in The Adventure of the Empty House Watson pistol whips Colonel Sebastian Moran 141 In The Problem of Thor Bridge Holmes uses Watson s revolver to solve the case through an experiment Other weapons As a gentleman Holmes often carries a stick or cane He is described by Watson as an expert at singlestick 92 and uses his cane twice as a weapon 142 In A Study in Scarlet Watson describes Holmes as an expert swordsman 92 and in The Gloria Scott the detective says he practised fencing while at university 59 In several stories A Case of Identity The Red Headed League The Adventure of the Six Napoleons Holmes wields a riding crop described in the latter story as his favourite weapon 143 Personal combat Holmes outfighting Mr Woodley in The Solitary Cyclist The detective is described or demonstrated as possessing above average physical strength In The Yellow Face Holmes s chronicler says Few men were capable of greater muscular effort 144 In The Adventure of the Speckled Band Dr Roylott demonstrates his strength by bending a fire poker in half Watson describes Holmes as laughing if he had remained I might have shown him that my grip was not much more feeble than his own As he spoke he picked up the steel poker and with a sudden effort straightened it out again 145 Holmes is an adept bare knuckle fighter The Gloria Scott mentions that Holmes boxed while at university 59 In The Sign of Four he introduces himself to McMurdo a prize fighter as the amateur who fought three rounds with you at Alison s rooms on the night of your benefit four years back McMurdo remembers Ah you re one that has wasted your gifts you have You might have aimed high if you had joined the fancy 146 In The Yellow Face Watson says He was undoubtedly one of the finest boxers of his weight that I have ever seen 147 In The Solitary Cyclist Holmes visits a country pub to make enquiries regarding a certain Mr Woodley which resulted in violence Mr Woodley Holmes tells Watson 148 Had been drinking his beer in the tap room and had heard the whole conversation Who was I What did I want What did I mean by asking questions He had a fine flow of language and his adjectives were very vigorous He ended a string of abuse by a vicious backhander which I failed to entirely avoid The next few minutes were delicious It was a straight left against a slogging ruffian I emerged as you see me Mr Woodley went home in a cart 148 Another character subsequently refers to Mr Woodley as looking much disfigured as a result of his encounter with Holmes 149 In The Adventure of the Empty House Holmes tells Watson that he used a Japanese martial art known as baritsu to fling Moriarty to his death in the Reichenbach Falls 150 Baritsu is Conan Doyle s version of bartitsu which combines jujitsu with boxing and cane fencing 151 ReceptionPopularity The popularity of Sherlock Holmes became widespread after his first appearance in The Strand Magazine in 1891 This September 1917 edition of the magazine with the cover story Sherlock Holmes outwits a German spy could be posted to troops free of charge The first two Sherlock Holmes stories the novels A Study in Scarlet 1887 and The Sign of the Four 1890 were moderately well received but Holmes first became very popular early in 1891 when the first six short stories featuring the character were published in The Strand Magazine Holmes became widely known in Britain and America 1 The character was so well known that in 1893 when Arthur Conan Doyle killed Holmes in the short story The Final Problem the strongly negative response from readers was unlike any previous public reaction to a fictional event The Strand reportedly lost more than 20 000 subscribers as a result of Holmes s death Public pressure eventually contributed to Conan Doyle writing another Holmes story in 1901 and resurrecting the character in a story published in 1903 7 In Japan Sherlock Holmes and Alice from Alice s Adventures in Wonderland became immensely popular in the country in the 1890s as it was opening up to the West and they are cited as two British fictional Victorians who left an enormous creative and cultural legacy there 152 Many fans of Sherlock Holmes have written letters to Holmes s address 221B Baker Street Though the address 221B Baker Street did not exist when the stories were first published letters began arriving to the large Abbey National building which first encompassed that address almost as soon as it was built in 1932 Fans continue to send letters to Sherlock Holmes 153 these letters are now delivered to the Sherlock Holmes Museum 154 Some of the people who have sent letters to 221B Baker Street believe Holmes is real 4 Members of the general public have also believed Holmes actually existed In a 2008 survey of British teenagers 58 percent of respondents believed that Sherlock Holmes was a real individual 5 The Sherlock Holmes stories continue to be widely read 1 Holmes s continuing popularity has led to many reimaginings of the character in adaptations 7 Guinness World Records which awarded Sherlock Holmes the title for most portrayed literary human character in film amp TV in 2012 released a statement saying that the title reflects his enduring appeal and demonstrates that his detective talents are as compelling today as they were 125 years ago 3 Honours Statue of Sherlock Holmes near 221B Baker Street London Blue plaque at The Sherlock Holmes Museum 221b Baker Street London The London Metropolitan Railway named one of its twenty electric locomotives deployed in the 1920s for Sherlock Holmes He was the only fictional character so honoured along with eminent Britons such as Lord Byron Benjamin Disraeli and Florence Nightingale 155 A number of London streets are associated with Holmes York Mews South off Crawford Street was renamed Sherlock Mews and Watson s Mews is near Crawford Place 156 The Sherlock Holmes is a public house in Northumberland Street in London which contains a large collection of memorabilia related to Holmes the original collection having been put together for display in Baker Street during the Festival of Britain in 1951 157 158 In 2002 the Royal Society of Chemistry bestowed an honorary fellowship on Holmes for his use of forensic science and analytical chemistry in popular literature making him as of 2019 the only fictional character thus honoured 159 Holmes has been commemorated numerous times on a UK postage stamp issued by the Royal Mail most recently in their August 2020 series to celebrate the Sherlock television series 160 There are multiple statues of Sherlock Holmes around the world The first sculpted by John Doubleday was unveiled in Meiringen Switzerland in September 1988 The second was unveiled in October 1988 in Karuizawa Japan and was sculpted by Yoshinori Satoh The third was installed in Edinburgh Scotland in 1989 and was sculpted by Gerald Laing 161 In 1999 a statue of Sherlock Holmes in London also by John Doubleday was unveiled near the fictional detective s address 221B Baker Street 162 In 2001 a sculpture of Holmes and Arthur Conan Doyle by Irena Sedlecka was unveiled in a statue collection in Warwickshire England 163 A sculpture depicting both Holmes and Watson was unveiled in 2007 in Moscow Russia based partially on Sidney Paget s illustrations and partially on the actors in The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson 164 In 2015 a sculpture of Holmes by Jane DeDecker was installed in the police headquarters of Edmond Oklahoma United States 165 In 2019 a statue of Holmes was unveiled in Chester Illinois United States as part of a series of statues honouring cartoonist E C Segar and his characters The statue is titled Sherlock amp Segar and the face of the statue was modelled on Segar 166 Societies Main article Sherlock Holmes fandom Societies In 1934 the Sherlock Holmes Society in London and the Baker Street Irregulars in New York were founded The latter is still active The Sherlock Holmes Society was dissolved later in the 1930s but was succeeded by a society with a slightly different name the Sherlock Holmes Society of London which was founded in 1951 and remains active 167 168 These societies were followed by many more first in the U S where they are known as scion societies offshoots of the Baker Street Irregulars and then in England and Denmark There are at least 250 societies worldwide including Australia Canada such as The Bootmakers of Toronto India and Japan 169 Fans tend to be called Holmesians in the U K and Sherlockians in the U S 170 171 172 though recently Sherlockian has also come to refer to fans of the Benedict Cumberbatch led BBC series regardless of location 173 LegacyThe detective story Statue of Holmes in an Inverness cape and a deerstalker cap on Picardy Place in Edinburgh Conan Doyle s birthplace Although Holmes is not the original fictional detective his name has become synonymous with the role Doyle s Sherlock Holmes stories introduced multiple literary devices that have become major conventions in detective fiction such as the companion character who is not as clever as the detective and has solutions explained to him thus informing the reader as well as with Dr Watson in the Holmes stories Other conventions introduced by Doyle include the arch criminal who is too clever for the official police to defeat like Holmes s adversary Professor Moriarty and the use of forensic science to solve cases 1 The Sherlock Holmes stories established crime fiction as a respectable genre popular with readers of all backgrounds and Doyle s success inspired many contemporary detective stories 174 Holmes influenced the creation of other eccentric gentleman detective characters like Agatha Christie s fictional detective Hercule Poirot introduced in 1920 175 Holmes also inspired a number of anti hero characters almost as an antidote to the masterful detective such as the gentleman thief characters A J Raffles created by E W Hornung in 1898 and Arsene Lupin created by Maurice Leblanc in 1905 174 Elementary my dear Watson The phrase Elementary my dear Watson has become one of the most quoted and iconic aspects of the character However although Holmes often observes that his conclusions are elementary and occasionally calls Watson my dear Watson the phrase Elementary my dear Watson is never uttered in any of the sixty stories by Conan Doyle 176 One of the nearest approximations of the phrase appears in The Adventure of the Crooked Man 1893 when Holmes explains a deduction Excellent I cried Elementary said he 177 178 William Gillette is widely considered to have originated the phrase with the formulation Oh this is elementary my dear fellow allegedly in his 1899 play Sherlock Holmes However the script was revised numerous times over the course of some three decades of revivals and publications and the phrase is present in some versions of the script but not others 176 The appearance of the line Elementary my dear Potson in a Sherlock Holmes parody from 1901 has led some authors to speculate that rather than this being an incidental formulation the parodist drew upon an already well established occurrences of Elementary my dear Watson 179 180 The exact phrase as well as close variants can be seen in newspaper and journal articles as early as 1909 176 181 It was also used by P G Wodehouse in his novel Psmith Journalist which was first serialised in The Captain magazine between October 1909 and February 1910 the phrase occurred in the January 1910 instalment The phrase became familiar with the American public in part due to its use in the Rathbone Bruce series of films from 1939 to 1946 182 The Great Game Main article Sherlockian game Russ Stutler s view of 221B Baker StreetSherlock Holmes Museum London Study Drawing roomConan Doyle s 56 short stories and four novels are known as the canon by Holmes aficionados The Great Game also known as the Holmesian Game the Sherlockian Game or simply the Game also the Higher Criticism applies the methods of literary and especially Biblical criticism to the canon operating on the pretense that Holmes and Watson were real people and that Conan Doyle was not the author of the stories but Watson s literary agent From this basis it attempts to resolve or explain away contradictions in the canon such as the location of Watson s war wound described as being in his shoulder in A Study in Scarlet and in his leg in The Sign of Four and clarify details about Holmes Watson and their world such as the exact dates of events in the stories combining historical research with references from the stories to construct scholarly analyses 183 184 185 For example one detail analyzed in the Game is Holmes s birth date The chronology of the stories is notoriously difficult with many stories lacking dates and many others containing contradictory ones Christopher Morley and William Baring Gould contend that the detective was born on 6 January 1854 the year being derived from the statement in His Last Bow that he was 60 years of age in 1914 while the precise day is derived from broader non canonical speculation 186 This is the date the Baker Street Irregulars work from with their annual dinner being held each January 187 188 Laurie R King instead argues that details in The Gloria Scott a story with no precise internal date indicate that Holmes finished his second and final year of university in 1880 or 1885 If he began university at age 17 his birth year could be as late as 1868 189 Museums and special collections For the 1951 Festival of Britain Holmes s living room was reconstructed as part of a Sherlock Holmes exhibition with a collection of original material After the festival items were transferred to The Sherlock Holmes a London pub and the Conan Doyle collection housed in Lucens Switzerland by the author s son Adrian Both exhibitions each with a Baker Street sitting room reconstruction are open to the public 190 In 1969 the Toronto Reference Library began a collection of materials related to Conan Doyle Stored today in Room 221B this vast collection is accessible to the public 191 192 Similarly in 1974 the University of Minnesota founded a collection that is now the world s largest gathering of material related to Sherlock Holmes and his creator Access is closed to the general public but is occasionally open to tours 193 194 In 1990 the Sherlock Holmes Museum opened on Baker Street in London followed the next year by a museum in Meiringen near the Reichenbach Falls dedicated to the detective 190 A private Conan Doyle collection is a permanent exhibit at the Portsmouth City Museum where the author lived and worked as a physician 195 Postcolonial criticism The Sherlock Holmes stories have been scrutinized by a few academics for themes of empire and colonialism Susan Cannon Harris claims that themes of contagion and containment are common in the Holmes series including the metaphors of Eastern foreigners as the root cause of infection within and around Europe 196 Lauren Raheja writing in the Marxist journal Nature Society and Thought claims that Doyle used these characteristics to paint eastern colonies in a negative light through their continually being the source of threats For example in one story Doyle makes mention of the Sumatran cannibals also known as Batak who throw poisonous darts in The Adventure of the Devil s Foot a character employs a deadly West African poison and in The Speckled Band a long residence in the tropics was a negative influence on one antagonist s bad temper 197 Yumna Siddiqi argues that Doyle depicted returned colonials as marginal physically ravaged characters that threaten the peace while putting non colonials in a much more positive light 198 Adaptations and derived worksThe popularity of Sherlock Holmes has meant that many writers other than Arthur Conan Doyle have created tales of the detective in a wide variety of different media with varying degrees of fidelity to the original characters stories and setting The first known period pastiche dates from 1891 Titled The Late Sherlock Holmes it was written by Conan Doyle s close friend J M Barrie 199 Adaptations have seen the character taken in radically different directions or placed in different times or even universes For example Holmes falls in love and marries in Laurie R King s Mary Russell series is re animated after his death to fight future crime in the animated series Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century and is meshed with the setting of H P Lovecraft s Cthulhu Mythos in Neil Gaiman s A Study in Emerald which won the 2004 Hugo Award for Best Short Story An especially influential pastiche was Nicholas Meyer s The Seven Per Cent Solution a 1974 New York Times bestselling novel made into the 1976 film of the same name in which Holmes s cocaine addiction has progressed to the point of endangering his career It served to popularize the trend of incorporating clearly identified and contemporaneous historical figures such as Oscar Wilde Aleister Crowley Sigmund Freud or Jack the Ripper into Holmesian pastiches something Conan Doyle himself never did 200 201 202 Another common pastiche approach is to create a new story fully detailing an otherwise passing canonical reference such as an aside by Conan Doyle mentioning the giant rat of Sumatra a story for which the world is not yet prepared in The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire 203 Related and derivative writings Main article Sherlock Holmes pastichesFurther information List of authors of new Sherlock Holmes stories 1904 Sidney Paget illustration of The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton In addition to the Holmes canon Conan Doyle s 1898 The Lost Special features an unnamed amateur reasoner intended to be identified as Holmes by his readers The author s explanation of a baffling disappearance argued in Holmesian style poked fun at his own creation Similar Conan Doyle short stories are The Field Bazaar The Man with the Watches and 1924 s How Watson Learned the Trick a parody of the Watson Holmes breakfast table scenes The author wrote other material featuring Holmes especially plays 1899 s Sherlock Holmes with William Gillette 1910 s The Speckled Band and 1921 s The Crown Diamond the basis for The Adventure of the Mazarin Stone 204 These non canonical works have been collected in several works released since Conan Doyle s death 205 In terms of writers other than Conan Doyle authors as diverse as Anthony Burgess Neil Gaiman Dorothy B Hughes Stephen King Tanith Lee A A Milne and P G Wodehouse have all written Sherlock Holmes pastiches Contemporary with Conan Doyle Maurice Leblanc directly featured Holmes in his popular series about the gentleman thief Arsene Lupin though legal objections from Conan Doyle forced Leblanc to modify the name to Herlock Sholmes in reprints and later stories 206 Famed American mystery writer John Dickson Carr collaborated with Arthur Conan Doyle s son Adrian Conan Doyle on The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes a pastiche collection from 1954 207 In 2011 Anthony Horowitz published a Sherlock Holmes novel The House of Silk presented as a continuation of Conan Doyle s work and with the approval of the Conan Doyle estate 208 a follow up Moriarty appeared in 2014 209 The MX Book of New Sherlock Holmes Stories series of pastiches edited by David Marcum and published by MX Publishing has reached over thirty volumes and features hundreds of stories echoing the original canon which were compiled for the restoration of Undershaw and the support of Stepping Stones School now housed in it 210 211 Some authors have written tales centred on characters from the canon other than Holmes Anthologies edited by Michael Kurland and George Mann are entirely devoted to stories told from the perspective of characters other than Holmes and Watson John Gardner Michael Kurland and Kim Newman amongst many others have all written tales in which Holmes s nemesis Professor Moriarty is the main character Mycroft Holmes has been the subject of several efforts Enter the Lion by Michael P Hodel and Sean M Wright 1979 212 a four book series by Quinn Fawcett 213 and 2015 s Mycroft Holmes by Kareem Abdul Jabbar and Anna Waterhouse 214 M J Trow has written a series of seventeen books using Inspector Lestrade as the central character beginning with The Adventures of Inspector Lestrade in 1985 215 Carole Nelson Douglas Irene Adler series is based on the woman from A Scandal in Bohemia with the first book 1990 s Good Night Mr Holmes retelling that story from Adler s point of view 216 Martin Davies has written three novels where Baker Street housekeeper Mrs Hudson is the protagonist 217 In 1980 s The Name of the Rose Italian author Umberto Eco creates a Sherlock Holmes of the 1320s in the form of a Franciscan friar and main protagonist named Brother William of Baskerville his name a clear reference to Holmes per The Hound of the Baskervilles 218 Brother William investigates a series of murders in the abbey alongside his novice Adso of Melk who acts as his Dr Watson Furthermore Umberto Eco s description of Brother William bears marked similarities in both physique and personality to Sir Arthur Conan Doyle s description of Sherlock Holmes in A Study in Scarlet 219 Laurie R King recreated Holmes in her Mary Russell series beginning with 1994 s The Beekeeper s Apprentice set during the First World War and the 1920s Her Holmes semi retired in Sussex meets a teenaged American girl Recognising a kindred spirit he trains her as his apprentice and subsequently marries her As of 2021 the series includes seventeen base novels and additional writings 220 Short stories featuring sage detective Zavant Konniger and his halfling manservant Vido written by fantasy authors Gordon Rennie and Josh Reynolds for the Warhammer Fantasy universe were published by Black Library from 2002 to 2018 including How Vido Learned the Trick How Watson Learned the Trick and The Problem of Three Toll Bridge The Problem of Thor Bridge 221 222 The Final Solution a 2004 novella by Michael Chabon concerns an unnamed but long retired detective interested in beekeeping who tackles the case of a missing parrot belonging to a Jewish refugee boy 223 Mitch Cullin s novel A Slight Trick of the Mind 2005 takes place two years after the end of the Second World War and explores an old and frail Sherlock Holmes now 93 as he comes to terms with a life spent in emotionless logic 224 this was also adapted into a film 2015 s Mr Holmes 225 There have been many scholarly works dealing with Sherlock Holmes some working within the bounds of the Great Game and some written from the perspective that Holmes is a fictional character In particular there have been three major annotated editions of the complete series The first was William Baring Gould s 1967 The Annotated Sherlock Holmes This two volume set was ordered to fit Baring Gould s preferred chronology and was written from a Great Game perspective The second was 1993 s The Oxford Sherlock Holmes general editor Owen Dudley Edwards a nine volume set written in a straight scholarly manner The most recent is Leslie Klinger s The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes 2004 05 a three volume set that returns to a Great Game perspective 226 227 Adaptations in other media Main article Adaptations of Sherlock Holmes Further information List of actors who have played Sherlock Holmes Poster for the 1899 play Sherlock Holmes by Conan Doyle and actor William Gillette In 2012 Guinness World Records listed Holmes as the most portrayed literary human character in film and television history with more than 75 actors playing the part in over 250 productions 3 The 1899 play Sherlock Holmes by Conan Doyle and William Gillette was a synthesis of several Conan Doyle stories In addition to its popularity the play is significant because it rather than the original stories introduced one of the key visual qualities commonly associated with Holmes today his calabash pipe 228 the play also formed the basis for Gillette s 1916 film Sherlock Holmes Gillette performed as Holmes some 1 300 times In the early 1900s H A Saintsbury took over the role from Gillette for a tour of the play Between this play and Conan Doyle s own stage adaptation of The Adventure of the Speckled Band Saintsbury portrayed Holmes over 1 000 times 229 Basil Rathbone as HolmesHolmes s first screen appearance was in the 1900 Mutoscope film Sherlock Holmes Baffled 230 From 1921 to 1923 Eille Norwood played Holmes in forty seven silent films 45 shorts and two features in a series of performances that Conan Doyle spoke highly of 2 231 1929 s The Return of Sherlock Holmes was the first sound title to feature Holmes 232 From 1939 to 1946 Basil Rathbone played Holmes and Nigel Bruce played Watson in fourteen U S films two for 20th Century Fox and a dozen for Universal Pictures and in The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes radio show While the Fox films were period pieces the Universal films abandoned Victorian Britain and moved to a then contemporary setting in which Holmes occasionally battled Nazis 233 Holmes in two television adaptations L R Jeremy Brett in Sherlock Holmes 1984 and Benedict Cumberbatch in Sherlock 2010 The character has also enjoyed numerous radio adaptations beginning with Edith Meiser s The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes 234 which ran from 1930 to 1936 Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce continued with their roles for most of the run of The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes airing from 1939 to 1950 Bert Coules having dramatised the entire Holmes canon for BBC Radio Four from 1989 to 1998 235 236 penned The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes between 2002 and 2010 This pastiche series also aired on Radio Four and starred Clive Merrison as Holmes and Michael Williams and then Andrew Sachs as Watson 235 237 Waxwork of Robert Downey Jr as Holmes on display at Madame Tussauds London The 1984 85 Italian Japanese anime series Sherlock Hound adapted the Holmes stories for children with its characters being anthropomorphic dogs The series was co directed by Hayao Miyazaki 238 Between 1979 and 1986 the Soviet studio Lenfilm produced a series of five television films The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson The series were split into eleven episodes and starred Vasily Livanov as Holmes and Vitaly Solomin as Watson For his performance in 2006 Livanov was appointed an Honorary Member of the Order of the British Empire 239 240 Jeremy Brett played the detective in Sherlock Holmes for Granada Television from 1984 to 1994 Watson was played by David Burke in the first two series and Edward Hardwicke in the remainder Brett and Hardwicke also appeared on stage in 1988 89 in The Secret of Sherlock Holmes directed by Patrick Garland 241 The 2009 film Sherlock Holmes earned Robert Downey Jr a Golden Globe Award for his portrayal of Holmes and co starred Jude Law as Watson 242 Downey and Law returned for a 2011 sequel Sherlock Holmes A Game of Shadows Benedict Cumberbatch plays a modern version of the detective and Martin Freeman as a modern version of John Watson in the BBC One TV series Sherlock which premiered in 2010 In the series created by Mark Gatiss and Steven Moffat the stories original Victorian setting is replaced by present day London with Watson a veteran of the modern War in Afghanistan 243 Similarly Elementary premiered on CBS in 2012 and ran for seven seasons until 2019 Set in contemporary New York the series featured Jonny Lee Miller as Sherlock Holmes and Lucy Liu as a female Dr Joan Watson 244 With 24 episodes per season by the end of season two Miller became the actor who had portrayed Sherlock Holmes the most in television and or film 245 The 2015 film Mr Holmes starred Ian McKellen as a retired Sherlock Holmes living in Sussex in 1947 who grapples with an unsolved case involving a beautiful woman The film is based on Mitch Cullin s 2005 novel A Slight Trick of the Mind 246 247 The 2018 television adaptation Miss Sherlock was a Japanese language production and the first adaptation with a woman portrayed by Yuko Takeuchi in the signature role The episodes were based in modern day Tokyo with many references to Conan Doyle s stories 248 249 Holmes has also appeared in video games including the Sherlock Holmes series of eight main titles According to the publisher Frogwares by 2017 the series sold over seven million copies 250 Copyright issues The copyright for Conan Doyle s works expired in the United Kingdom Canada and Australia at the end of 1980 fifty years after Conan Doyle s death 251 252 In the United Kingdom it was revived in 1996 due to new provisions harmonising UK law with that of the European Union and expired again at the end of 2000 seventy years after Conan Doyle s death 253 The author s works are now in the public domain in those countries 254 255 In the United States all works published before 1923 entered public domain by 1998 but as ten Holmes stories were published after that date the Conan Doyle estate maintained that the Holmes and Watson characters as a whole were still under copyright 252 256 On 14 February 2013 Leslie S Klinger lawyer and editor of The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes filed a declaratory judgement suit against the Conan Doyle estate asking the court to acknowledge that the characters of Holmes and Watson were public domain in the U S The court ruled in Klinger s favour on 23 December and the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed its decision on 16 June 2014 The case was appealed to the U S Supreme Court which declined to hear the case letting the appeals court s ruling stand This resulted in the characters from the Holmes stories being in the public domain in the U S The stories still under copyright due to the ruling as of that time were those collected in The Case Book of Sherlock Holmes other than The Adventure of the Mazarin Stone and The Problem of Thor Bridge a total of ten stories 255 257 258 In 2020 although the United States court ruling and the passage of time meant that most of the Holmes stories and characters were in the public domain in that country the Doyle estate legally challenged the use of Sherlock Holmes in the film Enola Holmes in a complaint filed in the United States 259 The Doyle estate alleged that the film depicts Holmes with personality traits that were only exhibited by the character in the stories still under copyright 260 261 On 18 December 2020 the lawsuit was dismissed with prejudice by stipulation of all parties 262 263 The remaining ten Holmes stories moved out of copyright between 1 January 2019 and 1 January 2023 leaving the stories and characters completely in the public domain in the United States as of the latter date 264 265 266 WorksMain article Canon of Sherlock Holmes Novels A Study in Scarlet published November 1887 in Beeton s Christmas Annual The Sign of the Four published February 1890 in Lippincott s Monthly Magazine The Hound of the Baskervilles serialised 1901 1902 in The Strand The Valley of Fear serialised 1914 1915 in The Strand Short story collections The short stories originally published in magazines were later collected in five anthologies The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes stories published 1891 1892 in The Strand The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes stories published 1892 1893 in The Strand The Return of Sherlock Holmes stories published 1903 1904 in The Strand His Last Bow Some Later Reminiscences of Sherlock Holmes stories published 1908 1917 The Case Book of Sherlock Holmes stories published 1921 1927 See alsoList of Holmesian studies Popular culture references to Sherlock Holmes Sherlock Holmes fandomNotes His Last Bow The War Service of Sherlock HolmesSherlock Holmes story referencesKlinger Leslie ed The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes Volume I New York W W Norton 2005 ISBN 0 393 05916 2 Klinger I Klinger Leslie ed The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes Volume II New York W W Norton 2005 ISBN 0 393 05916 2 Klinger II Klinger Leslie ed The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes Volume III New York W W Norton 2006 ISBN 978 0393058000 Klinger III Citations a b c d Sutherland John Sherlock Holmes the world s most famous literary detective British Library Retrieved 3 July 2018 a b Haigh Brian 20 May 2008 A star comes to Huddersfield BBC Retrieved 25 December 2019 a b c Sherlock Holmes awarded title for most portrayed literary human character in film amp TV Guinness World Records 14 May 2012 Retrieved 5 January 2020 a b Rule Sheila 5 November 1989 Sherlock Holmes s Mail Not Too Mysterious The New York Times Retrieved 10 March 2016 a b Simpson Aislinn 4 February 2008 Winston Churchill didn t really exist say teens The Telegraph ISSN 0307 1235 Archived from the original on 10 January 2022 Retrieved 30 December 2019 Scott C T 6 October 2021 The curious incident of Sherlock Holmes s real life secretary The Economist ISSN 0013 0613 Retrieved 10 October 2021 a b c d Armstrong Jennifer Keishin 6 January 2016 How Sherlock Holmes changed the world BBC Retrieved 20 December 2019 Sova Dawn B 2001 Edgar Allan Poe A to Z Paperback ed New York Checkmark Books pp 162 163 ISBN 0 8160 4161 X Knowles Christopher 2007 Our Gods Wear Spandex The Secret History of Comic Book Heroes San Francisco Weiser Books p 67 ISBN 978 1 57863 406 4 Conan Doyle Arthur 1993 Lancelyn Green Richard ed The Oxford Sherlock Holmes The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes Oxford Oxford University Press pp xv Sims Michael 25 January 2017 How Sherlock Holmes Got His Name Literary Hub Retrieved 11 November 2020 Klinger III pp 42 44 A Study in Scarlet Lycett Andrew 2007 The Man Who Created Sherlock Holmes The Life and Times of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Free Press pp 53 54 190 ISBN 978 0 7432 7523 1 Barring Gould William S 1974 The Annotated Sherlock Holmes Clarkson N Potter Inc p 8 ISBN 0 517 50291 7 Doyle A Conan 1961 The Boys Sherlock Holmes New amp Enlarged Edition Harper amp Row p 88 Cauvain Henry 2006 Peter D O Neill foreword toMaximilien Heller ISBN 9781901414301 Retrieved 10 November 2015 Fue Sherlock Holmes un plagio ABC 22 February 2015 Retrieved 10 November 2015 Maximilien Holmes How Intertextuality Influences Translation by Sandro Maria Perna Universita degli Studi di Padova 2013 14 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 3 November 2018 Retrieved 10 November 2015 France The Arthur Conan Doyle Encyclopedia Retrieved 22 June 2018 Brown David W 14 May 2015 15 Curious Facts About Sherlock Holmes and the Sherlockian Subculture Mental Floss Retrieved 15 January 2019 Klinger II p 1432 His Last Bow Klinger I pp 637 639 The Greek Interpreter Quigley Michael J Mycroft Holmes The Official Conan Doyle Estate Ltd Retrieved 27 December 2019 Klinger I pp 529 531 The Musgrave Ritual Klinger I pp 501 502 The Gloria Scott Klinger III pp 17 18 28 A Study in Scarlet Birkby Michelle Mrs Hudson The Official Conan Doyle Estate Ltd Retrieved 27 December 2019 Klinger II pp 1692 1705 1706 The Adventure of the Veiled Lodger Klinger III p 217 The Sign of Four Klinger II pp 1482 1483 The Blanched Soldier a b Klinger II p 1598 The Adventure of the Three Garridebs The Reigate Squires and The Adventure of the Illustrious Client are two examples The Reigate Squires Klinger II p 976 The Adventure of Black Peter Klinger I pp 561 562 The Reigate Squires Klinger II pp 1190 1191 1222 1225 The Adventure of the Second Stain a b Klinger I pp 15 16 A Scandal in Bohemia Klinger II p 1092 The Adventure of the Golden Pince Nez Klinger I p 299 The Adventure of the Noble Bachelor there was no such position in existence at the time of the story The Hound of the Baskervilles Klinger III p 409 and The Adventure of Black Peter Klinger II p 977 The Adventure of the Bruce Partington Plans The Naval Treaty and after retirement His Last Bow Klinger II p 1581 The Adventure of the Three Garridebs In The Naval Treaty Klinger I p 691 Holmes remarks that of his last fifty three cases the police have had all the credit in forty nine Walsh Michael Professor James Moriarty The Official Conan Doyle Estate Ltd Retrieved 27 December 2019 Klinger II p 1448 The Case book of Sherlock Holmes a b The hounding of Arthur Conan Doyle The Irish News Retrieved 8 October 2020 Calamai Peter 22 May 2013 A Reader Challenge amp Prize The Baker Street Journal Retrieved 25 June 2018 Klinger I pp 791 794 The Adventure of the Empty House Klinger II pp 815 822 Riggs Ransom 2009 The Sherlock Holmes Handbook The methods and mysteries of the world s greatest detective Philadelphia Quirk Books pp 115 118 ISBN 978 1 59474 429 7 Klinger II pp 1229 1437 1440 His Last Bow Klinger II p 1189 The Adventure of the Second Stain Klinger II p 1667 The Adventure of the Lion s Mane Klinger I p 265 The Adventure of the Engineer s Thumb Klinger III p 550 The Hound of the Baskervilles Klinger I pp 528 529 The Musgrave Ritual Klinger III p 481 The Hound of the Baskervilles A Scandal in Bohemia The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton and The Adventure of the Illustrious Client a b c Klinger I p 502 The Gloria Scott Klinger II p 848 The Adventure of the Norwood Builder Klinger II p 1513 The Adventure of the Mazarin Stone Klinger III pp 34 36 A Study in Scarlet Klinger II pp 1296 1297 The Adventure of the Red Circle Klinger I p 58 The Red Headed League Klinger III pp 213 214 The Sign of Four Diniejko Andrzej 13 December 2013 Sherlock Holmes s Addictions The Victorian Web Retrieved 27 December 2019 Diniejko Andrzej 7 September 2002 Victorian Drug Use The Victorian Web Retrieved 27 December 2019 Dalby J T 1991 Sherlock Holmes s Cocaine Habit Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 8 73 74 doi 10 1017 S0790966700016475 S2CID 142678530 Klinger III pp 215 216 The Sign of Four Klinger II p 450 The Yellow Face Klinger II p 1124 The Adventure of the Missing Three Quarter Klinger III p 423 The Hound of the Baskervilles See also Klinger II pp 950 1108 1109 Klinger II p 1402 The Adventure of the Devil s Foot Klinger II p 1609 The Problem of Thor Bridge Klinger II p 971 The Adventure of the Priory School Wages and Cost of Living in the Victorian Era The Victorian Web Retrieved 13 March 2016 Klinger II p 976 The Adventure of Black Peter Liebow Ely 1982 Dr Joe Bell Model for Sherlock Holmes Popular Press p 173 ISBN 9780879721985 Retrieved 17 October 2014 Klinger III p 704 The Valley of Fear Klinger II pp 1203 1204 The Adventure of the Second Stain Klinger III p 311 The Sign of Four Klinger II p 1676 The Adventure of the Lion s Mane Klinger III p 378 The Sign of Four Klinger II p 1422 The Adventure of the Devil s Foot Klinger I p 635 The Greek Interpreter Klinger II p 1111 The Adventure of the Golden Pince Nez Klinger II pp 1341 1342 The Adventure of the Dying Detective Klinger II pp 1015 1106 The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton Karlson Katherine Irene Adler The Official Conan Doyle Estate Ltd Retrieved 27 December 2019 Klinger I pp 5 6 A Scandal in Bohemia Klinger I pp 5 40 A Scandal in Bohemia a b c Klinger III pp 34 35 A Study in Scarlet Klinger III pp 32 33 A Study in Scarlet Klinger III p 650 The Valley of Fear Klinger II p 1689 The Adventure of the Lion s Mane Richard Lancelyn Green Introduction The Return of Sherlock Holmes Oxford Oxford University Press 1993 XXX Klinger III p 202 A Study in Scarlet Klinger I p 100 A Case of Identity Klinger IIII p 282 The Sign of Four Klinger I p 73 The Red Headed League Klinger III p 570 The Hound of the Baskervilles Klinger III pp 1333 1334 1338 1340 The Adventure of the Bruce Partington Plans Klinger Leslie 1999 Lost in Lassus The Missing Monograph Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 Retrieved 27 December 2019 Klinger II p 888 The Adventure of the Dancing Men Klinger I p 33 A Scandal in Bohemia Klinger I p 216 The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle Konnikova Maria How to Think Like Sherlock Holmes Point of Inquiry Center for Inquiry Archived from the original on 19 December 2018 Retrieved 23 July 2017 Klinger III pp 387 392 The Hound of the Baskervilles Klinger I pp 450 453 The Yellow Face Klinger I pp 201 203 The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle Klinger I p 9 A Scandal in Bohemia Klinger III p 42 A Study in Scarlet Klinger I pp 423 426 The Cardboard Box Klinger II pp 864 865 The Adventure of the Dancing Men Bird Alexander 27 June 2006 Abductive Knowledge and Holmesian Inference In Tamar Szabo Gendler Hawthorne John eds Oxford studies in epistemology p 11 ISBN 978 0 19 928590 7 Sebeok amp Umiker Sebeok 1984 pp 19 28 esp p 22 Smith Jonathan 1994 Fact and feeling Baconian science and the nineteenth century literary imagination p 214 ISBN 978 0 299 14354 1 Klinger III p 40 A Study in Scarlet Bennett Bo Pseudo Logical Fallacies Logicallyfallacious com Logically Fallacious Archived from the original on 31 July 2020 Retrieved 31 July 2020 Klinger I pp 449 471 The Yellow Face Sherlock Holmes Pioneer in Forensic Science Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 20 December 2019 a b Snyder Laura J 2004 Sherlock Holmes scientific detective Endeavour 28 3 104 108 doi 10 1016 j endeavour 2004 07 007 PMID 15350761 A Study in Scarlet The Adventure of Silver Blaze The Adventure of the Priory School The Hound of the Baskervilles The Boscombe Valley Mystery The Adventure of the Resident Patient The Hound of the Baskervilles The Reigate Squires The Man with the Twisted Lip Klinger I pp 99 100 A Case of Identity Klinger I p 578 The Reigate Squires Klinger I pp 438 439 The Cardboard Box Klinger I p 670 The Naval Treaty Klinger II p 814 The Adventure of the Empty House Klinger II pp 860 863 Schwartz Roy 20 May 2022 Opinion The fictional character who changed the science of solving crime CNN Retrieved 21 May 2022 Klinger I p 30 A Scandal in Bohemia Schurr Maria 15 March 2021 Hauntings Dystopia and the English Outsider in Albion s Secret History Pop Matters Retrieved 30 July 2021 Klinger II p 1545 The Adventure of the Three Gables Klinger II p 1456 The Adventure of the Illustrious Client Klinger III p 305 The Sign of Four These street Arabs also appear briefly in A Study in Scarlet and The Adventure of the Crooked Man Merritt Russell The Baker Street Irregulars and Billy The Page The Official Conan Doyle Estate Ltd Retrieved 27 December 2019 The Guns of Sherlock Holmes Archived from the original on 14 November 2012 Retrieved 27 April 2012 Klinger III p 589 The Hound of the Baskervilles Klinger II pp 805 806 The Adventure of the Empty House See The Red Headed League and The Adventure of the Illustrious Client Klinger II p 1050 The Adventure of the Six Napoleons Klinger I p 449 The Yellow Face Klinger I p 243 The Adventure of the Speckled Band Klinger III pp 262 263 The Sign of Four Klinger I pp 449 450 The Yellow Face a b Klinger II p 915 The Solitary Cyclist Klinger II p 916 The Solitary Cyclist Klinger II p 791 The Adventure of the Empty House The Mystery of Baritsu The Bartitsu Society Archived from the original on 30 November 2018 Retrieved 27 December 2019 Nathan Richard 18 December 2020 Ultra Influencers The Two British Fictional Victorians that Changed Japan Red Circle Authors Retrieved 21 January 2021 Santander who was Abbey s most famous customer The Telegraph 27 May 2009 Archived from the original on 10 January 2022 Retrieved 18 February 2020 Stamp Jimmy 18 July 2012 The Mystery of 221B Baker Street Smithsonian Magazine Retrieved 18 February 2020 Reed Brian 1934 Railway Engines of the World Oxford University Press p 133 Mews News Archived 27 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine Lurot Brand Published Summer 2009 Retrieved 24 September 2013 Northumberland Street Sherlockology Archived from the original on 21 December 2016 Retrieved 6 June 2014 Thomson Henry Douglas 1958 The Sherlock Holmes Catalogue of the Collection in the Bars and the Grill Room and in the Reconstruction of Part of the Living Room at 221 B Baker Street Whitbread NI chemist honours Sherlock Holmes BBC News 16 October 2002 Retrieved 19 June 2011 Royal Mail launches Sherlock Holmes stamps that reveal secret storylines under UV light The Independent 18 August 2020 Retrieved 1 October 2022 Redmond Christopher 2009 Sherlock Holmes Handbook Second Edition Dundurn p 301 ISBN 9781770705920 Reid T R 22 September 1999 Sherlock Holmes honored with statue near fictional London home The Washington Post Retrieved 6 January 2013 Cannon Brookes Peter 11 April 2017 Irena Sedlecka The Atelier Sale of Franta Belsky and Irena Sedlecka Oxford Mallams p 33 Retrieved 6 August 2020 Monument to Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson Dialogue of Cultures United World Retrieved 26 July 2020 Gangelhoff Bonnie 15 September 2017 A small Oklahoma town finds community through public art Southwest Art Retrieved 6 August 2020 McClure Michael 7 December 2019 December 7 2019 First Permanent Granite Tribute to Sherlock Holmes erected in the Americas Baskerville Productions Retrieved 7 December 2019 About the Society The Sherlock Holmes Society of London Retrieved 27 December 2019 Origins of the BSI The Baker Street Irregulars 8 June 2018 Retrieved 27 December 2019 Societies and Locations Sherlockian net Retrieved 27 December 2019 Redmond Christopher 2009 Sherlock Holmes Handbook Second Edition Dundurn Press p 257 ISBN 978 1 55488 446 9 Anonymous asked Question What s the difference between a Sherlockian and a Holmesian Baker Street Babes 1 December 2012 Retrieved 16 June 2018 Brown David W 6 January 2020 15 Curious Facts About Sherlock Holmes Mental Floss Retrieved 6 January 2020 Sherlockian or 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January 2017 Bunson Matthew 1997 Encyclopedia Sherlockiana Macmillan Publishers pp 72 73 ISBN 0 02 861679 0 Todd David 16 November 1987 The enduring cult of Sherlock Holmes Maclean s Retrieved 2 January 2023 Montague Sarah 13 January 2011 A Study in Sherlock WNYC New York New York Public Radio Retrieved 14 June 2018 The Grand Game Vol One 1902 1959 The Baker Street Irregulars 15 January 2011 Retrieved 31 December 2019 Lee Jennifer 6 January 2009 The Curious Case of a Birthday for Sherlock The New York Times Retrieved 15 June 2018 About Sherlock Holmes Sherlockian Net Retrieved 15 June 2018 Baker Street Irregulars Weekend Activities Baker Street Irregulars Weekend Activities 5 November 2011 Retrieved 28 August 2012 King Laurie R LRK on Sherlock Holmes Laurie R King Archived from the original on 27 January 2011 Retrieved 10 January 2011 a b Two Sherlock Holmes museums in Switzerland Elementary Swissinfo Retrieved 26 October 2014 Arthur Conan Doyle Collection Toronto Public Library Retrieved 31 December 2019 Teicholz Tom 17 April 2016 Finding Sherlock Holmes in Toronto Forbes Retrieved 31 December 2019 Sherlock Holmes University of Minnesota Libraries www lib umn edu Retrieved 31 December 2019 Mumford Tracy 27 June 2015 Exploring the largest Sherlock Holmes archive in the world MPR News Retrieved 31 December 2019 Conan Doyle Collection www visitportsmouth co uk Retrieved 31 December 2019 Harris Susan Cannon 2003 Pathological Possibilities Contagion and Empire in Doyle s Sherlock Holmes Stories Victorian Literature and Culture 31 2 447 466 doi 10 1017 S1060150303000238 ISSN 1060 1503 JSTOR 25058636 S2CID 162476755 Raheja Lauren Anxieties of Empire in Doyle s Tales of Sherlock Holmes Nature Society and Thought vol 19 no 4 2006 p 417 ProQuest Central Siddiqi Yumna 2006 The Cesspool of Empire Sherlock Holmes and the Return of the Repressed Victorian Literature and Culture 34 1 233 247 doi 10 1017 S1060150306051138 ISSN 1060 1503 JSTOR 25058745 S2CID 162557404 My Evening With Sherlock www mysteryscenemag com Retrieved 13 February 2022 Hale Mike 25 January 2013 The Holmes Behind the Modern Sherlock The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 27 December 2019 Ridgway Watt Peter Green Joseph 2003 The Alternative Sherlock Holmes Routledge pp 2 92 ISBN 978 0 7546 0882 0 Picker Lenny 18 January 2010 The Return of Sherlock Holmes Publishers Weekly Retrieved 4 January 2020 Ridgway Watt Peter Green Joseph 2003 The Alternative Sherlock Holmes Routledge pp 3 4 ISBN 0 7546 0882 4 Hayes Paul Stuart 2012 The Theatrical Sherlock Holmes Hidden Tiger pp 6 12 ISBN 978 1 291 26421 0 O Leary James C 4 June 2014 Classics of Sherlockiana the Apocrypha of Sherlock Holmes I Hear of Sherlock Everywhere Retrieved 2 January 2020 Maurice Leblanc The Arthur Conan Doyle Encyclopedia Retrieved 26 December 2019 The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes The Arthur Conan Doyle Encyclopedia Retrieved 26 December 2019 Sansom Ian 27 October 2011 The House of Silk by Anthony Horowitz review The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 31 December 2019 Flood Alison 10 April 2014 Sherlock Holmes returns in new Anthony Horowitz book Moriarty Guardian Guardian News and Media Limited Retrieved 9 August 2014 Largest ever collection of new Sherlock Holmes stories will raise money to restore Conan Doyle s house Radio Times 15 July 2015 Retrieved 14 July 2019 Stepping Stones School Archived from the original on 19 September 2020 Retrieved 14 July 2019 Enter the Lion A Posthumous Memoir of Mycroft Holmes Kirkus Reviews 1 July 1979 Retrieved 4 January 2020 Quinn Fawcett Macmillan Publishers Retrieved 4 January 2020 Dirda Michael 3 October 2018 Review Kareem Abdul Jabbar returns to his other passion Sherlock Holmes Washington Post Archived from the original on 3 October 2018 Retrieved 4 January 2020 Trow M J The Lestrade Series M J Trow Author and Lecturer Archived from the original on 1 July 2016 Retrieved 26 December 2019 The Irene Adler Series Carole Nelson Douglas Retrieved 26 December 2019 The Holmes amp Hudson Series Martin Davies Archived from the original on 10 September 2019 Retrieved 26 December 2019 Haft Adele J White Jane G White Robert J 1999 The Key to The Name of the Rose The University of Michigan Press p 194 ISBN 9780472086214 Capozzi Rocco ed 22 February 1997 Reading Eco An Anthology Indiana University Press ISBN 9780253112828 Russell amp Holmes Laurie R King Retrieved 24 December 2019 Rennie Gordon 2002 Zavant Black Library ISBN 1841542032 Reynolds Josh 2018 Inferno Volume 1 Black Library ISBN 9781784967338 Thompson Sam 26 February 2005 Review The Final Solution by Michael Chabon The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 26 December 2019 A Slight Trick of the Mind Kirkus Reviews 1 February 2005 Retrieved 26 December 2019 Scott A O 16 July 2015 Review For Ian McKellen s Mr Holmes Retirement Is Afoot The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2 January 2020 Hickling Alfred 4 December 2004 Review The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes edited by Leslie S Klinger The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 4 January 2020 Weingarten Marc 30 December 2004 Case of the Lawyer With a Sherlock Holmes Bent The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 4 January 2020 de Castella Tom 26 January 2015 William Gillette Five ways he transformed how Sherlock Holmes looks and talks BBC Retrieved 10 July 2018 Eyles Allen 1986 Sherlock Holmes A Centenary Celebration Harper amp Row p 57 ISBN 0 06 015620 1 Tuska Jon 1978 The Detective in Hollywood New York Doubleday p 1 ISBN 978 0 385 12093 7 Starrett Vincent 1933 The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes Otto Penzler Books published 1993 p 156 ISBN 1 883402 05 0 Bunson Matthew 1997 Encyclopedia Sherlockiana Simon amp Schuster p 213 ISBN 0 02 861679 0 Eyles Allen 1986 Sherlock Holmes A Centenary Celebration New York Harper amp Row pp 89 98 ISBN 0060156201 Edith Meiser 95 Dies Actress and a Writer The New York Times 27 September 1993 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 25 October 2022 a b Cult Presents Sherlock Holmes Bert Coules Interview BBC Prepolec Charles Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes Reviewed BBC Radio Bert Coules writer director speaker Retrieved 9 March 2016 Clements Jonathan McCarthy Helen 2006 The Anime Encyclopedia A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917 2nd edition Revised amp Expanded Edition ed Stone Bridge Press pp 580 581 ISBN 978 1 933330 10 5 Moscow honours legendary Holmes BBC 30 April 2007 Retrieved 31 December 2019 Kinchin Smith Sam Gryspeerdt Nancy 10 July 2014 Curious incidents the adventures of Sherlock Holmes in Russia The Calvert Journal Retrieved 31 December 2019 The Secret of Sherlock Holmes The Arthur Conan Doyle Encyclopedia Retrieved 15 June 2018 HFPA Nominations and Winners Goldenglobes org Archived from the original on 11 March 2010 Retrieved 10 January 2011 Thorpe Vanessa 18 July 2010 Sherlock Holmes is back sending texts and using nicotine patches The Guardian Retrieved 4 January 2020 About ELEMENTARY TV Show Information www cbs com Retrieved 4 April 2019 Bostrom Mattias 2017 From Holmes to Sherlock Mysterious Press p 483 ISBN 978 0 8021 2789 1 Bradshaw Peter 18 June 2015 Mr Holmes review Ian McKellen gets more fascinating with age The Guardian Retrieved 9 April 2019 Atkinson Nathalie 17 July 2015 Mr Holmes Every generation gets a Sherlock it deserves The Globe and Mail Retrieved 30 December 2019 Livingstone Josephine 31 August 2018 The Irreverent Joys of a Japanese Sherlock Holmes The New Republic ISSN 0028 6583 Retrieved 18 November 2019 Smith Alyssa I 26 April 2018 Yuko Takeuchi steps into an iconic role on Miss Sherlock with elementary ease The Japan Times Retrieved 18 November 2019 Dring Christopher 5 April 2017 The secret success of the Sherlock Holmes video games gamesindustry biz Retrieved 3 September 2018 Litwak Mark 12 March 2013 Sherlock Holmes and the Case of the Public Domain Independent Filmmaker Project IFP Retrieved 15 September 2016 a b Itzkoff Dave 19 January 2010 For the Heirs to Holmes a Tangled Web The New York Times Locating U K Copyright Holders The WATCH File Harry Ransom Center Retrieved 1 January 2023 Ownership of the Sherlock Holmes Stories Sherlockian net Retrieved 8 November 2020 a b Malekos Smith Jessica L 27 June 2016 Sherlock Holmes amp the Case of the Contested Copyright Chicago Kent Journal of Intellectual Property 15 2 537 554 Masnick Mike 26 May 2015 Sherlock Holmes And The Case Of The Never Ending Copyright Dispute Techdirt Retrieved 26 December 2019 Holmes belongs to the world Free Sherlock 14 February 2013 Retrieved 15 April 2013 Stempel Jonathan 16 June 2014 Sherlock Holmes belongs to the public U S court rules Reuters Retrieved 16 June 2014 Britt Ryan 26 June 2020 Conan Doyle Estate Sues Netflix Enola Holmes Den of Geek Den of Geek Retrieved 6 November 2020 Mahdawi Arwa 7 October 2020 The curious case of Sherlock Holmes evolving emotions The Guardian Retrieved 11 November 2020 Gardner Eriq 24 June 2020 Conan Doyle Estate Sues Netflix Over Coming Movie About Sherlock Holmes Sister The Hollywood Reporter Retrieved 8 November 2020 Flood Alison 22 December 2020 Lawsuit over warmer Sherlock depicted in Enola Holmes dismissed The Guardian Archived from the original on 24 January 2021 Retrieved 23 December 2020 Moss Aaron 20 December 2020 Enola Holmes Copyright Lawsuit Dismissed Unsolved Yet Resolved Copyright Lately Archived from the original on 20 December 2020 Retrieved 23 December 2020 That means the case was probably settled although we don t know for sure Klinger v Conan Doyle Estate Ltd 755 F 3d 496 497 7th Cir 2014 will not expire until 95 years after the date of original publication between 2018 to 2022 depending on the original publication date of each story 2023 public domain debuts include last Sherlock Holmes work AP News 30 December 2022 Retrieved 1 January 2023 Jenkins Jennifer January 1 2023 is Public Domain Day Works from 1927 are open to all Duke University School of Law Retrieved 1 January 2023 Further readingAccardo Pasquale J 1987 Diagnosis and Detection Medical Iconography of Sherlock Holmes Madison NJ Fairleigh Dickinson University Press ISBN 0 517 50291 7 Baring Gould William 1967 The Annotated Sherlock Holmes New York Clarkson N Potter ISBN 0 517 50291 7 Baring Gould William 1962 Sherlock Holmes of Baker Street The Life of the World s First Consulting Detective New York Clarkson N Potter OCLC 63103488 Blakeney T S 1994 Sherlock Holmes Fact or Fiction London Prentice Hall amp IBD ISBN 1 883402 10 7 Bradley Alan 2004 Ms Holmes of Baker Street The Truth About Sherlock Alberta University of Alberta Press ISBN 0 88864 415 9 Campbell Mark 2007 Sherlock Holmes London Pocket Essentials ISBN 978 0 470 12823 7 Dakin David 1972 A Sherlock Holmes Commentary Newton Abbot David amp Charles ISBN 0 7153 5493 0 Duncan Alistair 2008 Eliminate the Impossible An Examination of the World of Sherlock Holmes on Page and Screen London MX Publishing ISBN 978 1 904312 31 4 Duncan Alistair 2009 Close to Holmes A Look at the Connections Between Historical London Sherlock Holmes and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle London MX Publishing ISBN 978 1 904312 50 5 Duncan Alistair 2010 The Norwood Author Arthur Conan Doyle and the Norwood Years 1891 1894 London MX Publishing ISBN 978 1 904312 69 7 Fenoli Marc Qui a tue Sherlock Holmes Who shot Sherlock Holmes Review L Alpe 45 Glenat Musee Dauphinois Grenoble France 2009 ISBN 978 2 7234 6902 9 Green Richard Lancelyn 1987 The Sherlock Holmes Letters Iowa City University of Iowa Press ISBN 0 87745 161 3 Hall Trevor 1969 Sherlock Holmes Ten Literary Studies London Duckworth ISBN 0 7156 0469 4 Hall Trevor 1977 Sherlock Holmes and his Creator New York St Martin s Press ISBN 0 312 71719 9 Hammer David 1995 The Before Breakfast Pipe of Mr Sherlock Holmes London Wessex Pr ISBN 0 938501 21 6 Harrison Michael 1973 The World of Sherlock Holmes London Frederick Muller Ltd Jones Kelvin 1987 Sherlock Holmes and the Kent Railways Sittingborne Kent Meresborough Books ISBN 0 948193 25 5 Keating H R F 2006 Sherlock Holmes The Man and His World Edison NJ Castle ISBN 0 7858 2112 0 Kestner Joseph 1997 Sherlock s Men Masculinity Conan Doyle and Cultural History Farnham Ashgate ISBN 1 85928 394 2 King Joseph A 1996 Sherlock Holmes From Victorian Sleuth to Modern Hero Lanham US Scarecrow Press ISBN 0 8108 3180 5 Klinger Leslie 1998 The Sherlock Holmes Reference Library Indianapolis Gasogene Books ISBN 0 938501 26 7 Knowles Christopher 2007 Our Gods Wear Spandex The Secret History of Comic Book Heroes San Francisco Weiser Books ISBN 978 1 57863 406 4 Lester Paul 1992 Sherlock Holmes in the Midlands Studley Warwickshire Brewin Books ISBN 0 947731 85 7 Lieboe Eli Doctor Joe Bell Model for Sherlock Holmes Bowling Green Ohio Bowling Green University Popular Press 1982 Madison Wisconsin University of Wisconsin Press 2007 ISBN 978 0 87972 198 5 McClure Michael 2020 Sherlock Holmes and the Cryptic Clues Chester IL Baskerville Productions ISBN 978 0 9981084 7 6 Mitchelson Austin 1994 The Baker Street Irregular Unauthorised Biography of Sherlock Holmes Romford Ian Henry Publications Ltd ISBN 0 8021 4325 3 Payne David S 1992 Myth and Modern Man in Sherlock Holmes Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and the Uses of Nostalgia Bloomington Ind Gaslight s Publications ISBN 0 934468 29 X Redmond Christopher 1987 In Bed with Sherlock Holmes Sexual Elements in Conan Doyle s Stories London Players Press ISBN 0 8021 4325 3 Redmond Donald 1983 Sherlock Holmes A Study in Sources Quebec McGill Queen s University Press ISBN 0 7735 0391 9 Rennison Nick 2007 Sherlock Holmes The Unauthorized Biography London Grove Press ISBN 978 0 8021 4325 9 Richards Anthony John 1998 Holmes Chemistry and the Royal Institution A Survey of the Scientific Works of Sherlock Holmes and His Relationship with the Royal Institution of Great Britain London Irregulars Special Press ISBN 0 7607 7156 1 Riley Dick 2005 The Bedside Companion to Sherlock Holmes New York Barnes amp Noble Books ISBN 0 7607 7156 1 Riley Peter 2005 The Highways and Byways of Sherlock Holmes London P amp D Riley ISBN 978 1 874712 78 7 Roy Pinaki 2008 The Manichean Investigators A Postcolonial and Cultural Rereading of the Sherlock Holmes and Byomkesh Bakshi Stories New Delhi Sarup and Sons ISBN 978 81 7625 849 4 Sebeok Thomas Umiker Sebeok Jean 1984 You Know My Method A Juxtaposition of Charles S Peirce and Sherlock Holmes In Eco Umberto Sebeok Thomas eds The Sign of Three Dupin Holmes Peirce Bloomington IN History Workshop Indiana University Press pp 11 54 ISBN 978 0 253 35235 4 OCLC 9412985 Previously published as chapter 2 pp 17 52 of Sebeok Thomas 1981 The Play of Musement Bloomington IN Indiana University Press ISBN 978 0 253 39994 6 LCCN 80008846 OCLC 7275523 Shaw John B 1995 Encyclopedia of Sherlock Holmes A Complete Guide to the World of the Great Detective London Pavilion Books ISBN 1 85793 502 0 Sova Dawn B 2001 Edgar Allan Poe A to Z Paperback ed New York Checkmark Books ISBN 0 8160 4161 X Starrett Vincent 1993 The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes London Prentice Hall amp IBD ISBN 978 1 883402 05 1 Tracy Jack 1988 The Sherlock Holmes Encyclopedia Universal Dictionary of Sherlock Holmes London Crescent Books ISBN 0 517 65444 X Tracy Jack 1996 Subcutaneously My Dear Watson Sherlock Holmes and the Cocaine Habit Bloomington Ind Gaslight Publications ISBN 0 934468 25 7 Wagner E J 2007 La Scienza di Sherlock Holmes Torino Bollati Boringheri ISBN 978 0 470 12823 7 Weller Philip 1993 The Life and Times of Sherlock Holmes Simsbury Bracken Books ISBN 1 85891 106 0 Wexler Bruce 2008 The Mysterious World of Sherlock Holmes London Running Press ISBN 978 0 7624 3252 3 External linksSherlock Holmes at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata The Sherlock Holmes Museum 221b Baker Street London NW1 6XE England Sherlock Holmes 8 July 1930 at Internet Archive Sherlock Holmes plaques on openplaques org Discovering Sherlock Holmes at Stanford University Chess and Sherlock Holmes essay by Edward Winter The Burden of Holmes 23 12 09 article in The Wall Street Journal Sir Arthur Conan Doyle audio books by Lit2Go from the University of South FloridaPortals Novels History Anarchism London South East England Scotland Film Schools University of Oxford Speculative fiction Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sherlock Holmes amp oldid 1145107598, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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