The Rudra veena (Sanskrit: रुद्र वीणा) (also spelled Rudraveena[1] or Rudra vina[2])—also called Bīn in North India[3]—is a large plucked string instrument used in Hindustani Music, especially dhrupad.[2] It is one of the major types of veena played in Indian classical music, notable for its deep bass resonance.[4]
311.222 (True stick zither: instruments in which sound is produced by one or more vibrating strings, which consist solely of a string bearer or a string bearer with a resonator that is not integral to the instrument, with a string bearer shaped like a bar (bar zither), has a rigid and inflexible string carrier (stick zither), has no curved or flexible end (true stick zither), has more than one resonator gourds.)
The rudra veena is mentioned in court records as early as the reign of Zain-ul Abidin (1418-1470),[3] and attained particular importance among Mughal court musicians.[3] Before Independence, rudra veena players, as dhrupad practitioners, were supported by the princely states; after Independence and the political integration of India, this traditional patronage system ended.[5] With the end of this traditional support, dhrupad's popularity in India declined, as did the popularity of the rudra veena.[5] However, in recent years, the rudra veena has seen a resurgence in popularity, driven at least partly by interest among non-Indian practitioners.[5][6]
The name "rudra veena" comes from Rudra, a name for the Lord Shiva; rudra vina means "the veena of Shiva"[3] (compare Saraswati veena). According to oral tradition, Shiva created the rudra vina, with the two tumbaresonator gourds representing the breasts of either his wife Parvati or the goddess of arts and learning Saraswati, and the long dandi tube as the merudanda, both the human spine and the cosmic axis.[3] The length of the fretted area of the dandi is traditionally given as nine fists—the distance from the navel to the top of the skull.[3]
However it is strongly believed that Shiva created the rudra veena for the entertainment of the other gods as Shiva always enjoyed dancing and singing.
Another explanation is that the asuraRavana is said to have invented the rudra veena; inspired as he was with his devotion to Lord Shiva, or Rudra, he named the instrument Rudra veena.[citation needed]
The North Indian vernacular name "bīn" (sometimes written "bīṇ") is derived from the preexisting root "veena," the term generally used today to refer to a number of South Asian stringed instruments.[3] While the origins of "veena" are obscure, one possible derivation is from a pre-Aryan root meaning "bamboo" (possibly Dravidian, as in the Tamil veṟam, "cane," or South Indian bamboo flute, the venu), a reference to early stick or tube zithers[3]—as seen in the modern bīn, whose central dandi tube is still sometimes made from bamboo.[2]
Form and construction
The rudra veena is classified either as a stick zither[2] or tube zither[7][8] in the Sachs-Hornbostel classification system. The veena's body (dandi) is a tube of bamboo or teak between 137 to 158 cm (54 to 62 inches) long, attached to two large tumbaresonators made from calabash gourds.[3][8] The tumbas on a rudra veena are around 34 to 37 cm (13 to 15 inches) in diameter; while veena players once attached tumbas to the dandi with leather thongs, modern instruments use brass screw tubes to attach the tumbas.[3]
Traditionally, the bottom end of the dandi, where the strings attach below the bridge (jawari), is finished with a peacock carving.[3] This peacock carving is hollow, to enhance the resonance of the instrument.[9] This hollow opens into the tube of the dandi, and is covered directly by the main jawari.[9] The other end of the instrument, holding most or all of the pegs, is finished with a carved makara.[9] Like the peacock at the other end and the dandi tube connecting them, the makara pegbox is also hollow.[9]
A Dagar-vani rudra veena, showing the frets, dandi, carved peacock and makara, and tumbas
The rudra veena has twenty-one to twenty-four moveable frets (parda) on top of the dandi.[3][5][8] These frets are made of thin plates of brass with flat tops but curved wooden bases to match the shape of the dandi, each about two to four centimeters (0.75-1.5 inches) high.[3][6] While these frets were once attached to the instrument with wax, contemporary veena players use waxed flax ties to attach the frets.[8][4][3] This allows for players to adjust the frets to the individual microtones (shruti) of a raga.[8] By pulling the string up or down alongside the fret, the veena player can bend the pitch (meend) by as much as a fifth.[3]
A modern rudra veena has a total of seven or eight strings: four main melody strings, two or three chikari strings (which are used in rhythmic sections of the rag to delineate or emphasize the pulse, or taal), and one drone (laraj) string.[3][8] These strings are made of steel or bronze, and run from the pegs (and over the nut if coming from the pegbox) down to the peacock, passing over the jawari near the peacock.[9] A rudra veena will have three jawari; a main one covering an opening on the hollow peacock, and two smaller ones on the sides of the peacock, supporting the chikari and drone strings.[9] These jawari and other strings supports are traditionally made of Sambar stagantler; however, India has banned trade in Sambar deer antler since 1995, due to the deer's declining population and vulnerable status.[9][10] Strings are tuned by turning the ebony pegs to tighten or loosen the strings; the antler string supports can be moved for fine tuning.[9]
Unlike European stringed instruments, where strings are almost always tuned to the same notes on all instruments—a modern cello, for example, will usually have its open strings tuned to C2 (two octaves below middle C), followed by G2, D3, and then A3—the rudra veena follows Hindustani classical practice of a movable root note or tonic (moveable do). The four melody strings are tuned to the ma a fifth below the tonic; the tonic (sa); the pa a fifth above the tonic; and the sa an octave above the tonic.[3][4] Thus, if the lowest ma string was tuned to D2, then the four melody strings would be tuned to D2, A2, E3, and A3; if the lowest ma string was instead tuned to B♭1, then the four melody strings would be tuned to B♭1, F2, C3, and F3[3]
History
It is an ancient instrument rarely played today. The rudra veena declined in popularity in part due to the introduction in the early 19th century of the surbahar, which allowed sitarists to more easily present the alap sections of slow dhrupad-style ragas. In the 20th century, Zia Mohiuddin Dagar modified and redesigned the rudra veena to use bigger gourds, a thicker tube (dandi), thicker steel playing strings (0.45-0.47 mm) and closed javari that. This produced a soft and deep sound when plucked without the use of any plectrum (mizrab). The instrument was further modified as the shruti veena by Lalmani Misra to establish Bharat's Shadja Gram and obtain the 22 shrutis.[11]
Naubat Khan Kalawant playing a three-stringed rudra veena.
1690-1696 C.E. Man playing rudra veena
Ca. 1700. Saraswati riding a white bird and holding a northern style bīn (rudra vīnā). The instrument is depicted with four strings.
1808-1812. Illustration of a bīn, labeled "qaplious". At the time, the instrument illustrated was fretless; similar to the pinaka vina, it used a stick to slide on the string and chose notes.
1825. Miyan Himmat Khan Kalawant playing a bin, page from the Tasrih al-aqvam. The bin has four main strings that could be fretted and two side strings.
1891. A Bin Player, by William Gibb. The instrument depicted had four main strings that could be fretted and three side strings.
^Peddi, Sowjanya (26 November 2015). "Mastering the king of instruments". Thehindu.com. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
^ abcd"Stick Zither with Gourd Resonators (Rudra Vina or Bin), Northern India, at the National Music Museum". Collections.nmmusd.org. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
^ abcdefghKoch, Lars-Christian (direction). Rudra vina: der Bau eines nordindischen Saiteninstruments in der Tradition von Kanailal & Bros [Rudra veena: manufacturing of an Indian string instrument in the tradition of Kanailal & Bros] (DVD) (in English with German and English subtitles). Berlin: Ethnologisches Museum, Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz. 2007. OCLC 662735435.
^Timmins, R.J.; Kawanishi, K.; Giman, B.; Lynam, A.J.; Chan, B.; Steinmetz, R.; Baral, H. S.; Samba Kumar, N. (2015). "Rusa unicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41790A85628124.
^"Shruti Veena - Articles OMENAD". Omenad.net. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
^Bonnie C. Wade (January 1998). Imaging Sound: An Ethnomusicological Study of Music, Art, and Culture in Mughal India. University of Chicago Press. p. 119. ISBN978-0-226-86841-7.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rudra veena.
Rudra Veena
Rudra Veena
February 07, 2023
rudra, veena, other, uses, disambiguation, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, . For other uses see Rudra veena disambiguation This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Rudra veena news newspapers books scholar JSTOR April 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Rudra veena Sanskrit र द र व ण also spelled Rudraveena 1 or Rudra vina 2 also called Bin in North India 3 is a large plucked string instrument used in Hindustani Music especially dhrupad 2 It is one of the major types of veena played in Indian classical music notable for its deep bass resonance 4 Rudra veenaRudra veenaString instrumentOther namesRudra vina Been BinClassificationString instrumentHornbostel Sachs classification311 222 True stick zither instruments in which sound is produced by one or more vibrating strings which consist solely of a string bearer or a string bearer with a resonator that is not integral to the instrument with a string bearer shaped like a bar bar zither has a rigid and inflexible string carrier stick zither has no curved or flexible end true stick zither has more than one resonator gourds DevelopedBy late 15th centuryMusiciansAsit Kumar Banerjee Anant Bedekar Bahauddin Dagar b 1970 Zia Mohiuddin Dagar 1929 1990 Mohammed Khan Faridi Ustad Shamshuddin Faridi Desai 1936 2011 Zahid Faridi Desai Hindraj Divekar Jyoti Hegde R V Hegde b 1953 Ustad Abid Hussain Khan Ustad Asad Ali Khan 1937 2011 Bande Ali Khan 1826 1890 Jamaluddin Khan Murad Khan Naubat Khan Omrao Khan Rajab Ali Khan Wazir Khan Rampur Zahid Khan Krishnarao Kholapure Sharada Mushti Dattatreya Rama Rao Parvatikar 1916 1990 Bindu Madhav Pathak 1935 2004 Shrikant Pathak Peter Row 1944 2018 P D Shah 1911 1975 Carsten Wicke b 1970 BuildersKanailal amp Brother KolkataMore articles or informationVeena Saraswati veena Vichitra veena Chitra veena Pinaka vina Alapiṇi viṇaThe rudra veena is mentioned in court records as early as the reign of Zain ul Abidin 1418 1470 3 and attained particular importance among Mughal court musicians 3 Before Independence rudra veena players as dhrupad practitioners were supported by the princely states after Independence and the political integration of India this traditional patronage system ended 5 With the end of this traditional support dhrupad s popularity in India declined as did the popularity of the rudra veena 5 However in recent years the rudra veena has seen a resurgence in popularity driven at least partly by interest among non Indian practitioners 5 6 Contents 1 Names and etymology 2 Form and construction 3 History 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksNames and etymology EditThe name rudra veena comes from Rudra a name for the Lord Shiva rudra vina means the veena of Shiva 3 compare Saraswati veena According to oral tradition Shiva created the rudra vina with the two tumba resonator gourds representing the breasts of either his wife Parvati or the goddess of arts and learning Saraswati and the long dandi tube as the merudanda both the human spine and the cosmic axis 3 The length of the fretted area of the dandi is traditionally given as nine fists the distance from the navel to the top of the skull 3 However it is strongly believed that Shiva created the rudra veena for the entertainment of the other gods as Shiva always enjoyed dancing and singing Another explanation is that the asura Ravana is said to have invented the rudra veena inspired as he was with his devotion to Lord Shiva or Rudra he named the instrument Rudra veena citation needed The North Indian vernacular name bin sometimes written biṇ is derived from the preexisting root veena the term generally used today to refer to a number of South Asian stringed instruments 3 While the origins of veena are obscure one possible derivation is from a pre Aryan root meaning bamboo possibly Dravidian as in the Tamil veṟam cane or South Indian bamboo flute the venu a reference to early stick or tube zithers 3 as seen in the modern bin whose central dandi tube is still sometimes made from bamboo 2 Form and construction EditThe rudra veena is classified either as a stick zither 2 or tube zither 7 8 in the Sachs Hornbostel classification system The veena s body dandi is a tube of bamboo or teak between 137 to 158 cm 54 to 62 inches long attached to two large tumba resonators made from calabash gourds 3 8 The tumbas on a rudra veena are around 34 to 37 cm 13 to 15 inches in diameter while veena players once attached tumbas to the dandi with leather thongs modern instruments use brass screw tubes to attach the tumbas 3 Traditionally the bottom end of the dandi where the strings attach below the bridge jawari is finished with a peacock carving 3 This peacock carving is hollow to enhance the resonance of the instrument 9 This hollow opens into the tube of the dandi and is covered directly by the main jawari 9 The other end of the instrument holding most or all of the pegs is finished with a carved makara 9 Like the peacock at the other end and the dandi tube connecting them the makara pegbox is also hollow 9 A Dagar vani rudra veena showing the frets dandi carved peacock and makara and tumbas The rudra veena has twenty one to twenty four moveable frets parda on top of the dandi 3 5 8 These frets are made of thin plates of brass with flat tops but curved wooden bases to match the shape of the dandi each about two to four centimeters 0 75 1 5 inches high 3 6 While these frets were once attached to the instrument with wax contemporary veena players use waxed flax ties to attach the frets 8 4 3 This allows for players to adjust the frets to the individual microtones shruti of a raga 8 By pulling the string up or down alongside the fret the veena player can bend the pitch meend by as much as a fifth 3 A modern rudra veena has a total of seven or eight strings four main melody strings two or three chikari strings which are used in rhythmic sections of the rag to delineate or emphasize the pulse or taal and one drone laraj string 3 8 These strings are made of steel or bronze and run from the pegs and over the nut if coming from the pegbox down to the peacock passing over the jawari near the peacock 9 A rudra veena will have three jawari a main one covering an opening on the hollow peacock and two smaller ones on the sides of the peacock supporting the chikari and drone strings 9 These jawari and other strings supports are traditionally made of Sambar stag antler however India has banned trade in Sambar deer antler since 1995 due to the deer s declining population and vulnerable status 9 10 Strings are tuned by turning the ebony pegs to tighten or loosen the strings the antler string supports can be moved for fine tuning 9 Unlike European stringed instruments where strings are almost always tuned to the same notes on all instruments a modern cello for example will usually have its open strings tuned to C2 two octaves below middle C followed by G2 D3 and then A3 the rudra veena follows Hindustani classical practice of a movable root note or tonic moveable do The four melody strings are tuned to the ma a fifth below the tonic the tonic sa the pa a fifth above the tonic and the sa an octave above the tonic 3 4 Thus if the lowest ma string was tuned to D2 then the four melody strings would be tuned to D2 A2 E3 and A3 if the lowest ma string was instead tuned to B 1 then the four melody strings would be tuned to B 1 F2 C3 and F3 3 History EditIt is an ancient instrument rarely played today The rudra veena declined in popularity in part due to the introduction in the early 19th century of the surbahar which allowed sitarists to more easily present the alap sections of slow dhrupad style ragas In the 20th century Zia Mohiuddin Dagar modified and redesigned the rudra veena to use bigger gourds a thicker tube dandi thicker steel playing strings 0 45 0 47 mm and closed javari that This produced a soft and deep sound when plucked without the use of any plectrum mizrab The instrument was further modified as the shruti veena by Lalmani Misra to establish Bharat s Shadja Gram and obtain the 22 shrutis 11 Gallery Edit Maiden playing the vina Venugopala Shrine of Ranganatha Temple Srirangam Early 17th century Ca 1605 Portrait of Naubat Khan by Ustad Mansur Mughal School ca 1605 British Museum London 12 The instrument is depicted with two strings Naubat Khan Kalawant playing a three stringed rudra veena 1690 1696 C E Man playing rudra veena Ca 1700 Saraswati riding a white bird and holding a northern style bin rudra vina The instrument is depicted with four strings 1808 1812 Illustration of a bin labeled qaplious At the time the instrument illustrated was fretless similar to the pinaka vina it used a stick to slide on the string and chose notes 1825 Miyan Himmat Khan Kalawant playing a bin page from the Tasrih al aqvam The bin has four main strings that could be fretted and two side strings 1891 A Bin Player by William Gibb The instrument depicted had four main strings that could be fretted and three side strings Bird on rudra veena string holder Veena Maharaj Dattatreya Rama Rao Parvatikar 1916 1990 playing the Rudra veena Ustad Asad Ali Khan playing the Rudra veena in traditional style source source source source source source source source Video A rudra veena or bin is played by Mohi Baha ud din Dagar in dagarbani style See also Edit India portal Music portalMohan VeenaReferences Edit Peddi Sowjanya 26 November 2015 Mastering the king of instruments Thehindu com Retrieved 1 December 2021 a b c d Stick Zither with Gourd Resonators Rudra Vina or Bin Northern India at the National Music Museum Collections nmmusd org Retrieved 1 December 2021 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Dick Alastair Widdess Richard Bruguiere Philippe Geekie Gordon 29 October 2019 Viṇa Grove Music Online doi 10 1093 omo 9781561592630 013 90000347354 ISBN 9781561592630 retrieved 13 July 2021 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a Missing or empty title help a b c The Tribune Chandigarh India Arts Tribune Tribuneindia com Retrieved 1 December 2021 a b c d Ustad Bahauddin Dagar interview Dhrupad flourishing branches dwindling roots Darbar org Retrieved 1 December 2021 a b What is the future of ancient rudra veena in Hindustani classical 17 October 2017 Knight Roderick The Knight Revision of Hornbostel Sachs a new look at musical instrument classification PDF p 23 Retrieved 13 July 2021 a b c d e f Brizard Renaud 2018 Raga Yaman Sleeve notes Ustad Zia Mohiuddin Dagar Ideologic Organ Editions Mego a b c d e f g h Koch Lars Christian direction Rudra vina der Bau eines nordindischen Saiteninstruments in der Tradition von Kanailal amp Bros Rudra veena manufacturing of an Indian string instrument in the tradition of Kanailal amp Bros DVD in English with German and English subtitles Berlin Ethnologisches Museum Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz 2007 OCLC 662735435 Timmins R J Kawanishi K Giman B Lynam A J Chan B Steinmetz R Baral H S Samba Kumar N 2015 Rusa unicolor IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 e T41790A85628124 Shruti Veena Articles OMENAD Omenad net Retrieved 19 April 2021 Bonnie C Wade January 1998 Imaging Sound An Ethnomusicological Study of Music Art and Culture in Mughal India University of Chicago Press p 119 ISBN 978 0 226 86841 7 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rudra veena Rudra Veena Rudra Veena Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rudra veena amp oldid 1131039135, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
