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Bruce Lee

January 20, 2023

This article is about the martial artist and actor. For other uses, see Bruce Lee (disambiguation).

In this Hong Kong name, the surname is Lee.

Bruce Lee (Chinese: 李小龍; born Lee Jun-fan, 李振藩; November 27, 1940 – July 20, 1973) was a Hong Kong and American martial artist and actor.[2] He was the founder of Jeet Kune Do, a hybrid martial arts philosophy drawing from different combat disciplines that is often credited with paving the way for modern mixed martial arts (MMA). Lee is considered by critics, media, and other martial artists to be the most influential martial artist of all time and a pop culture icon of the 20th century, who bridged the gap between East and West. He is credited with promoting Hong Kong action cinema and helping to change the way Asians were presented in American films.[3]

Bruce Lee
李小龍
Lee in 1971
Born
Lee Jun-fan (李振藩)

(1940-11-27)November 27, 1940
San Francisco, California, U.S.
DiedJuly 20, 1973(1973-07-20) (aged 32)
Kowloon, British Hong Kong
Cause of deathCerebral edema
Resting placeLake View Cemetery, Seattle, Washington, U.S.
Other names
  • Lee Siu-lung
  • Lee Yuen-cham
  • Lee Yuen-kam
Citizenship
  • United States[1]
  • British Hong Kong
Alma materUniversity of Washington
Occupations
Years active1941–1973
Spouse
​
(m. 1964)​
Children
Parents
Relatives
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese李小龍
Simplified Chinese李小龙
JyutpingLei5 Siu2-lung4
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinLǐ Xiǎolóng
Yue: Cantonese
JyutpingLei5 Siu2-lung4
Lee Jun-fan
Chinese李振藩
JyutpingLei5 Zan3-faan4
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinLǐ Zhènfān
Yue: Cantonese
JyutpingLei5 Zan3-faan4
WebsiteBruce Lee Foundation
Signature

Born in San Francisco and raised in British Hong Kong, Lee was introduced to the Hong Kong film industry as a child actor by his father. However, these were not martial arts films. His early martial arts experience included Wing Chun (trained under Yip Man), tai chi, boxing (winning a Hong Kong boxing tournament), and apparently frequent street fighting (neighbourhood and rooftop fights). In 1959, Lee, having U.S. citizenship due to his birth, was able to move to Seattle. In 1961, he enrolled in the University of Washington.[4] It was during this time in the United States that he began considering making money by teaching martial arts, even though he aspired to have a career in acting. He opened his first martial arts school, operated out of home in Seattle. After later adding a second school in Oakland, California, he once drew significant attention at the 1964 Long Beach International Karate Championships of California by making demonstrations and speaking. He subsequently moved to Los Angeles to teach, where his students included Chuck Norris, Sharon Tate, and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. In the 1970s, his Hong Kong and Hollywood-produced films elevated the Hong Kong martial arts films to a new level of popularity and acclaim, sparking a surge of Western interest in Chinese martial arts. The direction and tone of his films dramatically influenced and changed martial arts and martial arts films worldwide.[5]

He is noted for his roles in five feature-length Hong Kong martial arts films in the early 1970s: Lo Wei's The Big Boss (1971) and Fist of Fury (1972); Golden Harvest's The Way of the Dragon (1972), directed and written by Lee; and Golden Harvest and Warner Brothers' Enter the Dragon (1973) and The Game of Death (1978), both directed by Robert Clouse.[6] Lee became an iconic figure known throughout the world, particularly among the Chinese, based upon his portrayal of Chinese nationalism in his films,[7] and among Asian Americans for defying Asian stereotypes.[8] Having initially learnt Wing Chun, tai chi, boxing, and street fighting, he combined them with other influences from various sources into the spirit of his personal martial arts philosophy, which he dubbed Jeet Kune Do (The Way of the Intercepting Fist).[9]

Lee died on July 20, 1973, at the age of 32. Since his death, Lee has continued to be a prominent influence on modern combat sports, including judo, karate, mixed martial arts, and boxing, as well as modern popular culture, including film, television, comics, animation and video games. Time named Lee one of the 100 most important people of the 20th century.

Early life

 
Bruce Lee as a baby with his parents, Grace Ho and Lee Hoi-chuen

Bruce Lee's father Lee Hoi-chuen was a famous Cantonese opera singer based in Hong Kong. In December 1939, his parents went to Chinatown, San Francisco in California for an international opera tour.[10] He was born there on November 27, 1940, making him a dual Hong Kong and United States citizen by birth. At four months old (April 1941), the Lee family returned to Hong Kong.[10] Soon after, the Lee family experienced unexpected hardships over the next four years as Japan, in the midst of World War II, launched a surprise attack on Hong Kong in December 1941 and ruled the city for the next four years.[10]

Bruce's father, Lee Hoi-chuen, was Cantonese, and his mother, Grace Ho, was of Eurasian ancestry.[11] Lee's maternal grandfather was Cantonese, his maternal grandmother was English[12] and his maternal great-uncle, Robert Hotung, was a successful Hong Kong businessman of Dutch Jewish and Cantonese descent.[13]

Career and education

1940–1958: Early roles, schooling and martial arts initiation

Lee's father Lee Hoi-chuen was a famous Cantonese opera star. As a result, the junior Lee was introduced to the world of cinema at a very young age and appeared in several films as a child. Lee had his first role as a baby who was carried onto the stage in the film Golden Gate Girl.[14] He took his Chinese stage name as 李小龍, lit. Lee the Little Dragon, for the fact that he was born in both the hour and the year of the Dragon by the Chinese zodiac.[15]

As a nine-year-old, he would co-star with his father in The Kid in 1950, which was based on a comic book character and was his first leading role.[16] By the time he was 18, he had appeared in twenty films.[15] After attending Tak Sun School (德信學校; several blocks from his home at 218 Nathan Road, Kowloon), Lee entered the primary school division of the Catholic La Salle College at the age of 12.[17]

 
Lee and Yip Man, 1958

In 1956, due to poor academic performance and possibly poor conduct, he was transferred to St. Francis Xavier's College, where he would be mentored by Brother Edward, a teacher and coach of the school boxing team.[13] After Lee was involved in several street fights, his parents decided that he needed to be trained in the martial arts. Lee's friend William Cheung[18] introduced him to Ip Man[when?] but[19] he was rejected from learning Wing Chun Kung Fu under him because of the long-standing rule in the Chinese martial arts world not to teach foreigners.[20] His one quarter European background from his mother's side would be an initial obstacle towards his Wing Chun training; however, Cheung would speak on his behalf and Lee was accepted into the school.[21] Lee began training in Wing Chun with Yip Man.[22] Yip tried to keep his students from fighting in the street gangs of Hong Kong by encouraging them to fight in organised competitions.[23] After a year into his Wing Chun training, most of Yip Man's other students refused to train with Lee when they had learned of his mixed ancestry, as the Chinese were generally against teaching their martial arts techniques to non-Asians.[24][25] Lee's sparring partner, Hawkins Cheung, states, "Probably fewer than six people in the whole Wing Chun clan were personally taught, or even partly taught, by Yip Man".[26] However, Lee showed a keen interest in Wing Chun and continued to train privately with Yip Man, William Cheung and Wong Shun-leung.[27]

 
William Cheung and Bruce Lee

In 1958, Bruce won the Hong Kong schools boxing tournament, knocking out the previous champion, Gary Elms, in the final.[13] That year, Lee was also a cha-cha dancer, winning Hong Kong's Crown Colony Cha-Cha Championship.[28]

1959–1964: Continuous studies and martial arts breakthrough

Until his late teens, Lee's street fights became more frequent and included beating the son of a feared triad family.[29] In 1958, after students from a rival Choy Li Fut martial arts school challenged Lee's Wing Chun school, he engaged in a fight on a rooftop. In response to an unfair punch by another boy, Bruce beat him so badly that he knocked out one of his teeth, leading to a complaint by the boy's parents to the police. Lee's mother had to go to a police station and sign a document saying that she would take full responsibility for Bruce's actions if they released him into her custody. Though she did not mention the incident to her husband, she suggested that Bruce, being an American citizen, return to the United States. Lee's father agreed, as Lee's college prospects were he to remain in Hong Kong were not very promising.[30]

The police detective came and he says "Excuse me Mr. Lee, your son is really fighting bad in school. If he gets into just one more fight I might have to put him in jail".

— Robert Lee[31]

In April 1959, Lee's parents decided to send him to the United States to stay with his older sister, Agnes Lee (李秋鳳), who was already living with family friends in San Francisco. After several months, he moved to Seattle in 1959 to continue his high school education, where he also worked for Ruby Chow as a live-in waiter at her restaurant. Chow's husband was a co-worker and friend of Lee's father. Lee's elder brother Peter Lee (李忠琛) would also join him in Seattle for a short stay before moving on to Minnesota to attend college. That year Lee also started to teach martial arts. He called what he taught Jun Fan Gung Fu (literally Bruce Lee's Kung Fu). It was basically his approach to Wing Chun.[32] Lee taught friends he met in Seattle, starting with Judo practitioner Jesse Glover, who continued to teach some of Lee's early techniques. Taky Kimura became Lee's first Assistant Instructor and continued to teach his art and philosophy after Lee's death.[33] Lee opened his first martial arts school, named the Lee Jun Fan Gung Fu Institute, in Seattle.

Lee completed his high school education and received his diploma from Edison Technical School on Capitol Hill in Seattle.[34]

In March 1961, Lee enrolled at the University of Washington and studied dramatic arts, philosophy, psychology, and various other subjects.[35][36] Despite what Lee himself and many others have stated, Lee's official major was drama rather than philosophy according to a 1999 article in the university's alumni publication.[37]

Lee dropped out of college in early 1964 and moved to Oakland to live with James Yimm Lee. James Lee was twenty years senior to Bruce Lee and a well-known Chinese martial artist in the area. Together, they founded the second Jun Fan martial arts studio in Oakland. James Lee was also responsible for introducing Bruce Lee to Ed Parker, an American martial artist. At the invitation of Parker, Lee appeared in the 1964 Long Beach International Karate Championships and performed repetitions of two-finger push-ups (using the thumb and the index finger of one hand) with feet at approximately shoulder-width apart. In the same Long Beach event he also performed the "one inch punch".[38] Lee stood upright, his right foot forward with knees bent slightly, in front of a standing, stationary partner. Lee's right arm was partly extended and his right fist approximately one inch (2.5 cm) away from the partner's chest. Without retracting his right arm, Lee then forcibly delivered the punch to volunteer Bob Baker while largely maintaining his posture, sending Baker backwards and falling into a chair said to be placed behind Baker to prevent injury, though Baker's momentum soon caused him to fall to the floor. Baker recalled, "I told Bruce not to do this type of demonstration again. When he punched me that last time, I had to stay home from work because the pain in my chest was unbearable".[39] It was at the 1964 championships that Lee first met Taekwondo master Jhoon Goo Rhee. The two developed a friendship—a relationship from which they benefited as martial artists. Rhee taught Lee the side kick in detail, and Lee taught Rhee the "non-telegraphic" punch.[40]

In Oakland's Chinatown in 1964, Lee had a controversial private match with Wong Jack-man, a direct student of Ma Kin Fung, known for his mastery of Xingyiquan, Northern Shaolin, and T'ai chi ch'uan. According to Lee, the Chinese community issued an ultimatum to him to stop teaching non-Chinese people. When he refused to comply, he was challenged to a combat match with Wong. The arrangement was that if Lee lost, he would have to shut down his school, while if he won, he would be free to teach white people, or anyone else.[41] Wong denied this, stating that he requested to fight Lee after Lee boasted during one of his demonstrations at a Chinatown theatre that he could beat anyone in San Francisco, and that Wong himself did not discriminate against Whites or other non-Chinese people.[42] Lee commented, "That paper had all the names of the sifu from Chinatown, but they don't scare me".[43] Individuals known to have witnessed the match include Cadwell, James Lee (Bruce Lee's associate, no relation), and William Chen, a teacher of T'ai chi ch'uan.

Wong and William Chen stated that the fight lasted an unusually long 20–25 minutes.[42][44] Wong claims that although he had originally expected a serious but polite bout, Lee aggressively attacked him with intent to kill. When Wong presented the traditional handshake, Lee appeared to accept the greeting, but instead, Lee allegedly thrust his hand as a spear aimed at Wong's eyes. Forced to defend his life, Wong nonetheless asserted that he refrained from striking Lee with killing force when the opportunity presented itself because it could have earned him a prison sentence, but used illegal cufflings under his sleeves. According to Michael Dorgan's 1980 book Bruce Lee's Toughest Fight, the fight ended due to Lee's "unusually winded" condition, as opposed to a decisive blow by either fighter.[42]

However, according to Bruce Lee, Linda Lee Cadwell, and James Yimm Lee, the fight lasted a mere three minutes with a decisive victory for Lee. In Cadwell's account, "The fight ensued, it was a no-holds-barred fight, it took three minutes. Bruce got this guy down to the ground and said 'Do you give up?' and the man said he gave up".[41] A couple of weeks after the bout, Lee gave an interview claiming that he had defeated an unnamed challenger, which Wong says was an obvious reference to him.[42][44] In response, Wong published his own account of the fight in the Chinese Pacific Weekly, a Chinese-language newspaper in San Francisco, with an invitation to a public rematch if Lee was not satisfied with the account. Lee did not respond to the invitation despite his reputation for violently responding to every provocation,[42] and there were no further public announcements by either, though Lee continued to teach white people. Lee had abandoned thoughts of a film career in favour of pursuing martial arts. However, a martial arts exhibition on Long Beach in 1964 eventually led to the invitation by television producer William Dozier for an audition for a role in the pilot for "Number One Son" about Lee Chan, the son of Charlie Chan. The show never materialised, but Dozier saw potential in Lee.[45]

1966–1970: American roles and creating Jeet Kune Do

 
Publicity photo of Williams and Lee for The Green Hornet

From 1966 to 1967, Lee played the role of Kato alongside the title character played by Van Williams in the TV series produced and narrated by William Dozier[46] titled The Green Hornet, based on the radio show by the same name.[47][45] The show lasted only one season (26 episodes) from September 1966 to March 1967. Lee and Williams also appeared as their characters in three crossover episodes of Batman, another William Dozier-produced television series.[48][49][50]

The Green Hornet introduced the adult Bruce Lee to an American audience, and became the first popular American show presenting Asian-style martial arts. The show's director wanted Lee to fight in the typical American style using fists and punches. As a professional martial artist, Lee refused, insisting that he should fight in the style of his expertise. At first, Lee moved so fast that his movements could not be caught on film, so he had to slow them down.[51] During the show's production, Lee also had the chance to become friends with Gene LeBell, who worked as a stuntman in the show. The two would train together and exchange martial knowledge from their respective specialties.[52] After the show was cancelled in 1967, Lee wrote to Dozier thanking him for starting "my career in show business".[51]

In 1967, Lee played a role in one episode of Ironside.

 
The Jeet Kune Do emblem is a registered trademark held by the Bruce Lee Estate. The Chinese characters around the Taijitu symbol read: "Using no way as way" and "Having no limitation as limitation". The arrows represent the endless interaction between yang and yin.[53]

Jeet Kune Do originated in 1967. After filming one season of The Green Hornet, Lee found himself out of work and opened The Jun Fan Gung Fu Institute. The controversial match with Wong Jack-man influenced Lee's philosophy about martial arts. Lee concluded that the fight had lasted too long and that he had failed to live up to his potential using his Wing Chun techniques. He took the view that traditional martial arts techniques were too rigid and formalised to be practical in scenarios of chaotic street fighting. Lee decided to develop a system with an emphasis on "practicality, flexibility, speed, and efficiency". He started to use different methods of training such as weight training for strength, running for endurance, stretching for flexibility, and many others which he constantly adapted, including fencing and basic boxing techniques.[citation needed]

Lee emphasised what he called "the style of no style". This consisted of getting rid of the formalised approach which Lee claimed was indicative of traditional styles. Lee felt that even the system he now called Jun Fan Gung Fu was too restrictive, and it eventually evolved into a philosophy and martial art he would come to call Jeet Kune Do or the Way of the Intercepting Fist. It is a term he would later regret, because Jeet Kune Do implied specific parameters that styles connote, whereas the idea of his martial art was to exist outside of parameters and limitations.[54]

At the time, two of Lee's martial arts students were Hollywood script writer Stirling Silliphant and actor James Coburn. In 1969, the three worked on a script for a film called The Silent Flute, and went together on a location hunt to India. The project was not realised at the time, but the 1978 film Circle of Iron, starring David Carradine, was based on the same plot. In 2010, producer Paul Maslansky was reported to have planned and received funding for a film based on the original script for The Silent Flute.[55] In 1969, Lee made a brief appearance in the Silliphant-penned film Marlowe, where he played a hoodlum hired to intimidate private detective Philip Marlowe, (played by James Garner), who uses his martial arts abilities to commit acts of vandalisation to intimidate Marlowe.[56][57] The same year, he was credited as the karate advisor in The Wrecking Crew, the fourth instalment of the Matt Helm comedy spy-fi film starring Dean Martin.[58] Also that year, Lee acted in one episode of Here Come the Brides and Blondie.[59][60]

In 1970, he was responsible for fight choreography for A Walk in the Spring Rain starring Ingrid Bergman and Anthony Quinn, again written by Silliphant.[61][62]

1971–1973: Hong Kong films and Hollywood breakthrough

In 1971, Lee appeared in four episodes of the television series Longstreet, written by Silliphant. Lee played Li Tsung the martial arts instructor of the title character Mike Longstreet (played by James Franciscus), and important aspects of his martial arts philosophy were written into the script.[63][64] According to statements made by Lee, and also by Linda Lee Cadwell after Lee's death, in 1971 Lee pitched a television series of his own tentatively titled The Warrior, discussions of which were also confirmed by Warner Bros. During a December 9, 1971, television interview on The Pierre Berton Show, Lee stated that both Paramount and Warner Brothers wanted him "to be in a modernized type of a thing, and that they think the Western idea is out, whereas I want to do the Western".[65] According to Cadwell, however, Lee's concept was retooled and renamed Kung Fu, but Warner Bros. gave Lee no credit.[66] Warner Brothers states that they had for some time been developing an identical concept,[67] created by two writers and producers, Ed Spielman and Howard Friedlander in 1969,[68] as stated too by Lee's biographer Matthew Polly.[69] According to these sources, the reason Lee was not cast was because he had a thick accent,[70] but Fred Weintraub attributes that to his ethnicity.[71][72] The role of the Shaolin monk in the Wild West was eventually awarded to then-non-martial-artist David Carradine. In The Pierre Berton Show interview, Lee stated he understood Warner Brothers' attitudes towards casting in the series: "They think that business-wise it is a risk. I don't blame them. If the situation were reversed, and an American star were to come to Hong Kong, and I was the man with the money, I would have my own concerns as to whether the acceptance would be there".[73]

Producer Fred Weintraub had advised Lee to return to Hong Kong and make a feature film which he could showcase to executives in Hollywood.[74] Not happy with his supporting roles in the US, Lee returned to Hong Kong. Unaware that The Green Hornet had been played to success in Hong Kong and was unofficially referred to as "The Kato Show", he was surprised to be recognised as the star of the show.[75] After negotiating with both Shaw Brothers Studio and Golden Harvest, Lee signed a film contract to star in two films produced by Golden Harvest.

Lee played his first leading role in The Big Boss (1971), which proved to be an enormous box office success across Asia and catapulted him to stardom. He soon followed up with Fist of Fury (1972), which broke the box office records set previously by The Big Boss. Having finished his initial two-year contract, Lee negotiated a new deal with Golden Harvest. Lee later formed his own company, Concord Production Inc., with Chow. For his third film, The Way of the Dragon (1972), he was given complete control of the film's production as the writer, director, star, and choreographer of the fight scenes. In 1964, at a demonstration in Long Beach, California, Lee met karate champion Chuck Norris. In The Way of the Dragon Lee introduced Norris to moviegoers as his opponent, their showdown has been characterised as "one of the best fight scenes in martial arts and film history".[76][77] The role had originally been offered to American karate champion Joe Lewis.[78] Fist of Fury and Way of the Dragon went on to gross an estimated US$100 million and US$130 million worldwide, respectively.[79]

From August to October 1972, Lee began work on his fourth Golden Harvest film Game of Death. He began filming some scenes, including his fight sequence with 7 ft 2 in (218 cm) American basketball star Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, a former student. Production stopped in November 1972 when Warner Brothers offered Lee the opportunity to star in Enter the Dragon, the first film to be produced jointly by Concord, Golden Harvest, and Warner Bros. Filming began in Hong Kong in February 1973 and was completed in April 1973.[80] One month into the filming, another production company, Starseas Motion Pictures, promoted Bruce Lee as a leading actor in Fist of Unicorn, although he had merely agreed to choreograph the fight sequences in the film as a favour to his long-time friend Unicorn Chan. Lee planned to sue the production company, but retained his friendship with Chan.[81] However, only a few months after the completion of Enter the Dragon, and six days before its July 26, 1973, release, Lee died. Enter the Dragon would go on to become one of the year's highest-grossing films and cement Lee as a martial arts legend. It was made for US$850,000 in 1973[82] (equivalent to $4 million adjusted for inflation as of 2007).[83] Enter the Dragon is estimated to have grossed over $400 million worldwide,[84] estimated to be the equivalent of over $2 billion adjusted for inflation as of 2022.[85][86] The film sparked a brief fad in martial arts, epitomised in songs such as "Kung Fu Fighting" and some TV shows.

1978–present: Posthumous work

 
Bruce Lee's star at the Avenue of Stars, Hong Kong

Robert Clouse, the director of Enter the Dragon, together with Golden Harvest, revived Lee's unfinished film Game of Death. Lee had shot over 100 minutes of footage, including out-takes, for Game of Death before shooting was stopped to allow him to work on Enter the Dragon. In addition to Abdul-Jabbar, George Lazenby, Hapkido master Ji Han-Jae, and another of Lee's students, Dan Inosanto, were also to appear in the film, which was to culminate in Lee's character, Hai Tien (clad in the now-famous yellow track suit[87][88]) taking on a series of different challengers on each floor as they make their way through a five-level pagoda. In a controversial move, Robert Clouse finished the film using a look-alike and archive footage of Lee from his other films with a new storyline and cast, which was released in 1978. However, the cobbled-together film contained only fifteen minutes of actual footage of Lee (he had printed many unsuccessful takes)[89] while the rest had a Lee look-alike, Kim Tai Chung, and Yuen Biao as stunt double. The unused footage Lee had filmed was recovered 22 years later and included in the documentary Bruce Lee: A Warrior's Journey.

 
Bruce Lee's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame

Apart from Game of Death, other future film projects were planned to feature Lee at the time. In 1972, after the success of The Big Boss and Fist of Fury, a third film was planned by Raymond Chow at Golden Harvest to be directed by Lo Wei, titled Yellow-Faced Tiger. However, at the time, Lee decided to direct and produce his own script for Way of the Dragon instead. Although Lee had formed a production company with Raymond Chow, a period film was also planned from September–November 1973 with the competing Shaw Brothers Studio, to be directed by either Chor Yuen or Cheng Kang, and written by Yi Kang and Chang Cheh, titled The Seven Sons of the Jade Dragon.[90]

In 2015, Perfect Storm Entertainment and Bruce Lee's daughter, Shannon Lee, announced that the series The Warrior would be produced and would air on the Cinemax and filmmaker Justin Lin was chosen to direct the series.[91] Production began on October 22, 2017, in Cape Town, South Africa. The first season will contain 10 episodes.[92] In April 2019, Cinemax renewed the series for a second season.[93]

On March 25, 2021, it was announced that producer Jason Kothari had acquired the rights to The Silent Flute "to become a miniseries, which would have John Fusco as a screenwriter and executive producer.[94]

Unproduced works

Lee had also worked on several scripts himself. A tape containing a recording of Lee narrating the basic storyline to a film tentatively titled Southern Fist/Northern Leg exists, showing some similarities with the canned script for The Silent Flute (Circle of Iron).[95] Another script had the title Green Bamboo Warrior, set in San Francisco, planned to co-star Bolo Yeung and to be produced by Andrew Vajna.[81] Photoshoot costume tests were also organised for some of these planned film projects.

Martial arts and fitness

Further information: Jeet Kune Do
Bruce Lee
StyleJeet Kune Do (founder)
Chinese martial arts (Wing Chun,[96] tai chi),[97]
boxing,[13] street fighting,[29] judo,[52] taekwondo,[40] karate, wrestling,[52] arnis,[98] epée fencing, hapkido, various other styles (by personal tutoring and research)
Teacher(s)Ip Man and Wong Shun-leung (wing chun),
Brother Edward (boxing),[13]
Jhoon Rhee (taekwondo),[40]
Fred Sato and Gene LeBell (judo)[99]
Dan Inosanto (arnis)
Notable studentsJesse Glover, James DeMile, Linda Lee Cadwell, Dan Inosanto, Taky Kimura, Ted Wong, James Yimm Lee, Joe Lewis, Jhoon Rhee, Mike Stone, Gene LeBell, Chuck Norris, Roman Polanski, Sharon Tate, James Coburn, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Brandon Lee, others

Striking

Lee's first introduction to martial arts was through his father, from whom he learned the fundamentals of Wu-style t'ai chi ch'uan.[97] In his teens, Lee became involved in Hong Kong gang conflicts, which led to frequent street fights.[29] The largest influence on Lee's martial arts development was his study of Wing Chun.[96] Lee was 16 years old under the Wing Chun teacher Yip Man, between late 1956 and 1957, after losing to rival gang members. Yip's regular classes generally consisted of the forms practice, chi sao (sticking hands) drills, wooden dummy techniques, and free sparring. There was no set pattern to the classes.[22] Other Chinese martial arts styles Lee trained in were Northern Praying Mantis, Southern Praying Mantis, Eagle Claw, Tan Tui, Law Hon, Mizongyi, Wa K'ung, Monkey, Southern Dragon, Fujian White Crane, Choy Li Fut, Hung Gar, Choy Gar, Fut Gar, Mok Gar, Yau Kung Moon, Li Gar, and Lau Gar.[100][need quotation to verify][page needed]

Lee was also trained in boxing, between 1956 and 1958, by Brother Edward, coach of the St. Francis Xavier's College boxing team. Lee went on to win the Hong Kong schools boxing tournament in 1958, while scoring knockdowns against the previous champion Gary Elms in the final.[13] After moving to the United States, Lee was heavily influenced by heavyweight boxing champion Muhammad Ali, whose footwork he studied and incorporated into his own style in the 1960s.[101]

Lee demonstrated his Jeet Kune Do martial arts at the Long Beach International Karate Championships in 1964 and 1968, with the latter having higher-quality video footage available. Lee can be seen demonstrating quick eye strikes before his opponent can block, and demonstrating the one-inch punch on several volunteers. He also demonstrates chi sao drills while blindfolded against an opponent, probing for weaknesses in his opponent while scoring with punches and takedowns. Lee then participates in a full-contact sparring bout against an opponent, with both wearing leather headgear. Lee can be seen implementing his Jeet Kune Do concept of economical motion, using Ali-inspired footwork to keep out of range while counter-attacking with backfists and straight punches. He also halts attacks with stop-hit side kicks, and quickly executes several sweeps and head kicks. The opponent repeatedly attempts to attack Lee, but is never able to connect with a clean hit; he once manages to come close with a spin kick, but Lee counters it. The footage was reviewed by Black Belt magazine in 1995, concluding that "the action is as fast and furious as anything in Lee's films."[102]

It was at the 1964 championships that Lee first met taekwondo master Jhoon Goo Rhee. While Rhee taught Lee the side kick in detail, Lee taught Rhee the "non-telegraphic" punch.[40] Rhee learned what he calls the "accupunch" from Lee and incorporated it into American taekwondo. The "accupunch" is a rapid fast punch that is very difficult to block, based on human reaction time—"the idea is to finish the execution of the punch before the opponent can complete the brain-to-wrist communication."[103]

Lee also commonly used the oblique kick, made popular much later in mixed martial arts.[104] It is called the jeet tek ("stop kick" or "intercepting kick") in Jeet Kune Do.[105]

Grappling

Lee favored cross-training between different fighting styles, and had a particular interest in grappling.[99] Lee trained with several judo practitioners in Seattle and California, among them Fred Sato, Jesse Glover, Taky Kimura, Hayward Nishioka and Wally Jay, as well as Gene LeBell.[106][99] Many of his first students would be proficient in judo and other arts, and he learned as much as he taught.[107] After befriending LeBell on the set of The Green Hornet, Lee offered to teach him striking arts in exchange for being taught grappling techniques.[52][108] LeBell had also been taught catch wrestling by prestigious grapplers Lou Thesz and Ed Lewis, and notable techniques of both judo and catch wrestling can be seen in Lee's Tao of Jeet Kune Do.[109] He also learned grappling moves from hapkido master Ji Han-jae.[99]

According to Glover, Lee only found judo ineffective at the action of getting hold of the opponent.[99] In their first training together, Glover showed Lee an osoto gari, which Lee considered not a bad technique, but he disliked that Glover had needed to hold onto Lee.[110] While in Seattle, Lee himself developed anti-grappling techniques against opponents trying to tackle him or take him to the ground. Glover also recalled Lee "definitely would not go to the ground if he had the opportunity to get you standing up."[99] Nonetheless, Lee expressed to LeBell a wish to integrate judo into his fighting style.[99] He incorporated the osoto gari into Jeet Kune Do, among other throws, armlocks and chokeholds from judo.[111]

Although Lee opined grappling was of little use on action choreography because it was not visually distinctive,[108] he did showcase grappling moves in his own films, such as Way of the Dragon, where his character finishes his opponent Chuck Norris with a neck hold inspired by LeBell,[52] and Enter the Dragon, whose prologue features Lee submitting his opponent Sammo Hung with an armbar.[99][112] Game of Death also features Lee and Han-jae exchanging grappling moves, as well as Lee using wrestling against the character played by Kareem Abdul-Jabbar.[99]

Lee was also influenced by the training routine of The Great Gama, an Indian/Pakistani pehlwani wrestling champion known for his grappling strength. Lee incorporated Gama's exercises into his own training routine.[113]

Street fighting

Another major influence on Lee was Hong Kong's street fighting culture in the form of rooftop fights. In the mid-20th century, soaring crime in Hong Kong, combined with limited Hong Kong Police manpower, led to many young Hongkongers learning martial arts for self-defence. Around the 1960s, there were about 400 martial arts schools in Hong Kong, teaching their own distinctive styles of martial arts. In Hong Kong's street fighting culture, there emerged a rooftop fight scene in the 1950s and 1960s, where gangs from rival martial arts schools challenged each other to bare-knuckle fights on Hong Kong's rooftops, in order to avoid crackdowns by British colonial authorities. Lee frequently participated in these Hong Kong rooftop fights, and combined different techniques from different martial arts schools into his own hybrid martial arts style.[114]

When Lee returned to Hong Kong in the early 1970s, his reputation as "the fastest fist in the east" routinely led to locals challenging him to street fights; he sometimes accepted these challenges and engaged in street fights, which led to some criticism from the press portraying him as violent at the time.[115]

Fitness

At 172 cm (5 ft 8 in) and weighing 64 kg (141 lb) at the time,[116][better source needed] Lee was renowned for his physical fitness and vigor, achieved by using a dedicated fitness regimen to become as strong as possible. After his match with Wong Jack-man in 1965, Lee changed his approach toward martial arts training. Lee felt that many martial artists of his time did not spend enough time on physical conditioning. Lee included all elements of total fitness—muscular strength, muscular endurance, cardiovascular endurance, and flexibility. He used traditional bodybuilding techniques to build some muscle mass, though not overdone, as that could decrease speed or flexibility. At the same time, with respect to balance, Lee maintained that mental and spiritual preparation are fundamental to the success of physical training in martial arts skills. In Tao of Jeet Kune Do he wrote:

Training is one of the most neglected phases of athletics. Too much time is given to the development of skill and too little to the development of the individual for participation. ... JKD, ultimately is not a matter of petty techniques but of highly developed spirituality and physique.[117]

According to Linda Lee Cadwell, soon after he moved to the United States, Lee started to take nutrition seriously and developed an interest in health foods, high-protein drinks, and vitamin and mineral supplements. He later concluded that achieving a high-performance body was akin to maintaining the engine of a high-performance automobile. Allegorically, as one could not keep a car running on low-octane fuels, one could not sustain one's body with a steady diet of junk food, and with "the wrong fuel", one's body would perform sluggishly or sloppily.[118] Lee also avoided baked goods and refined flour, describing them as providing empty calories that did nothing for his body.[119] He was known for being a fan of Asian cuisine for its variety, and often ate meals with a combination of vegetables, rice, and fish. Lee had a dislike for dairy products and as a result, used powdered milk in his diet.[120]

Dan Inosanto recalls Lee practiced meditation as the first action on his schedule.[106]

Artistry

Philosophy

While best known as a martial artist, Lee also studied drama and Asian and Western philosophy starting while a student at the University of Washington. He was well-read and had an extensive library dominated by martial arts subjects and philosophical texts.[121] His own books on martial arts and fighting philosophy are known for their philosophical assertions, both inside and outside of martial arts circles. His eclectic philosophy often mirrored his fighting beliefs, though he was quick to claim that his martial arts were solely a metaphor for such teachings. He believed that any knowledge ultimately led to self-knowledge, and said that his chosen method of self-expression was martial arts.[122] His influences include Taoism, Jiddu Krishnamurti, and Buddhism.[123] Lee's philosophy was very much in opposition to the conservative worldview advocated by Confucianism.[124] John Little states that Lee was an atheist. When asked in 1972 about his religious affiliation, he replied, "none whatsoever",[125] and when asked if he believed in God, he said, "To be perfectly frank, I really do not."[122]

Poetry

Aside from martial arts and philosophy, which focus on the physical aspect and self-consciousness for truths and principles,[126] Lee also wrote poetry that reflected his emotion and a stage in his life collectively.[127] Many forms of art remain concordant with the artist creating them. Lee's principle of self-expression was applied to his poetry as well. His daughter Shannon Lee said, "He did write poetry; he was really the consummate artist."[128] His poetic works were originally handwritten on paper, then later on edited and published, with John Little being the major author (editor), for Bruce Lee's works. Linda Lee Cadwell (Bruce Lee's wife) shared her husband's notes, poems, and experiences with followers. She mentioned "Lee's poems are, by American standards, rather dark—reflecting the deeper, less exposed recesses of the human psyche".[129]

Most of Bruce Lee's poems are categorised as anti-poetry or fall into a paradox. The mood in his poems shows the side of the man that can be compared with other poets such as Robert Frost, one of many well-known poets expressing himself with dark poetic works. The paradox taken from the Yin and Yang symbol in martial arts was also integrated into his poetry. His martial arts and philosophy contribute a great part to his poetry. The free verse form of Lee's poetry reflects his famous quote "Be formless ... shapeless, like water."[130]

Personal life

Names

Lee's Cantonese birth name was Lee Jun-fan (李振藩).[131] The name homophonically means "return again", and was given to Lee by his mother, who felt he would return to the United States once he came of age.[132] Because of his mother's superstitious nature, she had originally named him Sai-fon (細鳳), which is a feminine name meaning "small phoenix".[31] The English name "Bruce" is thought to have been given by the hospital attending physician, Dr. Mary Glover.[133]

Lee had three other Chinese names: Lee Yuen-cham (李源鑫), a family/clan name; Lee Yuen-kam (李元鑒), which he used as a student name while he was attending La Salle College, and his Chinese screen name Lee Siu-lung (李小龍; Siu-lung means "little dragon").[citation needed] Lee's given name Jun-fan was originally written in Chinese as 震藩; however, the Jun (震) Chinese character was identical to part of his grandfather's name, Lee Jun-biu (李震彪).[citation needed] Hence, the Chinese character for Jun in Lee's name was changed to the homonym 振 instead, to avoid naming taboo in Chinese tradition.[citation needed]

Family

 
Lee and his family

Lee's father, Lee Hoi-chuen, was one of the leading Cantonese opera and film actors at the time and was embarking on a year-long opera tour with his family on the eve of the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong. Lee Hoi-chuen had been touring the United States for many years and performing in numerous Chinese communities there.

Although many of his peers decided to stay in the US, Lee Hoi-chuen returned to Hong Kong after Bruce's birth. Within months, Hong Kong was invaded and the Lees lived for three years and eight months under Japanese occupation. After the war ended, Lee Hoi-chuen resumed his acting career and became a more popular actor during Hong Kong's rebuilding years.

Lee's mother, Grace Ho, was from one of the wealthiest and most powerful clans in Hong Kong, the Ho-tungs. She was the half-niece of Sir Robert Ho-tung,[134][135] the Eurasian patriarch of the clan. As such, the young Bruce Lee grew up in an affluent and privileged environment. Despite the advantage of his family's status, the neighbourhood in which Lee grew up became overcrowded, dangerous, and full of gang rivalries due to an influx of refugees fleeing communist China for Hong Kong, at that time a British Crown Colony.[31]

Grace Ho is reported as either the adopted or biological daughter of Ho Kom-tong (Ho Gumtong, 何甘棠) and the half-niece of Sir Robert Ho-tung, both notable Hong Kong businessmen and philanthropists.[134] Bruce was the fourth of five children: Phoebe Lee (李秋源), Agnes Lee (李秋鳳), Peter Lee, and Robert Lee.

 
With his son Brandon in 1966

Grace's parentage remains unclear. Linda Lee, in her 1989 biography The Bruce Lee Story, suggests that Grace had a German father and was a Catholic.[76] Bruce Thomas, in his influential 1994 biography Bruce Lee: Fighting Spirit, suggests that Grace had a Chinese mother and a German father.[136] Lee's relative Eric Peter Ho, in his 2010 book Tracing My Children's Lineage, suggests that Grace was born in Shanghai to a Eurasian woman named Cheung King-sin.[136] Eric Peter Ho said that Grace Lee was the daughter of a mixed race Shanghainese woman and her father was Ho Kom Tong. Grace Lee said her mother was English and her father was Chinese.[137] Fredda Dudley Balling said Grace Lee was three-quarters Chinese and one-quarter British.[138]

In the 2018 biography Bruce Lee: A Life, Matthew Polly identifies Lee's maternal grandfather as Ho Kom-tong, who had often been reported as his adoptive grandfather. Ho Kom-tong's father, Charles Maurice Bosman,[139] was a Dutch Jewish businessman from Rotterdam.[140] He moved to Hong Kong with the Dutch East India Company and served as the Dutch consul to Hong Kong at one time. He had a Chinese concubine named Sze Tai with whom he had six children, including Ho Kom Tong. Bosman subsequently abandoned his family and immigrated to California.[141] Ho Kom Tong became a wealthy businessman with a wife, 13 concubines, and a British mistress who gave birth to Grace Ho.[142][143][144]

His younger brother Robert Lee Jun-fai is a notable musician and singer, his group The Thunderbirds were famous in Hong Kong.[145][146][147] A few singles were sung mostly or all in English. Also released was Lee singing a duet with Irene Ryder.[148] Lee Jun-fai lived with Lee in Los Angeles in the United States and stayed. After Lee's death, Lee Jun-fai released an album and the single by the same name dedicated to Lee called The Ballad of Bruce Lee.[149] While studying at the University of Washington he met his future wife Linda Emery, a fellow student studying to become a teacher. As relations between people of different races was still banned in many US states, they married in secret in August 1964.[150] Lee had two children with Linda: Brandon (1965–1993) and Shannon Lee (born 1969). Upon's Lee passing in 1973, she continued to promote Bruce Lee's martial art Jeet Kune Do. She wrote the 1975 book Bruce Lee: The Man Only I Knew, on which the 1993 feature film Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story was based.[151] In 1989, she wrote the book The Bruce Lee Story. She retired in 2001 from the family estate.

Lee died when his son Brandon was eight years old. While alive, Lee taught Brandon martial arts and would invite him to visit sets. This gave Brandon the desire to act and went on to study the craft. As a young adult, Brandon Lee found some success acting in action-oriented pictures such as Legacy of Rage (1986), Showdown in Little Tokyo (1991), and Rapid Fire (1992). In 1993, at the age of 28, Brandon Lee died after being accidentally shot by a prop gun on the set of The Crow.

Lee died when his daughter Shannon was four. In her youth she studied Jeet Kune Do under Richard Bustillo, one of her father's students; however, her serious studies did not begin until the late 1990s. To train for parts in action movies, she studied Jeet Kune Do with Ted Wong.[152]

Friends, students, and contemporaries

Lee's brother Robert with his friends Taky Kimura, Dan Inosanto, Steve McQueen, James Coburn, and Peter Chin were his pallbearers.[153] Coburn was a martial arts student and a friend of Lee. Coburn worked with Lee and Stirling Silliphant on developing The Silent Flute. Upon Lee's early death, at his funeral Coburn gave a eulogy.[153] Regarding McQueen, Lee made no secret that he wanted everything McQueen had and would stop at nothing to get it.[154][155][156] Inosanto and Kimura were friends and disciple of Lee. Inosanto who would go on to train Lee's son Brandon.[157][158] Kimura continued to teach Lee's craft in Seattle.[159] According to Lee's wife, Chin was a lifelong family friend and a student of Lee.[160]

James Yimm Lee (no relation) was one of Lee's three personally certified 3rd rank instructors and co-founded the Jun Fan Gung Fu Institute in Oakland where he taught Jun Fan Gung Fu in Lee's absence. James was responsible for introducing Lee to Ed Parker, the organiser of the Long Beach International Karate Championships, where Lee was first introduced to the martial arts community.[161]

Hollywood couple Roman Polanski and Sharon Tate studied martial arts with Lee. Polanski flew Lee to Switzerland to train him. Tate studied with Lee in preparation for her role in The Wrecking Crew. After Tate was murdered by the Manson Family, Polanski initially suspected Lee.[162]

Screenwriter Stirling Silliphant was a martial arts student and a friend of Lee.[163][164] Silliphant worked with Lee and James Coburn on developing The Silent Flute.[165] Lee acted and provided his martial arts expertise in several projects penned by Silliphant, the first in Marlowe (1969) where Lee plays Winslow Wong a hoodlum well versed in martial arts. Lee also did fight choreographies for the film A Walk in the Spring Rain (1970), and played Li Tsung, a Jeet Kune Do instructor who teaches the main character in the television show Longstreet (1971). Elements of his martial arts philosophy were included in the script for the latter.[56][57][61][62][63][64]

Basketball player Kareem Abdul-Jabbar studied martial arts and developed a friendship with Lee.[61]

Actor and karate champion Chuck Norris was a friend and training partner of Lee's.[166] After Lee's passing, Norris said he kept in touch with Lee's family.[167]

Judoka and professional wrestler Gene LeBell became a friend of Lee on the set of The Green Hornet. They trained together and exchanged their knowledge of martial arts.[52][108]

Death

 
Bruce Lee is buried next to his son Brandon at Lake View Cemetery in Seattle.

On May 10, 1973, Lee collapsed during an automated dialogue replacement session for Enter the Dragon at Golden Harvest film studio in Hong Kong. Because he was having seizures and headaches, he was immediately rushed to Hong Kong Baptist Hospital, where doctors diagnosed cerebral edema. They were able to reduce the swelling through the administration of mannitol. The headache and cerebral edema that occurred in his first collapse were later repeated on the day of his death.[168]

On Friday, July 20, 1973, Lee was in Hong Kong to have dinner with actor George Lazenby, with whom he intended to make a film. According to Lee's wife Linda, Lee met producer Raymond Chow at 2 p.m. at home to discuss the making of the film Game of Death. They worked until 4 p.m. and then drove together to the home of Lee's colleague Betty Ting Pei, a Taiwanese actress. The three went over the script at Ting's home, and then Chow left to attend a dinner meeting.[169][170]

Later, Lee complained of a headache, and Ting gave him the painkiller Equagesic, which contained both aspirin and the tranquiliser meprobamate. Around 7:30 p.m., he went to lie down for a nap. When Lee did not come for dinner, Chow came to the apartment, but he was unable to wake Lee up. A doctor was summoned, and spent ten minutes attempting to revive Lee before sending him by ambulance to Queen Elizabeth Hospital. Lee was declared dead on arrival at the age of 32.[171]

There was no visible external injury; however, according to autopsy reports, Lee's brain had swollen considerably, from 1,400 to 1,575 grams (a 13% increase). The autopsy found Equagesic in his system. On October 15, 2005, Chow stated in an interview that Lee died from an allergic reaction to the tranquiliser meprobamate, the main ingredient in Equagesic, which Chow described as an ingredient commonly used in painkillers. When the doctors announced Lee's death, it was officially ruled a "death by misadventure".[172][173]

Lee's wife Linda returned to her hometown of Seattle, and had Lee's body buried in Lake View Cemetery in Seattle.[174][175] Pallbearers at Lee's funeral on July 25, 1973, included Taky Kimura, Steve McQueen, James Coburn, Dan Inosanto, Peter Chin, and Lee's brother Robert.[176] Around the time of Lee's death, numerous rumours appeared in the media.[177] Lee's iconic status and untimely death fed many wild rumours and theories. These included murder involving the triads and a supposed curse on him and his family, rumors that persist to the present day.[178]

Donald Teare, a forensic scientist, recommended by Scotland Yard, who had overseen over 1,000 autopsies, was assigned to the Lee case. His conclusion was "death by misadventure" caused by cerebral edema due to a reaction to compounds present in the combination medication Equagesic. Although there was initial speculation that cannabis found in Lee's stomach may have contributed to his death, Teare said it would "be both 'irresponsible and irrational' to say that [cannabis] might have triggered either the events of Bruce's collapse on May 10 or his death on July 20". Dr. R. R. Lycette, the clinical pathologist at Queen Elizabeth Hospital, reported at the coroner hearing that the death could not have been caused by cannabis.[179]

In a 2018 biography, author Matthew Polly consulted with medical experts and theorised that the cerebral edema that killed Lee had been caused by over-exertion and heat stroke; heat stroke was not considered at the time because it was then a poorly understood condition. Furthermore, Lee had his underarm sweat glands removed in late 1972, in the apparent belief that underarm sweat was unphotogenic on film. Polly further theorised that this caused Lee's body to overheat while practising in hot temperatures on May 10 and July 20, 1973, resulting in heat stroke that in turn exacerbated the cerebral edema that led to his death.[180]

In an article in the December 2022 issue of Clinical Kidney Journal, a team of researchers examined the various theories regarding Lee's cause of death, and concluded that his fatal cerebal edema was brought on by hyponatremia, an insufficient concentration of sodium in the blood. The authors noted that there were several risk factors which predisposed Lee to hyponatremia, including excessive water intake, insufficient solute intake, alcohol consumption, and use or overuse of multiple drugs which impair the ability of the kidneys to excrete excess fluids. Lee's symptoms prior to his death were also found to closely match known cases of fatal hyponatremia.[181]

Legacy and cultural impact

Further information: Bruceploitation and Jeet Kune Do

Lee is considered by commentators, critics, media, and other martial artists to be the most influential martial artist of all time,[182][183][184] and a pop culture icon of the 20th century, who bridged the gap between East and West.[185][186] Time named Lee one of the 100 most important people of the 20th century.[187]

A number of biography books have been written about Bruce Lee. A biography about Lee sold more than 4 million copies by 1988.[188]

Action films

See also: Chopsocky and Hong Kong action cinema

Lee was largely responsible for launching the "kung fu craze" of the 1970s.[189][190] He initially introduced kung fu to the West with American television shows such as The Green Hornet and Kung Fu,[190] before the "kung fu craze" began with the dominance of Hong Kong martial arts films in 1973.[189] Lee's success inspired a wave of Western martial arts films and television shows throughout the 1970s–1990s (launching the careers of Western martial arts stars such as Jean-Claude Van Damme, Steven Seagal and Chuck Norris), as well as the more general integration of Asian martial arts into Western action films and television shows during the 1980s–1990s.[190] Enter the Dragon has been cited as one of the most influential action films of all time. Sascha Matuszak of Vice said Enter the Dragon "is referenced in all manner of media, the plot line and characters continue to influence storytellers today, and the impact was particularly felt in the revolutionizing way the film portrayed African-Americans, Asians and traditional martial arts."[191] Kuan-Hsing Chen and Beng Huat Chua cited fight scenes in Lee's films such as Enter the Dragon as being influential for the way they pitched "an elemental story of good against evil in such a spectacle-saturated way".[192]

A number of action filmmakers around the world have cited Bruce Lee as a formative influence on their careers, including Hong Kong action film directors such as Jackie Chan[193] and John Woo,[194][195] and Hollywood filmmakers such as Quentin Tarantino[196] and Brett Ratner.[195]

Martial arts and combat sports

Jeet Kune Do, a hybrid martial arts philosophy drawing from different combat disciplines that was founded by Lee, is often credited with paving the way for modern mixed martial arts (MMA).[197][198][199] The concept of mixed martial arts was popularised in the West by Bruce Lee via his system of Jeet Kune Do. Lee believed that "the best fighter is not a Boxer, Karate or Judo man. The best fighter is someone who can adapt to any style, to be formless, to adopt an individual's own style and not following the system of styles." In 2004, Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) founder Dana White called Lee the "father of mixed martial arts" and stated: "If you look at the way Bruce Lee trained, the way he fought, and many of the things he wrote, he said the perfect style was no style. You take a little something from everything. You take the good things from every different discipline, use what works, and you throw the rest away".[200] Lee was largely responsible for many people taking up martial arts.[199] These include numerous fighters in combat sports who were inspired by Lee; boxing champion Sugar Ray Leonard said he perfected his jab by watching Lee, boxing champion Manny Pacquiao compared his fighting style to Lee, and UFC champion Conor McGregor also compared himself to Lee and said that he believes Lee would have been a champion in the UFC if he were to compete in the present day.[201]

Lee inspired the foundation of American full-contact kickboxing tournaments by Joe Lewis[199] and Benny Urquidez in the 1970s.[199][202] American taekwondo pioneer Jhoon Goo Rhee learned from Lee what he calls the "accupunch", which he incorporated into American taekwondo; Rhee later coached heavyweight boxing champion Muhammad Ali and taught him the "accupunch", which Ali used to knockout Richard Dunn in 1975.[103] According to heavyweight boxing champion Mike Tyson, "everyone wanted to be Bruce Lee" in the 1970s.[203] UFC pound-for-pound champion Jon Jones also cited Lee as inspiration,[204] with Jones known for frequently using the oblique kick to the knee, a technique that was popularised by Lee.[104] UFC champions Uriah Hall and Anderson Silva also cited Lee as an inspiration.[193] Numerous other UFC fighters have cited Lee as their inspiration, with several referring to him as a "godfather" or "grandfather" of MMA.[205]

Racial barriers and stereotypes

Lee is credited with helping to change the way Asians were presented in American films.[3] He defied Asian stereotypes, such as the emasculated Asian male stereotype.[8] In contrast to earlier stereotypes which depicted Asian men as emasculated, childlike, coolies, or domestic servants, Lee demonstrated that Asian men could be "tough, strong and sexy" according to University of Michigan lecturer Hye Seung Chung. In turn, Lee's popularity inspired a new Asian stereotype, the martial artist.[206]

In North America, his films initially played largely to black, Asian and Hispanic audiences. Within black communities, Lee's popularity was second only to heavyweight boxer Muhammad Ali in the 1970s. As Lee broke through to the mainstream, he became a rare non-white movie star in a Hollywood industry dominated by white actors at the time.[207] According to rapper LL Cool J, Lee's films were the first time many non-white American children such as himself had seen a non-white action hero on the big screen in the 1970s.[195]

Popular culture

Numerous entertainment and sports figures around the world have cited Lee as a major influence on their work, including martial arts actors such as Jackie Chan[193] and Donnie Yen,[195] actor-bodybuilder Arnold Schwarzenegger,[195] actor-comedians such as Eddie Murphy[208] and Eddie Griffin,[193] actresses such as Olivia Munn and Dianne Doan,[193] musicians such as Steve Aoki and Rohan Marley,[193] rappers such as LL Cool J and Wu-Tang Clan leader RZA,[194][195] music bands such as the Gorillaz,[195] comedians such as W. Kamau Bell[193] and Margaret Cho,[195] basketball players Stephen Curry and Jamal Murray, skaters Tony Hawk and Christian Hosoi, and American footballer Kyler Murray, among others.[193]

Bruce Lee influenced several comic book writers, notably Marvel Comics founder Stan Lee,[194] who considered Bruce Lee to be a superhero without a costume.[195] Shortly after his death, Lee inspired the Marvel characters Shang-Chi (debuted 1973) and Iron Fist (debuted 1974) as well as the comic book series The Deadly Hands of Kung Fu (debuted 1974). According to Stan Lee, any character that is a martial artist since then owes their origin to Bruce Lee in some form.[195]

Bruce Lee was a formative influence on the development of breakdancing in the 1970s. Early breakdancing pioneers such as the Rock Steady Crew drew inspiration from kung fu moves, as performed by Lee, inspiring dance moves such as the windmill among other breaking moves.[209][195]

In India, Lee films had an influence on Hindi masala films.[210] After the success of Lee films such as Enter the Dragon in India,[211] Deewaar (1975) and later Hindi films incorporated fight scenes inspired by 1970s Hong Kong martial arts films up until the 1990s.[212] According to Indian film star Aamir Khan, when he was a child, "almost every house had a poster of Bruce Lee" in 1970s Bombay.[213]

In Japan, the manga and anime franchises Fist of the North Star (1983–1988) and Dragon Ball (1984–1995) were inspired by Lee films such as Enter the Dragon.[214][215] In turn, Fist of the North Star and especially Dragon Ball are credited with setting the trends for popular shōnen manga and anime from the 1980s onwards.[216][217] Spike Spiegel, the protagonist from the 1998 anime Cowboy Bebop, is seen practising Jeet Kune Do and quotes Lee.[218]

Bruce Lee films such as Game of Death and Enter the Dragon were the foundation for video game genres such as beat 'em up action games and fighting games.[219][220][221] The first beat 'em up game, Kung-Fu Master (1984), was based on Lee's Game of Death.[222] The Street Fighter video game franchise (1987 debut) was inspired by Enter the Dragon, with the gameplay centered around an international fighting tournament, and each character having a unique combination of ethnicity, nationality and fighting style; Street Fighter went on to set the template for all fighting games that followed.[223] Since then, nearly every major fighting game franchise has had a character based on Bruce Lee.[195] In April 2014, Lee was named a featured character in the combat sports video game EA Sports UFC, and is playable in multiple weight classes.[224]

In France, the Yamakasi cited the martial arts philosophy of Bruce Lee as an influence on their development of the parkour discipline in the 1990s, along with the acrobatics of Jackie Chan.[225][226] The Yamakasi considered Lee to be the "unofficial president" of their group.[226]

The Legend of Bruce Lee (2008), a Chinese television drama series based on the life of Bruce Lee, has been watched by over 400 million viewers in China, making it the most-watched Chinese television drama series of all time, as of 2017.[227][228]

In November 2022, it was announced that Ang Lee was directing a biopic on Bruce Lee and that his son Mason Lee was cast to star in the movie. Bruce Lee's daughter, Shannon Lee, is set to produce the film.[229] Ang and Mason Lee are not related to Bruce Lee.

Commercials

Though Bruce Lee did not appear in commercials during his lifetime, his likeness and image has since appeared in hundreds of commercials around the world.[195] Nokia launched an Internet-based campaign in 2008 with staged "documentary-looking" footage of Bruce Lee playing ping-pong with his nunchaku and also igniting matches as they are thrown toward him. The videos went viral on YouTube, creating confusion as some people believed them to be authentic footage.[230]

Honors

Further information: List of awards and honors received by Bruce Lee

Awards

Statues

Places

A theme park dedicated to Lee was built in Jun'an, Guangdong. Mainland Chinese only started watching Bruce Lee films in the 1980s, when videos of classic movies like The Chinese Connection became available.

On January 6, 2009, it was announced that Lee's Hong Kong home (41 Cumberland Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong) would be preserved and transformed into a tourist site by Yu Pang-lin.[237][238] Yu died in 2015 and this plan did not materialise.[239] In 2018, Yu's grandson, Pang Chi-ping, said: "We will convert the mansion into a centre for Chinese studies next year, which provides courses like Mandarin and Chinese music for children."[240]

Filmography

Main article: Bruce Lee filmography

Books

See also

Citations

  1. ^ "Hong Kong Cinemagic – Bruce Lee". from the original on November 23, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  2. ^ . Bruce Lee Foundation. Archived from the original on July 23, 2010.
  3. ^ a b c Stein, Joel (June 14, 1999). . The Time 100. New York. Archived from the original on June 5, 2010. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  4. ^ Lee 1989, p. 41
  5. ^ "Bruce Lee inspired Dev for martial arts". The Times of India. July 1, 2010. Retrieved June 3, 2011.[dead link]
  6. ^ "How Bruce Lee changed the world-Series". The Hindu. India. May 29, 2011. from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
  7. ^ Dennis 1974
  8. ^ a b McDermon, Daniel (January 25, 2017). "How Bruce Lee Exploded a Stereotype With a One-Inch Punch". The New York Times. from the original on October 15, 2018. Retrieved October 15, 2018.
  9. ^ Bruce Lee November 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine at Hong Kong Cinemagic. (look under the 'nationality' section)
  10. ^ a b c 吳貴龍 (2018). 龍影中華──李小龍的光影片段. 中華書局(香港). p. 8.
  11. ^ Description of the parent's racial makeup as described by Robert Lee at minute mark 3:35 in the cable television documentary, First Families: Bruce Lee, which premiered on Fox Family on October 26, 1999.
  12. ^ "Was Bruce Lee of English Descent?". Fightland. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Thomas 1994, pp. 29–30.
  14. ^ Sid Campbell; Greglon Lee (2003). Dragon and the Tiger: The Birth of Bruce Lee's Jeet Kune Do – The Oakland Years. Frog Books. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-1-58394-089-1. from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
  15. ^ a b . Bruce Lee Foundation. Archived from the original on August 22, 2010. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  16. ^ Christopher J. Berry; Mary Ann Farquhar (2006). China on Screen: Cinema and Nation. Columbia University Press. pp. 100–. ISBN 978-0-231-51030-1.
  17. ^ Bruce Thomas (1994). Bruce Lee: Fighting Spirit : a Biography. Frog Books. pp. 11–. ISBN 978-1-883319-25-0.
  18. ^ . cultural-china.com. 2007–2014 cultural-china.com. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved December 26, 2016.
  19. ^ Lallo, Michael (January 20, 2011). "All the right moves". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. onliine. Fairfax Media. Retrieved December 26, 2016.
  20. ^ De Roche, Everett (June 1989). "William Cheung Scene one... Take One". Australasian Blitz Magazine. No. Print edition Vol. 3 No. 3. Blitz Publishers. Gordon and Gotch Ltd. ISSN 0818-9595. from the original on June 2, 2019. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
  21. ^ Chen, Edwin (January 5, 2016). "Bruce Lee Was an Anchor Baby". asamnews.com. No. Online. AsAmNews. from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved November 1, 2020.
  22. ^ a b Black Belt: Bruce Lee Collector's Edition Summer 1993
  23. ^ Black Belt: Bruce Lee Collector's Edition Summer 1993, p. 18.
  24. ^ Thomas 1994, p. 26.
  25. ^ Sharif 2009, p. 56.
  26. ^ Black Belt: Bruce Lee Collector's Edition Summer 1993 p. 19.
  27. ^ Campbell 2006, p. 172.
  28. ^ Lee, Linda; Lee, Mike (1989). The Bruce Lee Story. Black Belt Communications. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-89750-121-7. from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
  29. ^ a b c Linda Lee; Mike Lee (1989). The Bruce Lee Story. Black Belt Communications. pp. 26–. ISBN 978-0-89750-121-7. from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
  30. ^ Burrows, Alyssa (2002). "Bruce Lee". HistoryLink. from the original on May 8, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008.
  31. ^ a b c Bruce Lee: the immortal Dragon, January 29, 2002, A&E Television Networks
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  240. ^ Cheung, Gary (November 18, 2018). "Bruce Lee's Hong Kong mansion to become Chinese studies centre". South China Morning Post. from the original on April 19, 2019.

General bibliography

  • Bishop, James (2004). Bruce Lee: Dynamic Becoming. Dallas: Promethean Press. ISBN 0-9734054-0-6.
  • Bolelli, Daniele (2008). On the Warrior's Path. Blue Snake Books. ISBN 978-1-58394-219-2. from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  • Campbell, Sid (2003). The Dragon and the Tiger: The Birth of Bruce Lee's Jeet Kune Do. Vol. 1 (illustrated ed.). Frog Books. ISBN 1-58394-089-8. from the original on April 6, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
  • Campbell, Sid (2006). Remembering the master (illustrated ed.). Blue Snake Books. ISBN 1-58394-148-7. from the original on April 6, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
  • Cheng, David (1993). Jeet Kune Do Basics: Everything You Need to Get Started in Jeet Kune Do - from Basic Footwork to Training and Tournaments. Turtle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-46290-267-5.
  • Clouse, Robert (1988). Bruce Lee: The Biography (illustrated ed.). Unique Publications. ISBN 0-86568-133-3.
  • Dennis, Felix (1974). Bruce Lee, King of Kung-Fu (illustrated ed.). Wildwood House. ISBN 0-7045-0121-X.
  • Dorgan, Michael (1980). Bruce Lee's Toughest Fight. EBM Kung Fu Academy. from the original on October 18, 2018. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
  • Glover, Jesse R. (1976). Bruce Lee Between Win Chun and Jeet Kune Do. Unspecified vendor. ISBN 0-9602328-0-X.
  • Lee, Bruce (1975). Tao of Jeet Kune Do (reprint ed.). Ohara Publications. ISBN 0-89750-048-2.
  • Lee, Bruce (2008). M. Uyehara (ed.). Bruce Lee's Fighting Method: The Complete Edition (illustrated ed.). Black Belt Communications. ISBN 978-0-89750-170-5.
  • Lee, Linda (1975a). Bruce Lee: the man only I knew. Warner Paperback Library. ISBN 0-446-78774-4.
  • Lee, Linda (1989). The Bruce Lee Story. United States: Ohara Publications. ISBN 0-89750-121-7. from the original on April 5, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
  • Little, John (2001). Bruce Lee: Artist of Life. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-3263-3. from the original on April 5, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
  • Little, John (1996). The Warrior Within – The philosophies of Bruce Lee to better understand the world around you and achieve a rewarding life (illustrated ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-8092-3194-8.
  • Little, John (1997). Words of the Dragon: Interviews 1958–1973 (Bruce Lee). Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-3133-5. from the original on April 5, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
  • Little, John (1997). Jeet Kune Do: Bruce Lee's Commentaries on the Martial Way (illustrated ed.). Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-3132-7. from the original on April 5, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
  • Little, John (1997). The tao of gung fu: a study in the way of Chinese martial art. Bruce Lee Library. Vol. 2 (illustrated ed.). Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-3110-6. from the original on April 5, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
  • Little, John (1998). Bruce Lee: The Art of Expressing the Human Body. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8048-3129-1. from the original on April 5, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
  • Little, John (2002). Striking Thoughts: Bruce Lee's Wisdom for Daily Living (illustrated ed.). Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-3471-7. from the original on April 6, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
  • Polly, Matthew (2018). Bruce Lee: A Life. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-5011-8764-3.
  • Rafiq, Fiaz (2020). Bruce Lee: The Life of a Legend. Foreword by Diana Lee Inosanto. Birlinn. ISBN 978-1-78885-330-9.
  • Sharif, Sulaiman (2009). 50 Martial Arts Myths. new media entertainment ltd. ISBN 978-0-9677546-2-8. from the original on April 5, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
  • Thomas, Bruce (1994). Bruce Lee: Fighting Spirit: a Biography. Berkeley, California: Frog, Ltd. ISBN 1-883319-25-0.
  • Thomas, Bruce (2006). Immortal Combat: Portrait of a True Warrior (illustrated ed.). Blue Snake Books. ISBN 1-58394-173-8. from the original on April 5, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
  • Uyehara, Mitoshi (1993). Bruce Lee: the incomparable fighter (illustrated ed.). Black Belt Communications. ISBN 0-89750-120-9.
  • Vaughn, Jack (1986). The Legendary Bruce Lee. Black Belt Communications. ISBN 0-89750-106-3. from the original on April 6, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
  • Yılmaz, Yüksel (2000). Dövüş Sanatlarının Temel İlkeleri. İstanbul, Turkey: Beyaz Yayınları. ISBN 975-8261-87-8.
  • Yılmaz, Yüksel (2008). Jeet Kune Do'nun Felsefesi. İstanbul, Turkey: Yalın Yayıncılık. ISBN 978-9944-313-67-4.

External links

January 20, 2023
bruce, this, article, about, martial, artist, actor, other, uses, disambiguation, this, hong, kong, name, surname, chinese, 李小龍, born, 李振藩, november, 1940, july, 1973, hong, kong, american, martial, artist, actor, founder, jeet, kune, hybrid, martial, arts, ph. This article is about the martial artist and actor For other uses see Bruce Lee disambiguation In this Hong Kong name the surname is Lee Bruce Lee Chinese 李小龍 born Lee Jun fan 李振藩 November 27 1940 July 20 1973 was a Hong Kong and American martial artist and actor 2 He was the founder of Jeet Kune Do a hybrid martial arts philosophy drawing from different combat disciplines that is often credited with paving the way for modern mixed martial arts MMA Lee is considered by critics media and other martial artists to be the most influential martial artist of all time and a pop culture icon of the 20th century who bridged the gap between East and West He is credited with promoting Hong Kong action cinema and helping to change the way Asians were presented in American films 3 Bruce Lee李小龍Lee in 1971BornLee Jun fan 李振藩 1940 11 27 November 27 1940San Francisco California U S DiedJuly 20 1973 1973 07 20 aged 32 Kowloon British Hong KongCause of deathCerebral edemaResting placeLake View Cemetery Seattle Washington U S Other namesLee Siu lungLee Yuen chamLee Yuen kamCitizenshipUnited States 1 British Hong KongAlma materUniversity of WashingtonOccupationsMartial artistactorYears active1941 1973SpouseLinda Emery m 1964 wbr ChildrenBrandonShannonParentsLee Hoi chuenGrace HoRelativesPeter Lee brother Robert Lee brother Chinese nameTraditional Chinese李小龍Simplified Chinese李小龙JyutpingLei5 Siu2 lung4TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinLǐ XiǎolongYue CantoneseJyutpingLei5 Siu2 lung4Lee Jun fanChinese李振藩JyutpingLei5 Zan3 faan4TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinLǐ ZhenfanYue CantoneseJyutpingLei5 Zan3 faan4WebsiteBruce Lee FoundationSignatureBorn in San Francisco and raised in British Hong Kong Lee was introduced to the Hong Kong film industry as a child actor by his father However these were not martial arts films His early martial arts experience included Wing Chun trained under Yip Man tai chi boxing winning a Hong Kong boxing tournament and apparently frequent street fighting neighbourhood and rooftop fights In 1959 Lee having U S citizenship due to his birth was able to move to Seattle In 1961 he enrolled in the University of Washington 4 It was during this time in the United States that he began considering making money by teaching martial arts even though he aspired to have a career in acting He opened his first martial arts school operated out of home in Seattle After later adding a second school in Oakland California he once drew significant attention at the 1964 Long Beach International Karate Championships of California by making demonstrations and speaking He subsequently moved to Los Angeles to teach where his students included Chuck Norris Sharon Tate and Kareem Abdul Jabbar In the 1970s his Hong Kong and Hollywood produced films elevated the Hong Kong martial arts films to a new level of popularity and acclaim sparking a surge of Western interest in Chinese martial arts The direction and tone of his films dramatically influenced and changed martial arts and martial arts films worldwide 5 He is noted for his roles in five feature length Hong Kong martial arts films in the early 1970s Lo Wei s The Big Boss 1971 and Fist of Fury 1972 Golden Harvest s The Way of the Dragon 1972 directed and written by Lee and Golden Harvest and Warner Brothers Enter the Dragon 1973 and The Game of Death 1978 both directed by Robert Clouse 6 Lee became an iconic figure known throughout the world particularly among the Chinese based upon his portrayal of Chinese nationalism in his films 7 and among Asian Americans for defying Asian stereotypes 8 Having initially learnt Wing Chun tai chi boxing and street fighting he combined them with other influences from various sources into the spirit of his personal martial arts philosophy which he dubbed Jeet Kune Do The Way of the Intercepting Fist 9 Lee died on July 20 1973 at the age of 32 Since his death Lee has continued to be a prominent influence on modern combat sports including judo karate mixed martial arts and boxing as well as modern popular culture including film television comics animation and video games Time named Lee one of the 100 most important people of the 20th century Contents 1 Early life 2 Career and education 2 1 1940 1958 Early roles schooling and martial arts initiation 2 2 1959 1964 Continuous studies and martial arts breakthrough 2 3 1966 1970 American roles and creating Jeet Kune Do 2 4 1971 1973 Hong Kong films and Hollywood breakthrough 2 5 1978 present Posthumous work 2 6 Unproduced works 3 Martial arts and fitness 3 1 Striking 3 2 Grappling 3 3 Street fighting 3 4 Fitness 4 Artistry 4 1 Philosophy 4 2 Poetry 5 Personal life 5 1 Names 5 2 Family 5 3 Friends students and contemporaries 6 Death 7 Legacy and cultural impact 7 1 Action films 7 2 Martial arts and combat sports 7 3 Racial barriers and stereotypes 7 4 Popular culture 7 5 Commercials 8 Honors 8 1 Awards 8 2 Statues 8 3 Places 9 Filmography 10 Books 11 See also 12 Citations 13 General bibliography 14 External linksEarly life Bruce Lee as a baby with his parents Grace Ho and Lee Hoi chuen Bruce Lee s father Lee Hoi chuen was a famous Cantonese opera singer based in Hong Kong In December 1939 his parents went to Chinatown San Francisco in California for an international opera tour 10 He was born there on November 27 1940 making him a dual Hong Kong and United States citizen by birth At four months old April 1941 the Lee family returned to Hong Kong 10 Soon after the Lee family experienced unexpected hardships over the next four years as Japan in the midst of World War II launched a surprise attack on Hong Kong in December 1941 and ruled the city for the next four years 10 Bruce s father Lee Hoi chuen was Cantonese and his mother Grace Ho was of Eurasian ancestry 11 Lee s maternal grandfather was Cantonese his maternal grandmother was English 12 and his maternal great uncle Robert Hotung was a successful Hong Kong businessman of Dutch Jewish and Cantonese descent 13 Career and education1940 1958 Early roles schooling and martial arts initiation Lee s father Lee Hoi chuen was a famous Cantonese opera star As a result the junior Lee was introduced to the world of cinema at a very young age and appeared in several films as a child Lee had his first role as a baby who was carried onto the stage in the film Golden Gate Girl 14 He took his Chinese stage name as 李小龍 lit Lee the Little Dragon for the fact that he was born in both the hour and the year of the Dragon by the Chinese zodiac 15 As a nine year old he would co star with his father in The Kid in 1950 which was based on a comic book character and was his first leading role 16 By the time he was 18 he had appeared in twenty films 15 After attending Tak Sun School 德信學校 several blocks from his home at 218 Nathan Road Kowloon Lee entered the primary school division of the Catholic La Salle College at the age of 12 17 Lee and Yip Man 1958In 1956 due to poor academic performance and possibly poor conduct he was transferred to St Francis Xavier s College where he would be mentored by Brother Edward a teacher and coach of the school boxing team 13 After Lee was involved in several street fights his parents decided that he needed to be trained in the martial arts Lee s friend William Cheung 18 introduced him to Ip Man when but 19 he was rejected from learning Wing Chun Kung Fu under him because of the long standing rule in the Chinese martial arts world not to teach foreigners 20 His one quarter European background from his mother s side would be an initial obstacle towards his Wing Chun training however Cheung would speak on his behalf and Lee was accepted into the school 21 Lee began training in Wing Chun with Yip Man 22 Yip tried to keep his students from fighting in the street gangs of Hong Kong by encouraging them to fight in organised competitions 23 After a year into his Wing Chun training most of Yip Man s other students refused to train with Lee when they had learned of his mixed ancestry as the Chinese were generally against teaching their martial arts techniques to non Asians 24 25 Lee s sparring partner Hawkins Cheung states Probably fewer than six people in the whole Wing Chun clan were personally taught or even partly taught by Yip Man 26 However Lee showed a keen interest in Wing Chun and continued to train privately with Yip Man William Cheung and Wong Shun leung 27 William Cheung and Bruce LeeIn 1958 Bruce won the Hong Kong schools boxing tournament knocking out the previous champion Gary Elms in the final 13 That year Lee was also a cha cha dancer winning Hong Kong s Crown Colony Cha Cha Championship 28 1959 1964 Continuous studies and martial arts breakthrough Until his late teens Lee s street fights became more frequent and included beating the son of a feared triad family 29 In 1958 after students from a rival Choy Li Fut martial arts school challenged Lee s Wing Chun school he engaged in a fight on a rooftop In response to an unfair punch by another boy Bruce beat him so badly that he knocked out one of his teeth leading to a complaint by the boy s parents to the police Lee s mother had to go to a police station and sign a document saying that she would take full responsibility for Bruce s actions if they released him into her custody Though she did not mention the incident to her husband she suggested that Bruce being an American citizen return to the United States Lee s father agreed as Lee s college prospects were he to remain in Hong Kong were not very promising 30 The police detective came and he says Excuse me Mr Lee your son is really fighting bad in school If he gets into just one more fight I might have to put him in jail Robert Lee 31 In April 1959 Lee s parents decided to send him to the United States to stay with his older sister Agnes Lee 李秋鳳 who was already living with family friends in San Francisco After several months he moved to Seattle in 1959 to continue his high school education where he also worked for Ruby Chow as a live in waiter at her restaurant Chow s husband was a co worker and friend of Lee s father Lee s elder brother Peter Lee 李忠琛 would also join him in Seattle for a short stay before moving on to Minnesota to attend college That year Lee also started to teach martial arts He called what he taught Jun Fan Gung Fu literally Bruce Lee s Kung Fu It was basically his approach to Wing Chun 32 Lee taught friends he met in Seattle starting with Judo practitioner Jesse Glover who continued to teach some of Lee s early techniques Taky Kimura became Lee s first Assistant Instructor and continued to teach his art and philosophy after Lee s death 33 Lee opened his first martial arts school named the Lee Jun Fan Gung Fu Institute in Seattle Lee completed his high school education and received his diploma from Edison Technical School on Capitol Hill in Seattle 34 In March 1961 Lee enrolled at the University of Washington and studied dramatic arts philosophy psychology and various other subjects 35 36 Despite what Lee himself and many others have stated Lee s official major was drama rather than philosophy according to a 1999 article in the university s alumni publication 37 Lee dropped out of college in early 1964 and moved to Oakland to live with James Yimm Lee James Lee was twenty years senior to Bruce Lee and a well known Chinese martial artist in the area Together they founded the second Jun Fan martial arts studio in Oakland James Lee was also responsible for introducing Bruce Lee to Ed Parker an American martial artist At the invitation of Parker Lee appeared in the 1964 Long Beach International Karate Championships and performed repetitions of two finger push ups using the thumb and the index finger of one hand with feet at approximately shoulder width apart In the same Long Beach event he also performed the one inch punch 38 Lee stood upright his right foot forward with knees bent slightly in front of a standing stationary partner Lee s right arm was partly extended and his right fist approximately one inch 2 5 cm away from the partner s chest Without retracting his right arm Lee then forcibly delivered the punch to volunteer Bob Baker while largely maintaining his posture sending Baker backwards and falling into a chair said to be placed behind Baker to prevent injury though Baker s momentum soon caused him to fall to the floor Baker recalled I told Bruce not to do this type of demonstration again When he punched me that last time I had to stay home from work because the pain in my chest was unbearable 39 It was at the 1964 championships that Lee first met Taekwondo master Jhoon Goo Rhee The two developed a friendship a relationship from which they benefited as martial artists Rhee taught Lee the side kick in detail and Lee taught Rhee the non telegraphic punch 40 In Oakland s Chinatown in 1964 Lee had a controversial private match with Wong Jack man a direct student of Ma Kin Fung known for his mastery of Xingyiquan Northern Shaolin and T ai chi ch uan According to Lee the Chinese community issued an ultimatum to him to stop teaching non Chinese people When he refused to comply he was challenged to a combat match with Wong The arrangement was that if Lee lost he would have to shut down his school while if he won he would be free to teach white people or anyone else 41 Wong denied this stating that he requested to fight Lee after Lee boasted during one of his demonstrations at a Chinatown theatre that he could beat anyone in San Francisco and that Wong himself did not discriminate against Whites or other non Chinese people 42 Lee commented That paper had all the names of the sifu from Chinatown but they don t scare me 43 Individuals known to have witnessed the match include Cadwell James Lee Bruce Lee s associate no relation and William Chen a teacher of T ai chi ch uan Wong and William Chen stated that the fight lasted an unusually long 20 25 minutes 42 44 Wong claims that although he had originally expected a serious but polite bout Lee aggressively attacked him with intent to kill When Wong presented the traditional handshake Lee appeared to accept the greeting but instead Lee allegedly thrust his hand as a spear aimed at Wong s eyes Forced to defend his life Wong nonetheless asserted that he refrained from striking Lee with killing force when the opportunity presented itself because it could have earned him a prison sentence but used illegal cufflings under his sleeves According to Michael Dorgan s 1980 book Bruce Lee s Toughest Fight the fight ended due to Lee s unusually winded condition as opposed to a decisive blow by either fighter 42 However according to Bruce Lee Linda Lee Cadwell and James Yimm Lee the fight lasted a mere three minutes with a decisive victory for Lee In Cadwell s account The fight ensued it was a no holds barred fight it took three minutes Bruce got this guy down to the ground and said Do you give up and the man said he gave up 41 A couple of weeks after the bout Lee gave an interview claiming that he had defeated an unnamed challenger which Wong says was an obvious reference to him 42 44 In response Wong published his own account of the fight in the Chinese Pacific Weekly a Chinese language newspaper in San Francisco with an invitation to a public rematch if Lee was not satisfied with the account Lee did not respond to the invitation despite his reputation for violently responding to every provocation 42 and there were no further public announcements by either though Lee continued to teach white people Lee had abandoned thoughts of a film career in favour of pursuing martial arts However a martial arts exhibition on Long Beach in 1964 eventually led to the invitation by television producer William Dozier for an audition for a role in the pilot for Number One Son about Lee Chan the son of Charlie Chan The show never materialised but Dozier saw potential in Lee 45 1966 1970 American roles and creating Jeet Kune Do Publicity photo of Williams and Lee for The Green Hornet From 1966 to 1967 Lee played the role of Kato alongside the title character played by Van Williams in the TV series produced and narrated by William Dozier 46 titled The Green Hornet based on the radio show by the same name 47 45 The show lasted only one season 26 episodes from September 1966 to March 1967 Lee and Williams also appeared as their characters in three crossover episodes of Batman another William Dozier produced television series 48 49 50 The Green Hornet introduced the adult Bruce Lee to an American audience and became the first popular American show presenting Asian style martial arts The show s director wanted Lee to fight in the typical American style using fists and punches As a professional martial artist Lee refused insisting that he should fight in the style of his expertise At first Lee moved so fast that his movements could not be caught on film so he had to slow them down 51 During the show s production Lee also had the chance to become friends with Gene LeBell who worked as a stuntman in the show The two would train together and exchange martial knowledge from their respective specialties 52 After the show was cancelled in 1967 Lee wrote to Dozier thanking him for starting my career in show business 51 In 1967 Lee played a role in one episode of Ironside The Jeet Kune Do emblem is a registered trademark held by the Bruce Lee Estate The Chinese characters around the Taijitu symbol read Using no way as way and Having no limitation as limitation The arrows represent the endless interaction between yang and yin 53 Jeet Kune Do originated in 1967 After filming one season of The Green Hornet Lee found himself out of work and opened The Jun Fan Gung Fu Institute The controversial match with Wong Jack man influenced Lee s philosophy about martial arts Lee concluded that the fight had lasted too long and that he had failed to live up to his potential using his Wing Chun techniques He took the view that traditional martial arts techniques were too rigid and formalised to be practical in scenarios of chaotic street fighting Lee decided to develop a system with an emphasis on practicality flexibility speed and efficiency He started to use different methods of training such as weight training for strength running for endurance stretching for flexibility and many others which he constantly adapted including fencing and basic boxing techniques citation needed Lee emphasised what he called the style of no style This consisted of getting rid of the formalised approach which Lee claimed was indicative of traditional styles Lee felt that even the system he now called Jun Fan Gung Fu was too restrictive and it eventually evolved into a philosophy and martial art he would come to call Jeet Kune Do or the Way of the Intercepting Fist It is a term he would later regret because Jeet Kune Do implied specific parameters that styles connote whereas the idea of his martial art was to exist outside of parameters and limitations 54 At the time two of Lee s martial arts students were Hollywood script writer Stirling Silliphant and actor James Coburn In 1969 the three worked on a script for a film called The Silent Flute and went together on a location hunt to India The project was not realised at the time but the 1978 film Circle of Iron starring David Carradine was based on the same plot In 2010 producer Paul Maslansky was reported to have planned and received funding for a film based on the original script for The Silent Flute 55 In 1969 Lee made a brief appearance in the Silliphant penned film Marlowe where he played a hoodlum hired to intimidate private detective Philip Marlowe played by James Garner who uses his martial arts abilities to commit acts of vandalisation to intimidate Marlowe 56 57 The same year he was credited as the karate advisor in The Wrecking Crew the fourth instalment of the Matt Helm comedy spy fi film starring Dean Martin 58 Also that year Lee acted in one episode of Here Come the Brides and Blondie 59 60 In 1970 he was responsible for fight choreography for A Walk in the Spring Rain starring Ingrid Bergman and Anthony Quinn again written by Silliphant 61 62 1971 1973 Hong Kong films and Hollywood breakthrough In 1971 Lee appeared in four episodes of the television series Longstreet written by Silliphant Lee played Li Tsung the martial arts instructor of the title character Mike Longstreet played by James Franciscus and important aspects of his martial arts philosophy were written into the script 63 64 According to statements made by Lee and also by Linda Lee Cadwell after Lee s death in 1971 Lee pitched a television series of his own tentatively titled The Warrior discussions of which were also confirmed by Warner Bros During a December 9 1971 television interview on The Pierre Berton Show Lee stated that both Paramount and Warner Brothers wanted him to be in a modernized type of a thing and that they think the Western idea is out whereas I want to do the Western 65 According to Cadwell however Lee s concept was retooled and renamed Kung Fu but Warner Bros gave Lee no credit 66 Warner Brothers states that they had for some time been developing an identical concept 67 created by two writers and producers Ed Spielman and Howard Friedlander in 1969 68 as stated too by Lee s biographer Matthew Polly 69 According to these sources the reason Lee was not cast was because he had a thick accent 70 but Fred Weintraub attributes that to his ethnicity 71 72 The role of the Shaolin monk in the Wild West was eventually awarded to then non martial artist David Carradine In The Pierre Berton Show interview Lee stated he understood Warner Brothers attitudes towards casting in the series They think that business wise it is a risk I don t blame them If the situation were reversed and an American star were to come to Hong Kong and I was the man with the money I would have my own concerns as to whether the acceptance would be there 73 Producer Fred Weintraub had advised Lee to return to Hong Kong and make a feature film which he could showcase to executives in Hollywood 74 Not happy with his supporting roles in the US Lee returned to Hong Kong Unaware that The Green Hornet had been played to success in Hong Kong and was unofficially referred to as The Kato Show he was surprised to be recognised as the star of the show 75 After negotiating with both Shaw Brothers Studio and Golden Harvest Lee signed a film contract to star in two films produced by Golden Harvest Lee played his first leading role in The Big Boss 1971 which proved to be an enormous box office success across Asia and catapulted him to stardom He soon followed up with Fist of Fury 1972 which broke the box office records set previously by The Big Boss Having finished his initial two year contract Lee negotiated a new deal with Golden Harvest Lee later formed his own company Concord Production Inc with Chow For his third film The Way of the Dragon 1972 he was given complete control of the film s production as the writer director star and choreographer of the fight scenes In 1964 at a demonstration in Long Beach California Lee met karate champion Chuck Norris In The Way of the Dragon Lee introduced Norris to moviegoers as his opponent their showdown has been characterised as one of the best fight scenes in martial arts and film history 76 77 The role had originally been offered to American karate champion Joe Lewis 78 Fist of Fury and Way of the Dragon went on to gross an estimated US 100 million and US 130 million worldwide respectively 79 From August to October 1972 Lee began work on his fourth Golden Harvest film Game of Death He began filming some scenes including his fight sequence with 7 ft 2 in 218 cm American basketball star Kareem Abdul Jabbar a former student Production stopped in November 1972 when Warner Brothers offered Lee the opportunity to star in Enter the Dragon the first film to be produced jointly by Concord Golden Harvest and Warner Bros Filming began in Hong Kong in February 1973 and was completed in April 1973 80 One month into the filming another production company Starseas Motion Pictures promoted Bruce Lee as a leading actor in Fist of Unicorn although he had merely agreed to choreograph the fight sequences in the film as a favour to his long time friend Unicorn Chan Lee planned to sue the production company but retained his friendship with Chan 81 However only a few months after the completion of Enter the Dragon and six days before its July 26 1973 release Lee died Enter the Dragon would go on to become one of the year s highest grossing films and cement Lee as a martial arts legend It was made for US 850 000 in 1973 82 equivalent to 4 million adjusted for inflation as of 2007 83 Enter the Dragon is estimated to have grossed over 400 million worldwide 84 estimated to be the equivalent of over 2 billion adjusted for inflation as of 2022 update 85 86 The film sparked a brief fad in martial arts epitomised in songs such as Kung Fu Fighting and some TV shows 1978 present Posthumous work Bruce Lee s star at the Avenue of Stars Hong KongRobert Clouse the director of Enter the Dragon together with Golden Harvest revived Lee s unfinished film Game of Death Lee had shot over 100 minutes of footage including out takes for Game of Death before shooting was stopped to allow him to work on Enter the Dragon In addition to Abdul Jabbar George Lazenby Hapkido master Ji Han Jae and another of Lee s students Dan Inosanto were also to appear in the film which was to culminate in Lee s character Hai Tien clad in the now famous yellow track suit 87 88 taking on a series of different challengers on each floor as they make their way through a five level pagoda In a controversial move Robert Clouse finished the film using a look alike and archive footage of Lee from his other films with a new storyline and cast which was released in 1978 However the cobbled together film contained only fifteen minutes of actual footage of Lee he had printed many unsuccessful takes 89 while the rest had a Lee look alike Kim Tai Chung and Yuen Biao as stunt double The unused footage Lee had filmed was recovered 22 years later and included in the documentary Bruce Lee A Warrior s Journey Bruce Lee s star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame Apart from Game of Death other future film projects were planned to feature Lee at the time In 1972 after the success of The Big Boss and Fist of Fury a third film was planned by Raymond Chow at Golden Harvest to be directed by Lo Wei titled Yellow Faced Tiger However at the time Lee decided to direct and produce his own script for Way of the Dragon instead Although Lee had formed a production company with Raymond Chow a period film was also planned from September November 1973 with the competing Shaw Brothers Studio to be directed by either Chor Yuen or Cheng Kang and written by Yi Kang and Chang Cheh titled The Seven Sons of the Jade Dragon 90 In 2015 Perfect Storm Entertainment and Bruce Lee s daughter Shannon Lee announced that the series The Warrior would be produced and would air on the Cinemax and filmmaker Justin Lin was chosen to direct the series 91 Production began on October 22 2017 in Cape Town South Africa The first season will contain 10 episodes 92 In April 2019 Cinemax renewed the series for a second season 93 On March 25 2021 it was announced that producer Jason Kothari had acquired the rights to The Silent Flute to become a miniseries which would have John Fusco as a screenwriter and executive producer 94 Unproduced works Lee had also worked on several scripts himself A tape containing a recording of Lee narrating the basic storyline to a film tentatively titled Southern Fist Northern Leg exists showing some similarities with the canned script for The Silent Flute Circle of Iron 95 Another script had the title Green Bamboo Warrior set in San Francisco planned to co star Bolo Yeung and to be produced by Andrew Vajna 81 Photoshoot costume tests were also organised for some of these planned film projects Martial arts and fitnessFurther information Jeet Kune Do Bruce LeeStyleJeet Kune Do founder Chinese martial arts Wing Chun 96 tai chi 97 boxing 13 street fighting 29 judo 52 taekwondo 40 karate wrestling 52 arnis 98 epee fencing hapkido various other styles by personal tutoring and research Teacher s Ip Man and Wong Shun leung wing chun Brother Edward boxing 13 Jhoon Rhee taekwondo 40 Fred Sato and Gene LeBell judo 99 Dan Inosanto arnis Notable studentsJesse Glover James DeMile Linda Lee Cadwell Dan Inosanto Taky Kimura Ted Wong James Yimm Lee Joe Lewis Jhoon Rhee Mike Stone Gene LeBell Chuck Norris Roman Polanski Sharon Tate James Coburn Kareem Abdul Jabbar Brandon Lee othersStriking Lee s first introduction to martial arts was through his father from whom he learned the fundamentals of Wu style t ai chi ch uan 97 In his teens Lee became involved in Hong Kong gang conflicts which led to frequent street fights 29 The largest influence on Lee s martial arts development was his study of Wing Chun 96 Lee was 16 years old under the Wing Chun teacher Yip Man between late 1956 and 1957 after losing to rival gang members Yip s regular classes generally consisted of the forms practice chi sao sticking hands drills wooden dummy techniques and free sparring There was no set pattern to the classes 22 Other Chinese martial arts styles Lee trained in were Northern Praying Mantis Southern Praying Mantis Eagle Claw Tan Tui Law Hon Mizongyi Wa K ung Monkey Southern Dragon Fujian White Crane Choy Li Fut Hung Gar Choy Gar Fut Gar Mok Gar Yau Kung Moon Li Gar and Lau Gar 100 need quotation to verify page needed Lee was also trained in boxing between 1956 and 1958 by Brother Edward coach of the St Francis Xavier s College boxing team Lee went on to win the Hong Kong schools boxing tournament in 1958 while scoring knockdowns against the previous champion Gary Elms in the final 13 After moving to the United States Lee was heavily influenced by heavyweight boxing champion Muhammad Ali whose footwork he studied and incorporated into his own style in the 1960s 101 Lee demonstrated his Jeet Kune Do martial arts at the Long Beach International Karate Championships in 1964 and 1968 with the latter having higher quality video footage available Lee can be seen demonstrating quick eye strikes before his opponent can block and demonstrating the one inch punch on several volunteers He also demonstrates chi sao drills while blindfolded against an opponent probing for weaknesses in his opponent while scoring with punches and takedowns Lee then participates in a full contact sparring bout against an opponent with both wearing leather headgear Lee can be seen implementing his Jeet Kune Do concept of economical motion using Ali inspired footwork to keep out of range while counter attacking with backfists and straight punches He also halts attacks with stop hit side kicks and quickly executes several sweeps and head kicks The opponent repeatedly attempts to attack Lee but is never able to connect with a clean hit he once manages to come close with a spin kick but Lee counters it The footage was reviewed by Black Belt magazine in 1995 concluding that the action is as fast and furious as anything in Lee s films 102 It was at the 1964 championships that Lee first met taekwondo master Jhoon Goo Rhee While Rhee taught Lee the side kick in detail Lee taught Rhee the non telegraphic punch 40 Rhee learned what he calls the accupunch from Lee and incorporated it into American taekwondo The accupunch is a rapid fast punch that is very difficult to block based on human reaction time the idea is to finish the execution of the punch before the opponent can complete the brain to wrist communication 103 Lee also commonly used the oblique kick made popular much later in mixed martial arts 104 It is called the jeet tek stop kick or intercepting kick in Jeet Kune Do 105 Grappling Lee favored cross training between different fighting styles and had a particular interest in grappling 99 Lee trained with several judo practitioners in Seattle and California among them Fred Sato Jesse Glover Taky Kimura Hayward Nishioka and Wally Jay as well as Gene LeBell 106 99 Many of his first students would be proficient in judo and other arts and he learned as much as he taught 107 After befriending LeBell on the set of The Green Hornet Lee offered to teach him striking arts in exchange for being taught grappling techniques 52 108 LeBell had also been taught catch wrestling by prestigious grapplers Lou Thesz and Ed Lewis and notable techniques of both judo and catch wrestling can be seen in Lee s Tao of Jeet Kune Do 109 He also learned grappling moves from hapkido master Ji Han jae 99 According to Glover Lee only found judo ineffective at the action of getting hold of the opponent 99 In their first training together Glover showed Lee an osoto gari which Lee considered not a bad technique but he disliked that Glover had needed to hold onto Lee 110 While in Seattle Lee himself developed anti grappling techniques against opponents trying to tackle him or take him to the ground Glover also recalled Lee definitely would not go to the ground if he had the opportunity to get you standing up 99 Nonetheless Lee expressed to LeBell a wish to integrate judo into his fighting style 99 He incorporated the osoto gari into Jeet Kune Do among other throws armlocks and chokeholds from judo 111 Although Lee opined grappling was of little use on action choreography because it was not visually distinctive 108 he did showcase grappling moves in his own films such as Way of the Dragon where his character finishes his opponent Chuck Norris with a neck hold inspired by LeBell 52 and Enter the Dragon whose prologue features Lee submitting his opponent Sammo Hung with an armbar 99 112 Game of Death also features Lee and Han jae exchanging grappling moves as well as Lee using wrestling against the character played by Kareem Abdul Jabbar 99 Lee was also influenced by the training routine of The Great Gama an Indian Pakistani pehlwani wrestling champion known for his grappling strength Lee incorporated Gama s exercises into his own training routine 113 Street fighting Another major influence on Lee was Hong Kong s street fighting culture in the form of rooftop fights In the mid 20th century soaring crime in Hong Kong combined with limited Hong Kong Police manpower led to many young Hongkongers learning martial arts for self defence Around the 1960s there were about 400 martial arts schools in Hong Kong teaching their own distinctive styles of martial arts In Hong Kong s street fighting culture there emerged a rooftop fight scene in the 1950s and 1960s where gangs from rival martial arts schools challenged each other to bare knuckle fights on Hong Kong s rooftops in order to avoid crackdowns by British colonial authorities Lee frequently participated in these Hong Kong rooftop fights and combined different techniques from different martial arts schools into his own hybrid martial arts style 114 When Lee returned to Hong Kong in the early 1970s his reputation as the fastest fist in the east routinely led to locals challenging him to street fights he sometimes accepted these challenges and engaged in street fights which led to some criticism from the press portraying him as violent at the time 115 Fitness At 172 cm 5 ft 8 in and weighing 64 kg 141 lb at the time 116 better source needed Lee was renowned for his physical fitness and vigor achieved by using a dedicated fitness regimen to become as strong as possible After his match with Wong Jack man in 1965 Lee changed his approach toward martial arts training Lee felt that many martial artists of his time did not spend enough time on physical conditioning Lee included all elements of total fitness muscular strength muscular endurance cardiovascular endurance and flexibility He used traditional bodybuilding techniques to build some muscle mass though not overdone as that could decrease speed or flexibility At the same time with respect to balance Lee maintained that mental and spiritual preparation are fundamental to the success of physical training in martial arts skills In Tao of Jeet Kune Do he wrote Training is one of the most neglected phases of athletics Too much time is given to the development of skill and too little to the development of the individual for participation JKD ultimately is not a matter of petty techniques but of highly developed spirituality and physique 117 According to Linda Lee Cadwell soon after he moved to the United States Lee started to take nutrition seriously and developed an interest in health foods high protein drinks and vitamin and mineral supplements He later concluded that achieving a high performance body was akin to maintaining the engine of a high performance automobile Allegorically as one could not keep a car running on low octane fuels one could not sustain one s body with a steady diet of junk food and with the wrong fuel one s body would perform sluggishly or sloppily 118 Lee also avoided baked goods and refined flour describing them as providing empty calories that did nothing for his body 119 He was known for being a fan of Asian cuisine for its variety and often ate meals with a combination of vegetables rice and fish Lee had a dislike for dairy products and as a result used powdered milk in his diet 120 Dan Inosanto recalls Lee practiced meditation as the first action on his schedule 106 ArtistryPhilosophy While best known as a martial artist Lee also studied drama and Asian and Western philosophy starting while a student at the University of Washington He was well read and had an extensive library dominated by martial arts subjects and philosophical texts 121 His own books on martial arts and fighting philosophy are known for their philosophical assertions both inside and outside of martial arts circles His eclectic philosophy often mirrored his fighting beliefs though he was quick to claim that his martial arts were solely a metaphor for such teachings He believed that any knowledge ultimately led to self knowledge and said that his chosen method of self expression was martial arts 122 His influences include Taoism Jiddu Krishnamurti and Buddhism 123 Lee s philosophy was very much in opposition to the conservative worldview advocated by Confucianism 124 John Little states that Lee was an atheist When asked in 1972 about his religious affiliation he replied none whatsoever 125 and when asked if he believed in God he said To be perfectly frank I really do not 122 Poetry Aside from martial arts and philosophy which focus on the physical aspect and self consciousness for truths and principles 126 Lee also wrote poetry that reflected his emotion and a stage in his life collectively 127 Many forms of art remain concordant with the artist creating them Lee s principle of self expression was applied to his poetry as well His daughter Shannon Lee said He did write poetry he was really the consummate artist 128 His poetic works were originally handwritten on paper then later on edited and published with John Little being the major author editor for Bruce Lee s works Linda Lee Cadwell Bruce Lee s wife shared her husband s notes poems and experiences with followers She mentioned Lee s poems are by American standards rather dark reflecting the deeper less exposed recesses of the human psyche 129 Most of Bruce Lee s poems are categorised as anti poetry or fall into a paradox The mood in his poems shows the side of the man that can be compared with other poets such as Robert Frost one of many well known poets expressing himself with dark poetic works The paradox taken from the Yin and Yang symbol in martial arts was also integrated into his poetry His martial arts and philosophy contribute a great part to his poetry The free verse form of Lee s poetry reflects his famous quote Be formless shapeless like water 130 Personal lifeNames Lee s Cantonese birth name was Lee Jun fan 李振藩 131 The name homophonically means return again and was given to Lee by his mother who felt he would return to the United States once he came of age 132 Because of his mother s superstitious nature she had originally named him Sai fon 細鳳 which is a feminine name meaning small phoenix 31 The English name Bruce is thought to have been given by the hospital attending physician Dr Mary Glover 133 Lee had three other Chinese names Lee Yuen cham 李源鑫 a family clan name Lee Yuen kam 李元鑒 which he used as a student name while he was attending La Salle College and his Chinese screen name Lee Siu lung 李小龍 Siu lung means little dragon citation needed Lee s given name Jun fan was originally written in Chinese as 震藩 however the Jun 震 Chinese character was identical to part of his grandfather s name Lee Jun biu 李震彪 citation needed Hence the Chinese character for Jun in Lee s name was changed to the homonym 振 instead to avoid naming taboo in Chinese tradition citation needed Family Lee and his family Lee s father Lee Hoi chuen was one of the leading Cantonese opera and film actors at the time and was embarking on a year long opera tour with his family on the eve of the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong Lee Hoi chuen had been touring the United States for many years and performing in numerous Chinese communities there Although many of his peers decided to stay in the US Lee Hoi chuen returned to Hong Kong after Bruce s birth Within months Hong Kong was invaded and the Lees lived for three years and eight months under Japanese occupation After the war ended Lee Hoi chuen resumed his acting career and became a more popular actor during Hong Kong s rebuilding years Lee s mother Grace Ho was from one of the wealthiest and most powerful clans in Hong Kong the Ho tungs She was the half niece of Sir Robert Ho tung 134 135 the Eurasian patriarch of the clan As such the young Bruce Lee grew up in an affluent and privileged environment Despite the advantage of his family s status the neighbourhood in which Lee grew up became overcrowded dangerous and full of gang rivalries due to an influx of refugees fleeing communist China for Hong Kong at that time a British Crown Colony 31 Grace Ho is reported as either the adopted or biological daughter of Ho Kom tong Ho Gumtong 何甘棠 and the half niece of Sir Robert Ho tung both notable Hong Kong businessmen and philanthropists 134 Bruce was the fourth of five children Phoebe Lee 李秋源 Agnes Lee 李秋鳳 Peter Lee and Robert Lee With his son Brandon in 1966 Grace s parentage remains unclear Linda Lee in her 1989 biography The Bruce Lee Story suggests that Grace had a German father and was a Catholic 76 Bruce Thomas in his influential 1994 biography Bruce Lee Fighting Spirit suggests that Grace had a Chinese mother and a German father 136 Lee s relative Eric Peter Ho in his 2010 book Tracing My Children s Lineage suggests that Grace was born in Shanghai to a Eurasian woman named Cheung King sin 136 Eric Peter Ho said that Grace Lee was the daughter of a mixed race Shanghainese woman and her father was Ho Kom Tong Grace Lee said her mother was English and her father was Chinese 137 Fredda Dudley Balling said Grace Lee was three quarters Chinese and one quarter British 138 In the 2018 biography Bruce Lee A Life Matthew Polly identifies Lee s maternal grandfather as Ho Kom tong who had often been reported as his adoptive grandfather Ho Kom tong s father Charles Maurice Bosman 139 was a Dutch Jewish businessman from Rotterdam 140 He moved to Hong Kong with the Dutch East India Company and served as the Dutch consul to Hong Kong at one time He had a Chinese concubine named Sze Tai with whom he had six children including Ho Kom Tong Bosman subsequently abandoned his family and immigrated to California 141 Ho Kom Tong became a wealthy businessman with a wife 13 concubines and a British mistress who gave birth to Grace Ho 142 143 144 His younger brother Robert Lee Jun fai is a notable musician and singer his group The Thunderbirds were famous in Hong Kong 145 146 147 A few singles were sung mostly or all in English Also released was Lee singing a duet with Irene Ryder 148 Lee Jun fai lived with Lee in Los Angeles in the United States and stayed After Lee s death Lee Jun fai released an album and the single by the same name dedicated to Lee called The Ballad of Bruce Lee 149 While studying at the University of Washington he met his future wife Linda Emery a fellow student studying to become a teacher As relations between people of different races was still banned in many US states they married in secret in August 1964 150 Lee had two children with Linda Brandon 1965 1993 and Shannon Lee born 1969 Upon s Lee passing in 1973 she continued to promote Bruce Lee s martial art Jeet Kune Do She wrote the 1975 book Bruce Lee The Man Only I Knew on which the 1993 feature film Dragon The Bruce Lee Story was based 151 In 1989 she wrote the book The Bruce Lee Story She retired in 2001 from the family estate Lee died when his son Brandon was eight years old While alive Lee taught Brandon martial arts and would invite him to visit sets This gave Brandon the desire to act and went on to study the craft As a young adult Brandon Lee found some success acting in action oriented pictures such as Legacy of Rage 1986 Showdown in Little Tokyo 1991 and Rapid Fire 1992 In 1993 at the age of 28 Brandon Lee died after being accidentally shot by a prop gun on the set of The Crow Lee died when his daughter Shannon was four In her youth she studied Jeet Kune Do under Richard Bustillo one of her father s students however her serious studies did not begin until the late 1990s To train for parts in action movies she studied Jeet Kune Do with Ted Wong 152 Friends students and contemporaries Lee s brother Robert with his friends Taky Kimura Dan Inosanto Steve McQueen James Coburn and Peter Chin were his pallbearers 153 Coburn was a martial arts student and a friend of Lee Coburn worked with Lee and Stirling Silliphant on developing The Silent Flute Upon Lee s early death at his funeral Coburn gave a eulogy 153 Regarding McQueen Lee made no secret that he wanted everything McQueen had and would stop at nothing to get it 154 155 156 Inosanto and Kimura were friends and disciple of Lee Inosanto who would go on to train Lee s son Brandon 157 158 Kimura continued to teach Lee s craft in Seattle 159 According to Lee s wife Chin was a lifelong family friend and a student of Lee 160 James Yimm Lee no relation was one of Lee s three personally certified 3rd rank instructors and co founded the Jun Fan Gung Fu Institute in Oakland where he taught Jun Fan Gung Fu in Lee s absence James was responsible for introducing Lee to Ed Parker the organiser of the Long Beach International Karate Championships where Lee was first introduced to the martial arts community 161 Hollywood couple Roman Polanski and Sharon Tate studied martial arts with Lee Polanski flew Lee to Switzerland to train him Tate studied with Lee in preparation for her role in The Wrecking Crew After Tate was murdered by the Manson Family Polanski initially suspected Lee 162 Screenwriter Stirling Silliphant was a martial arts student and a friend of Lee 163 164 Silliphant worked with Lee and James Coburn on developing The Silent Flute 165 Lee acted and provided his martial arts expertise in several projects penned by Silliphant the first in Marlowe 1969 where Lee plays Winslow Wong a hoodlum well versed in martial arts Lee also did fight choreographies for the film A Walk in the Spring Rain 1970 and played Li Tsung a Jeet Kune Do instructor who teaches the main character in the television show Longstreet 1971 Elements of his martial arts philosophy were included in the script for the latter 56 57 61 62 63 64 Basketball player Kareem Abdul Jabbar studied martial arts and developed a friendship with Lee 61 Actor and karate champion Chuck Norris was a friend and training partner of Lee s 166 After Lee s passing Norris said he kept in touch with Lee s family 167 Judoka and professional wrestler Gene LeBell became a friend of Lee on the set of The Green Hornet They trained together and exchanged their knowledge of martial arts 52 108 Death Bruce Lee is buried next to his son Brandon at Lake View Cemetery in Seattle On May 10 1973 Lee collapsed during an automated dialogue replacement session for Enter the Dragon at Golden Harvest film studio in Hong Kong Because he was having seizures and headaches he was immediately rushed to Hong Kong Baptist Hospital where doctors diagnosed cerebral edema They were able to reduce the swelling through the administration of mannitol The headache and cerebral edema that occurred in his first collapse were later repeated on the day of his death 168 On Friday July 20 1973 Lee was in Hong Kong to have dinner with actor George Lazenby with whom he intended to make a film According to Lee s wife Linda Lee met producer Raymond Chow at 2 p m at home to discuss the making of the film Game of Death They worked until 4 p m and then drove together to the home of Lee s colleague Betty Ting Pei a Taiwanese actress The three went over the script at Ting s home and then Chow left to attend a dinner meeting 169 170 Later Lee complained of a headache and Ting gave him the painkiller Equagesic which contained both aspirin and the tranquiliser meprobamate Around 7 30 p m he went to lie down for a nap When Lee did not come for dinner Chow came to the apartment but he was unable to wake Lee up A doctor was summoned and spent ten minutes attempting to revive Lee before sending him by ambulance to Queen Elizabeth Hospital Lee was declared dead on arrival at the age of 32 171 There was no visible external injury however according to autopsy reports Lee s brain had swollen considerably from 1 400 to 1 575 grams a 13 increase The autopsy found Equagesic in his system On October 15 2005 Chow stated in an interview that Lee died from an allergic reaction to the tranquiliser meprobamate the main ingredient in Equagesic which Chow described as an ingredient commonly used in painkillers When the doctors announced Lee s death it was officially ruled a death by misadventure 172 173 Lee s wife Linda returned to her hometown of Seattle and had Lee s body buried in Lake View Cemetery in Seattle 174 175 Pallbearers at Lee s funeral on July 25 1973 included Taky Kimura Steve McQueen James Coburn Dan Inosanto Peter Chin and Lee s brother Robert 176 Around the time of Lee s death numerous rumours appeared in the media 177 Lee s iconic status and untimely death fed many wild rumours and theories These included murder involving the triads and a supposed curse on him and his family rumors that persist to the present day 178 Donald Teare a forensic scientist recommended by Scotland Yard who had overseen over 1 000 autopsies was assigned to the Lee case His conclusion was death by misadventure caused by cerebral edema due to a reaction to compounds present in the combination medication Equagesic Although there was initial speculation that cannabis found in Lee s stomach may have contributed to his death Teare said it would be both irresponsible and irrational to say that cannabis might have triggered either the events of Bruce s collapse on May 10 or his death on July 20 Dr R R Lycette the clinical pathologist at Queen Elizabeth Hospital reported at the coroner hearing that the death could not have been caused by cannabis 179 In a 2018 biography author Matthew Polly consulted with medical experts and theorised that the cerebral edema that killed Lee had been caused by over exertion and heat stroke heat stroke was not considered at the time because it was then a poorly understood condition Furthermore Lee had his underarm sweat glands removed in late 1972 in the apparent belief that underarm sweat was unphotogenic on film Polly further theorised that this caused Lee s body to overheat while practising in hot temperatures on May 10 and July 20 1973 resulting in heat stroke that in turn exacerbated the cerebral edema that led to his death 180 In an article in the December 2022 issue of Clinical Kidney Journal a team of researchers examined the various theories regarding Lee s cause of death and concluded that his fatal cerebal edema was brought on by hyponatremia an insufficient concentration of sodium in the blood The authors noted that there were several risk factors which predisposed Lee to hyponatremia including excessive water intake insufficient solute intake alcohol consumption and use or overuse of multiple drugs which impair the ability of the kidneys to excrete excess fluids Lee s symptoms prior to his death were also found to closely match known cases of fatal hyponatremia 181 Legacy and cultural impactFurther information Bruceploitation and Jeet Kune Do Bruce Lee statue in Hong Kong Lee is considered by commentators critics media and other martial artists to be the most influential martial artist of all time 182 183 184 and a pop culture icon of the 20th century who bridged the gap between East and West 185 186 Time named Lee one of the 100 most important people of the 20th century 187 A number of biography books have been written about Bruce Lee A biography about Lee sold more than 4 million copies by 1988 188 Action films See also Chopsocky and Hong Kong action cinema Lee was largely responsible for launching the kung fu craze of the 1970s 189 190 He initially introduced kung fu to the West with American television shows such as The Green Hornet and Kung Fu 190 before the kung fu craze began with the dominance of Hong Kong martial arts films in 1973 189 Lee s success inspired a wave of Western martial arts films and television shows throughout the 1970s 1990s launching the careers of Western martial arts stars such as Jean Claude Van Damme Steven Seagal and Chuck Norris as well as the more general integration of Asian martial arts into Western action films and television shows during the 1980s 1990s 190 Enter the Dragon has been cited as one of the most influential action films of all time Sascha Matuszak of Vice said Enter the Dragon is referenced in all manner of media the plot line and characters continue to influence storytellers today and the impact was particularly felt in the revolutionizing way the film portrayed African Americans Asians and traditional martial arts 191 Kuan Hsing Chen and Beng Huat Chua cited fight scenes in Lee s films such as Enter the Dragon as being influential for the way they pitched an elemental story of good against evil in such a spectacle saturated way 192 A number of action filmmakers around the world have cited Bruce Lee as a formative influence on their careers including Hong Kong action film directors such as Jackie Chan 193 and John Woo 194 195 and Hollywood filmmakers such as Quentin Tarantino 196 and Brett Ratner 195 Martial arts and combat sports Jeet Kune Do a hybrid martial arts philosophy drawing from different combat disciplines that was founded by Lee is often credited with paving the way for modern mixed martial arts MMA 197 198 199 The concept of mixed martial arts was popularised in the West by Bruce Lee via his system of Jeet Kune Do Lee believed that the best fighter is not a Boxer Karate or Judo man The best fighter is someone who can adapt to any style to be formless to adopt an individual s own style and not following the system of styles In 2004 Ultimate Fighting Championship UFC founder Dana White called Lee the father of mixed martial arts and stated If you look at the way Bruce Lee trained the way he fought and many of the things he wrote he said the perfect style was no style You take a little something from everything You take the good things from every different discipline use what works and you throw the rest away 200 Lee was largely responsible for many people taking up martial arts 199 These include numerous fighters in combat sports who were inspired by Lee boxing champion Sugar Ray Leonard said he perfected his jab by watching Lee boxing champion Manny Pacquiao compared his fighting style to Lee and UFC champion Conor McGregor also compared himself to Lee and said that he believes Lee would have been a champion in the UFC if he were to compete in the present day 201 Lee inspired the foundation of American full contact kickboxing tournaments by Joe Lewis 199 and Benny Urquidez in the 1970s 199 202 American taekwondo pioneer Jhoon Goo Rhee learned from Lee what he calls the accupunch which he incorporated into American taekwondo Rhee later coached heavyweight boxing champion Muhammad Ali and taught him the accupunch which Ali used to knockout Richard Dunn in 1975 103 According to heavyweight boxing champion Mike Tyson everyone wanted to be Bruce Lee in the 1970s 203 UFC pound for pound champion Jon Jones also cited Lee as inspiration 204 with Jones known for frequently using the oblique kick to the knee a technique that was popularised by Lee 104 UFC champions Uriah Hall and Anderson Silva also cited Lee as an inspiration 193 Numerous other UFC fighters have cited Lee as their inspiration with several referring to him as a godfather or grandfather of MMA 205 Racial barriers and stereotypes Lee is credited with helping to change the way Asians were presented in American films 3 He defied Asian stereotypes such as the emasculated Asian male stereotype 8 In contrast to earlier stereotypes which depicted Asian men as emasculated childlike coolies or domestic servants Lee demonstrated that Asian men could be tough strong and sexy according to University of Michigan lecturer Hye Seung Chung In turn Lee s popularity inspired a new Asian stereotype the martial artist 206 In North America his films initially played largely to black Asian and Hispanic audiences Within black communities Lee s popularity was second only to heavyweight boxer Muhammad Ali in the 1970s As Lee broke through to the mainstream he became a rare non white movie star in a Hollywood industry dominated by white actors at the time 207 According to rapper LL Cool J Lee s films were the first time many non white American children such as himself had seen a non white action hero on the big screen in the 1970s 195 Popular culture Numerous entertainment and sports figures around the world have cited Lee as a major influence on their work including martial arts actors such as Jackie Chan 193 and Donnie Yen 195 actor bodybuilder Arnold Schwarzenegger 195 actor comedians such as Eddie Murphy 208 and Eddie Griffin 193 actresses such as Olivia Munn and Dianne Doan 193 musicians such as Steve Aoki and Rohan Marley 193 rappers such as LL Cool J and Wu Tang Clan leader RZA 194 195 music bands such as the Gorillaz 195 comedians such as W Kamau Bell 193 and Margaret Cho 195 basketball players Stephen Curry and Jamal Murray skaters Tony Hawk and Christian Hosoi and American footballer Kyler Murray among others 193 Bruce Lee influenced several comic book writers notably Marvel Comics founder Stan Lee 194 who considered Bruce Lee to be a superhero without a costume 195 Shortly after his death Lee inspired the Marvel characters Shang Chi debuted 1973 and Iron Fist debuted 1974 as well as the comic book series The Deadly Hands of Kung Fu debuted 1974 According to Stan Lee any character that is a martial artist since then owes their origin to Bruce Lee in some form 195 Bruce Lee was a formative influence on the development of breakdancing in the 1970s Early breakdancing pioneers such as the Rock Steady Crew drew inspiration from kung fu moves as performed by Lee inspiring dance moves such as the windmill among other breaking moves 209 195 In India Lee films had an influence on Hindi masala films 210 After the success of Lee films such as Enter the Dragon in India 211 Deewaar 1975 and later Hindi films incorporated fight scenes inspired by 1970s Hong Kong martial arts films up until the 1990s 212 According to Indian film star Aamir Khan when he was a child almost every house had a poster of Bruce Lee in 1970s Bombay 213 In Japan the manga and anime franchises Fist of the North Star 1983 1988 and Dragon Ball 1984 1995 were inspired by Lee films such as Enter the Dragon 214 215 In turn Fist of the North Star and especially Dragon Ball are credited with setting the trends for popular shōnen manga and anime from the 1980s onwards 216 217 Spike Spiegel the protagonist from the 1998 anime Cowboy Bebop is seen practising Jeet Kune Do and quotes Lee 218 Bruce Lee films such as Game of Death and Enter the Dragon were the foundation for video game genres such as beat em up action games and fighting games 219 220 221 The first beat em up game Kung Fu Master 1984 was based on Lee s Game of Death 222 The Street Fighter video game franchise 1987 debut was inspired by Enter the Dragon with the gameplay centered around an international fighting tournament and each character having a unique combination of ethnicity nationality and fighting style Street Fighter went on to set the template for all fighting games that followed 223 Since then nearly every major fighting game franchise has had a character based on Bruce Lee 195 In April 2014 Lee was named a featured character in the combat sports video game EA Sports UFC and is playable in multiple weight classes 224 In France the Yamakasi cited the martial arts philosophy of Bruce Lee as an influence on their development of the parkour discipline in the 1990s along with the acrobatics of Jackie Chan 225 226 The Yamakasi considered Lee to be the unofficial president of their group 226 The Legend of Bruce Lee 2008 a Chinese television drama series based on the life of Bruce Lee has been watched by over 400 million viewers in China making it the most watched Chinese television drama series of all time as of 2017 227 228 In November 2022 it was announced that Ang Lee was directing a biopic on Bruce Lee and that his son Mason Lee was cast to star in the movie Bruce Lee s daughter Shannon Lee is set to produce the film 229 Ang and Mason Lee are not related to Bruce Lee Commercials Though Bruce Lee did not appear in commercials during his lifetime his likeness and image has since appeared in hundreds of commercials around the world 195 Nokia launched an Internet based campaign in 2008 with staged documentary looking footage of Bruce Lee playing ping pong with his nunchaku and also igniting matches as they are thrown toward him The videos went viral on YouTube creating confusion as some people believed them to be authentic footage 230 HonorsFurther information List of awards and honors received by Bruce Lee Awards 1972 Golden Horse Awards Best Mandarin Film 1972 Fist of Fury Special Jury Award 231 1994 Hong Kong Film Award for Lifetime Achievement 231 1999 Named by Time as one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century 3 2004 Star of the Century Award 232 2013 The Asian Awards Founders Award 233 Statues Statue of Bruce Lee Los Angeles unveiled June 15 2013 234 Chinatown Central Plaza Los Angeles California Statue of Bruce Lee Hong Kong 2 5 m 8 2 ft bronze statue of Lee was unveiled on November 27 2005 on what would have been his 65th birthday 235 Statue of Bruce Lee Mostar The day before the Hong Kong statue was dedicated the city of Mostar in Bosnia and Herzegovina unveiled its own 1 68 m 5 5 ft bronze statue supporters of the statue cited Lee as a unifying symbol against the ethnic divisions in the country which had culminated in the 1992 95 Bosnian War 236 Places A theme park dedicated to Lee was built in Jun an Guangdong Mainland Chinese only started watching Bruce Lee films in the 1980s when videos of classic movies like The Chinese Connection became available On January 6 2009 it was announced that Lee s Hong Kong home 41 Cumberland Road Kowloon Hong Kong would be preserved and transformed into a tourist site by Yu Pang lin 237 238 Yu died in 2015 and this plan did not materialise 239 In 2018 Yu s grandson Pang Chi ping said We will convert the mansion into a centre for Chinese studies next year which provides courses like Mandarin and Chinese music for children 240 FilmographyMain article Bruce Lee filmographyBooksChinese Gung Fu The Philosophical Art of Self Defense Bruce Lee s first book 1963 Tao of Jeet Kune Do Published posthumously 1973 Bruce Lee s Fighting Method Published posthumously 1978See alsoMedia about Bruce Lee Bruce Lee comics Bruce Lee Library Bruceploitation Dragon The Bruce Lee Story List of stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame Bruce Lee at 6933 Hollywood Blvd The Legend of Bruce LeeCitations Hong Kong Cinemagic Bruce Lee Archived from the original on November 23 2012 Retrieved December 16 2012 Jun Fan Jeet Kune Do Bruce Lee Foundation Archived from the original on July 23 2010 a b c Stein Joel June 14 1999 Bruce Lee With nothing but his hands feet and a lot of attitude he turned the little guy into a tough guy The Time 100 New York Archived from the original on June 5 2010 Retrieved June 7 2010 Lee 1989 p 41 Bruce Lee inspired Dev for martial arts The Times of India July 1 2010 Retrieved June 3 2011 dead link How Bruce Lee changed the world Series The Hindu India May 29 2011 Archived from the original on October 25 2012 Retrieved June 3 2011 Dennis 1974 a b McDermon Daniel January 25 2017 How Bruce Lee Exploded a Stereotype With a One Inch Punch The New York Times Archived from the original on October 15 2018 Retrieved October 15 2018 Bruce Lee Archived November 23 2012 at the Wayback Machine at Hong Kong Cinemagic look under the nationality section a b c 吳貴龍 2018 龍影中華 李小龍的光影片段 中華書局 香港 p 8 Description of the parent s racial makeup as described by Robert Lee at minute mark 3 35 in the cable television documentary First Families Bruce Lee which premiered on Fox Family on October 26 1999 Was Bruce Lee of English Descent Fightland Retrieved June 19 2020 a b c d e f Thomas 1994 pp 29 30 Sid Campbell Greglon Lee 2003 Dragon and the Tiger The Birth of Bruce Lee s Jeet Kune Do The Oakland Years Frog Books pp 1 ISBN 978 1 58394 089 1 Archived from the original on July 27 2020 Retrieved November 18 2019 a b Biography Bruce Lee Foundation Archived from the original on August 22 2010 Retrieved June 7 2010 Christopher J Berry Mary Ann Farquhar 2006 China on Screen Cinema and Nation Columbia University Press pp 100 ISBN 978 0 231 51030 1 Bruce Thomas 1994 Bruce Lee Fighting Spirit a Biography Frog Books pp 11 ISBN 978 1 883319 25 0 Kaleidoscope Chinese Kungfu cultural china com 2007 2014 cultural china com Archived from the original on December 26 2016 Retrieved December 26 2016 Lallo Michael January 20 2011 All the right moves The Sydney Morning Herald No onliine Fairfax Media Retrieved December 26 2016 De Roche Everett June 1989 William Cheung Scene one Take One Australasian Blitz Magazine No Print edition Vol 3 No 3 Blitz Publishers Gordon and Gotch Ltd ISSN 0818 9595 Archived from the original on June 2 2019 Retrieved January 12 2017 Chen Edwin January 5 2016 Bruce Lee Was an Anchor Baby asamnews com No Online AsAmNews Archived from the original on November 8 2020 Retrieved November 1 2020 a b Black Belt Bruce Lee Collector s Edition Summer 1993 Black Belt Bruce Lee Collector s Edition Summer 1993 p 18 Thomas 1994 p 26 Sharif 2009 p 56 Black Belt Bruce Lee Collector s Edition Summer 1993 p 19 Campbell 2006 p 172 Lee Linda Lee Mike 1989 The Bruce Lee Story Black Belt Communications p 30 ISBN 978 0 89750 121 7 Archived from the original on July 27 2020 Retrieved July 23 2020 a b c Linda Lee Mike Lee 1989 The Bruce Lee Story Black Belt Communications pp 26 ISBN 978 0 89750 121 7 Archived from the original on July 27 2020 Retrieved November 18 2019 Burrows Alyssa 2002 Bruce Lee HistoryLink Archived from the original on May 8 2008 Retrieved May 30 2008 a b c Bruce Lee the immortal Dragon January 29 2002 A amp E Television Networks Wing Chung Gung Fu Hardcore JKD Archived from the original on May 14 2008 Retrieved May 30 2008 Bruce Lee Biography Bruce Lee Foundation Archived from the original on November 19 2012 Retrieved September 4 2012 Bruce Lee and his Seattle roots A retrospective comes to the Wing Northwest Asian Weekly August 11 2014 Retrieved November 25 2021 Little 2001 p 32 Thomas 1994 p 42 U of Washington alumni records Washington edu Archived from the original on February 21 2011 Retrieved January 22 2010 Two Finger Pushup Maniac World Archived from the original on May 21 2008 Retrieved May 30 2008 Vaughn 1986 p 21 a b c d Nilsson Thomas May 1996 With Bruce Lee Taekwondo Pioneer Jhoon Rhee Recounts His 10 Year Friendship With the Dragon Black Belt Magazine 34 5 39 43 Retrieved November 19 2009 a b Bruce Lee The Immortal Dragon January 29 2002 A amp E Television Networks a b c d e Dorgan 1980 Black Belt Bruce Lee Collector s Edition Summer 1993 Rainbow Publications Inc p 117 a b Rossen Jake August 10 2015 Bruce Lee The Time Bruce Lee Was Challenged to a Real Fight Mental Floss New York Archived from the original on July 11 2016 Retrieved July 10 2016 a b Aarons Leroy F October 2 1966 Color Him Green Tampa Bay Times Vol 83 American Heritage Center Blog Bruce Lee Steals the Show in The Green Hornet American Heritage Center The American Heritage Center holds the papers of William Dozier who produced and narrated the TV series The Green Hornet as well as the Batman TV series March 16 2020 Archived from the original on April 10 2020 Retrieved April 5 2020 Green Hornet s Creator Visits TV Scene The Times Herald Vol 56 September 3 1966 Batman TV Guide TVGuide com Archived from the original on November 15 2019 Retrieved November 15 2019 Batman TV Guide TVGuide com Archived from the original on November 15 2019 Retrieved November 15 2019 Batman TV Guide TVGuide com Archived from the original on November 15 2019 Retrieved November 15 2019 a b American Heritage Center Blog Bruce Lee Steals the Show in The Green Hornet American Heritage Center March 16 2020 Archived from the original on April 10 2020 Retrieved April 5 2020 a b c d e f Polly 2018 pp 187 Bishop 2004 p 23 Thomas 1994 p 81 McNary Dave April 15 2010 Bruce Lee s Flute heads to bigscreen Entertainment News Film News Media Variety Archived from the original on October 27 2010 Retrieved February 22 2011 a b Muss H P October 31 1969 Meet Master Of Jeet Kune Do The Cincinnati Enquirer a b AFI Catalog catalog afi com Archived from the original on June 8 2019 Retrieved November 15 2019 AFI Catalog catalog afi com Archived from the original on June 8 2019 Retrieved November 15 2019 Prospective Bridal Pair The Journal Times Vol 113 July 27 1969 Wednesday Chicago Tribune January 4 1969 a b c Heffernan Harold June 19 1969 Hollywood The Times Tribune a b AFI Catalog catalog afi com Archived from the original on June 17 2019 Retrieved November 19 2019 a b Riste Tom November 18 1971 Bruce Lee s Acting adds To Longstreet Arizona Daily Star Vol 130 a b Riste Tom September 18 1971 Longstreet Shines As New Detective Hit Arizona Daily Star Vol 130 From The Pierre Berton Show on YouTube December 9 1971 comments at 7 10 of part 2 Lee 1975a Bleecker Tom 1996 Unsettled Matters The Life amp Death of Bruce Lee Gilderoy Publications The Truth about the Creation of the Kung Fu TV Series Martial Journal Archived from the original on January 30 2021 Retrieved February 20 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link Polly Matthew E 2018 Bruce Lee A Life Simon amp Schuster pp 277 280 321 327 573 574 ISBN 978 1 5011 8762 9 From Grasshopper to Caine on YouTube Bruce Lee Woodstock And Me scribd com Archived from the original on May 1 2021 Retrieved March 8 2021 Weintraub Fred 2012 Bruce Lee Woodstock And Me From The Man Behind A Half Century of Music Movies and Martial Arts Brooktree Canyon Press pp chapter 1 ISBN 978 0 9847152 0 6 From The Pierre Berton Show on YouTube December 9 1971 comments near end of part 2 amp early in part 3 Tale of the Dragon Channel 4 directed by Jess Search Rob Cohen 1993 Director s Commentary Dragon The Bruce Lee Story DVD Universal Pictures a b Lee 1989 John Blake July 7 2018 New Bruce Lee bio debunks kung fu Jesus myth CNN Archived from the original on December 19 2019 Retrieved November 19 2019 Thomas B 1994 Bruce Lee Fighting Spirit Berkeley Frog Ltd Krizanovich Karen 2015 Infographic Guide To The Movies Hachette UK pp 18 9 ISBN 978 1 84403 762 9 Archived from the original on June 8 2020 Retrieved June 8 2020 Bruce Lee s Life Archived from the original on February 18 2020 Retrieved March 14 2020 a b Thomas B 2003 Bruce Lee Fighting Words Berkeley Frog Ltd Polly Matthew 2019 Bruce Lee A Life Simon and Schuster p 478 ISBN 978 1 5011 8763 6 Archived from the original on June 20 2020 Retrieved June 8 2020 Enter the Dragon struck a responsive chord across the globe Made for a minuscule 850 000 it would gross 90 million worldwide in 1973 and go on to earn an estimated 350 million over the next forty five years Inflation Calculator Bureau of Labor Statistics Archived from the original on May 29 2008 Retrieved May 30 2008 Wilson Wayne 2001 Bruce Lee Mitchell Lane Publishers pp 30 1 ISBN 978 1 58415 066 4 After its release Enter the Dragon became Warner Brothers highest grossing movie of 1973 It has earned well over 400 million Risen Clay February 11 2022 Bob Wall Martial Arts Master Who Sparred With Bruce Lee Dies at 82 The New York Times Archived from the original on February 11 2022 Retrieved April 16 2022 Chachowski Richard March 21 2022 The Best Kung Fu Movies Of All Time Ranked Looper com Static Media Retrieved April 16 2022 Film producer Andre Morgan who worked with Lee on the set of Game of Death recalls that a choice had to be made from what was made available a yellow suit or a black suit The yellow suit was chosen because it allowed a footprint from a kick to be seen on film in a fighting scene with Kareem The truth about Bruce Lee s yellow jumpsuit South China Morning Post November 27 2015 Archived from the original on November 28 2015 Bruce Lee the Legend 1977 Paragon Films Ltd 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment Shaw Brothers Film Project Archived from the original on November 3 2011 Retrieved January 6 2011 Andreeva Nellie May 21 2015 Cinemax Developing Bruce Lee Inspired Crime Drama Warrior From Justin Lin Archived from the original on November 15 2020 Retrieved April 16 2020 Andreeva Nellie October 11 2017 Warrior Cinemax Sets Cast amp Director For Bruce Lee Inspired Martial Arts Series Archived from the original on November 15 2020 Retrieved April 16 2020 Andreeva Nellie April 24 2019 Warrior Renewed For Season 2 By Cinemax Deadline Hollywood Archived from the original on November 15 2020 Retrieved April 24 2019 Frater Patrick March 23 2021 Jason Kothari and John Fusco to Produce Bruce Lee Scripted The Silent Flute Variety Archived from the original on March 24 2021 Retrieved March 25 2021 Bruce Lee The Man amp The Legend Documentary Golden Harvest 1973 a b Bruce Haines November 22 2011 Karate s History amp Traditions Tuttle Publishing pp 131 ISBN 978 1 4629 0139 5 Archived from the original on July 27 2020 Retrieved November 18 2019 a b Thomas 1994 p 14 Perry Gil S Mallari November 28 2011 Bruce Lee and Escrima FMA Pulse Archived from the original on January 4 2018 Retrieved August 11 2015 a b c d e f g h i Rafiq 2020 Bruce Lee s Commenatries on The Martial Way and Tao of Jeet Kune Do Expanded Edition Vaughn Jack Lee Mike eds 1986 The Legendary Bruce Lee Black Belt Communications p 127 ISBN 978 0 89750 106 4 Archived from the original on June 17 2020 Retrieved June 15 2020 Bruce Lee Bootleg Videos of the Dragon and How to Find Them Black Belt Vol 33 no 12 Active Interest Media Inc December 1995 pp 78 9 Archived from the original on May 1 2021 Retrieved April 1 2021 a b Jhoon Rhee Father of American Tae Kwon Do jhoonrhee com Archived from the original on May 6 2019 Retrieved May 1 2019 a b Fantaousakis Kostas December 29 2018 UFC 232 Jones vs Gustafsson 2 Moves to look for Bloody Elbow Vox Media Archived from the original on June 16 2020 Retrieved June 16 2020 Instructors Confidential Manual Supplemental Handbook Dorrance Publishing p 98 ISBN 978 1 4349 4062 9 a b Thomas 1994 pp 97 Thomas 1994 pp 35 a b c Thomas 1994 pp 77 Lee 1975 Polly 2018 pp 94 Cheng 1993 Scott Mathew May 21 2019 Bruce Lee and his starring role in the birth of modern mixed martial arts South China Morning Post Retrieved July 5 2021 Little 1998 pp 58 Robles Pablo Wong Dennis Scott Mathew May 21 2019 How Bruce Lee and street fighting in Hong Kong helped create MMA South China Morning Post Retrieved July 6 2021 Elegant Robert S January 21 1973 Chinese movies find market as gore blood fill screen The Sun Herald p 5 Retrieved April 15 2022 via NewspaperArchive Today Bruce Lee is the hottest property in the Chinese film business and the fastest fist in the east as Chow calls him Small boys and some very big boys regularly challenge him to fight when they spy him on the streets Sometimes he accepts for he is full of suppressed violence engendered by a singularly unhappy childhood Bruce Lee china org cn Archived from the original on September 24 2015 Retrieved July 2 2014 Martial Art Disciplines at Hybrid Martial Arts Academy Hybrid Martial Art Archived from the original on April 30 2008 Retrieved May 30 2008 Little 1998 p 162 Little 1998 p 163 Inspirational Bruce Lee s diet and fitness routine newindianexpress com Archived from the original on July 28 2020 Retrieved July 7 2020 Inside Bruce Lee s Personal Library houseofbrucelee blogspot tw Archived from the original on October 6 2016 Retrieved October 5 2016 a b Little 1996 p 122 Bruce Lee A Warrior s Journey at 31m45s Bolelli 2008 p 161 Little 1996 p 128 Lee Bruce 1996 John Little ed The Warrior Within Martial arts Philosophy McGraw Hill ISBN 0 8092 3194 8 Lee Bruce Linda Lee Cadwell 1999 John Little ed Bruce Lee Artist of Life Book Tuttle pp 93 116 ISBN 978 0 8048 3263 2 Lee Shannon Bruce Lee s Poetry Shannon Lee reads one of her father s handwritten poems Poetry Archived from the original on November 6 2012 Retrieved April 17 2012 Lee Bruce Linda Lee Cadwell 1999 Part 4 Poetry In John Little ed Bruce Lee Artist of Life Book Martial Arts Tuttle p 92 ISBN 978 0 8048 3263 2 John Little 1996 Five The Running Water In John Little ed The Warrior Within Book Martial arts Philosophy McGraw Hill p 43 ISBN 0 8092 3194 8 振藩 Mandarin Pinyin Zhenfan Lee 1989 Lee 1989 p 20 Lee Grace 1980 Bruce Lee The Untold Story United States CFW Enterprise a b Kom Tong Hall at 7 Castle Road Mid levels Hong Kong PDF People s Republic of China Archived from the original PDF on June 12 2011 Retrieved September 12 2010 Kom Tong Hall and the Dr Sun Yat sen Museum People s Republic of China January 10 2005 Archived from the original on August 18 2010 Retrieved September 12 2010 a b Russo Charles May 18 2016 Was Bruce Lee of English Descent VICE Fightland Archived from the original on October 25 2016 Russo Charles 2016 Striking Distance Bruce Lee and the Dawn of Martial Arts in America reprint ed U of Nebraska Press p 50 ISBN 978 0 8032 9051 8 Archived from the original on April 6 2019 Retrieved May 23 2018 Balling Fredda Dudley 2017 Little John ed Words of the Dragon Interviews 1958 1973 Tuttle Publishing p 35 ISBN 978 1 4629 1787 7 Archived from the original on April 5 2019 Retrieved May 23 2018 Geneanet Charles Henry Maurice Bosman Archived November 18 2022 at the Wayback Machine accessed May 1 2021 Polly 2018 pp 12 15 Polly 2018 p 12 Polly 2018 p 13 Leibovitz Liel June 1 2018 Bruce Lee Was Jewish Tablet Archived from the original on June 15 2018 Retrieved June 5 2018 Rogovoy Seth June 5 2018 Wait Bruce Lee Was Jewish The Forward Archived from the original on June 14 2018 Retrieved June 6 2018 Web UK Online Bruce Lee Articles In The Shadow Of A Legend Robert Lee Remembers Bruce Lee by Steve Rubinstein Archived March 30 2009 at the Wayback Machine Trans World 60 s Punk Hong Kong 60s Re capture Archived March 7 2007 at the Wayback Machine Tofu An introduction to the music scene which flourished in Hong Kong Macau and Singapore in 1964 1969 Archived November 18 2022 at the Wayback Machine Robert Lee The Thunderbirds Archived November 17 2020 at the Wayback Machine EAMS Compilation Projekt EAMS Compilation Vol 20 Rare Raritaten Archived August 7 2018 at the Wayback Machine Polly 2018 p 140 ON LOCATION Re Enter the Dragon A film biography of kung fu king Bruce Lee who died almost 20 years ago weaves martial arts action with an interracial love story Los Angeles Times October 25 1992 Archived from the original on August 6 2020 Retrieved November 15 2019 Reid Dr Craig D 1999 Shannon Lee Emerging From the Shadows of Bruce Lee the Butterfly Spreads her Wings Black Belt 37 10 33 a b Lee Bruce 1940 1973 Martial Arts Master and Film Maker www historylink org Archived from the original on August 25 2016 Retrieved July 22 2016 Steve McQueen and Bruce Lee Inside Their Hollywood Rivalry Closer Weekly March 5 2019 Archived from the original on November 3 2019 Retrieved November 3 2019 Burrows Alyssa October 21 2002 Lee Bruce 1940 1973 Martial Arts Master and Film Maker History Link org Archived from the original on July 9 2018 Retrieved April 15 2017 Matthew Polly Bruce Lee Wanted To Be The Next Clint Eastwood June 11 2018 Archived from the original on November 3 2019 Retrieved November 3 2019 Family Matters The Age May 30 1993 Tucci Rick 1994 Dan Inosanto Returns to Black Belt Black Belt Magazine Vol 33 no 8 pp 42 43 44 45 48 140 141 Archived from the original on November 17 2020 Retrieved November 4 2020 Lyke M L June 4 1995 Visitors leave objects of devotion on graves of Bruce Lee and son p E 6 Lee Linda Lee Mike 1989 The Bruce Lee Story Black Belt Communications p 75 and 181 ISBN 978 0 89750 121 7 Archived from the original on November 17 2020 Retrieved November 4 2020 Meet James Yimm Lee The Man Who Helped Make Bruce Lee A Success Black Belt Magazine blackbeltmag com April 21 2014 Archived from the original on July 29 2019 Retrieved November 20 2019 The True Story Behind Bruce Lee s Once Upon a Time in Hollywood Character July 24 2019 Archived from the original on July 27 2020 Retrieved July 25 2019 Haber Joyce March 6 1970 All in all it proved a bad day for actor Rex Reed Arizona Republic Wong Herman The new Yellow Peril How U S film critics reviewed Bruce Lee movies in his day Washington Post Archived from the original on November 17 2020 Retrieved November 18 2019 Teen Scene Giving Karate a Chop The Kingston Daily Freeman Vol C January 23 1971 Blank Ed April 3 1983 King Of The Good Guys The Pittsburgh Press Vol 99 Murray Steve May 3 1993 Actor s new kick family values The Atlanta Constitution Thomas 1994 Campbell 2006 p 205 Lee 1989 pp 156 157 Bruce Lee s residence scmp October 24 2012 Archived from the original on June 15 2018 Retrieved June 15 2018 Campbell 2006 p 206 Bruce Lee died of seizure The Hindu India February 26 2006 Archived from the original on August 29 2011 Retrieved June 3 2011 Lakeview Cemetery website Archived November 6 2012 at the Wayback Machine Search for Lee Only use last name Shannon Robin November 17 2007 Cemeteries of Seattle Arcadia Publishing ISBN 978 0 7385 4813 5 Archived from the original on November 17 2020 Retrieved November 4 2020 via Google Books Lee Bruce 1940 1973 Martial Arts Master and Film Maker www historylink org Archived from the original on August 25 2016 Retrieved July 22 2016 Shih Lee Han The Life of the Dragon No Special to asia Lee Han Shih is the founder publisher and editor of asia Magazine asia Magazine Archived from the original on June 15 2011 Retrieved June 1 2009 Bishop 2004 p 157 Thomas 1994 p 209 Polly 2018 pp 473 475 Villalvazo Priscila Fernandez Prado Raul Nino Maria Dolores Sanchez Carriazo Sol Fernandez Fernandez Beatriz Ortiz Alberto Perez Gomez Maria Vanessa March 10 2022 Who killed Bruce Lee The hyponatraemia hypothesis Clinical Kidney Journal 15 12 2169 2176 doi 10 1093 ckj sfac071 ISSN 2048 8505 PMC 9664576 PMID 36381374 The MMA World Pays Tribute to Bruce Lee 40 Years After His Death Archived August 2 2019 at the Wayback Machine Bleacher Report July 20 2013 The Greatest Martial Artists of All Time Archived August 2 2019 at the Wayback Machine Liveabout May 24 2019 Bruce Lee Lives Documentary Archived from the original on June 29 2012 From Icon to Lifestyle the Marketing of Bruce Lee The New York Times December 11 2009 Archived from the original on July 18 2012 Retrieved June 3 2011 Bruce Lee s 70th birth anniversary celebrated The Hindu India November 30 2010 Archived from the original on October 25 2012 Retrieved June 3 2011 Stein Joel June 14 1999 The Gladiator Bruce Lee Time p 3 Archived from the original on March 6 2008 Retrieved August 29 2010 Beale Lewis March 24 1988 Move Over Bruce Lee Jackie Chan Kicks Out Chicago Tribune Archived from the original on June 8 2020 Retrieved June 8 2020 A biography of his life has sold more than four million copies a b Desser David 2002 The Kung Fu Craze Hong Kong Cinema s First American Reception In Fu Poshek Desser David eds The Cinema of Hong Kong History Arts Identity Cambridge University Press pp 19 43 ISBN 978 0 521 77602 8 Archived from the original on June 8 2020 Retrieved June 10 2020 a b c Green Thomas A Svinth Joseph R 2010 Martial Media Martial Arts of the World An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation ABC CLIO pp 527 64 ISBN 978 1 59884 244 9 Archived from the original on June 10 2020 Retrieved June 10 2020 Matuszak Sascha July 1 2015 Bruce Lee s Last Words Enter the Dragon and the Martial Arts Explosion Vice Archived from the original on January 2 2020 Retrieved March 23 2020 Chen Kuan Hsing Chua Beng Huat 2015 The Inter Asia Cultural Studies Reader Routledge p 489 ISBN 978 1 134 08396 1 Archived from the original on June 6 2020 Retrieved June 10 2020 a b c d e f g h Happy 80th Birthday Bruce Lee YouTube BruceLee com November 27 2020 Archived from the original on November 28 2020 Retrieved December 7 2020 a b c How Bruce Lee Changed the World Discovery Channel January 24 2010 Archived from the original on January 24 2010 Retrieved May 16 2022 a b c d e f g h i j k l m How Bruce Lee Changed the World television documentary History Channel Discovery Channel May 17 2009 Retrieved May 16 2022 via YouTube Fitzmaurice Larry August 28 2015 Quentin Tarantino The Complete Syllabus of His Influences and References Vulture com Retrieved May 16 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Bruce Lee s Protege Recalls His Humility Amid Once Upon a Time Criticism Archived August 16 2019 at the Wayback Machine Variety July 31 2019 Dana White and the future of UFC Archived October 7 2018 at the Wayback Machine Fight Times October 1 2004 a b c d Beasley Jerry September 2003 The Man Who Changed the World How Bruce Lee Continues to Influence the American Martial Arts Black Belt Active Interest Media Inc 41 9 54 9 Wickert Marc 2004 Dana White and the future of UFC kucklepit com See Wikiquotes for the text Akintoye Dotun June 6 2020 Could Bruce Lee win a real fight ESPN com ESPN Inc Archived from the original on June 9 2020 Retrieved June 10 2020 Scott Mathew April 11 2020 Benny The Jet Urquidez Bruce Lee Jackie Chan and mixing the martial arts Bloody Elbow Archived from the original on October 11 2020 Retrieved March 21 2021 Tyson Mike Everyone Wanted to be Bruce Lee YouTube Hotboxin with Mike Tyson Archived from the original on January 9 2021 Retrieved January 6 2021 Razvi Sam March 19 2012 Exclusive interview with UFC champion Jon Jones Coach Mag Archived from the original on June 16 2020 Retrieved June 16 2020 Stets Michael July 20 2013 The MMA World Pays Tribute to Bruce Lee 40 Years After His Death Bleacher Report Archived from the original on June 19 2020 Retrieved June 15 2020 In Bruce Lee s Shadow Asians Struggle to Create New Hollywood Images ABC News November 23 2005 Retrieved May 17 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Early Mwanafunzi Gerald January 17 1975 The Fists of Bruce Lee The Daily Pennsylvanian Philadelphia p 4 Retrieved April 7 2022 Bruce Lee at this time rates behind only Muhamnad Ali as the most popular personality for Black folks Lee s films have played largely to Black Puerto Rican and Chinese audiences in America Indeed when The Return of the Dragon was released it grossed an unbelievable 185 000 in one week at two theaters in the Black section of Chicago He became an image a very powerful very beautiful non white image in a world where only Liv Ullman and Robert Redford are supposed to be beautiful Kilkenny Katie Beresford Trilby October 26 2019 Eddie Murphy Talks Channeling Bruce Lee and Obama s Request for Him The Hollywood Reporter Archived from the original on February 2 2021 Retrieved January 27 2021 Neal Mark Anthony Forman Murray 2004 That s the Joint The Hip hop Studies Reader Psychology Press p 39 ISBN 978 0 415 96919 2 Stadtman Todd 2015 Funky Bollywood The Wild World of 1970s Indian Action Cinema FAB Press ISBN 978 1 903254 77 6 Archived from the original on June 10 2020 Retrieved June 10 2020 Bruce Lee storms Bombay once again with Return of the Dragon India Today September 15 1979 Archived from the original on July 16 2018 Retrieved January 20 2015 Heide William Van der 2002 Malaysian Cinema Asian Film Border Crossings and National Cultures Amsterdam University Press ISBN 9789053565803 Archived from the original on June 5 2020 Retrieved June 10 2020 Lee Edmund April 16 2018 Bollywood icon Aamir Khan in Hong Kong on being a star in China South China Morning Post Archived from the original on April 17 2018 Retrieved May 16 2022 New Fist of the North Star Interview with Buronson ADV Films Archived from the original on February 18 2007 Retrieved May 5 2010 The Dragon Ball Z Legend The Quest Continues DH Publishing Inc 2004 p 7 ISBN 978 0 9723124 9 3 Jensen K Thor October 2 2018 The Absurd Brilliant Violence of Fist Of The North Star Geek com Ziff Davis Archived from the original on October 11 2018 Retrieved April 28 2020 Thompson Jason March 10 2011 Jason Thompson s House of 1000 Manga Dragon Ball Anime News Network Archived from the original on September 16 2016 Retrieved January 31 2014 Session 8 Waltz for Venus Cowboy Bebop December 12 1998 Sunrise Gill Patrick September 24 2020 Street Fighter and basically every fighting game exist because of Bruce Lee Polygon Archived from the original on March 10 2021 Retrieved March 24 2021 Stuart Keith April 9 2014 Bruce Lee UFC and why the martial arts star is a video game hero The Guardian Archived from the original on May 17 2019 Retrieved July 20 2020 Kapell Matthew Wilhelm 2015 The Play Versus Story Divide in Game Studies Critical Essays McFarland amp Company p 166 ISBN 978 1 4766 2309 2 Archived from the original on June 6 2020 Retrieved June 10 2020 Spencer Spanner February 6 2008 The Tao of Beat em ups Eurogamer p 2 Archived from the original on April 15 2021 Retrieved July 20 2020 Thrasher Christopher David 2015 Fight Sports and American Masculinity Salvation in Violence from 1607 to the Present McFarland p 208 ISBN 978 1 4766 1823 4 Archived from the original on June 6 2020 Retrieved June 10 2020 Jason Nawara April 6 2014 Bruce Lee revealed as the hidden EA UFC character release date confirmed mmanuts com Archived from the original on April 8 2014 Retrieved April 6 2014 Parkour History Parkour Generations Archived from the original on May 31 2019 Retrieved March 13 2019 a b Angel Julie June 16 2016 Breaking the Jump The Secret Story of Parkour s High Flying Rebellion Aurum Press ISBN 978 1 78131 554 5 Magazine Hollywood Stage November 23 2017 Ted Duran a star in The Legend of Bruce Lee TV series is becoming known for his adaptability in Films amp TV around the world Hollywood Stage Magazine Retrieved May 16 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Largest Bruce Lee Museum opens in S China China org cn China Internet Information Center November 11 2008 Retrieved May 16 2022 Blaine Henry November 30 2022 Bruce Lee Biopic in the works starring Mason Lee and directed by Ang Lee doublehammerfist com Agency Asia JWT Beijing and Shanghai agency asia Archived from the original on May 26 2016 Retrieved April 8 2016 a b Awards Honors Achievements and Activities Los Angeles Bruce Lee Foundation Archived from the original on August 20 2009 Retrieved June 7 2010 Enter the star of the century The Sydney Morning Herald Archived from the original on November 11 2012 Retrieved March 21 2017 Special Report Asian Awards 2013 April 18 2013 Archived from the original on May 31 2013 Retrieved April 29 2013 Bruce Lee statue unveiled in L A s Chinatown Archived June 17 2013 at the Wayback Machine Los Angeles Times June 16 2013 Hong Kong s honour for Bruce Lee July 24 2005 Archived from the original on March 13 2017 Retrieved March 26 2019 Bosnia unveils Bruce Lee bronze November 26 2005 Archived from the original on March 26 2019 Retrieved March 26 2019 Bruce Lee s home to become a museum The Hollywood Reporter January 6 2009 Archived from the original on August 7 2010 Retrieved August 28 2010 Bruce Lee 35th anniversary The Hindu India July 19 2008 Archived from the original on November 9 2012 Retrieved June 3 2011 Servando Kristine September 8 2015 Inside Bruce Lee s Hong Kong home from Crane s Nest to love hotel and why it never became a museum South China Morning Post Archived from the original on April 19 2019 Cheung Gary November 18 2018 Bruce Lee s Hong Kong mansion to become Chinese studies centre South China Morning Post Archived from the original on April 19 2019 General bibliographyBishop James 2004 Bruce Lee Dynamic Becoming Dallas Promethean Press ISBN 0 9734054 0 6 Bolelli Daniele 2008 On the Warrior s Path Blue Snake Books ISBN 978 1 58394 219 2 Archived from the original on June 14 2020 Retrieved June 13 2020 Campbell Sid 2003 The Dragon and the Tiger The Birth of Bruce Lee s Jeet Kune Do Vol 1 illustrated ed Frog Books ISBN 1 58394 089 8 Archived from the original on April 6 2019 Retrieved March 16 2016 Campbell Sid 2006 Remembering the master illustrated ed Blue Snake Books ISBN 1 58394 148 7 Archived from the original on April 6 2019 Retrieved March 16 2016 Cheng David 1993 Jeet Kune Do Basics Everything You Need to Get Started in Jeet Kune Do from Basic Footwork to Training and Tournaments Turtle Publishing ISBN 978 1 46290 267 5 Clouse Robert 1988 Bruce Lee The Biography illustrated ed Unique Publications ISBN 0 86568 133 3 Dennis Felix 1974 Bruce Lee King of Kung Fu illustrated ed Wildwood House ISBN 0 7045 0121 X Dorgan Michael 1980 Bruce Lee s Toughest Fight EBM Kung Fu Academy Archived from the original on October 18 2018 Retrieved December 27 2009 Glover Jesse R 1976 Bruce Lee Between Win Chun and Jeet Kune Do Unspecified vendor ISBN 0 9602328 0 X Lee Bruce 1975 Tao of Jeet Kune Do reprint ed Ohara Publications ISBN 0 89750 048 2 Lee Bruce 2008 M Uyehara ed Bruce Lee s Fighting Method The Complete Edition illustrated ed Black Belt Communications ISBN 978 0 89750 170 5 Lee Linda 1975a Bruce Lee the man only I knew Warner Paperback Library ISBN 0 446 78774 4 Lee Linda 1989 The Bruce Lee Story United States Ohara Publications ISBN 0 89750 121 7 Archived from the original on April 5 2019 Retrieved March 16 2016 Little John 2001 Bruce Lee Artist of Life Tuttle Publishing ISBN 0 8048 3263 3 Archived from the original on April 5 2019 Retrieved March 16 2016 Little John 1996 The Warrior Within The philosophies of Bruce Lee to better understand the world around you and achieve a rewarding life illustrated ed McGraw Hill ISBN 0 8092 3194 8 Little John 1997 Words of the Dragon Interviews 1958 1973 Bruce Lee Tuttle Publishing ISBN 0 8048 3133 5 Archived from the original on April 5 2019 Retrieved March 16 2016 Little John 1997 Jeet Kune Do Bruce Lee s Commentaries on the Martial Way illustrated ed Tuttle Publishing ISBN 0 8048 3132 7 Archived from the original on April 5 2019 Retrieved March 16 2016 Little John 1997 The tao of gung fu a study in the way of Chinese martial art Bruce Lee Library Vol 2 illustrated ed Tuttle Publishing ISBN 0 8048 3110 6 Archived from the original on April 5 2019 Retrieved March 16 2016 Little John 1998 Bruce Lee The Art of Expressing the Human Body Tuttle Publishing ISBN 978 0 8048 3129 1 Archived from the original on April 5 2019 Retrieved March 16 2016 Little John 2002 Striking Thoughts Bruce Lee s Wisdom for Daily Living illustrated ed Tuttle Publishing ISBN 0 8048 3471 7 Archived from the original on April 6 2019 Retrieved March 16 2016 Polly Matthew 2018 Bruce Lee A Life New York Simon amp Schuster ISBN 978 1 5011 8764 3 Rafiq Fiaz 2020 Bruce Lee The Life of a Legend Foreword by Diana Lee Inosanto Birlinn ISBN 978 1 78885 330 9 Sharif Sulaiman 2009 50 Martial Arts Myths new media entertainment ltd ISBN 978 0 9677546 2 8 Archived from the original on April 5 2019 Retrieved March 16 2016 Thomas Bruce 1994 Bruce Lee Fighting Spirit a Biography Berkeley California Frog Ltd ISBN 1 883319 25 0 Thomas Bruce 2006 Immortal Combat Portrait of a True Warrior illustrated ed Blue Snake Books ISBN 1 58394 173 8 Archived from the original on April 5 2019 Retrieved March 16 2016 Uyehara Mitoshi 1993 Bruce Lee the incomparable fighter illustrated ed Black Belt Communications ISBN 0 89750 120 9 Vaughn Jack 1986 The Legendary Bruce Lee Black Belt Communications ISBN 0 89750 106 3 Archived from the original on April 6 2019 Retrieved March 16 2016 Yilmaz Yuksel 2000 Dovus Sanatlarinin Temel Ilkeleri Istanbul Turkey Beyaz Yayinlari ISBN 975 8261 87 8 Yilmaz Yuksel 2008 Jeet Kune Do nun Felsefesi Istanbul Turkey Yalin Yayincilik ISBN 978 9944 313 67 4 External linksBruce Lee at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Bruce Lee Foundation Bruce Lee at AllMovie Bruce Lee at the Hong Kong Movie DataBase Bruce Lee at IMDb Bruce Lee discography at Discogs Portals Hong Kong Biography Arts Martial arts Anime and manga Oklahoma Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bruce Lee amp oldid 1133351520, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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