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European and American voyages of scientific exploration

January 01, 1970

The era of European and American voyages of scientific exploration followed the Age of Discovery[1] and were inspired by a new confidence in science and reason that arose in the Age of Enlightenment. Maritime expeditions in the Age of Discovery were a means of expanding colonial empires, establishing new trade routes and extending diplomatic and trade relations to new territories, but with the Enlightenment scientific curiosity became a new motive for exploration to add to the commercial and political ambitions of the past.[2] See also List of Arctic expeditions and List of Antarctic expeditions.

Bearing compass (18th century)

Maritime exploration in the Age of Discovery edit

Main article: Age of Discovery

From the early 15th century to the early 17th century the Age of Discovery had, through Spanish and Portuguese seafarers, opened up southern Africa, the Americas (New World), Asia and Oceania to European eyes: Bartholomew Dias had sailed around the Cape of southern Africa in search of a trade route to India; Christopher Columbus, on four journeys across the Atlantic, had prepared the way for European colonisation of the New World; Ferdinand Magellan had commanded the first expedition to sail across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans to reach the Maluku Islands and was continued by Juan Sebastián Elcano, completing the first circumnavigation of the Earth.

The Francisco Hernández expedition (1570–1577) (Spanish: Comisión de Francisco Hernández a Nueva España) is considered to be the first scientific expedition to the New World, led by Francisco Hernández de Toledo, a naturalist and physician of the Court of King Philip II, who was highly regarded in Spain because of his works on herbal medicine. Among some of the most important achievements of the expedition were the discovery and subsequent introduction in Europe of a number of new plants that did not exist in the Old World, but that quickly gained acceptance and become very popular among European consumers, such as pineapples, cocoa, corn, and many others.

During the 17th century the naval hegemony started to shift from the Portuguese and Spanish to the Dutch and then the British and French. The new era of scientific exploration began in the late 17th century as scientists, and in particular natural historians, established scientific societies that published their researches in specialist journals. The British Royal Society was founded in 1660 and encouraged the scientific rigour of empiricism with its principles of careful observation and deduction. Activities of early members of the Royal Society served as models for later maritime exploration. Hans Sloane (1650–1753) was elected a member in 1685 and travelled to Jamaica from 1687 to 1689 as physician to the Duke of Albemarle (1653–1688) who had been appointed Governor of Jamaica. In Jamaica Sloane collected numerous specimens which were carefully described and illustrated in a published account of his stay.[3] Sloane bequeathed his vast collection of natural history 'curiosities' and library of over 50,000 bound volumes to the nation, prompting the establishment in 1753 of the British Museum. His travels also made him an extremely wealthy man as he patented a recipe that combined milk with the fruit of Theobroma cacao (cocoa) he saw growing in Jamaica, to produce milk chocolate. Books of distinguished social figures like the intellectual commentator Jean Jacques Rousseau, Director of the Paris Museum of Natural History Comte de Buffon, and scientist-travellers like Joseph Banks, and Charles Darwin, along with the romantic and often fanciful travelogues of intrepid explorers, increased the desire of European governments and the general public for accurate information about the newly discovered distant lands.[4]

One of the earliest French expeditions on the coasts of Africa, South America and through the Strait of Magellan was made by a squadron of French men-of-war under the command of M. de Gennes in 1695–97. The young French explorer, engineer and hydrographer François Froger described this expedition in his A Relation of a Voyage (1699).

Maritime exploration in the Age of Enlightenment edit

By the 18th century maritime exploration had become safer and more efficient with technical innovations that vastly improved navigation and cartography: improvements were made to the theodolite, octant, precision clocks, as well as the compass, telescope, and general shipbuilding techniques. From the mid-18th century through the 19th century scientific missions mapped the newly discovered regions, brought back to Europe the newly discovered fauna and flora, made hydrological, astronomical and meteorological observations and improved the methods of navigation. This stimulated great advances in the scientific disciplines of natural history, botany, zoology, ichthyology, conchology, taxonomy, medicine, geography, geology, mineralogy, hydrology, oceanography, physics, meteorology etc. – all contributing to the sense of "improvement" and "progress" that characterized the Enlightenment. Often these missions brought together diverse researchers of different ethnic and regional background, thus creating a "transnational culture of expertise".[5] Artists were used to record landscapes and indigenous peoples, while natural history illustrators captured the appearance of organisms before they deteriorated after collection.[6] Some of the world's finest natural history illustrations were produced at this time and the illustrators changed from informed amateurs to fully trained professionals acutely aware of the need for scientific accuracy.[7]

By the middle of the 19th century all of the world's major land masses, and most of the minor ones, had been discovered by Europeans and their coastlines charted.[8] This marked the end of this phase of science as the Challenger Expedition of 1872–1876 began exploring the deep seas beyond a depth of 20 or 30 meters. In spite of the growing community of scientists, for nearly 200 years science had been the preserve of wealthy amateurs, educated middle classes and clerics.[6] At the start of the 18th century most voyages were privately organized and financed but by the second half of the century these scientific expeditions, like James Cook's three Pacific voyages under the auspices of the British Admiralty, were instigated by government.[7] In the late 19th century, when this phase of science was drawing to a close, it became possible to earn a living as a professional scientist although photography was beginning to replace the illustrators. The exploratory sailing ship had gradually evolved into the modern research vessels. From now on maritime research in new European colonies in America, Africa, Australia, India and elsewhere, would be carried out by researchers within the occupied territories themselves.[8]

Chronology of voyages edit

This compendium of voyages of scientific exploration provides an overview of maritime scientific research carried out at the time of the Enlightenment in Europe. Published journals and accounts are included with the individual voyages.

1735–1739: French Geodesic Mission edit

The French Geodesic Mission was an 18th-century expedition to what is now Ecuador carried out for the purpose of measuring the roundness of the Earth and measuring the length of a degree of latitude at the Equator. The mission was one of the first geodesic (or geodetic) missions carried out under modern scientific principles, and the first major international scientific expedition.

    • Ships: from Spain to Colombia, El Conquistador and Incendio; from France to Colombia, Portefaix; from Colombia to Ecuador, San Cristóbal; from Ecuador to Chile and return, Nuestra Señora de Belén and Rosa, and finally from Ecuador to France Liz, Nuestra Señora de la Deliberanza, Luis Erasmo, Marquesa de Antin (among a convoy of 53 ships).[9]
    • French astronomers: Charles Marie de La Condamine (1701–1774), Pierre Bouguer (1698–1758) and Louis Godin (1704–1760).
    • Spanish geographers: Jorge Juan y Santacilla (1713–1773) and Antonio de Ulloa (1716–1795).
    • Assistants: Joseph de Jussieu (1704–1779) and Jean Godin (1713–1792).
    • Ecuadoran geographer and topographer: Pedro Maldonado (1704–1748).
    • Publications: Relación histórica del viaje a la América meridional, Jorge Juan and Ulloa, 1748; Figure de la terre determine, Bouguer, 1749; Journal du voyage, La Condamine, 1751; Le procès des étoiles, 1735–1771, ISBN 978-2-232-10176-2, ISBN 978-2-232-11862-3.

1764–1766: HMS Dolphin edit

 
HMS Dolphin at Tahiti in 1767

Considered the first scientific voyage undertaken by the Royal Navy, its primary purpose was the discovery of new lands in the South Atlantic Ocean. It was during this trip that several islands of the Tuamotu archipelago were discovered. Dolphin was a 24-gun post ship launched in 1751 and used as a survey ship from 1764, making two circumnavigations under the command of John Byron and Samuel Wallis. She was broken up in 1777.

    • Captain: John Byron (1723–1786).
    • Publications: J. Byron, A Voyage round the world. (London, 1767), translated into French the same year under the title Journey around the world in 1764 and 1765, on the English warship "The Dolphin", commissioned by Vice-Admiral Byron ... (Paris).

1766–1768: HMS Dolphin and HMS Swallow edit

A circumnavigation by the English navigator Samuel Wallis, on board HMS Dolphin, accompanied by Philip Carteret on the consort ship Swallow. In August 1766, the two ships passed through the Strait of Magellan. In December 1766, conflicts between the two captains led to the separation of the ships. Dolphin reached Tahiti in June 1767. Samuel Wallis studied the customs of the Polynesians, reaching the Dutch East Indies at Batavia, returning to London in May 1768. Meanwhile, Philip Carteret in Swallow explored and studied the Solomon Islands, New Ireland (island) (now part of Papua New Guinea) and the islands of the Indonesian archipelago (Sulawesi among others). The expedition also stopped in Batavia from June to September 1768 and returned to London in March 1769.

    • Captains: Samuel Wallis (1728–1795) (leader of the expedition), Philip Carteret (1733–1796) (Commander of Swallow which was separated from the Dolphin and returned to its point of departure a year later).
    • Second Lieutenant: Tobias Furneaux (1735–1781).

1766: HMS Niger edit

This British ship explored Newfoundland and Labrador with Constantine Phipps aboard and Thomas Adams (Captain?), and with Joseph Banks also aboard. HMS Niger was a 33-gun fifth-rate launched in 1759, converted to a prison ship in 1810 and renamed Negro in 1813. She was sold in 1814.

    • Captain: Thomas Adams (?–1770)
    • Also aboard: Joseph Banks (1743–1820) and Constantine Phipps.

1766–1769: La Boudeuse and L'Étoile edit

 
La Boudeuse arriving in Matavai in 1767

Ordered by Louis XV, it was the first trip around the world initiated by the French. The discovery and description of Tahiti by Louis Antoine de Bougainville in his trip influenced several Enlightenment philosophers including Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–78). The expedition was organised by Louis Antoine de Bougainville and received the support of such prominent figures of the time as Charles de Brosses (1709–77), Comte de Buffon (1707–88), Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis (1698–1759) and Jérôme Lalande (1732–1807).

The expedition aimed to discover new territories available for settlement, to open a new route to reach China, to found new outlets for the French East India Company and, finally, discover acclimatable spices for the Isle de France (now Mauritius).

1768–1771: HMS Endeavour edit

Main article: First voyage of James Cook
 
HMS Endeavour off the coast of New Holland, by Samuel Atkins c. 1794

An expedition to observe the transit of Venus across the Sun (in 1769) that included the discovery of new Islands, Tuamotu and Society Islands, the first circumnavigation of New Zealand and charting of the East coast of New Holland.

    • Captain: James Cook (1728–1779)
    • Naturalists: Sir Joseph Banks (1743–1820) and Daniel Solander (1733–1782)
    • Astronomer: Charles Green (1735–1771)
    • Artist: Sydney Parkinson (1745–1771)
    • Publications: "A Journal of a voyage round the world [printed], in His Majesty's ship Endeavour, in the years 1768, 1769, 1770, and 1771… to which is added, a Concise vocabulary of the language of Otahitee" (London, 1771). The identity of the authors of this report remains controversial because different authors attribute it to Cook, to Banks, Solander as well as various officers having shared in the voyage. It is translated into French under the title of "Journal of a voyage around the world, 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771; containing the various events of the voyage; with the relationship of the lands newly discovered in the méridional… hemisphere " (Paris, 1772).
      John Hawkesworth (c. 1715 – 1773) is commissioned by the Admiralty to make a synthesis of different shipments under the title "An Account of the Voyages undertaken… for making discoveries in the Southern Hemisphere and performed by Commodore Byrone John Byron, Captain Hallis, Captain Carteret and Captain Cook (from 1702 to 1771) drawn up from the Journals…" (London, three volumes, 1773).

1771–72: Isle de France and Le Nécessaire edit

Expedition to harvest spices for production on Mauritius, to prevent the monopoly of their trade by the Dutch.

    • Captains: Chevalier de Coëtivi (Isle of France) and Mr. Cordé (Le Nécessaire)
    • Naturalist: Pierre Sonnerat (1748–1814)
    • Publication: P. Sonnerat, Trip to New Guinea, which is the description of places, the physical and moral observations, and details about the naturelle… history (Paris, 1776)

1771–72: La Fortune and Le Gros-Ventre edit

Exploration of the southern Indian Ocean and the shipping routes to India.

1772: Sir Lawrence edit

An expedition in the brig Sir Lawrence exploring Iceland and the islands along the West coast of Scotland.

1772–1775: HMS Resolution and HMS Adventure edit

Main article: Second voyage of James Cook

Cook's second voyage in Resolution and Adventure around the world. He again visited New Zealand, sailed near the Antarctic and discovered many islands in the Pacific. Swedish Sparrman embarked during a stopover at the Cape.

1773: HMS Racehorse and HMS Carcass edit

Main article: 1773 Phipps expedition towards the North Pole
 
Racehorse and Carcass 7 August 1773 enclosed by ice Lat. 80° 37′ N. In Payne's Universal Geography Vol. V, p. 481

A British expedition to explore the Arctic Sea. The two ships reached Svalbard before turning back because of the ice. The teenage Horatio Nelson was a midshipman aboard HMS Carcass.

1773–74: Le Roland and L'Oiseau edit

Exploration of the southern Indian Ocean.

1776–1780: HMS Resolution and HMS Discovery edit

Main article: Third voyage of James Cook
 
Resolution and Discovery by Samuel Adkin

Cook's Third Voyage to find the Northwest Passage by crossing the Bering Strait. Cook was killed in the Hawaiian archipelago.

1785–1788: La Boussole and L'Astrolabe edit

 
The Astrolabe on an ice floe – 6 February 1838

French King Louis XVI inspired by Cook's voyages mounted his own expedition under the direction of de Lapérouse. Cook's anti-scorbutic remedies to eradicate scurvy were applied successfully. Lamanon and twelve other members of the expedition were massacred by natives at Vanuatu where they were looking for water. The two ships disappeared in the Solomon Islands, at Vanikoro, during a violent storm.

1785–1788: King George edit

Global circumnavigation.

1785–1794: Slava Rossii edit

A Russian expedition commanded by the British Captain Joseph Billings, astronomer on Cook's third voyage. This expedition lasted more than ten years attempting, unsuccessfully, to find the Northwest Passage that had remained undiscovered after Cook's explorations.

    • Captain: Joseph Billings (c. 1758 – 1806)
    • Naturalists: Carl Heinrich Merck and Carl Krebs
    • Surgeons-naturalists: Michael Robeck and Peter Allegretti
    • Cartographer: Gavriil Sarytchev
    • Publications: J. Billings, An Account of a Geographical and Astronomical expedition to the Northern parts of Russia. (1802), translated into French the same year under the title of Voyage made by order of Empress Catherine II Russia, in the North of the Asian Russian the icy sea, in the sea on the coasts of America, from 1785 until 1794, by commodore Billings and Anadyr (Paris, 1802); Peter Simon Pallas (1741–1811), Zoographia Rosso – Asiatica (1811), where he described the species discovered by this expedition.

1790–91: La Solide edit

The Solide expedition was the second successful circumnavigation by the French, after that by Bougainville. It occurred from 1790 to 1792 but remains little known due to its mostly commercial aims in the fur trade between the northwest American coast and China.

1789–1794: Descubierta and Atrevida edit

 
Drawing of the corvettes Descubierta and Atrevida
Main article: Descubierta and Atrevida

The Spanish Malaspina Expedition explored the coasts of Spanish possessions in America and Alaska, always looking for the Northwest Passage. More than 70 crates of natural history specimens were sent to Madrid. On return Captain Malaspina was forced into exile because of his ideas, suggesting, among other things, that Spain abandon the military domination of its colonies in favour of a Federation. The scientific journal of the trip was lost but recovered in 1885.

1791–1794: La Recherche and L'Espérance edit

 
The frigates Recherche and Espérance

An expedition to find the two vessels commanded by Jean-François de La Pérouse (1741–1788), and of which there was no news after they had left Port Jackson heading for southern Tasmania and southern Australia. The two captains of the search expedition both perished en route: Captain Kermadec died in May 1793 of tuberculosis and Captain d'Entrecasteaux died of scurvy in July of the same year. The expedition was headed by a royalist, and heard of The Terror in France when putting into the Dutch colonies. The crew was arrested and collections of natural history confiscated and offered by the Dutch to the British. These were however, on the express request of the scientist Joseph Banks (1743–1820), returned to France.

1791–1793: HMS Providence edit

The Royal Society of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce offered a reward of fifty pounds for living breadfruit plants. Bligh completed this in Providence, his second mission to collect breadfruit plants and other botanical specimens from the Pacific. These he transported to the West Indies, specimens being given to the Royal Botanic Gardens in St. Vincent. This expedition was a success, returning to the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew with 1,283 plants including varieties of apple, pear, oranges and mangoes.[citation needed] In addition to these specimens, the expedition accomplished many observations and cartographic surveys in the South Seas.

1791–1795: HMS Discovery and HMS Chatham edit

 
Discovery in 1789
Main article: Vancouver Expedition

A mission to the South Seas and Pacific Northwest coast of America. In 1791, Discovery left England with Chatham. Both ships anchored at Cape Town before exploring the south coast of Australia. In King George Sound, the Discovery's naturalist and surgeon Archibald Menzies collected various plant species including Banksia grandis, the first recording of the genus Banksia from Western Australia. The two ships sailed to Hawaiʻi where Vancouver named Kamehameha I. Chatham and Discovery then sailed on to the Northwest Pacific. Over the course of the next four years, Vancouver surveyed the northern Pacific Ocean coast in Discovery wintering in Spanish California or Hawaiʻi. Discovery's primary mission was to exert British sovereignty over this part of the Northwest Coast following the hand-over of the Spanish Fort San Miguel at Nootka Sound, although exploration in co-operation with the Spanish was seen as an important secondary objective. Exploration work was successful as relations with the Spanish went well; resupply in California was especially helpful. Vancouver and the Spanish commandant Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra were on such good terms that the original name of Vancouver Island was actually Quadra and Vancouver's Island.

1800–1804: Le Géographe and Naturaliste edit

Main article: Baudin expedition to Australia

This expedition was organised to establish a permanent colonial presence in the South Seas before the British, concentrating on the mapping of the coast of the Australia and New Guinea. Nicolas Baudin died in Mauritius in 1803, another naturalist on the island of Timor, two other naturalists chose to stay on the island and two astronomers died of dysentery. Péron, assisted by his friend Lesueur, managed to gather a vast zoological collection. Naturaliste returned to France in 1803 with a part of the collections. Captain Baudin bought a schooner, the Casuarina, at the British settlement of Port Jackson in Australia. Baudin was replaced by Pierre Bernard Milius (1773–1829).

1801–1803: HMS Investigator edit

 
A 20th-century drawing of Investigator

The first circumnavigation of Australia. The work of scientific observation was interrupted due to damage and many specimens transferred to HMS Porpoise were lost when it sank. The observations of Brown on the flora of this continent were the most extensive at this time.

1803–1806: Nadezhda and Neva edit

 
The Russian sloop Neva visits Kodiak in Alaska

The first Russian circumnavigation of the world was intended to establish a link with Russian possessions in America, the transport of goods at that time being via Siberia (a journey lasting about two years). The second objective, which was not achieved, was to establish trade and diplomatic links with Japan. This expedition took place during the rule of emperor Alexander I (1777–1825).

Nadezhda and Neva explored the Aleutian Islands, Sakhalin and discovered the mouth of the Love River. They also visited the Marquesas Islands and Hawaii. Baron von Langsdorff left the expedition in 1805 to explore the Interior of Alaska and California. Thirteen cases of natural history specimens were shipped to the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

1815–1818: Rurik edit

A Russian expedition funded by the Chancellor of Russia, count Nikolai P. Romanzof to investigate the Northeast Passage in the Bering Sea. The coast of Alaska was studied and the South Pacific, also the cartography of 36 islands including the Marshall Islands. Also natural history collections made.

    • Captain: Otto von Kotzebue (1787–1846)
    • Naturalist: Adelbert von Chamisso (1781–1838)
    • Physician-naturalist: Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz (1793–1831)
    • Publication: J.F. Eschscholtz, Entdeckungs – Reise in die Süd – See und nach der Berings – Strasse zur Erforschung einer nordöstlichen Durchfahrt, unternommen in den Jahren 1815, 1816, 1817 1818 und, auf Kosten… a… Grafen Rumanzoff, auf dem Schiffe ″Rurick″, unter dem Befehle of the Lieutenants… Otto von Kotzebue… (three volumes, Weimer, 1821).

1817–1820: L'Uranie and La Physicienne edit

 
Baptism of Hawaiians on the Uranie in 1819

A French expedition exploring Western Australia and islands of Timor, Molucca, Samoa and Hawaii. L'Uranie visited Rio de Janeiro to take a series of pendulum measurements as well as other observations, not only in geography and ethnology, but in astronomy, terrestrial magnetism, and meteorology, and for the collection of specimens in natural history.

1819–1821: Le Rhône and La Durance edit

One of the missions of this expedition was to take plants from Java and the Philippines to French Guiana. The botanist Samuel Perrottet (1793–1870) settled in Guyana to investigate the acclimatisation of plants transplanted from Asia. La Durance returned to France in 1820, Le Rhône the following year.

1822–1825: La Coquille edit

Louis Isidore Duperrey commanded the expedition in La Coquille with Jules Dumont d'Urville as second in command. The naturalists appointed to the expedition were the surgeon, pharmacist and zoologist René Primevère Lesson and surgeon-major Prosper Garnot. Doctor Garnot had a severe attack of dysentery and was sent back on the Castle Forbes with some of the specimens collected in South America and the Pacific. The specimens were lost when the ship was wrecked off the Cape of Good Hope in July 1824. Garnot and Lesson wrote the zoological section of the voyage's report.

    • Commander: lieutenant Louis Isidore Duperrey (1786–1865)
    • Second: lieutenant Jules Dumont d'Urville, botanist (1790–1842)
    • Physician-naturalist: the surgeon, pharmacist and zoologist René Primevère Lesson (1794–1849) and surgeon-major Prosper Garnot (1794–1838)
    • Astronomer: Charles Hector Jacquinot (1796–1879)
    • Illustrators: Jules Louis Lejeune (1804–1851), Jacques Arago (1790–1855)
    • Hydrographer: Victor Charles Lottin (1795–1858)
    • Publications: Lesson and Garnot, Voyage autour du monde exécuté par ordre du roi sur la corvette La Coquille (1828–32)/Journey around the world on the corvette La Coquille (Paris, six volumes, 1826–1830).

1823–1826: Predpriyatiye edit

An expedition of two ships of war, the main object of which was to take reinforcements to Kamchatka. There was, however, a staff of scientists on board the Russian sailing sloop Predpriyatiye (Russian: "Enterprise"), who collected much valuable information and material on geography, ethnography and natural history. The expedition, proceeding by Cape Horn, visited the Radak and Society Islands, and reached Petropavlovsk in July 1824. Many positions along the coast were mapped more accurately, the Navigator islands visited, and several discoveries made. The expedition returned by the Marianas, Philippines, New Caledonia and the Hawaiian Islands, reaching Kronstadt on 10 July 1826.

    • Captain: Otto von Kotzebue (1787–1846)
    • Physician-naturalist: Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz (1793–1831) and Dr. Lenz
    • Publication: O. von Kotzebue, Reise um die Welt in den Jahren 1823, 24, 25 und 26, von Otto von Kotzebue, ... (Weimer, 1830).

1824–25: HMS Blonde edit

 
HMS Blonde, by Robert Dampier, 1825

In 1824 Byron was chosen to accompany homewards the bodies of Hawaiian monarchs Liholiho (known as King Kamehameha II) and Queen Kamāmalu, who had died of measles during a state visit to England.[10] He sailed in HMS Blonde in September 1824, accompanied by several naturalists and, amongst others, his lieutenant, Edward Belcher.[11] He toured the islands and made observations. With the consent of Christian missionaries to the islands, he also removed wooden carvings and other artifacts of the chiefs of ancient Hawaii from the temple ruins of Puʻuhonua O Hōnaunau.[12] On his return journey in 1825, Lord Byron discovered and charted Malden Island, which he named after his surveying officer, Mauke; and Starbuck Island.[13] Starbuck was named in honour of Captain Valentine Starbuck, an American whaler who had sighted the island while carrying the Hawaiian royal couple to England in 1823–1824, but which had probably been previously sighted by his cousin and fellow-whaler Captain Obed Starbuck in 1823.[14]

    • Captain: George Anson Byron (1789–1868)
    • Naturalists: Andrew Bloxam (1801–1878) and James Macrae
    • Published by: G.A. Byron, Voyage of H.M.S. Blonde to the Sandwich Islands, in the years 1824–1825. The Right Hon. captain. Lord Byron order. (London, 1826).

1824–1826: Le Thétis and L'Espérance edit

 
1813 model of the frigate Thétis in the Musée National de la Marine (Rochefort).

A French mission to establish diplomatic relations with Indochina and make geographical observations. On 12 January 1825, Hyacinthe de Bougainville led an embassy to Vietnam with Captain Courson de la Ville-Hélio, arriving in Da Nang, with the warships Thétis and L'Espérance.[15] Although they had a 28 January 1824 letter from Louis XVIII, the ambassadors could not obtain an audience with Minh Mạng.[16]

1825–1828: HMS Blossom edit

 
HMS Blossom off the Sandwich Islands, now the Hawaiian Islands

A British expedition to the Bering Sea attempting a rendezvous with the expedition of Sir John Franklin (1786–1847) at the mouth of the Mackenzie River. Blossom reached as far north as Point Barrow, Alaska, the furthest point into the Arctic any non-Inuit had been at the time, but was unable to join the Franklin expedition. With Lay ill it was Beechey and Collie that performed most of the specimen collection but many could not be preserved.

    • Captain: Frederick William Beechey (1796–1856)
    • Physician-naturalist: Alexander Collie (1793–1835)
    • Naturalist: George Tradescant Lay (1800?–1854)
    • Publication: F.W. Beechey, Narrative of a Voyage to the Pacific and Behring's Strait" (1831), "The Zoology of Captain Beechey's voyage to the Pacific and Behring's Strait. (1839).

1825–1830: HMS Adventure and HMS Beagle edit

The mission was the hydrographic survey of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, under the overall command of the surveyor Commander Phillip Parker King, in HMS Adventure.

In the desolate waters of Tierra del Fuego Stokes, the captain of HMS Beagle, became depressed and shot himself on 2 August 1828 dying a few days later.[17] Parker King replaced Stokes with Lieutenant W.G. Skyring as commander of the ship, and both ships sailed to Montevideo. After the ships arrived at Rio de Janeiro for repairs and provisioning, Rear Admiral Sir Robert Otway, the Commander-in-chief of the South American station, gave command of Beagle to his aide, Lieutenant Robert FitzRoy.[18] Fuegians were taken back with them when the Beagle returned.[17] During this survey, the Beagle Channel was identified and named after the ship.[19]

    • Captain: Philip Parker King (1793–1856) (Adventure) and Pringle Stokes (?–1828) (Beagle)
    • Naturalist: James Anderson (1797–1842)
    • Publication: P.P. King, Narrative of the first surveying voyage of H. M. ships ″Adventure″ and ″Beagle″, between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the Southern shores of South-America and the ″Beagle's″ circumnavigation of the world ... Vol. i. [containing the proceedings of the first expedition, 1826–1830 under the command of captain P. Parker King "(London, 1839).]

1826–1829: L'Astrolabe edit

This mission, led by Dumont d'Urville, searched for the two vessels of La Pérouse (1741–1788). The coasts of Australia, of New Zealand, of Fiji and the Loyalty Islands were explored. Dumont d'Urville renamed La Coquille as L'Astrolabe as a tribute to the ship of La Pérouse.

1826–1829: Senyavin and Moller edit

A Russian circumnavigation on the ship Senyavin, sailing from Kronstadt and rounding Cape Horn, accompanied by Captain Mikhail Nikolaievich Staniukovich in command of the sloop Moller. During the voyage Litke and his team described the western coastline of the Bering Sea, the Bonin Islands off Japan, and the Carolines, and discovered 12 new islands. The expedition strengthened the Russian presence near Alaska. A large collection of natural history specimens was made including 1,000 new species of insects, fish, birds and other animals, and 2,500 plant specimens including algae and minerals.

1827–28: La Chevrette edit

The first French expedition to map the coast of India.

1828: Ms. Korvet Triton edit

Dutch exploration of New Guinea.

  • The corvette Triton
  • The brig Iris
    • Expedition leader: Dr. H.C. Macklot
    • Captain of Triton: J.J. Steenboom

1829: La Cybèle edit

Scientific exploration was placed under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent (1778–1846).

1829–1832: La Favorite edit

As British, American and Dutch voyages consolidated their interest in Australia, Hawaii and New Guinea, the French government sought to secure the religious freedoms and rights of French residents in the South Pacific.[20] The expedition passed the Cape of Good Hope, stopping at Pondicherry and Madras, and then exploring the coast of Cochinchina and Tonkin, stopping in the Philippines, Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand. The expedition was considered a great success, many hydrological observations were completed and natural history collections assembled.

    • Captain: Cyrille Pierre Théodore Laplace (1793–1875)
    • Naturalist: Joseph Fortuné Théodore Eydoux (1802–1841)
    • Publication: C.P.T. Laplace, Journey around the world by the India and China seas, running on the corvette of the State the Favorite during the 1830s, 1831 and 1832 under the command of Mr Laplace captain of frégatte. Published by order of Mr. Vice-Admiral comte Rigny Minister of marine and colonies. (seven volumes including two atlas, Paris, 1833–1839).

1831–1836: HMS Beagle edit

Main article: Second voyage of the Beagle

A world circumnavigation to make a hydrographic survey of the coast of Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, Chile and Peru, and establish accurate longitude measurements. Charles Darwin paid his own way as a naturalist/companion to the captain, and found the voyage a stimulus both to his understanding as a geologist and to the formulation of his Theory of Evolution.

    • Captain: Robert FitzRoy (1805–1865)
    • Physician-naturalist: Robert McCormick (1800–1890) until April 1832, followed by Benjamin Bynoe (1803–1865)
    • Artist: Augustus Earle, replaced by Conrad Martens
    • Naturalist (supernumerary passenger): Charles Darwin (1809–1882)
    • Publications: C. Darwin (editor), Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. (five volumes, 1838–1843),
      R. FitzRoy (editor), Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe. (volume 2 and appendix by FitzRoy, Proceedings of the second expedition, 1831–36, under the command of Captain Robert Fitz-Roy, R.N. (1839), volume 3 by C. Darwin Journal and Remarks, (1839).)
      C. Darwin, The Geology of the Voyage of The Beagle (three volumes, The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs (1842), Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands (1844), Geological Observations on South America (1846).)

1835 and 1836: La Recherche edit

Main article: La Recherche Expedition (1838–1840)

Two French expeditions to the coasts of Iceland and Greenland in an attempt to trace the Bordelaise commanded by Jules de Blosseville (1802–1833), which had been missing since 1833.

1836–1839: Vénus edit

A French expedition (circumnavigation) in the frigate Vénus to assess the economic viability of whaling in the North Pacific. However, it's the safeguarding of the French Catholics in the Pacific that will remain the most notable feat of Captain Abel Aubert du Petit-Thouars.[21]

    • Captain: Abel Aubert du Petit-Thouars (1793–1864)
    • Engineer hydrographer: Urbain Dortet de Tessan (1804–1879)
    • Physician-naturalist: Adolphe Simon Neboux (1806–1844)
    • Surgeon: Charles René Augustin Léclancher (1804–1857)
    • Publication: A.A. Petit-Thouars, Travel around the world on the frigate Venus. (eleven volumes, 1840–1864).

1836–37: La Bonite edit

A global circumnavigation sailing the coast of South America, back along the West Coast to California, across the Pacific, reaching Manila, China, India, the Isla Borbón and returning to France. More than 1,000 new plant species were collected and many geographical and meteorological observations made.

1836–1842: HMS Sulphur edit

Exploration of the Pacific coast of America and interior of Nicaragua and El Salvador. Sulphur participated in the First Opium War between 1840 and 1841 and was later used to survey the harbour of Hong Kong in 1841, returning to England in 1842.

    • Captain: Edward Belcher (1799–1877)
    • Physician-naturalist: Richard Brinsley Hinds (1811–1846)
    • Publications: E. Belcher, Narrative of a Voyage Round the World in HMS Sulphur. (two volumes, 1843) (Volume 1, Volume 2); R.B. Hinds (editor), "The Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Sulphur" (two volumes, 1843–1844).

1837–1840: L'Astrolabe and La Zélée edit

The second voyage of L'Astrolabe, this time accompanied by La Zélée, sailed on 7 September 1837 and at the end of November, the ships reached the Strait of Magellan. Dumont thought there was sufficient time to explore the strait for three weeks, taking into account the precise maps drawn by Phillip Parker King between 1826 and 1830, before heading south again but two weeks after seeing their first iceberg, the ships were encased in pack ice for a while. After reaching the South Orkney Islands, the expedition headed directly to the South Shetland Islands and the Bransfield Strait. Then located some land which was named Terre de Louis-Philippe (now called Graham Land), the Joinville Island group and Rosamel Island (now called Andersson Island). In poor shape the two ships headed for Talcahuano in Chile. Turning south they led for the first time some experiments to determine the approximate position of the South Magnetic Pole, discovered the Terre Adélie on 20 January 1840, and landed two days later on an islet of the Géologie Archipelago (66°36′19″S 140°4′0″E / 66.60528°S 140.06667°E / -66.60528; 140.06667) 4 km from the mainland to take mineral and animal samples.

    • Captains: Jules Dumont d'Urville (1790–1842) (L'Astrolabe), Charles Hector Jacquinot (1796–1879) (La Zélée)
    • Physician-naturalist: on "The Astrolabe", Jacques Bernard Hombron (1798–1852) surgeon-major of 2nd class and Louis Le Breton (1818–1866) surgeon 3rd class and "La Zélée" Honoré Jacquinot (1815–1887) 3rd class surgeon, Elie Jean François Le Guillou (1806 – after 1860) surgeon, 3rd class
    • Preparer-naturalist: Pierre Marie Alexandre Dumoutier (1797–1871)
    • Illustrator: Ernest Goupil (1814–1840) (replaced on his death on 1 April 1840 to Hobart-Town by Louis Le Breton surgeon, 3rd class)
    • Hydrographer-cartographer: Clément Adrien Vincendon-Dumoulin (1811–1858)
    • Publications: J. Dumont d'Urville then Clément Adrien Vincendon-Dumoulin, assisted Desgraz Secretary of L'Astrolabe "Histoire du voyage" from Tome 4 to 10 tome 1, tome 2, tome 3, tome 4, tome 5, volume 6, tome 7, tome 8, tome 9, tome 10.

For all other publications by themes and authors, refer to Expédition Dumont d'Urville in the Publications part.

1837–1843: HMS Beagle edit

The mission was the hydrographic survey of the coasts of Australia. In 1839 Lieutenant Stokes sighted a natural harbour which Wickham named Port Darwin after Charles Darwin, who had previously sailed round the world on the Beagle. The later settlement nearby eventually became the city of Darwin, Northern Territory. In 1841 Wickham fell ill, and Stokes took command.

    • Captain: John Clements Wickham (1798–1864), succeeded by John Lort Stokes (1812–1885)
    • Physician-naturalist: Benjamin Bynoe (1804–1865)
    • Publication: J. L . Stokes, Discoveries in Australia, With an Account of the Coasts and Rivers Explored and Surveyed During The Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, in the Years 1837-38-39-40-41-42-43. By Command of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. Also a Narrative of Captain Owen Stanley's Visits to the Islands in the Arafura Sea. Vol. 1 and Vol. 2 (London, 1846)

1838–1842: USS Vincennes and USS Peacock edit

 
USS Vincennes in Disappointment Bay, Antarctica, during the Wilkes expedition.
Main article: United States Exploring Expedition

The "Wilkes Expedition", included naturalists, botanists, a mineralogist, taxidermists, artists and a philologist in the ships Vincennes, Peacock, the brig Porpoise, the store-ship Relief, and two schooners, Sea Gull, and Flying Fish.

Departing Hampton Roads on 18 August 18, 1838, the expedition stopped at Madeira and Rio de Janeiro, Argentina; visited Tierra del Fuego, Chile, Peru, the Tuamotu Archipelago, Samoa, and New South Wales. From Sydney, the fleet sailed into the Antarctic Ocean in December 1839 and reported the discovery "of an Antarctic continent west of the Balleny Islands" of which it sighted the coast on 25 January 1840. Next, the expedition visited Fiji and the Hawaiian Islands in 1840. In July 1840, two sailors, one of whom was Wilkes' nephew, Midshipman Wilkes Henry, were killed while bartering for food on Malolo, in Fiji. Wilkes' retribution was swift and severe. According to an old man of Malolo Island, nearly 80 Fijians were killed in the incident.

From December 1840 to March 1841, his men with native Hawaiian porters hauled a pendulum to the summit of Mauna Loa to measure gravity. He explored the west coast of North America, including the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Puget Sound, the Columbia River, San Francisco Bay and the Sacramento River, in 1841. The expedition returned by way of the Philippines, the Sulu Archipelago, Borneo, Singapore, Polynesia and the Cape of Good Hope, reaching New York City on 10 June 1842. This was the first circumnavigation of the world funded by the Government of the United States and the last by a sailing vessel. The expedition was poorly prepared and of five vessels which left, only two returned to port. The natural history collections were very rich with 50,000 plant specimens (approximately 10 000 species) and 4,000 specimens of animals (half being new species).

1839–1843: HMS Erebus and HMS Terror edit

 
Erebus and Terror, ships of James Clark Ross. The ships were later lost searching for the Northwest Passage under John Franklin.
 
Terror in the Arctic

This British trip, sponsored by the Royal Society, was to discover magnetic and geographic features of the Antarctic. The expedition was prepared with great care by James Clark Ross, already familiar with Polar navigation. The two ships left the United Kingdom on 19 September 1839, stopping to explore the Kerguelen Islands in 1840, and then on Tasmania to build a magnetic observatory for the Antarctic and to conduct cartographic work. Mount Erebus and the Ross Sea were discovered during this journey. After three attempts, Ross admitted that the magnetic pole lay in land that he could not reach. Following the footsteps of his uncle John Ross, he performed the first deep sea surveys up to 4800 m (2677 fathoms), using ropes. Unfortunately biological specimens collected decomposed.

    • Captains: Sir James Clark Ross (1800–1862) (Erebus) and Francis Crozier (1796–1848) (Terror)
    • Physician-naturalist: Robert McCormick (1800–1890), Joseph Hooker (1817–1911), John Robertson, David Lyall (1817–1895)
    • Publications: J.C. Ross, A Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern and Antarctic Regions. (1847), J.E. Gray and John Richardson, The zoology of the Voyage of HM Ships Erebus and Terror (1844–1875). J.D. Hooker, The botany of the Antarctic voyage of HM discovery ships Erebus and Terror in the years 1839–1843 under the command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross. Three volumes: I. Flora Antarctica (1844), II. Flora Novae Zelandiae (1853–1855), III. Flora Tasmaniae (1860).

1841–1844: La Favorite edit

A French scientific exploration in the China Sea and Indian Ocean.

1842–1846: HMS Fly edit

During the early to mid-1840s, Fly charted numerous trade and other routes between many locations, primarily off Australia's north-east coast and nearby islands. Such islands included Whitsunday Island and the Capricorn Islands. After being discovered during the survey of the Gulf of Papua, New Guinea, the Fly River was named after HMS Fly. For the most of its seaworthy existence, Fly was captained by Francis Price Blackwood.

    • Captain: Francis Price Blackwood (1809–1854)
    • Physician-naturalist: Benjamin Bynoe (1804–1865)
    • Naturalists: Joseph Beete Jukes (1811–1869) and John MacGillivray (1821–1867)
    • Publication: J.B. Jukes, "Narrative of the surveying voyage of H. M. S. ″Fly″, commanded by captain F. P. Blackwood,... in Torres Strait, New Guinea and other islands of the Eastern Archipelago, during the years 1842–1846, together with an excursion into the interior of the Eastern part of Java" (two volumes, 1847).

1845–1847: HDMS Galathea edit

The corvette Galathea was sent out by King Christian VIII of Denmark, with its main purposes the handover of the Danish colonies in India to the British East India Company, and exploring and possibly recolonising the Nicobar Islands in the Indian Ocean. Additional aims were the expansion of trade with China and the discovery of new trading opportunities, as well as making extensive scientific collections.

1846–1850: HMS Rattlesnake and HMS Bramble edit

 
Rattlesnake, painted 1853 by Oswald Brierly, artist on the expedition

A British expedition to the Cape York and Torres Strait areas of northern Australia.

    • Captain: Owen Stanley (1811–1850) (Rattlesnake) and Charles Bampfield Yule (Bramble)
    • Surgeon: John Thomson
    • Physician-naturalist: Thomas Henry Huxley (1825–1895)
    • Naturalists: John MacGillivray (1821–1867) and James Fowler Wilcox (1823–1881)
    • Artist: Oswald Brierly (1817–1894)
    • Publication: J. MacGillivray, Narrative of the Voyage of HMS Rattlesnake. (1852). Goodman, J. The Rattlesnake: A Voyage of Discovery to the Coral Sea. London: Faber & Faber, ISBN 978-0-571-21078-7 (2006). Goodman, J. Losing it in New Guinea: the voyage of HMS Rattlesnake. Endeavour (Elsevier) 29 (2): 60–65, doi:10.1016/j.endeavour.2005.04.005, PMID 15935857 (2005). J. Huxley, T.H. Huxley's diary of the voyage of HMS Rattlesnake. London: Chatto & Windus (1935).

1851–1854: Capricieuse edit

A French expedition circumnavigating the world via Cape Horn, stopping in Tahiti and Ualan to determine an astronomical Meridian intended for future travel in the Pacific, then arriving in China. There, the ship performed several missions of exploration including, in July–August 1852, in the seas of Korea and Japan (then very little known in Europe) and on the coasts of Kamchatkata, completely unknown since the Lapérouse expedition. The Capricieuse then returned to France via the Cape of Good Hope. This was the last French global circumnavigation by sail.

    • Commander: Commander Gaston de Rocquemaurel (1804–1878)
    • Second: Navy lieutenant Jules Duroch
    • Publication: The narrative of the voyage remained unpublished.

1851–1853: Eugenie edit

Main article: HSwMS Eugenie

A Swedish natural history excursion, the first Swedish circumnavigation of the world, which contributed to the capture of Manuel Briones, a robber who seized an American whaler, the George Howland, and who was a terror on the coast of the Ecuador.

    • Captain: Christian Adolf Virgin (1797–1870).
    • Physician-naturalist: Johan Gustaf Hjalmar Kinberg (1820–1908)
    • Naturalist: Nils Johan Andersson (1821–1880)
    • Publication: N.J. Andersson, Fregatten "Eugenies" resa omkring jorden åren 1851–1853, under befäl af utgifven af, v. a. Virgin v. Skogman ... (Stockholm, 1856).

1852–1863: HMS Herald edit

 
Herald

A survey of the Australian coast and Fiji Islands, continuing the mission of HMS Rattlesnake. Following disagreements with the captain, naturalist John MacGillivray disembarks at Sydney in January 1854. Herald was a 500-ton, 28-gun sixth-rate, launched as Termagant in 1822 and renamed in 1824. She served as a survey ship under Henry Kellett and Henry Mangles Denham and was sold in 1864.

1853–1855: USS Vincennes and USS Porpoise edit

 
USS Porpoise

This American expedition explored the coasts of Japan, China, Siberia and Kamchatka before putting in at the Cape of Good Hope and returning to the United States. Porpoise sank in a typhoon in 1854.

    • Captain: John Rodgers (1812–1882)
    • Naturalists: William Stimpson (1832–1872) and Charles Wright (1811–1885)
    • Publication: due to the outbreak of civil war, there is no record of this voyage, scientific discoveries have been published separately from scientific journals.

1857–1860: SMS Novara edit

 
Frigate Novara from the 21 vol. expedition report: Voyage of the Austrian Frigate Novara around the Earth (1861–1876)

An expedition organized by the Emperor of Austria to demonstrate the power of the Crown. Novara departed Trieste in April 1857, passing the Cape of Good Hope to reach the Philippines, Australia, and New Zealand. Fourteen of the forty-four guns were dumped to make more room for the scientific collections.

1860: HMS Bulldog edit

An oceanographic survey in HMS Bulldog for the laying of a submarine telegraph cable in the North Atlantic.

    • Captain: Francis Leopold McClintock (1819–1907)
    • Naturalist: George Charles Wallich (1815–1899)
    • Publication: The North Atlantic Sea – Bed; comprising a diary of the voyage on board H. M. S. Bulldog, in 1860, and observations on the presence of animal life, and the formation and nature of organic deposits, at great depths in the ocean. (1862).

1865–1868: Magenta edit

An Italian circumnavigation of the globe that made important scientific observations in South America. The purpose of the trip was also to establish diplomatic relations with China and Japan, but without success. De Filippi set out in 1866 on a government-sponsored scientific voyage to circumnavigate the globe. The ship, the Italian warship Magenta, sailed under the command of Vittorio Arminjon, departing Montevideo on 2 February 1866. It reached Naples on 28 March 1868. However, De Filippi himself died en route at Hong Kong, on 9 February 1867, from serious dysentery and liver problems. The scientific report was completed by his assistant, Professor Enrico Hillyer Giglioli. Giglioli returned to Italy in 1868.

    • Captain: Vittorio Arminjon (1830–1897)
    • Naturalists: Filippo de Filippi (1814–1867) and Enrico Hillyer Giglioli (1845–1909)
    • Publications: E.H. Giglioli, Note intorno alla distribuzione della Fauna Vertebrata nell oceano prese durante un viaggio intorno al Blobo. (1870) and Viaggio intorno al globo della r. pirocorvetta italiana ″Magenta″ negli anni 1865-66-67-68, sotto it comando del capitano di fregata V. f. Arminjon. Relazione descrittiva e scientifica pubblicata sotto gli auspici del ministero di Agricoltura, industria e commercio dal dottore Enrico Hillyer Giglioli… Con una introduzione etnologica di Paolo Mantegazza. (Milan, 1875).

1865: HMS Curacoa edit

An expedition embarked in Curacoa leaving Sydney in June 1865 to explore the Pacific Islands. One of the objectives is to punish the inhabitants of the islands of Tanna for mistreating a missionary.

1868 and 1869–1870: HMS Lightning and HMS Porcupine edit

Two British oceanographic expeditions in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea.

    • Captains: Captain May (Porcupine), Killwick Calver (1813–1892) (Lightning).
    • Naturalists: Sir Charles Wyville Thomson (1830–1882) and Philip Herbert Carpenter (1813–1885)
    • Publication: The Depths of the Sea: An Account of the General Results of the Dredging Cruises of H.M.SS. Porcupine and Lightning during the summers of 1868, 1869, and 1870, Under the Scientific Direction of Dr. Carpenter, J. Gwyn Jeffreys, and Dr. Wyville Thomson.

1873–1876: HMS Challenger edit

 
Painting of Challenger by William Frederick Mitchell

The celebrated Challenger Expedition was a grand tour of the world covering 68,000 nautical miles (125,936 km), organised by the Royal Society in London in collaboration with the University of Edinburgh. Charles Thomson was the leader of a large scientific team.

    • Captains: George Nares (1873 and 1874) and Frank Tourle Thomson (1875 and 1876)
    • Naturalists: Charles Wyville Thomson (1830–1882), Henry Nottidge Moseley (1844–1891) and Rudolf von Willemoes-Suhm (1847–1875)
    • Oceanographers: John Young Buchanan (1844–1925) and John Murray (1841–1914)
    • Publications: C.W. Thomson, Report on the scientific results of the voyage of HMS Challenger during the years 1873–76… prepared under the superintendence of the late Sir C. Wyville Thomson,... and now of John Murray,... (fifty volumes, London, 1880–1895). H.N. Moseley, Notes by a naturalist on the Challenger (1879). W.J.J. Spry, The cruise of the Challenger (1876).

1875–76: HMS Alert and HMS Discovery edit

 
Alert and Discovery at Prøven, North Greenland in 1875, by Edward Lawton Moss

The British Arctic Expedition in Alert and Discovery, seeking to establish the geographic and magnetic North Pole.

    • Captain: George Strong Nares (1831–1915)
    • Physician-naturalist: Richard William Coppinger (1847–1910) and Edward Lawton Moss
    • Naturalists: Henry Chichester Hart (1847–1908) and Henry Fielden
    • Publication: G. Nares, Narrative of a voyage to the Polar Sea during 1875–6 in the ships HMS Alert and HMS Discovery. (London, 1878); translated into French (Paris, 1877).

1881: USRC Thomas Corwin edit

 
USRC Thomas Corwin: Departure for Alaska, 1885

Several expeditions were conducted in the Bering Sea in 1881 to find the Jeannette and two whaling ships. Wrangel Island was discovered and made part of the United States in August 1881 with the landing of famed explorer John Muir and the crew of U. S. Revenue Marine ship Thomas Corwin under the command of Captain Calvin Leighton Hooper. The landing at the mouth of the Clark River was illustrated by Muir in his book The Cruise of the Corwin. Two weeks after the Corwin took possession, USS John Rodgers conducted a complete survey of the island, which turned out to equal the size of Rhode Island and Delaware combined.

    • Captain: Calvin Leighton Hooper
    • Naturalist: Edward William Nelson (1855–1934)
    • Explorer: John Muir (1838–1914)
    • Publication: Muir, J. The Cruise of the Corwin.

1882–83: La Romanche edit

The French Navy frigate La Romanche was built for a French multidisciplinary expedition on a scientific mission to Tierra del Fuego. The primary object was to observe and photograph the transit of the planet Venus. The expedition also collected specimens of flora and fauna, and studied local Yahgan indigenous people, with the assistance of local Anglican missionary Thomas Bridges.[22] (See also Romanche Glacier)

1882–1885: Vettor Pisani edit

The Vettor Pisani was an Italian naval corvette equipped for scientific exploration.

1886–1896: USS Albatross edit

 
United States Fish Commission Steamer Albatross, in the 1890s

Albatross belonged to the Committee on Fisheries of the United States and it carried out numerous scientific expeditions under the direction of Alexander Emanuel Agassiz (1835–1910). The primary goal was an inventory of the Pacific fishery reserves but many other observations are carried out by Townsend and other scientists.

1897–98: Lila and Mattie edit

Zoologist Walter Rothschild commissioned the Webster-Harris Expedition to the Galápagos Islands from June 1897 to February 1898. This expedition on the schooner Lila & Mattie is well-described in the 1983 book titled Dear Lord Rothschild by Miriam Rothschild. In the 1936 book Oceanic Birds of South America by Robert Cushman Murphy, Rollo Beck describes the seminal telegram from C.M Harris that started his long and important association with the Galápagos Islands. The original of this telegram is in the Rollo Beck Collection in the California Academy of Sciences Archives. There is also a photo from Beck's Sierra Nevada collecting trip in the archives of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology on the University of California, Berkeley campus. The story of buried treasure on Tower Island connected with this trip was apparently known to Captain Lindbridge during this voyage, but the information was not revealed until after the group had left Tower Island. This trip lasted from June 1897 to February 1898, after having started on a tragic note with the deaths of three of the original crew to Yellow Fever, and having to reconstitute the expedition in San Francisco, California.

1897–98: Belgica edit

Adrien de Gerlache was an officer in the Belgian Royal Navy who led the Belgian Antarctic Expedition of 1897 to 1899. He acquired Le Patria in 1896 renaming it Belgica. He left Antwerp on 16 August 1897 passing winter in the Antarctic before returning to Belgium on 5 November 1898.

1898–99: Valdivia edit

 
Valdivia, 1898

A German deep-sea expedition exploring in Antarctic regions, the Valdivia being a steamship in the Hamburg-American line of steamers. The subscription was launched by Georg von Neumayer (1826–1909) and only consisted of a single vessel instead of the two planned. The expedition quickly reached the Cape of Good Hope where the study of deep waters began. The ship reached Antarctic pack ice and rediscovered Bouvet Island followed by the Kerguelen Islands. For the first time, evidence of deep water in this region was provided by survey. The Valdivia then passed to the Indian Ocean, studying the coast of Sumatra before returning to its port of origin 29 April 1899.

    • Captain: Adalbert Krech (1852–1907)
    • Naturalist: Carl Chun (1852–1914).
    • Publication: C. Chun (1903), "Aus den Tiefen des Weltmeeres".

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Brosse 1983, pp. 9–11
  2. ^ Hackett, Louis (1992). . Archived from the original on 10 January 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  3. ^ See Sloane 1707
  4. ^ See Speake 2003
  5. ^ Daum 2019
  6. ^ a b Rice 2010, p. 320
  7. ^ a b Rice 2010, p. 10
  8. ^ a b Rice 2010, p. 290
  9. ^ La Travesía Marítima de Jorge Juan al Virreinato del Perú (1735–1746) https://www.dallasfed.org/~/media/documents/research/economists/martinez-garcia_travesia_sp.pdf
  10. ^ NZETC
  11. ^ Dunmore 1992, p. 45
  12. ^ Bloxam, pp 74–76
  13. ^ Dunmore 1992, p. 46
  14. ^ Dunmore 1992, pp. 237–38
  15. ^ Oscar Chapuis, A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc p. 190.
  16. ^ Oscar Chapuis, The Last Emperors of Vietnam p.4
  17. ^ a b Guardian review: Man on a suicide mission
    King 1839, pp. 150–153
  18. ^ King 1839, p. 188
  19. ^ Herbert, Sandra (1999). "An 1830s View from Outside Switzerland: Charles Darwin on the "Beryl Blue" Glaciers of Tierra del Fuego". Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae. pp. 92: 339–346. Retrieved 22 December 2008.
  20. ^ Dunmore 1992, pp. 228–233
  21. ^ Sagnières, Hubert (2023). Daring French Explorations. Paris: Flammarion. ISBN 978-2-08-042845-5.
  22. ^ Bridges, E. Lucas (1948). Uttermost Part of the Earth (2022 ed.). Echo Point Books & Media, LLC. pp. 113–116. ISBN 978-1648372810.

Bibliography edit

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  • Speake, Jennifer, ed. (2003). Literature of Travel and Exploration: An Encyclopedia. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 1-57958-247-8. OCLC 55631133.
  • Taillemite, Étienne (2004). The discoverers of the Pacific: Bougainville, Cook, Lapérouse. Gallimard (Paris), collection Discovery: 176 p. ISBN 978-2-07-076333-7
  • Zanco, Jean-Philippe (2008). The legacy forgotten Dumont d'Urville and explorers of the Pacific: voyages of Gaston de Rocquemaurel, 1837–1854. Symposium Lapérouse and French explorers of the Pacific, Museum of the Navy, 17–18 October 2008,

January 01, 1970
european, american, voyages, scientific, exploration, followed, discovery, were, inspired, confidence, science, reason, that, arose, enlightenment, maritime, expeditions, discovery, were, means, expanding, colonial, empires, establishing, trade, routes, extend. The era of European and American voyages of scientific exploration followed the Age of Discovery 1 and were inspired by a new confidence in science and reason that arose in the Age of Enlightenment Maritime expeditions in the Age of Discovery were a means of expanding colonial empires establishing new trade routes and extending diplomatic and trade relations to new territories but with the Enlightenment scientific curiosity became a new motive for exploration to add to the commercial and political ambitions of the past 2 See also List of Arctic expeditions and List of Antarctic expeditions Bearing compass 18th century Contents 1 Maritime exploration in the Age of Discovery 2 Maritime exploration in the Age of Enlightenment 2 1 Chronology of voyages 2 1 1 1735 1739 French Geodesic Mission 2 1 2 1764 1766 HMS Dolphin 2 1 3 1766 1768 HMS Dolphin and HMS Swallow 2 1 4 1766 HMS Niger 2 1 5 1766 1769 La Boudeuse and L Etoile 2 1 6 1768 1771 HMS Endeavour 2 1 7 1771 72 Isle de France and Le Necessaire 2 1 8 1771 72 La Fortune and Le Gros Ventre 2 1 9 1772 Sir Lawrence 2 1 10 1772 1775 HMS Resolution and HMS Adventure 2 1 11 1773 HMS Racehorse and HMS Carcass 2 1 12 1773 74 Le Roland and L Oiseau 2 1 13 1776 1780 HMS Resolution and HMS Discovery 2 1 14 1785 1788 La Boussole and L Astrolabe 2 1 15 1785 1788 King George 2 1 16 1785 1794 Slava Rossii 2 1 17 1790 91 La Solide 2 1 18 1789 1794 Descubierta and Atrevida 2 1 19 1791 1794 La Recherche and L Esperance 2 1 20 1791 1793 HMS Providence 2 1 21 1791 1795 HMS Discovery and HMS Chatham 2 1 22 1800 1804 Le Geographe and Naturaliste 2 1 23 1801 1803 HMS Investigator 2 1 24 1803 1806 Nadezhda and Neva 2 1 25 1815 1818 Rurik 2 1 26 1817 1820 L Uranie and La Physicienne 2 1 27 1819 1821 Le Rhone and La Durance 2 1 28 1822 1825 La Coquille 2 1 29 1823 1826 Predpriyatiye 2 1 30 1824 25 HMS Blonde 2 1 31 1824 1826 Le Thetis and L Esperance 2 1 32 1825 1828 HMS Blossom 2 1 33 1825 1830 HMS Adventure and HMS Beagle 2 1 34 1826 1829 L Astrolabe 2 1 35 1826 1829 Senyavin and Moller 2 1 36 1827 28 La Chevrette 2 1 37 1828 Ms Korvet Triton 2 1 38 1829 La Cybele 2 1 39 1829 1832 La Favorite 2 1 40 1831 1836 HMS Beagle 2 1 41 1835 and 1836 La Recherche 2 1 42 1836 1839 Venus 2 1 43 1836 37 La Bonite 2 1 44 1836 1842 HMS Sulphur 2 1 45 1837 1840 L Astrolabe and La Zelee 2 1 46 1837 1843 HMS Beagle 2 1 47 1838 1842 USS Vincennes and USS Peacock 2 1 48 1839 1843 HMS Erebus and HMS Terror 2 1 49 1841 1844 La Favorite 2 1 50 1842 1846 HMS Fly 2 1 51 1845 1847 HDMS Galathea 2 1 52 1846 1850 HMS Rattlesnake and HMS Bramble 2 1 53 1851 1854 Capricieuse 2 1 54 1851 1853 Eugenie 2 1 55 1852 1863 HMS Herald 2 1 56 1853 1855 USS Vincennes and USS Porpoise 2 1 57 1857 1860 SMS Novara 2 1 58 1860 HMS Bulldog 2 1 59 1865 1868 Magenta 2 1 60 1865 HMS Curacoa 2 1 61 1868 and 1869 1870 HMS Lightning and HMS Porcupine 2 1 62 1873 1876 HMS Challenger 2 1 63 1875 76 HMS Alert and HMS Discovery 2 1 64 1881 USRC Thomas Corwin 2 1 65 1882 83 La Romanche 2 1 66 1882 1885 Vettor Pisani 2 1 67 1886 1896 USS Albatross 2 1 68 1897 98 Lila and Mattie 2 1 69 1897 98 Belgica 2 1 70 1898 99 Valdivia 3 See also 4 References 5 BibliographyMaritime exploration in the Age of Discovery editMain article Age of Discovery From the early 15th century to the early 17th century the Age of Discovery had through Spanish and Portuguese seafarers opened up southern Africa the Americas New World Asia and Oceania to European eyes Bartholomew Dias had sailed around the Cape of southern Africa in search of a trade route to India Christopher Columbus on four journeys across the Atlantic had prepared the way for European colonisation of the New World Ferdinand Magellan had commanded the first expedition to sail across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans to reach the Maluku Islands and was continued by Juan Sebastian Elcano completing the first circumnavigation of the Earth The Francisco Hernandez expedition 1570 1577 Spanish Comision de Francisco Hernandez a Nueva Espana is considered to be the first scientific expedition to the New World led by Francisco Hernandez de Toledo a naturalist and physician of the Court of King Philip II who was highly regarded in Spain because of his works on herbal medicine Among some of the most important achievements of the expedition were the discovery and subsequent introduction in Europe of a number of new plants that did not exist in the Old World but that quickly gained acceptance and become very popular among European consumers such as pineapples cocoa corn and many others During the 17th century the naval hegemony started to shift from the Portuguese and Spanish to the Dutch and then the British and French The new era of scientific exploration began in the late 17th century as scientists and in particular natural historians established scientific societies that published their researches in specialist journals The British Royal Society was founded in 1660 and encouraged the scientific rigour of empiricism with its principles of careful observation and deduction Activities of early members of the Royal Society served as models for later maritime exploration Hans Sloane 1650 1753 was elected a member in 1685 and travelled to Jamaica from 1687 to 1689 as physician to the Duke of Albemarle 1653 1688 who had been appointed Governor of Jamaica In Jamaica Sloane collected numerous specimens which were carefully described and illustrated in a published account of his stay 3 Sloane bequeathed his vast collection of natural history curiosities and library of over 50 000 bound volumes to the nation prompting the establishment in 1753 of the British Museum His travels also made him an extremely wealthy man as he patented a recipe that combined milk with the fruit of Theobroma cacao cocoa he saw growing in Jamaica to produce milk chocolate Books of distinguished social figures like the intellectual commentator Jean Jacques Rousseau Director of the Paris Museum of Natural History Comte de Buffon and scientist travellers like Joseph Banks and Charles Darwin along with the romantic and often fanciful travelogues of intrepid explorers increased the desire of European governments and the general public for accurate information about the newly discovered distant lands 4 One of the earliest French expeditions on the coasts of Africa South America and through the Strait of Magellan was made by a squadron of French men of war under the command of M de Gennes in 1695 97 The young French explorer engineer and hydrographer Francois Froger described this expedition in his A Relation of a Voyage 1699 Maritime exploration in the Age of Enlightenment editBy the 18th century maritime exploration had become safer and more efficient with technical innovations that vastly improved navigation and cartography improvements were made to the theodolite octant precision clocks as well as the compass telescope and general shipbuilding techniques From the mid 18th century through the 19th century scientific missions mapped the newly discovered regions brought back to Europe the newly discovered fauna and flora made hydrological astronomical and meteorological observations and improved the methods of navigation This stimulated great advances in the scientific disciplines of natural history botany zoology ichthyology conchology taxonomy medicine geography geology mineralogy hydrology oceanography physics meteorology etc all contributing to the sense of improvement and progress that characterized the Enlightenment Often these missions brought together diverse researchers of different ethnic and regional background thus creating a transnational culture of expertise 5 Artists were used to record landscapes and indigenous peoples while natural history illustrators captured the appearance of organisms before they deteriorated after collection 6 Some of the world s finest natural history illustrations were produced at this time and the illustrators changed from informed amateurs to fully trained professionals acutely aware of the need for scientific accuracy 7 By the middle of the 19th century all of the world s major land masses and most of the minor ones had been discovered by Europeans and their coastlines charted 8 This marked the end of this phase of science as the Challenger Expedition of 1872 1876 began exploring the deep seas beyond a depth of 20 or 30 meters In spite of the growing community of scientists for nearly 200 years science had been the preserve of wealthy amateurs educated middle classes and clerics 6 At the start of the 18th century most voyages were privately organized and financed but by the second half of the century these scientific expeditions like James Cook s three Pacific voyages under the auspices of the British Admiralty were instigated by government 7 In the late 19th century when this phase of science was drawing to a close it became possible to earn a living as a professional scientist although photography was beginning to replace the illustrators The exploratory sailing ship had gradually evolved into the modern research vessels From now on maritime research in new European colonies in America Africa Australia India and elsewhere would be carried out by researchers within the occupied territories themselves 8 Chronology of voyages edit This compendium of voyages of scientific exploration provides an overview of maritime scientific research carried out at the time of the Enlightenment in Europe Published journals and accounts are included with the individual voyages 1735 1739 French Geodesic Mission edit The French Geodesic Mission was an 18th century expedition to what is now Ecuador carried out for the purpose of measuring the roundness of the Earth and measuring the length of a degree of latitude at the Equator The mission was one of the first geodesic or geodetic missions carried out under modern scientific principles and the first major international scientific expedition Ships from Spain to Colombia El Conquistador and Incendio from France to Colombia Portefaix from Colombia to Ecuador San Cristobal from Ecuador to Chile and return Nuestra Senora de Belen and Rosa and finally from Ecuador to France Liz Nuestra Senora de la Deliberanza Luis Erasmo Marquesa de Antin among a convoy of 53 ships 9 French astronomers Charles Marie de La Condamine 1701 1774 Pierre Bouguer 1698 1758 and Louis Godin 1704 1760 Spanish geographers Jorge Juan y Santacilla 1713 1773 and Antonio de Ulloa 1716 1795 Assistants Joseph de Jussieu 1704 1779 and Jean Godin 1713 1792 Ecuadoran geographer and topographer Pedro Maldonado 1704 1748 Publications Relacion historica del viaje a la America meridional Jorge Juan and Ulloa 1748 Figure de la terre determine Bouguer 1749 Journal du voyage La Condamine 1751 Le proces des etoiles 1735 1771 ISBN 978 2 232 10176 2 ISBN 978 2 232 11862 3 1764 1766 HMS Dolphin edit nbsp HMS Dolphin at Tahiti in 1767 Considered the first scientific voyage undertaken by the Royal Navy its primary purpose was the discovery of new lands in the South Atlantic Ocean It was during this trip that several islands of the Tuamotu archipelago were discovered Dolphin was a 24 gun post ship launched in 1751 and used as a survey ship from 1764 making two circumnavigations under the command of John Byron and Samuel Wallis She was broken up in 1777 Captain John Byron 1723 1786 Publications J Byron A Voyage round the world London 1767 translated into French the same year under the title Journey around the world in 1764 and 1765 on the English warship The Dolphin commissioned by Vice Admiral Byron Paris 1766 1768 HMS Dolphin and HMS Swallow edit A circumnavigation by the English navigator Samuel Wallis on board HMS Dolphin accompanied by Philip Carteret on the consort ship Swallow In August 1766 the two ships passed through the Strait of Magellan In December 1766 conflicts between the two captains led to the separation of the ships Dolphin reached Tahiti in June 1767 Samuel Wallis studied the customs of the Polynesians reaching the Dutch East Indies at Batavia returning to London in May 1768 Meanwhile Philip Carteret in Swallow explored and studied the Solomon Islands New Ireland island now part of Papua New Guinea and the islands of the Indonesian archipelago Sulawesi among others The expedition also stopped in Batavia from June to September 1768 and returned to London in March 1769 Captains Samuel Wallis 1728 1795 leader of the expedition Philip Carteret 1733 1796 Commander of Swallow which was separated from the Dolphin and returned to its point of departure a year later Second Lieutenant Tobias Furneaux 1735 1781 1766 HMS Niger edit This British ship explored Newfoundland and Labrador with Constantine Phipps aboard and Thomas Adams Captain and with Joseph Banks also aboard HMS Niger was a 33 gun fifth rate launched in 1759 converted to a prison ship in 1810 and renamed Negro in 1813 She was sold in 1814 Captain Thomas Adams 1770 Also aboard Joseph Banks 1743 1820 and Constantine Phipps 1766 1769 La Boudeuse and L Etoile edit nbsp La Boudeuse arriving in Matavai in 1767 Ordered by Louis XV it was the first trip around the world initiated by the French The discovery and description of Tahiti by Louis Antoine de Bougainville in his trip influenced several Enlightenment philosophers including Jean Jacques Rousseau 1712 78 The expedition was organised by Louis Antoine de Bougainville and received the support of such prominent figures of the time as Charles de Brosses 1709 77 Comte de Buffon 1707 88 Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis 1698 1759 and Jerome Lalande 1732 1807 The expedition aimed to discover new territories available for settlement to open a new route to reach China to found new outlets for the French East India Company and finally discover acclimatable spices for the Isle de France now Mauritius Captains Louis Antoine de Bougainville 1729 1811 Chief of expedition Nicolas Pierre Duclos Guyot Captain of La Boudeuse Francois Chenard de la Giraudais 1727 1775 Captain of L Etoile Naturalists Philibert Commercon 1727 73 Jeanne Bare 1740 1807 Astronomer Pierre Antoine Veron 1736 70 Cartographer Charles Routier de Romainville 1742 92 Publication Louis Antoine de Bougainville Journey Around the World by the Commander of the La Boudeuse and L Etoile in 1766 1767 1768 and 1769 Paris 1771 1768 1771 HMS Endeavour edit Main article First voyage of James Cook nbsp HMS Endeavour off the coast of New Holland by Samuel Atkins c 1794 An expedition to observe the transit of Venus across the Sun in 1769 that included the discovery of new Islands Tuamotu and Society Islands the first circumnavigation of New Zealand and charting of the East coast of New Holland Captain James Cook 1728 1779 Naturalists Sir Joseph Banks 1743 1820 and Daniel Solander 1733 1782 Astronomer Charles Green 1735 1771 Artist Sydney Parkinson 1745 1771 Publications A Journal of a voyage round the world printed in His Majesty s ship Endeavour in the years 1768 1769 1770 and 1771 to which is added a Concise vocabulary of the language of Otahitee London 1771 The identity of the authors of this report remains controversial because different authors attribute it to Cook to Banks Solander as well as various officers having shared in the voyage It is translated into French under the title of Journal of a voyage around the world 1768 1769 1770 1771 containing the various events of the voyage with the relationship of the lands newly discovered in the meridional hemisphere Paris 1772 John Hawkesworth c 1715 1773 is commissioned by the Admiralty to make a synthesis of different shipments under the title An Account of the Voyages undertaken for making discoveries in the Southern Hemisphere and performed by Commodore Byrone John Byron Captain Hallis Captain Carteret and Captain Cook from 1702 to 1771 drawn up from the Journals London three volumes 1773 1771 72 Isle de France and Le Necessaire edit Expedition to harvest spices for production on Mauritius to prevent the monopoly of their trade by the Dutch Captains Chevalier de Coetivi Isle of France and Mr Corde Le Necessaire Naturalist Pierre Sonnerat 1748 1814 Publication P Sonnerat Trip to New Guinea which is the description of places the physical and moral observations and details about the naturelle history Paris 1776 1771 72 La Fortune and Le Gros Ventre edit Exploration of the southern Indian Ocean and the shipping routes to India Captains Yves Joseph de Kerguelen Tremarec 1734 1797 Louis Aleno de St Alouarn 1738 1772 1772 Sir Lawrence edit An expedition in the brig Sir Lawrence exploring Iceland and the islands along the West coast of Scotland Captain John Gore 1772 1836 Naturalists Joseph Banks 1743 1820 and Daniel Solander 1733 1782 1772 1775 HMS Resolution and HMS Adventure edit Main article Second voyage of James Cook Cook s second voyage in Resolution and Adventure around the world He again visited New Zealand sailed near the Antarctic and discovered many islands in the Pacific Swedish Sparrman embarked during a stopover at the Cape Captains James Cook 1728 1779 Resolution expedition leader Charles Clerke and Tobias Furneaux 1735 1781 Adventure Surgeon naturalist William Anderson 1750 1788 Naturalists Johann Reinhold Forster 1729 1798 Georg Forster 1754 1794 and Anders Sparrman 1748 1820 Astronomers William Wales c 1734 1798 William Bayly 1737 1810 Aboard as crew member George Vancouver also to become a famous Explorer Publications Cook s journals also the two Forsters each released an account of this journey Georg A Voyage Round the World 1777 Reinhold Observations Made during a Voyage round the World 1778 1773 HMS Racehorse and HMS Carcass edit Main article 1773 Phipps expedition towards the North Pole nbsp Racehorse and Carcass 7 August 1773 enclosed by ice Lat 80 37 N In Payne s Universal Geography Vol V p 481 A British expedition to explore the Arctic Sea The two ships reached Svalbard before turning back because of the ice The teenage Horatio Nelson was a midshipman aboard HMS Carcass Captain Constantine John Phipps 1744 1792 Surgeon naturalist Charles Irving assisted by Olaudah Equiano Astronomer Israel Lyons 1739 1775 Publication C J Phipps 1774 A Voyage towards the north pole undertaken 1773 74 Le Roland and L Oiseau edit Exploration of the southern Indian Ocean Captain Yves Joseph de Kerguelen Tremarec 1734 1797 Naturalist Jean Guillaume Bruguiere 1749 or 1750 1798 Astronomer Joseph Lepaute Dagelet 1776 1780 HMS Resolution and HMS Discovery edit Main article Third voyage of James Cook nbsp Resolution and Discovery by Samuel Adkin Cook s Third Voyage to find the Northwest Passage by crossing the Bering Strait Cook was killed in the Hawaiian archipelago Captains James Cook 1728 1779 Resolution and Charles Clerke 1741 1779 Discovery Surgeon naturalists William Anderson 1750 1788 and William Ellis 1747 1810 Astronomer William Bayly 1737 1810 assistant astronomer Joseph Billings 1758 1806 Illustrator John Webber 1750 1793 Crew members George Vancouver 1757 1798 was to become a celebrated explorer himself and William Bligh 1754 1817 who would later command HMS Bounty James King 1750 1784 was second lieutenant and shared astronomical duties with Cook on Resolution 1785 1788 La Boussole and L Astrolabe edit nbsp The Astrolabe on an ice floe 6 February 1838 French King Louis XVI inspired by Cook s voyages mounted his own expedition under the direction of de Laperouse Cook s anti scorbutic remedies to eradicate scurvy were applied successfully Lamanon and twelve other members of the expedition were massacred by natives at Vanuatu where they were looking for water The two ships disappeared in the Solomon Islands at Vanikoro during a violent storm Captain Jean Francois de Galaup comte de Laperouse 1741 1788 on the Boussole and Paul Antoine Fleuriot de Langle 1744 1787 on the Astrolabe Chief Engineer Paul Merault Monneron 1748 1788 Geologist Robert de Lamanon 1752 1787 Artists the uncle and nephew Prevost Duche De Vancy Naturalists Jean Andre Mongez 1751 c 1788 Interpreter of Russian Barthelemy de Lesseps 1766 1834 landed at Petropavlovsk and in charge of bringing to France the log maps and drawings of the trip 1785 1788 King George edit Global circumnavigation Captain Nathaniel Portlock 1785 1794 Slava Rossii edit A Russian expedition commanded by the British Captain Joseph Billings astronomer on Cook s third voyage This expedition lasted more than ten years attempting unsuccessfully to find the Northwest Passage that had remained undiscovered after Cook s explorations Captain Joseph Billings c 1758 1806 Naturalists Carl Heinrich Merck and Carl Krebs Surgeons naturalists Michael Robeck and Peter Allegretti Cartographer Gavriil Sarytchev Publications J Billings An Account of a Geographical and Astronomical expedition to the Northern parts of Russia 1802 translated into French the same year under the title of Voyage made by order of Empress Catherine II Russia in the North of the Asian Russian the icy sea in the sea on the coasts of America from 1785 until 1794 by commodore Billings and Anadyr Paris 1802 Peter Simon Pallas 1741 1811 Zoographia Rosso Asiatica 1811 where he described the species discovered by this expedition 1790 91 La Solide edit The Solide expedition was the second successful circumnavigation by the French after that by Bougainville It occurred from 1790 to 1792 but remains little known due to its mostly commercial aims in the fur trade between the northwest American coast and China Captain Etienne Marchand 1755 1793 1789 1794 Descubierta and Atrevida edit nbsp Drawing of the corvettes Descubierta and Atrevida Main article Descubierta and Atrevida The Spanish Malaspina Expedition explored the coasts of Spanish possessions in America and Alaska always looking for the Northwest Passage More than 70 crates of natural history specimens were sent to Madrid On return Captain Malaspina was forced into exile because of his ideas suggesting among other things that Spain abandon the military domination of its colonies in favour of a Federation The scientific journal of the trip was lost but recovered in 1885 Captains Alessandro Malaspina 1754 1810 Descubierta and Jose de Bustamante y Guerra 1759 1825 Atrevida Naturalists Antonio Pineda 1751 1792 Thaddaus Haenke 1761 1817 Luis Nee c 1789 1794 and Tomas de Suria Artist Jose del Pozo and Jose Guio Publication Pedro de Novo y Colson 1846 1931 Viaje politico cientifico alrededor del mundo por las corbetas Descubierta y Atrevida al mando los capitanes navio d Alejandro Malaspina y Don Jose de Bustamante y Guerra desde 1789 a 1794 Madrid 1885 1791 1794 La Recherche and L Esperance edit nbsp The frigates Recherche and Esperance An expedition to find the two vessels commanded by Jean Francois de La Perouse 1741 1788 and of which there was no news after they had left Port Jackson heading for southern Tasmania and southern Australia The two captains of the search expedition both perished en route Captain Kermadec died in May 1793 of tuberculosis and Captain d Entrecasteaux died of scurvy in July of the same year The expedition was headed by a royalist and heard of The Terror in France when putting into the Dutch colonies The crew was arrested and collections of natural history confiscated and offered by the Dutch to the British These were however on the express request of the scientist Joseph Banks 1743 1820 returned to France Captains Antoine Bruni d Entrecasteaux 1737 1793 Recherche and Jean Michel de Kermadec 1748 1793 Esperance Naturalists Jacques Julien de Labillardiere 1755 1834 Claude Riche 1762 1798 Jean Blavier 1764 1828 the father Louis Ventenat 1765 1794 and Louis Deschamps 1765 1842 Hydrographer Charles Francois Beautemps Beaupre 1766 1854 Gardener Felix Delahaye 1767 1829 Artist Piron 1796 Publication J H La Billardiere Relation of the voyage for the Perugia made by order of the constituent Assembly during the years 1791 1792 and during the first and second years of the Republic Francoise Paris 1799 Elizabeth Rossel Voyage of Entrecasteaux sent for Laperouse 2 vols 1809 1791 1793 HMS Providence edit The Royal Society of Arts Manufactures and Commerce offered a reward of fifty pounds for living breadfruit plants Bligh completed this in Providence his second mission to collect breadfruit plants and other botanical specimens from the Pacific These he transported to the West Indies specimens being given to the Royal Botanic Gardens in St Vincent This expedition was a success returning to the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew with 1 283 plants including varieties of apple pear oranges and mangoes citation needed In addition to these specimens the expedition accomplished many observations and cartographic surveys in the South Seas Captain William Bligh 1754 1817 Surgeon naturalist Thomas Dancer c 1750 1811 1791 1795 HMS Discovery and HMS Chatham edit nbsp Discovery in 1789 Main article Vancouver Expedition A mission to the South Seas and Pacific Northwest coast of America In 1791 Discovery left England with Chatham Both ships anchored at Cape Town before exploring the south coast of Australia In King George Sound the Discovery s naturalist and surgeon Archibald Menzies collected various plant species including Banksia grandis the first recording of the genus Banksia from Western Australia The two ships sailed to Hawaiʻi where Vancouver named Kamehameha I Chatham and Discovery then sailed on to the Northwest Pacific Over the course of the next four years Vancouver surveyed the northern Pacific Ocean coast in Discovery wintering in Spanish California or Hawaiʻi Discovery s primary mission was to exert British sovereignty over this part of the Northwest Coast following the hand over of the Spanish Fort San Miguel at Nootka Sound although exploration in co operation with the Spanish was seen as an important secondary objective Exploration work was successful as relations with the Spanish went well resupply in California was especially helpful Vancouver and the Spanish commandant Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra were on such good terms that the original name of Vancouver Island was actually Quadra and Vancouver s Island Captains George Vancouver 1757 1798 Discovery and William Robert Broughton 1763 1822 Chatham Naturalist Archibald Menzies 1754 1842 Physician naturalist Alexander Cranstoun 1800 1804 Le Geographe and Naturaliste edit Main article Baudin expedition to Australia This expedition was organised to establish a permanent colonial presence in the South Seas before the British concentrating on the mapping of the coast of the Australia and New Guinea Nicolas Baudin died in Mauritius in 1803 another naturalist on the island of Timor two other naturalists chose to stay on the island and two astronomers died of dysentery Peron assisted by his friend Lesueur managed to gather a vast zoological collection Naturaliste returned to France in 1803 with a part of the collections Captain Baudin bought a schooner the Casuarina at the British settlement of Port Jackson in Australia Baudin was replaced by Pierre Bernard Milius 1773 1829 Commanders Nicolas Baudin 1754 1803 Le Geographe and Jacques Hamelin 1768 1839 Le Naturaliste Physician surgeon first doctor in the Navy and biologist Pierre Francois Keraudren 1769 1858 Le Geographe Naturalists Jean Baptiste Leschenault de la Tour 1773 1826 Rene Mauge Cely Stanislas Levillain 1774 1801 Francois Peron 1775 1810 Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint Vincent 1778 1846 left the expedition to Mauritius Desire Dumont Andre Michaux 1746 1803 Artist Charles Alexandre Lesueur 1778 1846 assisted by Nicolas Martin Petit 1777 1804 Astronomers Pierre Francois Bernier 1779 1803 and Frederic de Bissy 1768 1803 Cartographer Charles Pierre Boullanger Geographer Pierre Faure 1777 1855 Mineralogist Louis Depuch Joseph Charles Bailly Publications F Peron Voyage of discovery to the southern lands three volumes Paris 1807 1816 many species of birds are described by Louis Pierre Vieillot 1748 1831 in the New Dictionary of Natural History 1816 1819 1801 1803 HMS Investigator edit nbsp A 20th century drawing of Investigator The first circumnavigation of Australia The work of scientific observation was interrupted due to damage and many specimens transferred to HMS Porpoise were lost when it sank The observations of Brown on the flora of this continent were the most extensive at this time Captain Matthew Flinders 1774 1814 Naturalist Robert Brown 1773 1858 Physician naturalist Hugh Bell Mineralogist John Allen Astronomer John Crosley Artists Ferdinand Bauer 1760 1826 and William Westall 1781 1850 Publication M Flinders A Voyage to Terra Australis undertaken for the purpose of completing the discovery of that vast country and prosecuted in the years 1801 1802 and 1803 two volumes 1814 1803 1806 Nadezhda and Neva edit nbsp The Russian sloop Neva visits Kodiak in Alaska The first Russian circumnavigation of the world was intended to establish a link with Russian possessions in America the transport of goods at that time being via Siberia a journey lasting about two years The second objective which was not achieved was to establish trade and diplomatic links with Japan This expedition took place during the rule of emperor Alexander I 1777 1825 Nadezhda and Neva explored the Aleutian Islands Sakhalin and discovered the mouth of the Love River They also visited the Marquesas Islands and Hawaii Baron von Langsdorff left the expedition in 1805 to explore the Interior of Alaska and California Thirteen cases of natural history specimens were shipped to the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences Captains Adam Johann von Krusenstern 1770 1846 Nadezhda and Yuri Fyodorovich Lisianski Neva Naturalist Georg Heinrich von Langsdorff 1774 1852 Physician naturalist Wilhelm Gottlieb Tilesius von Tilenau 1769 1857 Publication G H von Langsdorff Bemerkungen auf einer Reise um die Welt in den Jahren 1803 bis 1807 von G h von Langsdorff Frankfurt am Main two volumes 1812 1815 1818 Rurik edit A Russian expedition funded by the Chancellor of Russia count Nikolai P Romanzof to investigate the Northeast Passage in the Bering Sea The coast of Alaska was studied and the South Pacific also the cartography of 36 islands including the Marshall Islands Also natural history collections made Captain Otto von Kotzebue 1787 1846 Naturalist Adelbert von Chamisso 1781 1838 Physician naturalist Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz 1793 1831 Publication J F Eschscholtz Entdeckungs Reise in die Sud See und nach der Berings Strasse zur Erforschung einer nordostlichen Durchfahrt unternommen in den Jahren 1815 1816 1817 1818 und auf Kosten a Grafen Rumanzoff auf dem Schiffe Rurick unter dem Befehle of the Lieutenants Otto von Kotzebue three volumes Weimer 1821 1817 1820 L Uranie and La Physicienne edit nbsp Baptism of Hawaiians on the Uranie in 1819 A French expedition exploring Western Australia and islands of Timor Molucca Samoa and Hawaii L Uranie visited Rio de Janeiro to take a series of pendulum measurements as well as other observations not only in geography and ethnology but in astronomy terrestrial magnetism and meteorology and for the collection of specimens in natural history Commander Commander Louis Claude de Saulces Freycinet 1779 1842 Second Louis Isidore Duperrey 1786 1865 Physician naturalist Joseph Paul Gaimard 1796 1858 and Jean Rene Constant Quoy 1790 1869 Botanist Charles Gaudichaud Beaupre 1789 1854 Illustrator Jacques Arago 1790 1855 Adrien Taunay the Younger 1803 1828 Publication de Freycinet L Voyage autour du Monde execute sur les corvettes de L M L Uranie et La Physicienne pendant les annees 1817 1818 1819 et 1820 Paris pp 192 401 J Arago Drive around the world during the years 1817 1818 1819 and 1820 on the corvettes of the King the Urania and physicist commissioned by Mr Freycinet by Js Arago designer of the expedition Paris 2 volumes 1822 1819 1821 Le Rhone and La Durance edit One of the missions of this expedition was to take plants from Java and the Philippines to French Guiana The botanist Samuel Perrottet 1793 1870 settled in Guyana to investigate the acclimatisation of plants transplanted from Asia La Durance returned to France in 1820 Le Rhone the following year Captain Pierre Henri Philibert 1774 Botanist George Samuel Perrottet 1793 1870 1822 1825 La Coquille edit Louis Isidore Duperrey commanded the expedition in La Coquille with Jules Dumont d Urville as second in command The naturalists appointed to the expedition were the surgeon pharmacist and zoologist Rene Primevere Lesson and surgeon major Prosper Garnot Doctor Garnot had a severe attack of dysentery and was sent back on the Castle Forbes with some of the specimens collected in South America and the Pacific The specimens were lost when the ship was wrecked off the Cape of Good Hope in July 1824 Garnot and Lesson wrote the zoological section of the voyage s report Commander lieutenant Louis Isidore Duperrey 1786 1865 Second lieutenant Jules Dumont d Urville botanist 1790 1842 Physician naturalist the surgeon pharmacist and zoologist Rene Primevere Lesson 1794 1849 and surgeon major Prosper Garnot 1794 1838 Astronomer Charles Hector Jacquinot 1796 1879 Illustrators Jules Louis Lejeune 1804 1851 Jacques Arago 1790 1855 Hydrographer Victor Charles Lottin 1795 1858 Publications Lesson and Garnot Voyage autour du monde execute par ordre du roi sur la corvette La Coquille 1828 32 Journey around the world on the corvette La Coquille Paris six volumes 1826 1830 1823 1826 Predpriyatiye edit An expedition of two ships of war the main object of which was to take reinforcements to Kamchatka There was however a staff of scientists on board the Russian sailing sloop Predpriyatiye Russian Enterprise who collected much valuable information and material on geography ethnography and natural history The expedition proceeding by Cape Horn visited the Radak and Society Islands and reached Petropavlovsk in July 1824 Many positions along the coast were mapped more accurately the Navigator islands visited and several discoveries made The expedition returned by the Marianas Philippines New Caledonia and the Hawaiian Islands reaching Kronstadt on 10 July 1826 Captain Otto von Kotzebue 1787 1846 Physician naturalist Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz 1793 1831 and Dr Lenz Publication O von Kotzebue Reise um die Welt in den Jahren 1823 24 25 und 26 von Otto von Kotzebue Weimer 1830 1824 25 HMS Blonde edit nbsp HMS Blonde by Robert Dampier 1825 In 1824 Byron was chosen to accompany homewards the bodies of Hawaiian monarchs Liholiho known as King Kamehameha II and Queen Kamamalu who had died of measles during a state visit to England 10 He sailed in HMS Blonde in September 1824 accompanied by several naturalists and amongst others his lieutenant Edward Belcher 11 He toured the islands and made observations With the consent of Christian missionaries to the islands he also removed wooden carvings and other artifacts of the chiefs of ancient Hawaii from the temple ruins of Puʻuhonua O Hōnaunau 12 On his return journey in 1825 Lord Byron discovered and charted Malden Island which he named after his surveying officer Mauke and Starbuck Island 13 Starbuck was named in honour of Captain Valentine Starbuck an American whaler who had sighted the island while carrying the Hawaiian royal couple to England in 1823 1824 but which had probably been previously sighted by his cousin and fellow whaler Captain Obed Starbuck in 1823 14 Captain George Anson Byron 1789 1868 Naturalists Andrew Bloxam 1801 1878 and James Macrae Published by G A Byron Voyage of H M S Blonde to the Sandwich Islands in the years 1824 1825 The Right Hon captain Lord Byron order London 1826 1824 1826 Le Thetis and L Esperance edit nbsp 1813 model of the frigate Thetis in the Musee National de la Marine Rochefort A French mission to establish diplomatic relations with Indochina and make geographical observations On 12 January 1825 Hyacinthe de Bougainville led an embassy to Vietnam with Captain Courson de la Ville Helio arriving in Da Nang with the warships Thetis and L Esperance 15 Although they had a 28 January 1824 letter from Louis XVIII the ambassadors could not obtain an audience with Minh Mạng 16 Captains Hyacinthe de Bougainville 1781 1846 Le Thetis and Paul de Nourquer du Camper L Esperance Surgeon naturalist Francois Louis Busseuil 1791 1835 1825 1828 HMS Blossom edit nbsp HMS Blossom off the Sandwich Islands now the Hawaiian Islands A British expedition to the Bering Sea attempting a rendezvous with the expedition of Sir John Franklin 1786 1847 at the mouth of the Mackenzie River Blossom reached as far north as Point Barrow Alaska the furthest point into the Arctic any non Inuit had been at the time but was unable to join the Franklin expedition With Lay ill it was Beechey and Collie that performed most of the specimen collection but many could not be preserved Captain Frederick William Beechey 1796 1856 Physician naturalist Alexander Collie 1793 1835 Naturalist George Tradescant Lay 1800 1854 Publication F W Beechey Narrative of a Voyage to the Pacific and Behring s Strait 1831 The Zoology of Captain Beechey s voyage to the Pacific and Behring s Strait 1839 1825 1830 HMS Adventure and HMS Beagle edit The mission was the hydrographic survey of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego under the overall command of the surveyor Commander Phillip Parker King in HMS Adventure In the desolate waters of Tierra del Fuego Stokes the captain of HMS Beagle became depressed and shot himself on 2 August 1828 dying a few days later 17 Parker King replaced Stokes with Lieutenant W G Skyring as commander of the ship and both ships sailed to Montevideo After the ships arrived at Rio de Janeiro for repairs and provisioning Rear Admiral Sir Robert Otway the Commander in chief of the South American station gave command of Beagle to his aide Lieutenant Robert FitzRoy 18 Fuegians were taken back with them when the Beagle returned 17 During this survey the Beagle Channel was identified and named after the ship 19 Captain Philip Parker King 1793 1856 Adventure and Pringle Stokes 1828 Beagle Naturalist James Anderson 1797 1842 Publication P P King Narrative of the first surveying voyage of H M ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836 describing their examination of the Southern shores of South America and the Beagle s circumnavigation of the world Vol i containing the proceedings of the first expedition 1826 1830 under the command of captain P Parker King London 1839 1826 1829 L Astrolabe edit This mission led by Dumont d Urville searched for the two vessels of La Perouse 1741 1788 The coasts of Australia of New Zealand of Fiji and the Loyalty Islands were explored Dumont d Urville renamed La Coquille as L Astrolabe as a tribute to the ship of La Perouse Captain Jules Dumont d Urville 1790 1842 Physician naturalist Joseph Paul Gaimard 1796 1858 and Jean Rene Constant Quoy 1790 1869 Pharmacy botanist Rene Primevere Lesson 1805 1888 Publications J Dumont d Urville Voyage of the Astrolabe 14 volumes 1830 1835 1826 1829 Senyavin and Moller edit A Russian circumnavigation on the ship Senyavin sailing from Kronstadt and rounding Cape Horn accompanied by Captain Mikhail Nikolaievich Staniukovich in command of the sloop Moller During the voyage Litke and his team described the western coastline of the Bering Sea the Bonin Islands off Japan and the Carolines and discovered 12 new islands The expedition strengthened the Russian presence near Alaska A large collection of natural history specimens was made including 1 000 new species of insects fish birds and other animals and 2 500 plant specimens including algae and minerals Captain Fyodor Litke 1797 1882 Botanist naturalist Karl Heinrich Mertens 1796 1830 Naturalist Heinrich von Kittlitz 1799 1874 Mineralogist Alexander Philipov Postels 1801 1871 Published by F Litke Trip around the world 1835 1836 1827 28 La Chevrette edit The first French expedition to map the coast of India Captain Theodore Fabre 1795 1830 Surgeon naturalist Auguste Adolphe Marc Reynaud 1804 1828 Ms Korvet Triton edit Dutch exploration of New Guinea The corvette Triton The brig Iris Expedition leader Dr H C Macklot Captain of Triton J J Steenboom 1829 La Cybele edit Scientific exploration was placed under the direction of Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint Vincent 1778 1846 Captain Marie Antoine Chevalier de Robillard 1788 1837 Zoologists Gaspard Auguste Brulle 1809 1873 and Sextius Delaunay Botanist Jean Marie Despreaux 1794 1843 Geologist Pierre Theodore Virlet D Aoust 1800 1894 Artist Prosper Baccuet 1798 1854 1829 1832 La Favorite edit As British American and Dutch voyages consolidated their interest in Australia Hawaii and New Guinea the French government sought to secure the religious freedoms and rights of French residents in the South Pacific 20 The expedition passed the Cape of Good Hope stopping at Pondicherry and Madras and then exploring the coast of Cochinchina and Tonkin stopping in the Philippines Australia Tasmania and New Zealand The expedition was considered a great success many hydrological observations were completed and natural history collections assembled Captain Cyrille Pierre Theodore Laplace 1793 1875 Naturalist Joseph Fortune Theodore Eydoux 1802 1841 Publication C P T Laplace Journey around the world by the India and China seas running on the corvette of the State the Favorite during the 1830s 1831 and 1832 under the command of Mr Laplace captain of fregatte Published by order of Mr Vice Admiral comte Rigny Minister of marine and colonies seven volumes including two atlas Paris 1833 1839 1831 1836 HMS Beagle edit Main article Second voyage of the Beagle A world circumnavigation to make a hydrographic survey of the coast of Patagonia Tierra del Fuego Chile and Peru and establish accurate longitude measurements Charles Darwin paid his own way as a naturalist companion to the captain and found the voyage a stimulus both to his understanding as a geologist and to the formulation of his Theory of Evolution Captain Robert FitzRoy 1805 1865 Physician naturalist Robert McCormick 1800 1890 until April 1832 followed by Benjamin Bynoe 1803 1865 Artist Augustus Earle replaced by Conrad Martens Naturalist supernumerary passenger Charles Darwin 1809 1882 Publications C Darwin editor Zoology of the Voyage of H M S Beagle five volumes 1838 1843 R FitzRoy editor Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty s Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836 describing their examination of the southern shores of South America and the Beagle s circumnavigation of the globe volume 2 and appendix by FitzRoy Proceedings of the second expedition 1831 36 under the command of Captain Robert Fitz Roy R N 1839 volume 3 by C Darwin Journal and Remarks 1839 C Darwin The Geology of the Voyage of The Beagle three volumes The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs 1842 Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands 1844 Geological Observations on South America 1846 1835 and 1836 La Recherche edit Main article La Recherche Expedition 1838 1840 Two French expeditions to the coasts of Iceland and Greenland in an attempt to trace the Bordelaise commanded by Jules de Blosseville 1802 1833 which had been missing since 1833 Captain Francois Thomas Trehouart 1798 1873 Physician naturalist Joseph Paul Gaimard 1796 1858 assisted by Elie Jean Francois Le Guillou 1806 1894 first voyage and by Charles Rene Augustin Leclancher 1804 1857 second voyage Louis Eugene Robert 1836 1839 Venus edit A French expedition circumnavigation in the frigate Venus to assess the economic viability of whaling in the North Pacific However it s the safeguarding of the French Catholics in the Pacific that will remain the most notable feat of Captain Abel Aubert du Petit Thouars 21 Captain Abel Aubert du Petit Thouars 1793 1864 Engineer hydrographer Urbain Dortet de Tessan 1804 1879 Physician naturalist Adolphe Simon Neboux 1806 1844 Surgeon Charles Rene Augustin Leclancher 1804 1857 Publication A A Petit Thouars Travel around the world on the frigate Venus eleven volumes 1840 1864 1836 37 La Bonite edit A global circumnavigation sailing the coast of South America back along the West Coast to California across the Pacific reaching Manila China India the Isla Borbon and returning to France More than 1 000 new plant species were collected and many geographical and meteorological observations made Captain Auguste Nicolas Vaillant 1793 1858 Physician naturalist Joseph Fortune Theodore Eydoux 1803 1841 and Louis Francois Auguste Souleyet 1811 1852 Hydrographer Benoit Darondeau 1805 1869 Pharmacy botanist Charles Gaudichaud Beaupre 1789 1854 Publication A N Vaillant Trip around the world executed during the years 1836 and 1837 on the corvetteBonito eleven volumes Paris 1841 1852 1836 1842 HMS Sulphur edit Exploration of the Pacific coast of America and interior of Nicaragua and El Salvador Sulphur participated in the First Opium War between 1840 and 1841 and was later used to survey the harbour of Hong Kong in 1841 returning to England in 1842 Captain Edward Belcher 1799 1877 Physician naturalist Richard Brinsley Hinds 1811 1846 Publications E Belcher Narrative of a Voyage Round the World in HMS Sulphur two volumes 1843 Volume 1 Volume 2 R B Hinds editor The Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Sulphur two volumes 1843 1844 1837 1840 L Astrolabe and La Zelee edit The second voyage of L Astrolabe this time accompanied by La Zelee sailed on 7 September 1837 and at the end of November the ships reached the Strait of Magellan Dumont thought there was sufficient time to explore the strait for three weeks taking into account the precise maps drawn by Phillip Parker King between 1826 and 1830 before heading south again but two weeks after seeing their first iceberg the ships were encased in pack ice for a while After reaching the South Orkney Islands the expedition headed directly to the South Shetland Islands and the Bransfield Strait Then located some land which was named Terre de Louis Philippe now called Graham Land the Joinville Island group and Rosamel Island now called Andersson Island In poor shape the two ships headed for Talcahuano in Chile Turning south they led for the first time some experiments to determine the approximate position of the South Magnetic Pole discovered the Terre Adelie on 20 January 1840 and landed two days later on an islet of the Geologie Archipelago 66 36 19 S 140 4 0 E 66 60528 S 140 06667 E 66 60528 140 06667 4 km from the mainland to take mineral and animal samples Captains Jules Dumont d Urville 1790 1842 L Astrolabe Charles Hector Jacquinot 1796 1879 La Zelee Physician naturalist on The Astrolabe Jacques Bernard Hombron 1798 1852 surgeon major of 2nd class and Louis Le Breton 1818 1866 surgeon 3rd class and La Zelee Honore Jacquinot 1815 1887 3rd class surgeon Elie Jean Francois Le Guillou 1806 after 1860 surgeon 3rd class Preparer naturalist Pierre Marie Alexandre Dumoutier 1797 1871 Illustrator Ernest Goupil 1814 1840 replaced on his death on 1 April 1840 to Hobart Town by Louis Le Breton surgeon 3rd class Hydrographer cartographer Clement Adrien Vincendon Dumoulin 1811 1858 Publications J Dumont d Urville then Clement Adrien Vincendon Dumoulin assisted Desgraz Secretary of L Astrolabe Histoire du voyage from Tome 4 to 10 tome 1 tome 2 tome 3 tome 4 tome 5 volume 6 tome 7 tome 8 tome 9 tome 10 For all other publications by themes and authors refer to Expedition Dumont d Urville in the Publications part 1837 1843 HMS Beagle edit The mission was the hydrographic survey of the coasts of Australia In 1839 Lieutenant Stokes sighted a natural harbour which Wickham named Port Darwin after Charles Darwin who had previously sailed round the world on the Beagle The later settlement nearby eventually became the city of Darwin Northern Territory In 1841 Wickham fell ill and Stokes took command Captain John Clements Wickham 1798 1864 succeeded by John Lort Stokes 1812 1885 Physician naturalist Benjamin Bynoe 1804 1865 Publication J L Stokes Discoveries in Australia With an Account of the Coasts and Rivers Explored and Surveyed During The Voyage of H M S Beagle in the Years 1837 38 39 40 41 42 43 By Command of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty Also a Narrative of Captain Owen Stanley s Visits to the Islands in the Arafura Sea Vol 1 and Vol 2 London 1846 1838 1842 USS Vincennes and USS Peacock edit nbsp USS Vincennes in Disappointment Bay Antarctica during the Wilkes expedition Main article United States Exploring Expedition The Wilkes Expedition included naturalists botanists a mineralogist taxidermists artists and a philologist in the ships Vincennes Peacock the brig Porpoise the store ship Relief and two schooners Sea Gull and Flying Fish Departing Hampton Roads on 18 August 18 1838 the expedition stopped at Madeira and Rio de Janeiro Argentina visited Tierra del Fuego Chile Peru the Tuamotu Archipelago Samoa and New South Wales From Sydney the fleet sailed into the Antarctic Ocean in December 1839 and reported the discovery of an Antarctic continent west of the Balleny Islands of which it sighted the coast on 25 January 1840 Next the expedition visited Fiji and the Hawaiian Islands in 1840 In July 1840 two sailors one of whom was Wilkes nephew Midshipman Wilkes Henry were killed while bartering for food on Malolo in Fiji Wilkes retribution was swift and severe According to an old man of Malolo Island nearly 80 Fijians were killed in the incident From December 1840 to March 1841 his men with native Hawaiian porters hauled a pendulum to the summit of Mauna Loa to measure gravity He explored the west coast of North America including the Strait of Juan de Fuca Puget Sound the Columbia River San Francisco Bay and the Sacramento River in 1841 The expedition returned by way of the Philippines the Sulu Archipelago Borneo Singapore Polynesia and the Cape of Good Hope reaching New York City on 10 June 1842 This was the first circumnavigation of the world funded by the Government of the United States and the last by a sailing vessel The expedition was poorly prepared and of five vessels which left only two returned to port The natural history collections were very rich with 50 000 plant specimens approximately 10 000 species and 4 000 specimens of animals half being new species Captains Charles Wilkes 1798 1877 USS Vincennes and William Levereth Hudson USS Peacock 1794 1862 Doctor tries J L Fox Naturalists Charles Pickering 1805 1878 Titian Ramsay Peale 1799 1885 James Dwight Dana 1813 1895 William Dunlop Brackenridge 1810 1893 Publication V Wilkes Narrative of the United States exploring Expedition twenty volumes 1845 1876 1839 1843 HMS Erebus and HMS Terror edit nbsp Erebus and Terror ships of James Clark Ross The ships were later lost searching for the Northwest Passage under John Franklin nbsp Terror in the Arctic This British trip sponsored by the Royal Society was to discover magnetic and geographic features of the Antarctic The expedition was prepared with great care by James Clark Ross already familiar with Polar navigation The two ships left the United Kingdom on 19 September 1839 stopping to explore the Kerguelen Islands in 1840 and then on Tasmania to build a magnetic observatory for the Antarctic and to conduct cartographic work Mount Erebus and the Ross Sea were discovered during this journey After three attempts Ross admitted that the magnetic pole lay in land that he could not reach Following the footsteps of his uncle John Ross he performed the first deep sea surveys up to 4800 m 2677 fathoms using ropes Unfortunately biological specimens collected decomposed Captains Sir James Clark Ross 1800 1862 Erebus and Francis Crozier 1796 1848 Terror Physician naturalist Robert McCormick 1800 1890 Joseph Hooker 1817 1911 John Robertson David Lyall 1817 1895 Publications J C Ross A Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern and Antarctic Regions 1847 J E Gray and John Richardson The zoology of the Voyage of HM Ships Erebus and Terror 1844 1875 J D Hooker The botany of the Antarctic voyage of HM discovery ships Erebus and Terror in the years 1839 1843 under the command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross Three volumes I Flora Antarctica 1844 II Flora Novae Zelandiae 1853 1855 III Flora Tasmaniae 1860 1841 1844 La Favorite edit A French scientific exploration in the China Sea and Indian Ocean Captain Theogene Francois Page 1807 1867 Surgeon naturalist Charles Rene Augustin Leclancher 1804 1857 1842 1846 HMS Fly edit During the early to mid 1840s Fly charted numerous trade and other routes between many locations primarily off Australia s north east coast and nearby islands Such islands included Whitsunday Island and the Capricorn Islands After being discovered during the survey of the Gulf of Papua New Guinea the Fly River was named after HMS Fly For the most of its seaworthy existence Fly was captained by Francis Price Blackwood Captain Francis Price Blackwood 1809 1854 Physician naturalist Benjamin Bynoe 1804 1865 Naturalists Joseph Beete Jukes 1811 1869 and John MacGillivray 1821 1867 Publication J B Jukes Narrative of the surveying voyage of H M S Fly commanded by captain F P Blackwood in Torres Strait New Guinea and other islands of the Eastern Archipelago during the years 1842 1846 together with an excursion into the interior of the Eastern part of Java two volumes 1847 1845 1847 HDMS Galathea edit The corvette Galathea was sent out by King Christian VIII of Denmark with its main purposes the handover of the Danish colonies in India to the British East India Company and exploring and possibly recolonising the Nicobar Islands in the Indian Ocean Additional aims were the expansion of trade with China and the discovery of new trading opportunities as well as making extensive scientific collections Captain Steen Andersen Bille Physician naturalist Didrik Ferdinand Didrichsen Naturalists Bernhard Casper Kamphǿvener Carl Emil Kiellerup Hinrich Johannes Rink Wilhelm Friedrich Georg Behn and Johannes Theodor Reinhardt Artists Johan Christian Thornam and Poul August Plum Publication Steen Bille Beretning om Corvetten Galathea s Reise omkring Jorden i 1845 46 og 47 Universitetsboghandler C U Reitzels Forlag Kjobenhavn 1853 1846 1850 HMS Rattlesnake and HMS Bramble edit nbsp Rattlesnake painted 1853 by Oswald Brierly artist on the expedition A British expedition to the Cape York and Torres Strait areas of northern Australia Captain Owen Stanley 1811 1850 Rattlesnake and Charles Bampfield Yule Bramble Surgeon John Thomson Physician naturalist Thomas Henry Huxley 1825 1895 Naturalists John MacGillivray 1821 1867 and James Fowler Wilcox 1823 1881 Artist Oswald Brierly 1817 1894 Publication J MacGillivray Narrative of the Voyage of HMS Rattlesnake 1852 Goodman J The Rattlesnake A Voyage of Discovery to the Coral Sea London Faber amp Faber ISBN 978 0 571 21078 7 2006 Goodman J Losing it in New Guinea the voyage of HMS Rattlesnake Endeavour Elsevier 29 2 60 65 doi 10 1016 j endeavour 2005 04 005 PMID 15935857 2005 J Huxley T H Huxley s diary of the voyage of HMS Rattlesnake London Chatto amp Windus 1935 1851 1854 Capricieuse edit A French expedition circumnavigating the world via Cape Horn stopping in Tahiti and Ualan to determine an astronomical Meridian intended for future travel in the Pacific then arriving in China There the ship performed several missions of exploration including in July August 1852 in the seas of Korea and Japan then very little known in Europe and on the coasts of Kamchatkata completely unknown since the Laperouse expedition The Capricieuse then returned to France via the Cape of Good Hope This was the last French global circumnavigation by sail Commander Commander Gaston de Rocquemaurel 1804 1878 Second Navy lieutenant Jules Duroch Publication The narrative of the voyage remained unpublished 1851 1853 Eugenie edit Main article HSwMS Eugenie A Swedish natural history excursion the first Swedish circumnavigation of the world which contributed to the capture of Manuel Briones a robber who seized an American whaler the George Howland and who was a terror on the coast of the Ecuador Captain Christian Adolf Virgin 1797 1870 Physician naturalist Johan Gustaf Hjalmar Kinberg 1820 1908 Naturalist Nils Johan Andersson 1821 1880 Publication N J Andersson Fregatten Eugenies resa omkring jorden aren 1851 1853 under befal af utgifven af v a Virgin v Skogman Stockholm 1856 1852 1863 HMS Herald edit nbsp Herald A survey of the Australian coast and Fiji Islands continuing the mission of HMS Rattlesnake Following disagreements with the captain naturalist John MacGillivray disembarks at Sydney in January 1854 Herald was a 500 ton 28 gun sixth rate launched as Termagant in 1822 and renamed in 1824 She served as a survey ship under Henry Kellett and Henry Mangles Denham and was sold in 1864 Captain Henry Mangles Denham 1800 1887 Naturalists John MacGillivray 1821 1867 William Milne botanist and Denis Macdonald as Assistant Surgeon zoologist Publication Edward Forbes 1815 1854 The zoology of the voyage of H M S Herald under the command of Captain Henry Kellett during the years 1845 51 London 1854 1853 1855 USS Vincennes and USS Porpoise edit nbsp USS Porpoise This American expedition explored the coasts of Japan China Siberia and Kamchatka before putting in at the Cape of Good Hope and returning to the United States Porpoise sank in a typhoon in 1854 Captain John Rodgers 1812 1882 Naturalists William Stimpson 1832 1872 and Charles Wright 1811 1885 Publication due to the outbreak of civil war there is no record of this voyage scientific discoveries have been published separately from scientific journals 1857 1860 SMS Novara edit nbsp Frigate Novara from the 21 vol expedition report Voyage of the Austrian Frigate Novara around the Earth 1861 1876 An expedition organized by the Emperor of Austria to demonstrate the power of the Crown Novara departed Trieste in April 1857 passing the Cape of Good Hope to reach the Philippines Australia and New Zealand Fourteen of the forty four guns were dumped to make more room for the scientific collections Captain Bernhard von Wullerstorf Urbair 1816 1883 Naturalists Ferdinand von Hochstetter 1829 1884 Georg von Frauenfeld 1807 1873 and Johann Zelebor 1819 1869 Publication Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857 1858 1859 unter den Befehlen Commodore b von Wullerstorf Urbair 1864 1875 1860 HMS Bulldog edit An oceanographic survey in HMS Bulldog for the laying of a submarine telegraph cable in the North Atlantic Captain Francis Leopold McClintock 1819 1907 Naturalist George Charles Wallich 1815 1899 Publication The North Atlantic Sea Bed comprising a diary of the voyage on board H M S Bulldog in 1860 and observations on the presence of animal life and the formation and nature of organic deposits at great depths in the ocean 1862 1865 1868 Magenta edit An Italian circumnavigation of the globe that made important scientific observations in South America The purpose of the trip was also to establish diplomatic relations with China and Japan but without success De Filippi set out in 1866 on a government sponsored scientific voyage to circumnavigate the globe The ship the Italian warship Magenta sailed under the command of Vittorio Arminjon departing Montevideo on 2 February 1866 It reached Naples on 28 March 1868 However De Filippi himself died en route at Hong Kong on 9 February 1867 from serious dysentery and liver problems The scientific report was completed by his assistant Professor Enrico Hillyer Giglioli Giglioli returned to Italy in 1868 Captain Vittorio Arminjon 1830 1897 Naturalists Filippo de Filippi 1814 1867 and Enrico Hillyer Giglioli 1845 1909 Publications E H Giglioli Note intorno alla distribuzione della Fauna Vertebrata nell oceano prese durante un viaggio intorno al Blobo 1870 and Viaggio intorno al globo della r pirocorvetta italiana Magenta negli anni 1865 66 67 68 sotto it comando del capitano di fregata V f Arminjon Relazione descrittiva e scientifica pubblicata sotto gli auspici del ministero di Agricoltura industria e commercio dal dottore Enrico Hillyer Giglioli Con una introduzione etnologica di Paolo Mantegazza Milan 1875 1865 HMS Curacoa edit An expedition embarked in Curacoa leaving Sydney in June 1865 to explore the Pacific Islands One of the objectives is to punish the inhabitants of the islands of Tanna for mistreating a missionary Captain Sir William Wiseman 8th Baronet 1814 1874 Naturalist Julius Lucius Brenchley 1816 1873 Publication J L Brenchley Jottings during the cruise of H M S Curocoa among the south sea islands in 1865 London 1873 Collections by Brenchley are handled by various specialists as George Robert Gray 1808 1872 for Albert Gunther 1830 1914 birds to fish and reptiles 1868 and 1869 1870 HMS Lightning and HMS Porcupine edit Two British oceanographic expeditions in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea Captains Captain May Porcupine Killwick Calver 1813 1892 Lightning Naturalists Sir Charles Wyville Thomson 1830 1882 and Philip Herbert Carpenter 1813 1885 Publication The Depths of the Sea An Account of the General Results of the Dredging Cruises of H M SS Porcupine and Lightning during the summers of 1868 1869 and 1870 Under the Scientific Direction of Dr Carpenter J Gwyn Jeffreys and Dr Wyville Thomson 1873 1876 HMS Challenger edit nbsp Painting of Challenger by William Frederick Mitchell The celebrated Challenger Expedition was a grand tour of the world covering 68 000 nautical miles 125 936 km organised by the Royal Society in London in collaboration with the University of Edinburgh Charles Thomson was the leader of a large scientific team Captains George Nares 1873 and 1874 and Frank Tourle Thomson 1875 and 1876 Naturalists Charles Wyville Thomson 1830 1882 Henry Nottidge Moseley 1844 1891 and Rudolf von Willemoes Suhm 1847 1875 Oceanographers John Young Buchanan 1844 1925 and John Murray 1841 1914 Publications C W Thomson Report on the scientific results of the voyage of HMS Challenger during the years 1873 76 prepared under the superintendence of the late Sir C Wyville Thomson and now of John Murray fifty volumes London 1880 1895 H N Moseley Notes by a naturalist on the Challenger 1879 W J J Spry The cruise of the Challenger 1876 1875 76 HMS Alert and HMS Discovery edit nbsp Alert and Discovery at Proven North Greenland in 1875 by Edward Lawton Moss The British Arctic Expedition in Alert and Discovery seeking to establish the geographic and magnetic North Pole Captain George Strong Nares 1831 1915 Physician naturalist Richard William Coppinger 1847 1910 and Edward Lawton Moss Naturalists Henry Chichester Hart 1847 1908 and Henry Fielden Publication G Nares Narrative of a voyage to the Polar Sea during 1875 6 in the ships HMS Alert and HMS Discovery London 1878 translated into French Paris 1877 1881 USRC Thomas Corwin edit nbsp USRC Thomas Corwin Departure for Alaska 1885 Several expeditions were conducted in the Bering Sea in 1881 to find the Jeannette and two whaling ships Wrangel Island was discovered and made part of the United States in August 1881 with the landing of famed explorer John Muir and the crew of U S Revenue Marine ship Thomas Corwin under the command of Captain Calvin Leighton Hooper The landing at the mouth of the Clark River was illustrated by Muir in his book The Cruise of the Corwin Two weeks after the Corwin took possession USS John Rodgers conducted a complete survey of the island which turned out to equal the size of Rhode Island and Delaware combined Captain Calvin Leighton Hooper Naturalist Edward William Nelson 1855 1934 Explorer John Muir 1838 1914 Publication Muir J The Cruise of the Corwin 1882 83 La Romanche edit The French Navy frigate La Romanche was built for a French multidisciplinary expedition on a scientific mission to Tierra del Fuego The primary object was to observe and photograph the transit of the planet Venus The expedition also collected specimens of flora and fauna and studied local Yahgan indigenous people with the assistance of local Anglican missionary Thomas Bridges 22 See also Romanche Glacier Captain Ferdinand Martial Officers photographers Payen Doze Botanists Emile Bescherelle Paul Auguste Hariot Adrien Rene Franchet Paul Petit Doctor geologist anthropologist Paul Hyades Ornithologist Emile Oustalet 1882 1885 Vettor Pisani edit The Vettor Pisani was an Italian naval corvette equipped for scientific exploration 1886 1896 USS Albatross edit nbsp United States Fish Commission Steamer Albatross in the 1890s Albatross belonged to the Committee on Fisheries of the United States and it carried out numerous scientific expeditions under the direction of Alexander Emanuel Agassiz 1835 1910 The primary goal was an inventory of the Pacific fishery reserves but many other observations are carried out by Townsend and other scientists Captain Zera Tanner 1835 1906 Naturalist Charles Haskins Townsend 1859 1944 1897 98 Lila and Mattie edit Zoologist Walter Rothschild commissioned the Webster Harris Expedition to the Galapagos Islands from June 1897 to February 1898 This expedition on the schooner Lila amp Mattie is well described in the 1983 book titled Dear Lord Rothschild by Miriam Rothschild In the 1936 book Oceanic Birds of South America by Robert Cushman Murphy Rollo Beck describes the seminal telegram from C M Harris that started his long and important association with the Galapagos Islands The original of this telegram is in the Rollo Beck Collection in the California Academy of Sciences Archives There is also a photo from Beck s Sierra Nevada collecting trip in the archives of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology on the University of California Berkeley campus The story of buried treasure on Tower Island connected with this trip was apparently known to Captain Lindbridge during this voyage but the information was not revealed until after the group had left Tower Island This trip lasted from June 1897 to February 1898 after having started on a tragic note with the deaths of three of the original crew to Yellow Fever and having to reconstitute the expedition in San Francisco California Naturalist Rollo Beck 1870 1950 Organizer Frank Blake Webster Organizer Charles Miller Harris 1897 98 Belgica edit Adrien de Gerlache was an officer in the Belgian Royal Navy who led the Belgian Antarctic Expedition of 1897 to 1899 He acquired Le Patria in 1896 renaming it Belgica He left Antwerp on 16 August 1897 passing winter in the Antarctic before returning to Belgium on 5 November 1898 Captain Adrien de Gerlache 1866 1934 Naturalist Emil Racovita 1868 1947 1898 99 Valdivia edit nbsp Valdivia 1898 A German deep sea expedition exploring in Antarctic regions the Valdivia being a steamship in the Hamburg American line of steamers The subscription was launched by Georg von Neumayer 1826 1909 and only consisted of a single vessel instead of the two planned The expedition quickly reached the Cape of Good Hope where the study of deep waters began The ship reached Antarctic pack ice and rediscovered Bouvet Island followed by the Kerguelen Islands For the first time evidence of deep water in this region was provided by survey The Valdivia then passed to the Indian Ocean studying the coast of Sumatra before returning to its port of origin 29 April 1899 Captain Adalbert Krech 1852 1907 Naturalist Carl Chun 1852 1914 Publication C Chun 1903 Aus den Tiefen des Weltmeeres See also editCircumnavigation History of navigation List of explorers List of circumnavigations United States Coast and Geodetic Survey U S National Geodetic Survey Chronology of European exploration of Asia Timeline of European exploration List of Arctic expeditions List of Antarctic expeditions Apostles of Linnaeus Capture of Manuel BrionesReferences edit Brosse 1983 pp 9 11 Hackett Louis 1992 The age of Enlightenment Archived from the original on 10 January 2008 Retrieved 6 May 2011 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link See Sloane 1707 See Speake 2003 Daum 2019 a b Rice 2010 p 320 a b Rice 2010 p 10 a b Rice 2010 p 290 La Travesia Maritima de Jorge Juan al Virreinato del Peru 1735 1746 https www dallasfed org media documents research economists martinez garcia travesia sp pdf NZETC Dunmore 1992 p 45 Bloxam pp 74 76 Dunmore 1992 p 46 Dunmore 1992 pp 237 38 Oscar Chapuis A History of Vietnam From Hong Bang to Tu Duc p 190 Oscar Chapuis The Last Emperors of Vietnam p 4 a b Guardian review Man on a suicide missionKing 1839 pp 150 153 King 1839 p 188 Herbert Sandra 1999 An 1830s View from Outside Switzerland Charles Darwin on the Beryl Blue Glaciers of Tierra del Fuego Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae pp 92 339 346 Retrieved 22 December 2008 Dunmore 1992 pp 228 233 Sagnieres Hubert 2023 Daring French Explorations Paris Flammarion ISBN 978 2 08 042845 5 Bridges E Lucas 1948 Uttermost Part of the Earth 2022 ed Echo Point Books amp Media LLC pp 113 116 ISBN 978 1648372810 Bibliography editBauchot Marie Louise Daget Jacques amp Bauchot Roland 1997 Ichthyology in France at the Beginning of the 19th Century The Histoire Naturelle des Poissons of Cuvier 1769 1832 and Valenciennes 1794 1865 In Collection Building in Ichthyology and Herpetology Pietsch T W amp Anderson W D eds American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists 27 80 ISBN 0 935868 91 7 Broc Numa 1988 1992 1999 2003 Dictionnaire illustre des explorateurs et grands voyageurs francais du XIXe siecle 4 vols Editions du Comite des Travaux historiques et scientifiques Paris ISBN 2 7355 0158 2 ISBN 2 7355 0233 3 ISBN 2 7355 0391 7 ISBN 2 7355 0461 1 Brosse Jacques 1983 Great Voyages of Exploration The Golden Age of Discovery in the Pacific Transl Stanley Hochman Sydney Doubleday ISBN 0 86824 182 2 Colledge J J Warlow Ben 2006 1969 Ships of the Royal Navy The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy Rev ed London Chatham Publishing ISBN 978 1 86176 281 8 Daum Andreas 2019 German Naturalists in the Pacific around 1800 Entanglement Autonomy and a Transnational Culture of Expertise In Berghoff Hartmut ed Explorations and Entanglements Germans in Pacific Worlds from the Early Modern Period to World War I Berghahn Books pp 79 102 Dunmore John 1992 Who s Who in Pacific Navigation Melbourne University Press ISBN 0 522 84488 X King P Parker 1839 Narrative of the first surveying voyage of H M ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836 describing their examination of the Southern shores of South America and the Beagle s circumnavigation of the world containing the proceedings of the first expedition 1826 1830 under the command of Captain P Parker King Vol i London Mearns Barbara amp Mearns Richard 1998 The Bird collectors Academic Press London xvii 472 p ISBN 0 12 487440 1 Rice Tony 2010 Voyages of Discovery London Allen amp Unwin ISBN 978 1 74237 225 9 Sardet Michel 2007 Naturalists and explorers of the Health Service of the Navy in the 19th century Pharmathemes Paris 285 p ISBN 978 2 914399 17 3 Singaravelou Pierre ed 2008 The empire of Geographers geography exploration and colonization 19th 20th century Belin Paris 287 p ISBN 978 2 7011 4677 5 Sloane Hans 1707 1725 A voyage to the islands Madera Barbados Nieves S Christophers and Jamaica with the natural history of the herbs and trees British Museum a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Speake Jennifer ed 2003 Literature of Travel and Exploration An Encyclopedia New York Fitzroy Dearborn ISBN 1 57958 247 8 OCLC 55631133 Taillemite Etienne 2004 The discoverers of the Pacific Bougainville Cook Laperouse Gallimard Paris collection Discovery 176 p ISBN 978 2 07 076333 7 Zanco Jean Philippe 2008 The legacy forgotten Dumont d Urville and explorers of the Pacific voyages of Gaston de Rocquemaurel 1837 1854 Symposium Laperouse and French explorers of the Pacific Museum of the Navy 17 18 October 2008 1 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title European and American voyages of scientific exploration amp oldid 1219706347, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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