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Joseph Dalton Hooker

January 26, 2023

Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker OM GCSI CB PRS (30 June 1817 – 10 December 1911) was a British botanist and explorer in the 19th century.[1] He was a founder of geographical botany and Charles Darwin's closest friend.[2] For twenty years he served as director of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, succeeding his father, William Jackson Hooker, and was awarded the highest honours of British science.[3][4]

Sir

Joseph Dalton Hooker

OM GCSI CB PRS
Hooker in 1897
Born30 June 1817
Halesworth, Suffolk, United Kingdom
Died10 December 1911
(aged 94)
Sunningdale, Berkshire, United Kingdom
NationalityBritish
Alma materGlasgow University
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsBotany
InstitutionsKew Gardens
Influences
InfluencedWilliam Thiselton-Dyer
Author abbrev. (botany)Hook.f.
Signature

Biography

 
Daguerreotype of Hooker by William Edward Kilburn, circa 1852

Early years

Hooker was born in Halesworth, Suffolk, England. He was the second son of the famous botanist Sir William Jackson Hooker, Regius Professor of Botany, and Maria Sarah Turner, eldest daughter of the banker Dawson Turner and sister-in-law of Francis Palgrave. From age seven, Hooker attended his father's lectures at Glasgow University, taking an early interest in plant distribution and the voyages of explorers like Captain James Cook.[5] He was educated at the Glasgow High School and went on to study medicine at Glasgow University, graduating M.D. in 1839. This degree qualified him for employment in the Naval Medical Service: he joined the renowned polar explorer Captain James Clark Ross's Antarctic expedition to the South Magnetic Pole after receiving a commission as Assistant-Surgeon on HMS Erebus. On this expedition, Hooker was granted full access to the private library of Richard Clement Moody,[6] then Governor of the Falkland Islands: Hooker described the library as 'excellent',[6] and developed a close friendship with Moody.[7]

Marriages and children

 
Frances Harriet Henslow, by William Edward Kilburn

In 1851 he married Frances Harriet Henslow (1825–1874), daughter of Darwin's mentor, John Stevens Henslow. They had four sons and three daughters:

Frances Harriet Henslow's contribution to his work included translating French botanical texts which Hooker edited.[11]

After his first wife's death in 1874, in 1876 he married Lady Hyacinth Jardine (1842–1921), daughter of William Samuel Symonds and the widow of Sir William Jardine. They had two sons:

  • Joseph Symonds Hooker (1877–1940)
  • Richard Symonds Hooker (1885–1950).

Lady Hooker was elected a Fellow of the RSPB in 1905.

Sons Willy and Brian

Hooker regularly corresponded with the chief government scientist in New Zealand, Sir James Hector. He sent his son Willy (aged 15) to stay in New Zealand with the recently married Hector in 1869, Willy was sickly and coughing up blood, and a warmer climate was recommended. Though well-behaved he was indolent. Hector sent him on a cruise on a Government steamer the Sturt with a son (also 15) of Colonel Haultain the Defence minister. Mrs Hector treated him like a younger brother. After eight months and in better health Hector sent him home to England, saying he had greatly improved. His father was grateful, and surprised when Willy passed the civil service examination. He got an administrative job in the India Office, and lived to age 89.

However, his third son, Brian, was a "great worry" to him. He qualified as a geologist and mining engineer at the Royal School of Mines but unable to get a job in Britain emigrated to Australia, where he married. He resigned a Queensland lectureship to invest (with his brother Willy) in an impressively named but cash-strapped gold-mining company which collapsed, the Queensland Minerals Exploration Company. Joseph was appalled; Brian could not support his wife and children or find employment.

In 1891, Hector sent a pessimistic report on a proposed tin mine on Stewart Island, and saw Brian in 1892 and 1893, after he left his family in Australia. Hector ceased to be involved with mining in New Zealand under the new Liberal government. Brian returned to his family in Australia in 1894.[12]

Death and burial

Joseph Hooker died in his sleep at midnight at home, the Camp, Sunningdale in Berkshire, on 10 December 1911 after a short and apparently minor illness. The Dean and Chapter of Westminster Abbey offered a grave near Darwin's in the nave but also insisted that Hooker be cremated before.[13]

His widow, Hyacinth, declined the proposal and eventually Hooker's body was buried, as he wished to be, alongside his father in the churchyard of St. Anne's Church, Kew, on Kew Green, within short distance of Kew Gardens. His memorial tablet in the church, with a motif of five plants, was designed by Matilda Smith.[14]

Work

Voyage to the Antarctic 1839–1843

Main article: Ross expedition

Hooker's first expedition, led by James Clark Ross, consisted of two ships, HMS Erebus and HMS Terror; it was the last major voyage of exploration made entirely under sail.[15] Hooker was the youngest of the 128-man crew. He sailed on the Erebus and was assistant to Robert McCormick, who in addition to being the ship's Surgeon was instructed to collect zoological and geological specimens.[16] The ships sailed on 30 September 1839. Before journeying to Antarctica they visited Madeira, Tenerife, Santiago and Quail Island in the Cape Verde archipelago, St Paul Rocks, Trinidade east of Brazil, St Helena, and the Cape of Good Hope. Hooker made plant collections at each location and while travelling drew these and specimens of algae and sea life pulled aboard using tow nets.

From the Cape they entered the Southern Ocean. Their first stop was the Crozet Islands where they set down on Possession Island to deliver coffee to sealers. They departed for the Kerguelen Islands where they would spend several days. Hooker identified 18 flowering plants, 35 mosses and liverworts, 25 lichens and 51 algae, including some that were not described by surgeon William Anderson when James Cook had visited the islands in 1772.[17] The expedition spent some time in Hobart, Van Diemen's Land, and then moved on to the Auckland Islands and Campbell Island, and onward to Antarctica to locate the South Magnetic Pole. After spending 5 months in the Antarctic they returned to resupply in Hobart, then went on to Sydney, and the Bay of Islands in New Zealand from 18 August to 23 November 1841.[18] They left New Zealand to return to Antarctica. After spending 138 days at sea, and a collision between the Erebus and Terror, they sailed to the Falkland Islands, to Tierra del Fuego, back to the Falklands and onward to their third sortie into the Antarctic. When Hooker arrived on the Falkland Islands with the expedition of Ross, he developed a close friendship with Richard Clement Moody, the Governor of the Falkland Islands.[7] Moody granted Hooker full use of his personal library, which Hooker described as 'excellent',[6] and Hooker described Moody as 'a very active and intelligent young man, most anxious to improve the colony and gain every information [sic] respecting its products'.[19]

Subsequently, the Ross expedition made a landing at Cockburn Island off the Antarctic Peninsula, and after leaving the Antarctic, stopped at the Cape, St Helena and Ascension Island. The ships arrived back in England on 4 September 1843; the voyage had been a success for Ross as it was the first to confirm the existence of the southern continent and chart much of its coastline.[20]

Geological Survey of Great Britain

In 1845, Hooker applied for the Chair of Botany at the University of Edinburgh. This position included duties at the Royal Botanic Gardens of Scotland, and so the appointment was influenced by local politicians. An unusually protracted struggle ensued, resulting in the election of the locally born and bred botanist, John Hutton Balfour. The Darwin correspondence, now public, makes clear Darwin's sense of shock at this unexpected outcome.[21] Hooker declined a chair at Glasgow University which became vacant on Balfour's appointment. Instead, he took a position as botanist to the Geological Survey of Great Britain in 1846. He began work on palaeobotany, searching for fossil plants in the coal-beds of Wales, eventually discovering the first coal ball in 1855. He became engaged to Frances Henslow, daughter of Charles Darwin's botany tutor John Stevens Henslow, but he was keen to continue to travel and gain more experience in the field. He wanted to travel to India and the Himalayas. In 1847 his father nominated him to travel to India and collect plants for Kew. In 2011, a collection of glass plate slides of paleontological fossils, some prepared by Darwin, William Nicol and others, which had been lost following Hooker's brief tenure with the Survey, were rediscovered in the Survey vaults in Keyworth in Nottinghamshire, and they shed light on the international breadth of English scientific research in the first half of the nineteenth century.[22]

Voyage to the Himalayas and India 1847–1851

 
Tibet and Cholamo Lake from the summit of the Donkia Pass, looking North West from Hooker's Himalayan Journals. Hooker reached the pass on 7 November 1849.

On 11 November 1847 Hooker left England for his three-year-long Himalayan expedition.[23] This was just 10 days after being granted two and a half years leave from the Geological Survey to study fossil plants in India and Borneo on behalf of Kew and the Admiralty.[24] He would be the first European to collect plants in the Himalaya, but abandoned the projected visit to Labuan. He received free passage on HMS Sidon, to the Nile and then travelled overland to Suez where he boarded a ship to India. He arrived in Calcutta on 12 January 1848, leaving on 28th to begin his travels with a geological survey party under 'Mr Williams', who he left on 3 March to continue travelling by elephant to Mirzapur, up the Ganges by boat to Siliguri and overland by pony to Darjeeling, arriving on 16 April 1848.

Hooker's expedition was based in Darjeeling where he stayed with naturalist Brian Houghton Hodgson. Through Hodgson he met British East India Company representative Archibald Campbell who negotiated Hooker's admission to Sikkim, which was finally approved in 1849 (He was later briefly taken prisoner by the Raja of Sikkim). Meanwhile, Hooker wrote to Darwin relaying to him the habits of animals in India, and collected plants in Bengal. He explored with local resident Charles Barnes, then travelled along the Great Runjeet river to its junction with the Teesta River and Tonglu mountain in the Singalila range on the border with Nepal.

 
Rhododendron argenteum illustration by Walter Hood Fitch from Rhododendrons of Sikkim Himalaya.

Hooker and a sizeable party of local assistants departed for eastern Nepal on 27 October 1848. They travelled to Zongri, west over the spurs of Kangchenjunga, and north west along Nepal's passes into Tibet. In April 1849 he planned a longer expedition into Sikkim. Leaving on 3 May, he travelled north west up the Lachen Valley to the Kongra Lama Pass and then to the Lachoong Pass. Campbell and Hooker were imprisoned by the Dewan of Sikkim as they travelled towards the Cho La in Tibet.[25][26] A British team was sent to negotiate with the king of Sikkim. However, they were released without any bloodshed and Hooker returned to Darjeeling, where he spent January and February 1850 writing his journals, replacing specimens lost during his detention and planning a journey for his last year in India. According to an 1887 journal written by Indian administrator Richard Temple, many of the rhododendrons found in English gardens of the time were grown from seeds collected by Hooker in Sikkim.[27]

Reluctant to return to Sikkim, and unenthusiastic about travelling in Bhutan, he chose to make his last Himalayan expedition to Sylhet and the Khasi Hills in Assam. He was accompanied by Thomas Thomson, a fellow student from Glasgow University. They left Darjeeling on 1 May 1850, then sailed to the Bay of Bengal and travelled overland by elephant to the Khasi Hills and established a headquarters for their studies in Churra, where they stayed until 9 December, when they began their trip back to England.

Hooker's survey of hitherto unexplored regions, the Himalayan Journals, dedicated to Charles Darwin, was published by the Calcutta Trigonometrical Survey Office in 1854, abbreviated again in 1855 and later by the Minerva Library of Famous Books published by Ward, Lock, Bowden & Co. in 1891.

 
An 1854 illustration showing Hooker with his Lepcha collectors in Sikkim (Mezzotint by William Walker after a painting by Frank Stone)

When Hooker returned to England his father, who had been appointed director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in 1841, was now a prominent man of science. William Hooker, through his connections, secured an Admiralty grant of £1000 to defray the cost of plates for his son's Botany of the Antarctic Voyages, and an annual stipend of £200 for Joseph while he worked on the flora. Hooker's flora was also to include that collected on the voyages of Cook and Menzies held by the British Museum and collections made on the Beagle. The floras were illustrated by Walter Hood Fitch (trained in botanical illustration by William Hooker), who would go on to become the most prolific Victorian botanical artist.

Hooker's collections from the Antarctic voyage were described eventually in one of two volumes published as the Flora Antarctica (1844–47). In the Flora he wrote about islands and their role in plant geography: the work made Hooker's reputation as a systemist and plant geographer.[28] His works on the voyage were completed with Flora Novae-Zelandiae (1851–53) and Flora Tasmaniae (1853–59).

Voyage to Palestine 1860

This trip was taken in the autumn of 1860, with Daniel Hanbury. They visited and collected in Syria and Palestine; no full-length report was published, but a number of papers were written. Hooker recognised three phytogeographical divisions: Western Syria and Palestine; Eastern Syria and Palestine; Middle and Upper mountain regions of Syria.[29]

Voyage to Morocco 1871

Hooker visited Morocco from April to June 1871, in the company of John Ball, George Maw and a young gardener from Kew, called Crump.[30]

Voyage to Western United States 1877

This was undertaken with his friend Asa Gray, the leading American botanist of the day. They wished to investigate the connection between the floras of eastern United States and those of eastern continental Asia and Japan; and the line of demarkation between Arctic floras of America and Greenland. As probable causes they considered the Glacial periods and an earlier land connection with an Arctic continent. "A difficult question was why in the great mountain chains of the Western United States there appeared to be only a few botanical enclaves of plants of eastern-Asiatic afinities among plants of Mexican and more southern types."[31]

Hooker visited a number of cities and botanical institutions before moving west and climbing to 9,000 ft to camp at La Veta. From Fort Garland they climbed the Sierra Blanca at 14,500 ft. After returning to La Veta, they went beyond Colorado Springs to Pike's Peak. Next to Denver and Salt Lake City for an excursion into the Wasatch Range. A journey of 29 hours took them to Reno and Carson City, then Silver City and ten days by wagon across the Sierra Nevada. Thus they came to the Yosemite and Calaveras Grove, and ended up in San Francisco. Hooker was back in Kew with 1,000 dried specimens by October.

His comments on his encounters include the following:

  • After meeting and talking to Brigham Young, whom he described as respectable and well-spoken: "All the school children are brought up to believe in him [Brigham Young], and in a lot of scripture history as useless and idle as that taught in our schools."
  • Of Georgetown: the "finger-tip of civilisation" where "the people sleep without locks to their doors, the fire-engines are well-manned and in capital order, and there is no end of food".
  • "The New Englanders are most like us in language, speech and habits... The Americans are great and promiscuous eaters... beds are remarkably clean and good, but the pillows are too soft."[32]

His views on the flora of Colorado and Utah: There are two temperate, and two cold or mountain floras, viz: 1. a prairie flora derived from the eastward; 2. a so-called desert and saline flora derived from the west; 3. a sub-alpine; 4. an alpine flora, the two latter of widely different origin, and in one sense proper to the Rocky Mountain ranges.[33]

His overview of North American flora contained these elements:

Polar area, from the Behring Strait to Greenland.
British North American flora, south of the Arctic flora, in five meridional belts.
United States flora, in belts:
The Great Eastern Forest region, from the Atlantic to beyond the Mississippi.
The Prairie region.
The Sink region, confined to gullies of the mountains.
The Sierra Nevada.[34]

Darwin and evolution

 
Engraving of Hooker by Charles Henry Jeens (1827–1879)
See also: Reaction to Darwin's theory and 1860 Oxford evolution debate

While on the Erebus, Hooker had read proofs of Charles Darwin's Voyage of the Beagle provided by Charles Lyell and had been very impressed by Darwin's skill as a naturalist. They had met once, before the Antarctic voyage embarked.[a] After Hooker's return to England, he was approached by Darwin who invited him to classify the plants that Darwin had collected in South America and the Galápagos Islands.[36] Hooker agreed and the pair began a lifelong friendship. On 11 January 1844 Darwin mentioned to Hooker his early ideas on the transmutation of species and natural selection,[37] and Hooker showed interest.[38] In 1847 he agreed to read Darwin's "Essay" explaining the theory,[39] and responded with notes giving Darwin calm critical feedback.[40] Their correspondence continued throughout the development of Darwin's theory and in 1858 Darwin wrote that Hooker was "the one living soul from whom I have constantly received sympathy".[41]

Freeman 1978 wrote "Hooker was Charles Darwin's greatest friend and confidant". Certainly they had extensive correspondence, and they also met face-to-face (Hooker visiting Darwin). Hooker and Lyell were the two people Darwin consulted (by letter) when Alfred Russel Wallace's famous letter arrived at Down House, enclosing his paper on natural selection. Hooker was instrumental in creating the device whereby the Wallace paper was accompanied by Darwin's notes and his letter to Asa Gray (showing his prior realisation of natural selection) in a presentation to the Linnean Society. Hooker was the one who formally presented this material to the Linnean Society meeting in 1858. In 1859 the author of The Origin of Species recorded his indebtedness to Hooker's wide knowledge and balanced judgment.

In December 1859, Hooker published the Introductory Essay to the Flora Tasmaniae, the final part of the Botany of the Antarctic Voyage. It was in this essay (which appeared just one month after the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species), that Hooker announced his support for the theory of evolution by natural selection, thus becoming the first recognised man of science to publicly back Darwin.

At the historic debate on evolution held at the Oxford University Museum on 30 June 1860, Bishop Samuel Wilberforce, Benjamin Brodie and Robert FitzRoy spoke against Darwin's theory, and Hooker and Thomas Henry Huxley defended it.[42][43][44][45] According to Hooker's own account, it was he and not Huxley who delivered the most effective reply to Wilberforce's arguments.[45][46]

Hooker acted as president of the British Association at its Norwich meeting of 1868, when his address was remarkable for its championship of Darwinian theories. He was a close friend of Thomas Henry Huxley, a member of the X-Club (which dominated the Royal Society in the 1870s and early 1880s), and the first of the three X-Clubbers in succession to become President of the Royal Society. In 1862, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

 
Hooker in the 1860s during his period at Kew

By his travels and his publications, Hooker built up a high scientific reputation at home. In 1855 he was appointed Assistant-Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and in 1865 he succeeded his father as full Director, holding the post for twenty years. Under the directorship of father and son Hooker, the Royal Botanic gardens of Kew rose to world renown. At the age of thirty, Hooker was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1873 he was chosen its president (till 1877). He received three of its medals: the Royal Medal in 1854, the Copley in 1887 and the Darwin Medal in 1892. He continued to intersperse work at Kew with foreign exploration and collecting. His journeys to Palestine, Morocco and the United States all produced valuable information and specimens for Kew.

He started the series Flora Indica in 1855, together with Thomas Thompson. Their botanical observations and the publication of the Rhododendrons of Sikkim–Himalaya (1849–51), formed the basis of elaborate works on the rhododendrons of the Sikkim Himalaya and on the flora of India. His works were illustrated with lithographs by Walter Hood Fitch.

His greatest botanical work was the Flora of British India, published in seven volumes starting in 1872. On the publication of the last part in 1897, he was promoted Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (being made a Knight Commander of that Order in 1877). Ten years later, on attaining the age of ninety in 1907, he was awarded the Order of Merit.

He was the author of numerous scientific papers and monographs, and his larger books included, in addition to those already mentioned, a standard Students Flora of the British Isles and a monumental work, the Genera plantarum[47] (1860–83), based on the collections at Kew, in which he had the assistance of George Bentham. His collaboration with George Bentham was especially important. Bentham, an amateur botanist who worked at Kew for many years, was perhaps the leading botanical systematist of the 19th century.[48] The Handbook of the British flora, begun by Bentham and completed by Hooker, was the standard text for a hundred years. It was always known as 'Bentham & Hooker'.

In 1904, at the age of 87, Hooker published A sketch of the Vegetation of the Indian Empire. He continued the compilation of his father Sir William Jackson Hooker's project, Icones Plantarum (Illustrations of Plants), producing volumes eleven through nineteen, with most of the illustrations being prepared for him by Matilda Smith.

Attacks on Hooker and on Kew

The Herbarium at Kew was founded in 1853, and quickly grew in size and importance. At the time, Richard Owen was the Superintendent of the natural history departments of the British Museum, reporting only to the Head of the British Museum. Hooker, appointed in 1855 as Assistant Director of Kew, was the man most responsible for bringing foreign specimens to Kew.

There is no doubt that rivalry resulted between the British Museum, where there was the very important Herbarium of the Department of Botany, and Kew. The rivalry at times became extremely personal, especially between Joseph Hooker and Owen. ... At the root was Owen's feeling that Kew should be subordinate to the British Museum (and to Owen) and should not be allowed to develop as an independent scientific institution with the advantage of a great botanic garden.[b]

 
Sir Richard Owen opposed Hooker in his planned expansion of Kew Photograph: Ernest Edwards, 1867

The relationship between the two men continued to deteriorate after Hooker became a supporter of Darwin’s views and a member of the X-Club, who set out to get their way with the Royal Society. In 1868 Hooker had proposed that the whole of the huge herbarium collection of Joseph Banks should be moved from the British Museum to Kew, a reasonable idea, but a threat to Owen's plans for a museum in South Kensington to house the natural history collections. Hooker cited mismanagement at the British Museum as a justification.[50][5]

After Joseph had succeeded his father as Director, in 1865, the independence of Kew was seriously threatened by the machinations of a member of parliament, Acton Smee Ayrton, whose appointment as First Commissioner of Works by Gladstone in 1869 was greeted in The Times with the prophecy that it would prove "another instance of Mr. Ayrton's unfortunate tendency to carry out what he thinks right in as unpleasant a manner as possible".[51] This was relevant because Kew was funded by the Board of Works, and the Director of Kew reported to the First Commissioner. The conflict between the two men lasted from 1870 to 1872, and there is a voluminous correspondence on the Ayrton Episode held at Kew.

 
Owen was supported in parliament by Acton Smee Ayrton Caracature, Vanity Fair, 1869

Ayrton behaved in an extraordinary way, interfering in matters and approaching Hooker's colleagues behind his back, apparently with the aim of getting Hooker to resign, when the expenditure on Kew could be curtailed and diverted. Ayrton actually took staff appointments out of Hooker's hands.[52] He seemed not to value the scientific work, and to believe Kew should be just an amusement park. Hooker wrote:

My life has become utterly detestable and I do long to throw up the Directorship. What can be more humiliating than two years of wrangling with such a creature!

— Hooker to Bentham, 2 February 1872, in Huxley 1918, p. 165, Chapter XXXV The Ayrton Episode

Finally, Hooker asked to be put in communication with Gladstone's private secretary, Algernon West. A statement was drawn up over the signatures of Darwin, Lyell, Huxley, Tyndall, Bentham and others. It was laid before Parliament by John Lubbock, and additional papers laid before the House of Lords. Lord Derby called for all the correspondence on the matter. The Treasury supported Hooker and criticised Ayrton's behaviour.[c]

One extraordinary fact emerged. There had been an official report on Kew, which had not previously been seen in public, which Ayrton had caused to be written by Richard Owen.[54] Hooker had not seen the report, and so had not been given right of reply. Nonetheless, the report was amongst the papers laid before Parliament, and it contained an attack on both the Hookers, and suggested (amongst much else) that they had mismanaged the care of their trees, and that their systematic approach to botany was nothing more than "attaching barbarous binomials to foreign weeds".[d] The discovery of this report no doubt helped to sway opinion in favour of Hooker and Kew (there was debate in the press as well as Parliament). Hooker replied to the Owen report in a point by point factual manner, and his reply was placed with the other papers on the case. When Ayrton was questioned about it in the debate led by Lubbock,[55] he replied that "Hooker was too low an official to raise questions of matter with a Minister of the Crown".[56]

The outcome was not a vote in the Commons, but a kind of truce until, in August 1874, Gladstone transferred Ayrton from the Board of Works to the office of Judge Advocate-General, just before his government fell. Ayrton failed to get re-elected to Parliament. From that moment to this, the value of the Botanic Gardens has never been seriously questioned. In the midst of this crisis, Hooker was elected as President of the Royal Society in 1873. This showed publicly the high regard which Hooker's fellow scientists had for him, and the great importance they attached to his work.

Honours and commemoration

Hooker Oak in Chico, California, was named after him.[61]Hooker Island in Franz Josef Land was named after him following its 1880 discovery.[62]

Taxa named in honour

Selected publications

  • 1844–1859: Flora Antarctica: the botany of the Antarctic voyage. 3 vols, 1844 (general), 1853 (New Zealand), 1859 (Tasmania). Reeve, London.
  • 1864–1867: Handbook of the New Zealand flora
  • 1849: Niger flora
  • 1849–1851: The Rhododendrons of Sikkim–Himalaya
  • 1854: Himalayan Journals, or notes of a naturalist, in Bengal, the Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, Khasia Mountains ...
  • 1855: Illustrations of Himalayan plants
  • 1855: Flora indica, with Thomas Thomson
  • 1858: Handbook of the British Flora: A Description of the Flowering Plants and Ferns Indigenous To, Or Naturalized In, the British Isles : for the Use of Beginners and Amateurs. L. Reeve. 1858. ("Bentham & Hooker")
  • 1859: A century of Indian orchids
  • 1859: Introductory Essay to the Flora of Australia[65]
  • 1862–1883: Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita. Vol. Primum, Sistens Dicotyledonum Polypetalarum Ordines LXXXIII: Ranunculareas—Cornaceas. London: Reeve & Co. 1867. with George Bentham
  • 1862–1883: Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in Herbariis kewensibus servata definita Vol. Secundi (in Latin). London: Reeve & Company. 1876. with George Bentham
  • 1870; 1878: The student's flora of the British Isles. Macmillan, London.
  • 1872–1897: The Flora of British India: Volume V, Chenopodiaceæ to Orchideæ. London: L. Reeve & Co. 1890. ISBN 0-913196-29-0.
  • A General System of Botany, Descriptive and Analytical in two parts [Traité général de botanique]. trans. Frances Harriet Hooker. London: Longmans Green. 1873 [1867]. with Emmanuel Le Maout
  • 1898–1900: Handbook to the Ceylon flora
  • 1904–1906: An epitome to the British Indian species of Impatiens

Standard author abbreviation

The standard author abbreviation Hook.f. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[66]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Hooker had met Darwin for the first time before leaving on the Erebus. Apparently, they met in Trafalgar Square,[35] but without quoting source). The voyages of HMS Beagle and HMS Erebus (and Terror) coincided at several points; for example, they both visited the Falkland Isles, Australia (Sydney, at least), and New Zealand.
  2. ^ Turrill 1963, p. 90 This rivalry between the two institutions is even more important than the characters of the two men. Owen's character was widely traduced after his treatment of Gideon Mantell, and Hooker was "impulsive and somewhat peppery in temper".[49]
  3. ^ An important Treasury Minute, dated 24 July, admits the justice of Dr. Hooker's remonstrance. It was very plain speaking to say that "the Lords of the Treasury are not surprised that in various cases Dr. Hooker should have thought that he had just cause of complaint", and "they direct so decidedly that in all matters connected with the scientific branch of the Gardens Dr. Hooker's opinion should be followed, subject only to the consideration of expense, and lay down so distinctly his right to be consulted in all matters relating to the management of the establishment".[53]
  4. ^ Turrill 1963, p. 90 Richard Owen was Ayrton's main supporter, and "attacked Hooker right and left". No doubt he remembered Hooker's 1868 proposal to seize the Banks herbarium.

Citations

  1. ^ "Hooker, Sir William Jackson (1785–1865), botanist". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13699. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 21 June 2022. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  2. ^ "Joseph Dalton Hooker". Darwin Correspondence Project. 15 June 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  3. ^ Huxley 1918.
  4. ^ Turrill 1963.
  5. ^ a b Endersby 2008.
  6. ^ a b c Desmond, Ray (n.d.). "HOOKER, Sir JOSEPH DALTON". Dictionary of Falklands Biography including South Georgia. David Tatham. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
  7. ^ a b Gurney, Alan (n.d.). "ROSS, Sir JAMES CLARK". Dictionary of Falklands Biography including South Georgia. David Tatham. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
  8. ^ England 1891 census Piece RG12/554 Folio 99 Page 14 as seen on http://ancestry.com.au
  9. ^ England 1901 census Piece RG13/886 Folio 52 Page 22 as seen on http://ancestry.com.au
  10. ^ England and Wales Death Index, December Quarter of 1955 as seen on http://ancestry.com.au
  11. ^ Le Maout & Decaisne 1873.
  12. ^ Nathan 2016, pp. 101–103, 210.
  13. ^ Hall 1966, p. 49.
  14. ^ (PDF). Kew Guild Annual Report. 1915. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016.
  15. ^ Ward, Paul (2001). "Erebus and Terror – The Antarctic Expedition 1839–1843, James Clark Ross". Cool Antarctica.
  16. ^ Desmond 1999, p. 18.
  17. ^ Desmond 1999, pp. 36–42.
  18. ^ Hooker, J.D. (3 March 2018). "Joseph Dalton Hooker in the Bay of Islands: 18 August to 23 November 1841" (PDF). Colenso Society (Supplement). 9 (3): 1–76.
  19. ^ Tatham, David (n.d.). "MOODY, RICHARD CLEMENT". Dictionary of Falklands Biography including South Georgia. David Tatham. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
  20. ^ Desmond 1999, p. 85.
  21. ^ Darwin, Charles (28 October 1845). "Letter of Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 28 October 1845". Darwin Correspondence Project. University of Cambridge. Retrieved 22 August 2010. I cannot get over my surprise at the result, so confident did I feel about it, knowing who your competitors were.
  22. ^ "J D Hooker slide collection". British Geological Survey. British Geological Survey. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  23. ^ Desmond, Ray (January 1993). "Sir Joseph Hooker and India". The Linnean. 9 (1): 27–49.
  24. ^ Henry de la Beche to Lord Morpeth, 1 November 1847, [1]
  25. ^ Letter number 1558: To J.D. Hooker. 10 March 1854. 15 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine The Darwin Correspondence Online Database.
  26. ^ Sanyal 1896, p. 34.
  27. ^ Temple 1887, p. 150.
  28. ^ Desmond 1999, p. 91.
  29. ^ Turrill 1963, pp. 110–113.
  30. ^ Hooker, Ball & Maw 1878.
  31. ^ Turrill 1963, p. 165.
  32. ^ Turrill 1963, pp. 167–168.
  33. ^ Hooker J.D. (1877). "Notes on the Botany of the Rocky Mountains". Nature. 16 (417): 539–540. Bibcode:1877Natur..16..539H. doi:10.1038/016539a0.
  34. ^ Hooker J.D. (1879). "The distribution of the North American flora". Proceedings of the Royal Institution. 13 (3): 155–170. JSTOR 2448770.
  35. ^ Turrill 1963, p. 74, Ch. 5 Hooker and Darwinism.
  36. ^ "Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 714 – Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., (13 or 20 November 1843)".
  37. ^ "Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 729 – Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., (11 January 1844)". Retrieved 8 February 2008.
  38. ^ "Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 734 – Hooker, J. D. to Darwin, C. R., 29 January 1844". Retrieved 8 February 2008.
  39. ^ "Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 1058 – Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 8 (February 1847)". Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2009.
  40. ^ . Archived from the original on 15 September 2007. Retrieved 8 March 2009.
  41. ^ "Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 2345 – Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 20 (October 1858)". Retrieved 11 March 2009.
  42. ^ Jensen 1991, pp. 208–211:Ch 3 is an excellent survey, and its notes gives references to all the eyewitness accounts except Newton: see notes 61, 66, 67, 78, 79, 80, 81, 84, 86, 87, 89, 90, 93, 95
  43. ^ Wollaston 1921, p. 118–120.
  44. ^ Huxley to Dr FD Dyster, 9 September 1860, Huxley Papers 15.117.
  45. ^ a b Lucas, JR (June 1979). "Wilberforce and Huxley: A Legendary Encounter". The Historical Journal. 22 (2): 313–330. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00016848. PMID 11617072. S2CID 19198585.
  46. ^ Thomson, Keith Stewart (2000). "Huxley, Wilberforce and the Oxford Museum", American Scientist, May–June 2000. Retrieved on 7 January 2009.
  47. ^ Bentham & Hooker 1876.
  48. ^ Isely 2002, p. 163.
  49. ^ Barlow & Darwin 1958, p. 105.
  50. ^ Endersby 2008a.
  51. ^ Huxley 1918, p. 161, Ch. XXXV The Ayrton Episode.
  52. ^ Letter 8176 in the Darwin Correspondence Project (full text not yet available).
  53. ^ Huxley 1918, p. 173.
  54. ^ Turrill 1963, p. 124.
  55. ^ In the Commons, 8 August 1872 (Hansard)
  56. ^ Turrill 1963, p. 125.
  57. ^ Huxley 1918, p. 146.
  58. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  59. ^ "J.D. Hooker (1817–1911)". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  60. ^ "Court Circular". The Times. No. 36783. London. 2 June 1902. p. 11.
  61. ^ "Sycamore is largest tree for hardwood". The Pittsburgh Press. 24 January 1916. p. 3. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
  62. ^ Capelotti, Peter Joseph; Forsberg, Magnus (2015). "The place names of Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa: Leigh Smith's Eira expeditions, 1880 and 1881–1882". Polar Record. 51 (256): 16–23. doi:10.1017/S0032247413000429. S2CID 129006829. p. 17.
  63. ^ Brittain 2006, p. 96.
  64. ^ Gordon 2005, p. 84.
  65. ^ Maiden 1892, p. 13.
  66. ^ International Plant Names Index.  Hook.f.

Sources

  • Barlow, Nora; Darwin, Charles (1958). The Autobiography of Charles Darwin, 1809–1882: with original omissions restored. London: J. Murray.
  • Brittain, Julia (2006). Plant Lover's Companion: Plants, People and Places. David & Charles. p. 96. ISBN 1-55870-791-3.
  • Desmond, Ray (1999). Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker: Traveller and Plant Collector. Antique Collectors' Club. ISBN 978-1-85149-305-0.
  • Endersby, Jim (2008a). Imperial Nature: Joseph Hooker and the Practices of Victorian Science. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-20791-9.
  • Endersby, J (24 May 2008). "Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton (1817–1911)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33970. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  • Freeman, Richard Broke (1978). Charles Darwin, a companion. W. Dawson. ISBN 978-0-208-01739-0.
  • Gordon, Sue, ed. (2005). Horticulture – Plant Names Explained: Botanical Terms and Their Meaning. David & Charles. ISBN 1-55870-747-6.
  • Hall, Alfred Rupert (1966). The Abbey Scientists. R. & R. Nicholson.
  • Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton; Ball, John; Maw, George (1878). Journal of a Tour in Marocco and the Great Atlas. Macmillan and Company. p. 1.
  • Huxley, Leonard, ed. (1918). Life and Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker O.M., G.C.S.I. Vol. II. London: John Murray.
  • Isely, Duane (2002). One Hundred and One Botanists. Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-55753-283-1.
  • Jensen, John Vernon (1991). Thomas Henry Huxley: Communicating for Science. Newark: University of Delaware Press. ISBN 978-0-87413-379-0.
  • Maiden, Joseph Henry (1892). A Bibliography of Australian Economic Botany. C. Potter, Govt Printer.
  • Nathan, Simon (2016) [2015]. James Hector: explorer, scientist, leader (2 ed.). Lower Hutt: Geoscience Society of New Zealand. pp. 101–103, 210. ISBN 978-1-877480-46-1.
  • Sanyal, Ram Bramha (1896). Hours with Nature. S. K. Lahiri and Co. p. 1.
  • Temple, Sir Richard Carnac (1887). Journals Kept in Hyderabad, Kashmir, Sikkim, and Nepal. W.H. Allen.
  • Turrill, William Bertram (1963). Joseph Dalton Hooker: Botanist, Explorer, and Administrator. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons.
  • Wollaston, A.F.R. (1921). Life of Alfred Newton: late Professor of Comparative Anatomy, Cambridge University 1866–1907. London: J. Murray.

Further reading

  • Turrill, W. B. (2013) [1953]. Pioneer Plant Geography: The Phytogeographical Researches of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker. Springer. ISBN 978-94-017-6758-3.
  • Turrill, W. B. (1959). The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Past and Present. London: Herbert Jenkins. OCLC 11867079.
  • Allan, Mea (1967). The Hookers of Kew, 1785–1911. Joseph.
  • "Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Joseph Dalton Hooker.
 
Wikisource has original works by or about:
Joseph Dalton Hooker
  • Portraits of Joseph Dalton Hooker at the National Portrait Gallery, London  
  • Hooker's letters from the Kew Gardens' archive
  • "Correspondence between Joseph Hooker and Charles Darwin". Darwin Correspondence Project. University of Cambridge. 1843–1882. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
  • Darwin–Hooker Correspondence at the Cambridge Digital Library
  • Joseph Dalton Hooker's work on orchids
  • "Hooker, Joseph Dalton (1817–1911)" Botanicus Missouri Botanical Garden Library
  • Works by Joseph Dalton Hooker at Project Gutenberg
    • Gutenberg e-text of Hooker's Himalayan Journals
  • Works by or about Joseph Dalton Hooker at Internet Archive
  • Works by Joseph Dalton Hooker at Biodiversity Heritage Library  
  • – Correspondence to Joseph Dalton Hooker as Director of The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Professional and academic associations
Preceded by 32nd President of the Royal Society
1878–1883 		Succeeded by

January 26, 2023
joseph, dalton, hooker, gcsi, june, 1817, december, 1911, british, botanist, explorer, 19th, century, founder, geographical, botany, charles, darwin, closest, friend, twenty, years, served, director, royal, botanical, gardens, succeeding, father, william, jack. Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker OM GCSI CB PRS 30 June 1817 10 December 1911 was a British botanist and explorer in the 19th century 1 He was a founder of geographical botany and Charles Darwin s closest friend 2 For twenty years he served as director of the Royal Botanical Gardens Kew succeeding his father William Jackson Hooker and was awarded the highest honours of British science 3 4 SirJoseph Dalton HookerOM GCSI CB PRSHooker in 1897Born30 June 1817Halesworth Suffolk United KingdomDied10 December 1911 aged 94 Sunningdale Berkshire United KingdomNationalityBritishAlma materGlasgow UniversityAwardsClarke Medal 1885 Copley Medal 1887 Linnean Medal 1888 Darwin Medal 1892 Order of Merit 1907 Darwin Wallace Medal 1908 Scientific careerFieldsBotanyInstitutionsKew GardensInfluencesGeorge BenthamCharles DarwinWilliam Jackson HookerInfluencedWilliam Thiselton DyerAuthor abbrev botany Hook f Signature Contents 1 Biography 1 1 Early years 1 2 Marriages and children 1 3 Sons Willy and Brian 1 4 Death and burial 2 Work 2 1 Voyage to the Antarctic 1839 1843 2 2 Geological Survey of Great Britain 2 3 Voyage to the Himalayas and India 1847 1851 2 4 Voyage to Palestine 1860 2 5 Voyage to Morocco 1871 2 6 Voyage to Western United States 1877 2 7 Darwin and evolution 2 8 Royal Botanic Gardens Kew 2 8 1 Attacks on Hooker and on Kew 3 Honours and commemoration 3 1 Taxa named in honour 4 Selected publications 5 Standard author abbreviation 6 See also 7 References 7 1 Notes 7 2 Citations 7 3 Sources 7 4 Further reading 8 External linksBiography Edit Daguerreotype of Hooker by William Edward Kilburn circa 1852 Early years Edit Hooker was born in Halesworth Suffolk England He was the second son of the famous botanist Sir William Jackson Hooker Regius Professor of Botany and Maria Sarah Turner eldest daughter of the banker Dawson Turner and sister in law of Francis Palgrave From age seven Hooker attended his father s lectures at Glasgow University taking an early interest in plant distribution and the voyages of explorers like Captain James Cook 5 He was educated at the Glasgow High School and went on to study medicine at Glasgow University graduating M D in 1839 This degree qualified him for employment in the Naval Medical Service he joined the renowned polar explorer Captain James Clark Ross s Antarctic expedition to the South Magnetic Pole after receiving a commission as Assistant Surgeon on HMS Erebus On this expedition Hooker was granted full access to the private library of Richard Clement Moody 6 then Governor of the Falkland Islands Hooker described the library as excellent 6 and developed a close friendship with Moody 7 Marriages and children Edit Frances Harriet Henslow by William Edward Kilburn In 1851 he married Frances Harriet Henslow 1825 1874 daughter of Darwin s mentor John Stevens Henslow They had four sons and three daughters William Henslow Hooker 1853 1942 Harriet Anne Hooker 1854 1945 married William Turner Thiselton Dyer Charles Paget Hooker 1855 1933 Maria Elizabeth Hooker 1857 1863 died aged 6 Brian Harvey Hodgson Hooker 1860 1932 Reginald Hawthorn Hooker 1867 1944 statistician Grace Ellen Hooker 1868 1955 8 9 10 Frances Harriet Henslow s contribution to his work included translating French botanical texts which Hooker edited 11 After his first wife s death in 1874 in 1876 he married Lady Hyacinth Jardine 1842 1921 daughter of William Samuel Symonds and the widow of Sir William Jardine They had two sons Joseph Symonds Hooker 1877 1940 Richard Symonds Hooker 1885 1950 Lady Hooker was elected a Fellow of the RSPB in 1905 Sons Willy and Brian Edit Hooker regularly corresponded with the chief government scientist in New Zealand Sir James Hector He sent his son Willy aged 15 to stay in New Zealand with the recently married Hector in 1869 Willy was sickly and coughing up blood and a warmer climate was recommended Though well behaved he was indolent Hector sent him on a cruise on a Government steamer the Sturt with a son also 15 of Colonel Haultain the Defence minister Mrs Hector treated him like a younger brother After eight months and in better health Hector sent him home to England saying he had greatly improved His father was grateful and surprised when Willy passed the civil service examination He got an administrative job in the India Office and lived to age 89 However his third son Brian was a great worry to him He qualified as a geologist and mining engineer at the Royal School of Mines but unable to get a job in Britain emigrated to Australia where he married He resigned a Queensland lectureship to invest with his brother Willy in an impressively named but cash strapped gold mining company which collapsed the Queensland Minerals Exploration Company Joseph was appalled Brian could not support his wife and children or find employment In 1891 Hector sent a pessimistic report on a proposed tin mine on Stewart Island and saw Brian in 1892 and 1893 after he left his family in Australia Hector ceased to be involved with mining in New Zealand under the new Liberal government Brian returned to his family in Australia in 1894 12 Death and burial Edit Joseph Hooker died in his sleep at midnight at home the Camp Sunningdale in Berkshire on 10 December 1911 after a short and apparently minor illness The Dean and Chapter of Westminster Abbey offered a grave near Darwin s in the nave but also insisted that Hooker be cremated before 13 His widow Hyacinth declined the proposal and eventually Hooker s body was buried as he wished to be alongside his father in the churchyard of St Anne s Church Kew on Kew Green within short distance of Kew Gardens His memorial tablet in the church with a motif of five plants was designed by Matilda Smith 14 Work EditVoyage to the Antarctic 1839 1843 Edit Main article Ross expedition Hooker s first expedition led by James Clark Ross consisted of two ships HMS Erebus and HMS Terror it was the last major voyage of exploration made entirely under sail 15 Hooker was the youngest of the 128 man crew He sailed on the Erebus and was assistant to Robert McCormick who in addition to being the ship s Surgeon was instructed to collect zoological and geological specimens 16 The ships sailed on 30 September 1839 Before journeying to Antarctica they visited Madeira Tenerife Santiago and Quail Island in the Cape Verde archipelago St Paul Rocks Trinidade east of Brazil St Helena and the Cape of Good Hope Hooker made plant collections at each location and while travelling drew these and specimens of algae and sea life pulled aboard using tow nets From the Cape they entered the Southern Ocean Their first stop was the Crozet Islands where they set down on Possession Island to deliver coffee to sealers They departed for the Kerguelen Islands where they would spend several days Hooker identified 18 flowering plants 35 mosses and liverworts 25 lichens and 51 algae including some that were not described by surgeon William Anderson when James Cook had visited the islands in 1772 17 The expedition spent some time in Hobart Van Diemen s Land and then moved on to the Auckland Islands and Campbell Island and onward to Antarctica to locate the South Magnetic Pole After spending 5 months in the Antarctic they returned to resupply in Hobart then went on to Sydney and the Bay of Islands in New Zealand from 18 August to 23 November 1841 18 They left New Zealand to return to Antarctica After spending 138 days at sea and a collision between the Erebus and Terror they sailed to the Falkland Islands to Tierra del Fuego back to the Falklands and onward to their third sortie into the Antarctic When Hooker arrived on the Falkland Islands with the expedition of Ross he developed a close friendship with Richard Clement Moody the Governor of the Falkland Islands 7 Moody granted Hooker full use of his personal library which Hooker described as excellent 6 and Hooker described Moody as a very active and intelligent young man most anxious to improve the colony and gain every information sic respecting its products 19 Subsequently the Ross expedition made a landing at Cockburn Island off the Antarctic Peninsula and after leaving the Antarctic stopped at the Cape St Helena and Ascension Island The ships arrived back in England on 4 September 1843 the voyage had been a success for Ross as it was the first to confirm the existence of the southern continent and chart much of its coastline 20 Geological Survey of Great Britain Edit In 1845 Hooker applied for the Chair of Botany at the University of Edinburgh This position included duties at the Royal Botanic Gardens of Scotland and so the appointment was influenced by local politicians An unusually protracted struggle ensued resulting in the election of the locally born and bred botanist John Hutton Balfour The Darwin correspondence now public makes clear Darwin s sense of shock at this unexpected outcome 21 Hooker declined a chair at Glasgow University which became vacant on Balfour s appointment Instead he took a position as botanist to the Geological Survey of Great Britain in 1846 He began work on palaeobotany searching for fossil plants in the coal beds of Wales eventually discovering the first coal ball in 1855 He became engaged to Frances Henslow daughter of Charles Darwin s botany tutor John Stevens Henslow but he was keen to continue to travel and gain more experience in the field He wanted to travel to India and the Himalayas In 1847 his father nominated him to travel to India and collect plants for Kew In 2011 a collection of glass plate slides of paleontological fossils some prepared by Darwin William Nicol and others which had been lost following Hooker s brief tenure with the Survey were rediscovered in the Survey vaults in Keyworth in Nottinghamshire and they shed light on the international breadth of English scientific research in the first half of the nineteenth century 22 Voyage to the Himalayas and India 1847 1851 Edit Tibet and Cholamo Lake from the summit of the Donkia Pass looking North West from Hooker s Himalayan Journals Hooker reached the pass on 7 November 1849 On 11 November 1847 Hooker left England for his three year long Himalayan expedition 23 This was just 10 days after being granted two and a half years leave from the Geological Survey to study fossil plants in India and Borneo on behalf of Kew and the Admiralty 24 He would be the first European to collect plants in the Himalaya but abandoned the projected visit to Labuan He received free passage on HMS Sidon to the Nile and then travelled overland to Suez where he boarded a ship to India He arrived in Calcutta on 12 January 1848 leaving on 28th to begin his travels with a geological survey party under Mr Williams who he left on 3 March to continue travelling by elephant to Mirzapur up the Ganges by boat to Siliguri and overland by pony to Darjeeling arriving on 16 April 1848 Hooker s expedition was based in Darjeeling where he stayed with naturalist Brian Houghton Hodgson Through Hodgson he met British East India Company representative Archibald Campbell who negotiated Hooker s admission to Sikkim which was finally approved in 1849 He was later briefly taken prisoner by the Raja of Sikkim Meanwhile Hooker wrote to Darwin relaying to him the habits of animals in India and collected plants in Bengal He explored with local resident Charles Barnes then travelled along the Great Runjeet river to its junction with the Teesta River and Tonglu mountain in the Singalila range on the border with Nepal Rhododendron argenteum illustration by Walter Hood Fitch from Rhododendrons of Sikkim Himalaya Hooker and a sizeable party of local assistants departed for eastern Nepal on 27 October 1848 They travelled to Zongri west over the spurs of Kangchenjunga and north west along Nepal s passes into Tibet In April 1849 he planned a longer expedition into Sikkim Leaving on 3 May he travelled north west up the Lachen Valley to the Kongra Lama Pass and then to the Lachoong Pass Campbell and Hooker were imprisoned by the Dewan of Sikkim as they travelled towards the Cho La in Tibet 25 26 A British team was sent to negotiate with the king of Sikkim However they were released without any bloodshed and Hooker returned to Darjeeling where he spent January and February 1850 writing his journals replacing specimens lost during his detention and planning a journey for his last year in India According to an 1887 journal written by Indian administrator Richard Temple many of the rhododendrons found in English gardens of the time were grown from seeds collected by Hooker in Sikkim 27 Reluctant to return to Sikkim and unenthusiastic about travelling in Bhutan he chose to make his last Himalayan expedition to Sylhet and the Khasi Hills in Assam He was accompanied by Thomas Thomson a fellow student from Glasgow University They left Darjeeling on 1 May 1850 then sailed to the Bay of Bengal and travelled overland by elephant to the Khasi Hills and established a headquarters for their studies in Churra where they stayed until 9 December when they began their trip back to England Hooker s survey of hitherto unexplored regions the Himalayan Journals dedicated to Charles Darwin was published by the Calcutta Trigonometrical Survey Office in 1854 abbreviated again in 1855 and later by the Minerva Library of Famous Books published by Ward Lock Bowden amp Co in 1891 An 1854 illustration showing Hooker with his Lepcha collectors in Sikkim Mezzotint by William Walker after a painting by Frank Stone When Hooker returned to England his father who had been appointed director of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew in 1841 was now a prominent man of science William Hooker through his connections secured an Admiralty grant of 1000 to defray the cost of plates for his son s Botany of the Antarctic Voyages and an annual stipend of 200 for Joseph while he worked on the flora Hooker s flora was also to include that collected on the voyages of Cook and Menzies held by the British Museum and collections made on the Beagle The floras were illustrated by Walter Hood Fitch trained in botanical illustration by William Hooker who would go on to become the most prolific Victorian botanical artist Hooker s collections from the Antarctic voyage were described eventually in one of two volumes published as the Flora Antarctica 1844 47 In the Flora he wrote about islands and their role in plant geography the work made Hooker s reputation as a systemist and plant geographer 28 His works on the voyage were completed with Flora Novae Zelandiae 1851 53 and Flora Tasmaniae 1853 59 Voyage to Palestine 1860 Edit This trip was taken in the autumn of 1860 with Daniel Hanbury They visited and collected in Syria and Palestine no full length report was published but a number of papers were written Hooker recognised three phytogeographical divisions Western Syria and Palestine Eastern Syria and Palestine Middle and Upper mountain regions of Syria 29 Voyage to Morocco 1871 Edit Hooker visited Morocco from April to June 1871 in the company of John Ball George Maw and a young gardener from Kew called Crump 30 Voyage to Western United States 1877 Edit This was undertaken with his friend Asa Gray the leading American botanist of the day They wished to investigate the connection between the floras of eastern United States and those of eastern continental Asia and Japan and the line of demarkation between Arctic floras of America and Greenland As probable causes they considered the Glacial periods and an earlier land connection with an Arctic continent A difficult question was why in the great mountain chains of the Western United States there appeared to be only a few botanical enclaves of plants of eastern Asiatic afinities among plants of Mexican and more southern types 31 Hooker visited a number of cities and botanical institutions before moving west and climbing to 9 000 ft to camp at La Veta From Fort Garland they climbed the Sierra Blanca at 14 500 ft After returning to La Veta they went beyond Colorado Springs to Pike s Peak Next to Denver and Salt Lake City for an excursion into the Wasatch Range A journey of 29 hours took them to Reno and Carson City then Silver City and ten days by wagon across the Sierra Nevada Thus they came to the Yosemite and Calaveras Grove and ended up in San Francisco Hooker was back in Kew with 1 000 dried specimens by October His comments on his encounters include the following After meeting and talking to Brigham Young whom he described as respectable and well spoken All the school children are brought up to believe in him Brigham Young and in a lot of scripture history as useless and idle as that taught in our schools Of Georgetown the finger tip of civilisation where the people sleep without locks to their doors the fire engines are well manned and in capital order and there is no end of food The New Englanders are most like us in language speech and habits The Americans are great and promiscuous eaters beds are remarkably clean and good but the pillows are too soft 32 His views on the flora of Colorado and Utah There are two temperate and two cold or mountain floras viz 1 a prairie flora derived from the eastward 2 a so called desert and saline flora derived from the west 3 a sub alpine 4 an alpine flora the two latter of widely different origin and in one sense proper to the Rocky Mountain ranges 33 His overview of North American flora contained these elements Polar area from the Behring Strait to Greenland British North American flora south of the Arctic flora in five meridional belts United States flora in belts The Great Eastern Forest region from the Atlantic to beyond the Mississippi The Prairie region The Sink region confined to gullies of the mountains The Sierra Nevada 34 dd Darwin and evolution Edit Engraving of Hooker by Charles Henry Jeens 1827 1879 See also Reaction to Darwin s theory and 1860 Oxford evolution debate While on the Erebus Hooker had read proofs of Charles Darwin s Voyage of the Beagle provided by Charles Lyell and had been very impressed by Darwin s skill as a naturalist They had met once before the Antarctic voyage embarked a After Hooker s return to England he was approached by Darwin who invited him to classify the plants that Darwin had collected in South America and the Galapagos Islands 36 Hooker agreed and the pair began a lifelong friendship On 11 January 1844 Darwin mentioned to Hooker his early ideas on the transmutation of species and natural selection 37 and Hooker showed interest 38 In 1847 he agreed to read Darwin s Essay explaining the theory 39 and responded with notes giving Darwin calm critical feedback 40 Their correspondence continued throughout the development of Darwin s theory and in 1858 Darwin wrote that Hooker was the one living soul from whom I have constantly received sympathy 41 Freeman 1978 wrote Hooker was Charles Darwin s greatest friend and confidant Certainly they had extensive correspondence and they also met face to face Hooker visiting Darwin Hooker and Lyell were the two people Darwin consulted by letter when Alfred Russel Wallace s famous letter arrived at Down House enclosing his paper on natural selection Hooker was instrumental in creating the device whereby the Wallace paper was accompanied by Darwin s notes and his letter to Asa Gray showing his prior realisation of natural selection in a presentation to the Linnean Society Hooker was the one who formally presented this material to the Linnean Society meeting in 1858 In 1859 the author of The Origin of Species recorded his indebtedness to Hooker s wide knowledge and balanced judgment In December 1859 Hooker published the Introductory Essay to the Flora Tasmaniae the final part of the Botany of the Antarctic Voyage It was in this essay which appeared just one month after the publication of Charles Darwin s On the Origin of Species that Hooker announced his support for the theory of evolution by natural selection thus becoming the first recognised man of science to publicly back Darwin At the historic debate on evolution held at the Oxford University Museum on 30 June 1860 Bishop Samuel Wilberforce Benjamin Brodie and Robert FitzRoy spoke against Darwin s theory and Hooker and Thomas Henry Huxley defended it 42 43 44 45 According to Hooker s own account it was he and not Huxley who delivered the most effective reply to Wilberforce s arguments 45 46 Hooker acted as president of the British Association at its Norwich meeting of 1868 when his address was remarkable for its championship of Darwinian theories He was a close friend of Thomas Henry Huxley a member of the X Club which dominated the Royal Society in the 1870s and early 1880s and the first of the three X Clubbers in succession to become President of the Royal Society In 1862 he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Edit Hooker in the 1860s during his period at Kew By his travels and his publications Hooker built up a high scientific reputation at home In 1855 he was appointed Assistant Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew and in 1865 he succeeded his father as full Director holding the post for twenty years Under the directorship of father and son Hooker the Royal Botanic gardens of Kew rose to world renown At the age of thirty Hooker was elected a fellow of the Royal Society and in 1873 he was chosen its president till 1877 He received three of its medals the Royal Medal in 1854 the Copley in 1887 and the Darwin Medal in 1892 He continued to intersperse work at Kew with foreign exploration and collecting His journeys to Palestine Morocco and the United States all produced valuable information and specimens for Kew He started the series Flora Indica in 1855 together with Thomas Thompson Their botanical observations and the publication of the Rhododendrons of Sikkim Himalaya 1849 51 formed the basis of elaborate works on the rhododendrons of the Sikkim Himalaya and on the flora of India His works were illustrated with lithographs by Walter Hood Fitch His greatest botanical work was the Flora of British India published in seven volumes starting in 1872 On the publication of the last part in 1897 he was promoted Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India being made a Knight Commander of that Order in 1877 Ten years later on attaining the age of ninety in 1907 he was awarded the Order of Merit He was the author of numerous scientific papers and monographs and his larger books included in addition to those already mentioned a standard Students Flora of the British Isles and a monumental work the Genera plantarum 47 1860 83 based on the collections at Kew in which he had the assistance of George Bentham His collaboration with George Bentham was especially important Bentham an amateur botanist who worked at Kew for many years was perhaps the leading botanical systematist of the 19th century 48 The Handbook of the British flora begun by Bentham and completed by Hooker was the standard text for a hundred years It was always known as Bentham amp Hooker In 1904 at the age of 87 Hooker published A sketch of the Vegetation of the Indian Empire He continued the compilation of his father Sir William Jackson Hooker s project Icones Plantarum Illustrations of Plants producing volumes eleven through nineteen with most of the illustrations being prepared for him by Matilda Smith Attacks on Hooker and on Kew Edit The Herbarium at Kew was founded in 1853 and quickly grew in size and importance At the time Richard Owen was the Superintendent of the natural history departments of the British Museum reporting only to the Head of the British Museum Hooker appointed in 1855 as Assistant Director of Kew was the man most responsible for bringing foreign specimens to Kew There is no doubt that rivalry resulted between the British Museum where there was the very important Herbarium of the Department of Botany and Kew The rivalry at times became extremely personal especially between Joseph Hooker and Owen At the root was Owen s feeling that Kew should be subordinate to the British Museum and to Owen and should not be allowed to develop as an independent scientific institution with the advantage of a great botanic garden b Sir Richard Owen opposed Hooker in his planned expansion of Kew Photograph Ernest Edwards 1867 The relationship between the two men continued to deteriorate after Hooker became a supporter of Darwin s views and a member of the X Club who set out to get their way with the Royal Society In 1868 Hooker had proposed that the whole of the huge herbarium collection of Joseph Banks should be moved from the British Museum to Kew a reasonable idea but a threat to Owen s plans for a museum in South Kensington to house the natural history collections Hooker cited mismanagement at the British Museum as a justification 50 5 After Joseph had succeeded his father as Director in 1865 the independence of Kew was seriously threatened by the machinations of a member of parliament Acton Smee Ayrton whose appointment as First Commissioner of Works by Gladstone in 1869 was greeted in The Times with the prophecy that it would prove another instance of Mr Ayrton s unfortunate tendency to carry out what he thinks right in as unpleasant a manner as possible 51 This was relevant because Kew was funded by the Board of Works and the Director of Kew reported to the First Commissioner The conflict between the two men lasted from 1870 to 1872 and there is a voluminous correspondence on the Ayrton Episode held at Kew Owen was supported in parliament by Acton Smee Ayrton Caracature Vanity Fair 1869 Ayrton behaved in an extraordinary way interfering in matters and approaching Hooker s colleagues behind his back apparently with the aim of getting Hooker to resign when the expenditure on Kew could be curtailed and diverted Ayrton actually took staff appointments out of Hooker s hands 52 He seemed not to value the scientific work and to believe Kew should be just an amusement park Hooker wrote My life has become utterly detestable and I do long to throw up the Directorship What can be more humiliating than two years of wrangling with such a creature Hooker to Bentham 2 February 1872 in Huxley 1918 p 165 Chapter XXXV The Ayrton Episode Finally Hooker asked to be put in communication with Gladstone s private secretary Algernon West A statement was drawn up over the signatures of Darwin Lyell Huxley Tyndall Bentham and others It was laid before Parliament by John Lubbock and additional papers laid before the House of Lords Lord Derby called for all the correspondence on the matter The Treasury supported Hooker and criticised Ayrton s behaviour c One extraordinary fact emerged There had been an official report on Kew which had not previously been seen in public which Ayrton had caused to be written by Richard Owen 54 Hooker had not seen the report and so had not been given right of reply Nonetheless the report was amongst the papers laid before Parliament and it contained an attack on both the Hookers and suggested amongst much else that they had mismanaged the care of their trees and that their systematic approach to botany was nothing more than attaching barbarous binomials to foreign weeds d The discovery of this report no doubt helped to sway opinion in favour of Hooker and Kew there was debate in the press as well as Parliament Hooker replied to the Owen report in a point by point factual manner and his reply was placed with the other papers on the case When Ayrton was questioned about it in the debate led by Lubbock 55 he replied that Hooker was too low an official to raise questions of matter with a Minister of the Crown 56 The outcome was not a vote in the Commons but a kind of truce until in August 1874 Gladstone transferred Ayrton from the Board of Works to the office of Judge Advocate General just before his government fell Ayrton failed to get re elected to Parliament From that moment to this the value of the Botanic Gardens has never been seriously questioned In the midst of this crisis Hooker was elected as President of the Royal Society in 1873 This showed publicly the high regard which Hooker s fellow scientists had for him and the great importance they attached to his work Honours and commemoration Edit1847 Fellow of the Royal Society 1869 Companion of the Order of the Bath 57 1869 Election to the American Philosophical Society 58 1877 Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India 1873 President of the Royal Society 1883 Founder s Medal of the Royal Geographical Society 1885 Foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences 59 1897 Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India 1902 Pour le Merite from the Kingdom of Prussia awarded by the German Emperor 60 1907 Order of MeritHooker Oak in Chico California was named after him 61 Hooker Island in Franz Josef Land was named after him following its 1880 discovery 62 Taxa named in honour Edit There are number at least 30 of plants with specific name hookeri and hookeriana Many of them are named in honour of Joseph Dalton Hooker Including Banksia hookeriana Grevillea hookeriana Iris hookeriana Polygonatum hookeri and Sarcococca hookeriana 63 64 land snail Notodiscus hookeri Reeve 1854 Sea Lion New Zealand or Hooker s Sea Lion Phocarctos hookeri Gray 1844 Selected publications Edit1844 1859 Flora Antarctica the botany of the Antarctic voyage 3 vols 1844 general 1853 New Zealand 1859 Tasmania Reeve London 1864 1867 Handbook of the New Zealand flora 1849 Niger flora 1849 1851 The Rhododendrons of Sikkim Himalaya 1854 Himalayan Journals or notes of a naturalist in Bengal the Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas Khasia Mountains 1855 Illustrations of Himalayan plants 1855 Flora indica with Thomas Thomson 1858 Handbook of the British Flora A Description of the Flowering Plants and Ferns Indigenous To Or Naturalized In the British Isles for the Use of Beginners and Amateurs L Reeve 1858 Bentham amp Hooker 1859 A century of Indian orchids 1859 Introductory Essay to the Flora of Australia 65 1862 1883 Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita Vol Primum Sistens Dicotyledonum Polypetalarum Ordines LXXXIII Ranunculareas Cornaceas London Reeve amp Co 1867 with George Bentham 1862 1883 Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in Herbariis kewensibus servata definita Vol Secundi in Latin London Reeve amp Company 1876 with George Bentham 1870 1878 The student s flora of the British Isles Macmillan London 1872 1897 The Flora of British India Volume V Chenopodiaceae to Orchideae London L Reeve amp Co 1890 ISBN 0 913196 29 0 A General System of Botany Descriptive and Analytical in two parts Traite general de botanique trans Frances Harriet Hooker London Longmans Green 1873 1867 with Emmanuel Le Maout 1898 1900 Handbook to the Ceylon flora 1904 1906 An epitome to the British Indian species of ImpatiensStandard author abbreviation EditThe standard author abbreviation Hook f is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name 66 See also EditBentham amp Hooker system European and American voyages of scientific exploration Category Taxa named by Joseph Dalton HookerReferences EditNotes Edit Hooker had met Darwin for the first time before leaving on the Erebus Apparently they met in Trafalgar Square 35 but without quoting source The voyages of HMS Beagle and HMS Erebus and Terror coincided at several points for example they both visited the Falkland Isles Australia Sydney at least and New Zealand Turrill 1963 p 90 This rivalry between the two institutions is even more important than the characters of the two men Owen s character was widely traduced after his treatment of Gideon Mantell and Hooker was impulsive and somewhat peppery in temper 49 An important Treasury Minute dated 24 July admits the justice of Dr Hooker s remonstrance It was very plain speaking to say that the Lords of the Treasury are not surprised that in various cases Dr Hooker should have thought that he had just cause of complaint and they direct so decidedly that in all matters connected with the scientific branch of the Gardens Dr Hooker s opinion should be followed subject only to the consideration of expense and lay down so distinctly his right to be consulted in all matters relating to the management of the establishment 53 Turrill 1963 p 90 Richard Owen was Ayrton s main supporter and attacked Hooker right and left No doubt he remembered Hooker s 1868 proposal to seize the Banks herbarium Citations Edit Hooker Sir William Jackson 1785 1865 botanist Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press 2004 doi 10 1093 ref odnb 13699 ISBN 978 0 19 861412 8 Retrieved 21 June 2022 Subscription or UK public library membership required Joseph Dalton Hooker Darwin Correspondence Project 15 June 2015 Retrieved 21 June 2022 Huxley 1918 Turrill 1963 a b Endersby 2008 a b c Desmond Ray n d HOOKER Sir JOSEPH DALTON Dictionary of Falklands Biography including South Georgia David Tatham Retrieved 8 June 2018 a b Gurney Alan n d ROSS Sir JAMES CLARK Dictionary of Falklands Biography including South Georgia David Tatham Retrieved 8 June 2018 England 1891 census Piece RG12 554 Folio 99 Page 14 as seen on http ancestry com au England 1901 census Piece RG13 886 Folio 52 Page 22 as seen on http ancestry com au England and Wales Death Index December Quarter of 1955 as seen on http ancestry com au Le Maout amp Decaisne 1873 Nathan 2016 pp 101 103 210 Hall 1966 p 49 Miss Matilda Smith PDF Kew Guild Annual Report 1915 Archived from the original PDF on 4 March 2016 Ward Paul 2001 Erebus and Terror The Antarctic Expedition 1839 1843 James Clark Ross Cool Antarctica Desmond 1999 p 18 Desmond 1999 pp 36 42 Hooker J D 3 March 2018 Joseph Dalton Hooker in the Bay of Islands 18 August to 23 November 1841 PDF Colenso Society Supplement 9 3 1 76 Tatham David n d MOODY RICHARD CLEMENT Dictionary of Falklands Biography including South Georgia David Tatham Retrieved 8 June 2018 Desmond 1999 p 85 Darwin Charles 28 October 1845 Letter of Darwin C R to Hooker J D 28 October 1845 Darwin Correspondence Project University of Cambridge Retrieved 22 August 2010 I cannot get over my surprise at the result so confident did I feel about it knowing who your competitors were J D Hooker slide collection British Geological Survey British Geological Survey Retrieved 19 August 2016 Desmond Ray January 1993 Sir Joseph Hooker and India The Linnean 9 1 27 49 Henry de la Beche to Lord Morpeth 1 November 1847 1 Letter number 1558 To J D Hooker 10 March 1854 Archived 15 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine The Darwin Correspondence Online Database Sanyal 1896 p 34 Temple 1887 p 150 Desmond 1999 p 91 Turrill 1963 pp 110 113 Hooker Ball amp Maw 1878 Turrill 1963 p 165 Turrill 1963 pp 167 168 Hooker J D 1877 Notes on the Botany of the Rocky Mountains Nature 16 417 539 540 Bibcode 1877Natur 16 539H doi 10 1038 016539a0 Hooker J D 1879 The distribution of the North American flora Proceedings of the Royal Institution 13 3 155 170 JSTOR 2448770 Turrill 1963 p 74 Ch 5 Hooker and Darwinism Darwin Correspondence Project Letter 714 Darwin C R to Hooker J D 13 or 20 November 1843 Darwin Correspondence Project Letter 729 Darwin C R to Hooker J D 11 January 1844 Retrieved 8 February 2008 Darwin Correspondence Project Letter 734 Hooker J D to Darwin C R 29 January 1844 Retrieved 8 February 2008 Darwin Correspondence Project Letter 1058 Darwin C R to Hooker J D 8 February 1847 Archived from the original on 23 December 2012 Retrieved 8 March 2009 Darwin Correspondence Project Letter 1066 Hooker J D to Darwin C R c 4 March 1847 Archived from the original on 15 September 2007 Retrieved 8 March 2009 Darwin Correspondence Project Letter 2345 Darwin C R to Hooker J D 20 October 1858 Retrieved 11 March 2009 Jensen 1991 pp 208 211 Ch 3 is an excellent survey and its notes gives references to all the eyewitness accounts except Newton see notes 61 66 67 78 79 80 81 84 86 87 89 90 93 95 Wollaston 1921 p 118 120 Huxley to Dr FD Dyster 9 September 1860 Huxley Papers 15 117 a b Lucas JR June 1979 Wilberforce and Huxley A Legendary Encounter The Historical Journal 22 2 313 330 doi 10 1017 S0018246X00016848 PMID 11617072 S2CID 19198585 Thomson Keith Stewart 2000 Huxley Wilberforce and the Oxford Museum American Scientist May June 2000 Retrieved on 7 January 2009 Bentham amp Hooker 1876 Isely 2002 p 163 Barlow amp Darwin 1958 p 105 Endersby 2008a Huxley 1918 p 161 Ch XXXV The Ayrton Episode Letter 8176 in the Darwin Correspondence Project full text not yet available Huxley 1918 p 173 Turrill 1963 p 124 In the Commons 8 August 1872 Hansard Turrill 1963 p 125 Huxley 1918 p 146 APS Member History search amphilsoc org Retrieved 26 April 2021 J D Hooker 1817 1911 Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Retrieved 19 July 2015 Court Circular The Times No 36783 London 2 June 1902 p 11 Sycamore is largest tree for hardwood The Pittsburgh Press 24 January 1916 p 3 Retrieved 15 October 2015 Capelotti Peter Joseph Forsberg Magnus 2015 The place names of Zemlya Frantsa Iosifa Leigh Smith s Eira expeditions 1880 and 1881 1882 Polar Record 51 256 16 23 doi 10 1017 S0032247413000429 S2CID 129006829 p 17 Brittain 2006 p 96 Gordon 2005 p 84 Maiden 1892 p 13 International Plant Names Index Hook f Sources Edit Barlow Nora Darwin Charles 1958 The Autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809 1882 with original omissions restored London J Murray Brittain Julia 2006 Plant Lover s Companion Plants People and Places David amp Charles p 96 ISBN 1 55870 791 3 Desmond Ray 1999 Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker Traveller and Plant Collector Antique Collectors Club ISBN 978 1 85149 305 0 Endersby Jim 2008a Imperial Nature Joseph Hooker and the Practices of Victorian Science University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 20791 9 Endersby J 24 May 2008 Hooker Sir Joseph Dalton 1817 1911 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 33970 Subscription or UK public library membership required Freeman Richard Broke 1978 Charles Darwin a companion W Dawson ISBN 978 0 208 01739 0 Gordon Sue ed 2005 Horticulture Plant Names Explained Botanical Terms and Their Meaning David amp Charles ISBN 1 55870 747 6 Hall Alfred Rupert 1966 The Abbey Scientists R amp R Nicholson Hooker Sir Joseph Dalton Ball John Maw George 1878 Journal of a Tour in Marocco and the Great Atlas Macmillan and Company p 1 Huxley Leonard ed 1918 Life and Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker O M G C S I Vol II London John Murray Isely Duane 2002 One Hundred and One Botanists Purdue University Press ISBN 978 1 55753 283 1 Jensen John Vernon 1991 Thomas Henry Huxley Communicating for Science Newark University of Delaware Press ISBN 978 0 87413 379 0 Maiden Joseph Henry 1892 A Bibliography of Australian Economic Botany C Potter Govt Printer Nathan Simon 2016 2015 James Hector explorer scientist leader 2 ed Lower Hutt Geoscience Society of New Zealand pp 101 103 210 ISBN 978 1 877480 46 1 Sanyal Ram Bramha 1896 Hours with Nature S K Lahiri and Co p 1 Temple Sir Richard Carnac 1887 Journals Kept in Hyderabad Kashmir Sikkim and Nepal W H Allen Turrill William Bertram 1963 Joseph Dalton Hooker Botanist Explorer and Administrator London Thomas Nelson and Sons Wollaston A F R 1921 Life of Alfred Newton late Professor of Comparative Anatomy Cambridge University 1866 1907 London J Murray Further reading Edit Turrill W B 2013 1953 Pioneer Plant Geography The Phytogeographical Researches of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker Springer ISBN 978 94 017 6758 3 Turrill W B 1959 The Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Past and Present London Herbert Jenkins OCLC 11867079 Allan Mea 1967 The Hookers of Kew 1785 1911 Joseph Hooker Sir Joseph Dalton Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed 1911 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Joseph Dalton Hooker Wikisource has original works by or about Joseph Dalton Hooker Portraits of Joseph Dalton Hooker at the National Portrait Gallery London Hooker s letters from the Kew Gardens archive Correspondence between Joseph Hooker and Charles Darwin Darwin Correspondence Project University of Cambridge 1843 1882 Retrieved 22 August 2010 Darwin Hooker Correspondence at the Cambridge Digital Library Joseph Dalton Hooker s work on orchids Hooker Joseph Dalton 1817 1911 Botanicus Missouri Botanical Garden Library Works by Joseph Dalton Hooker at Project Gutenberg Gutenberg e text of Hooker s Himalayan Journals Works by or about Joseph Dalton Hooker at Internet Archive Works by Joseph Dalton Hooker at Biodiversity Heritage Library Directors Correspondence Project Correspondence to Joseph Dalton Hooker as Director of The Royal Botanic Gardens KewProfessional and academic associationsPreceded byGeorge Biddell Airy 32nd President of the Royal Society1878 1883 Succeeded byWilliam Spottiswoode 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