Leopold McClintock
Sir Francis Leopold McClintock KCB FRS (8 July 1819 – 17 November 1907) was an Irish explorer in the British Royal Navy, known for his discoveries in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. He confirmed explorer John Rae's controversial report gathered from Inuit sources on the fate of Franklin's lost expedition, the ill-fated Royal Navy undertaking commanded by Sir John Franklin in 1845 attempting to be the first to traverse the Northwest Passage.
Sir Leopold McClintock | |
|---|---|
McClintock c. 1860 | |
| North America and West Indies Station | |
| Commander-in-Chief 27 November 1879 – 7 November 1882 | |
| Preceded by | Sir Edward Inglefield |
| Succeeded by | Sir John Commerell |
| Jamaica Division | |
| Commodore 6 September 1865 – 21 February 1868 | |
| Preceded by | Sir Algernon de Horsey |
| Succeeded by | Sir Augustus Phillimore |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Francis Leopold McClintock 8 July 1819 Dundalk, County Louth, Ireland |
| Died | 17 November 1907 (aged 88) Kensington, London, England |
| Resting place | Hanwell Cemetery |
| Spouse | Annette Dunlop (m. 1870) |
| Children | John William McClintock |
| Awards | |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Branch | Royal Navy |
| Service years | 1835–1884 |
| Rank | Admiral |
| Expeditions | McClintock Arctic expedition |
McClintock's report was received more favorably than that of Rae, who was shunned and denied recognition for having discovered the lost expedition's fate. Rae's report ultimately guided McClintock to the correct area to conduct a search. McClintock also stirred controversy with his claim that Franklin, before his death, had essentially discovered the Northwest Passage, while in reality he had not. Rae, with his discovery of Rae Strait, had discovered the real ice-free passage through North America's Arctic archipelago.
Early life
McClintock was born on 8 July 1819, one of 14 children of Henry McClintock, a collector of customs at Dundalk in County Louth, Ireland, and his wife Elizabeth Melesina née Fleury. He was the second oldest son, although the eldest died as an infant.
The family was well connected; McClintock's uncle, John McClintock, was a Member of Parliament for County Louth and owned Drumcar House.[1]
Arctic exploration
In 1835, McClintock became a member of the Royal Navy as a gentleman volunteer. In 1843 he passed his examination for lieutenancy and joined the steamship "Gorgon", which was driven ashore at Montevideo and salvaged, a feat of seamanship on the part of her captain and officers that attracted much attention. Hitherto, until 1847, McClintock's service was almost wholly on the American coasts.[2]
McClintock joined a series of searches for Sir John Franklin between 1848 and 1859. He mastered travel through the manhauling of sledges, which remained the standard practice when it came to overland travel in icy territory in the Royal Navy, until the death of Robert Falcon Scott in his bid to reach the South Pole in 1912.
In 1848, McClintock accompanied James Clark Ross on his survey of Somerset Island. As part of Captain Henry Kellett's expedition from 1852 to 1854, McClintock travelled 1,400 miles (2,300 km) by sled and discovered 800 miles (1,300 km) of previously unknown coastline.[3]
Fate of Franklin's expedition
In 1854, explorer John Rae travelled west from Repulse Bay, on the northern shores of Hudson Bay, and learned from the Inuit that a ship had been abandoned somewhere to the west. Previous expeditions had not searched the area because they thought it was ice-blocked. In April 1857, at Lady Jane Franklin's request, McClintock agreed to take command of the Fox and led a 25-man crew in a new search for Franklin's lost expedition in the area west of Repulse Bay. At Disko Bay on the west coast of Greenland, he hired 30 sled dogs and an Inuit driver. It was a bad year for ice, and from September the Fox was beset in the ice for eight months. The following year was another disappointment, and he did not reach Beechey Island until August 1858. He entered Peel Sound, found it blocked by ice, backed up, and entered Prince Regent Inlet in the hope of passing Bellot Strait. He was glad to extricate himself from this narrow passage and found winter quarters near its entrance.
In February 1859, when sledging became practical, he went south to the North Magnetic Pole – which had been found by James Clark Ross in 1831. Here he met some Inuit who told him that a ship had been crushed by ice off King William Island, the crew had landed safely and that some white people had starved to death on an island. In April, he went south again and on the east coast of King William Island met other Inuit who sold him artefacts from Franklin's expedition. William Hobson, who had separated from him, found the only written record left by Franklin's expedition buried under a cairn on the northwest corner of the island. The document recorded Sir John Franklin's death on 11 June 1847, and also intimated Francis Crozier and James Fitzjames' plan to lead the survivors south toward the North American mainland. They also found a skeleton with European clothes and a ship's boat on runners containing two corpses. They got as far south as Montreal Island and the mouth of the Back's Great Fish River.
McClintock returned to England in September 1859, and was hailed as the discoverer of the lost expedition's fate. In addition to being knighted, the officers and men of the Fox shared a £5,000 parliamentary reward. The tale was published in The Voyage of the 'Fox' in the Arctic seas: a narrative of the discovery of the fate of Sir John Franklin and his companions. McClintock's findings were of special importance for the subsequent romantification of John Franklin's figure in British culture, since the establishment of his date of death as having occurred before the ships' abandonment and the crew's failed trek south, firmly acquitted the veteran sailor from any suspicion of cannibalism. This had been a concern since 1854, when Rae had arrived back to London with shocking reports from Inuit sources that had greatly scandalized Victorian society, particularly Lady Franklin.
McClintock's writings, on the other hand, were obsequious towards Franklin, even going so far as to celebrate his "virtual completion" of the Northwest Passage, even though Erebus and Terror never sailed through Rae Strait, the only truly navigable passageway – for a 19th-century ship – that would have allowed sailing along North America's northern Arctic coastline all the way into the Pacific.[4]
Bulldog sounding expedition
In 1860, McClintock took command of the paddle steamer Bulldog as part of an expedition to determine the feasibility of carrying a telegraph line from Europe to America via the Faroe Islands, Iceland, and Greenland. The Fox, commanded by Allen Young who had already accompanied McClintock on the search Franklin as sailing master, also took part. The northern telegraph route was a proposition by Colonel Taliaferro Shaffner. Although McClintock reported in favour of executing the plan, it never came to fruition.[5]
Later life
In 1865 McClintock was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.[2] From 1865 to 1868, he was appointed Commodore Jamaica Division, and he superintended Jamaica Dockyard. From 1872 to 1877, McClintock was admiral-superintendent of Portsmouth Dockyard.[6] In 1879, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the North America and West Indies Station aboard the flagship HMS Northampton.[7] McClintock retired from the Royal Navy in 1884 as a rear admiral. In 1882 he was elected an Elder Brother of Trinity House, and served actively in that capacity.[2] He died on 17 November 1907[8] and was buried at Kensington Cemetery.[9]
Family
McClintock unsuccessfully contested a seat in parliament for the borough of Drogheda, but while there he made the acquaintance of Annette Dunlop, and married her in 1870.[2] There were several children, including:
- John William Leopold McClintock (1874–1929), a Royal Navy officer
- Robert S. McClintock, who married Mary Elphinstone, the youngest daughter of Major General Sir Howard Craufurd Elphinstone.[10]
- Anna Elizabeth McClintock, who married in 1902 Sir Bernard Eyre Greenwell, 2nd Baronet.[11]
References
- ^ Murphy 2004, p. 6.
- ^ a b c d Chisholm 1911.
- ^ Farley, F. M. (1973). Ordeal by Ice: The Search for the Northwest Passage. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. p. 288. OCLC 1391959.
- ^ McGoogan 2002.
- ^ "The Great Atlantic Telegraph; successful expedition of the Bulldog and Fox to establish a telegraph route between Europe and America; important scientific discoveries". New York Times. 20 December 1860. p. 2.
- ^ "M'CLINTOCK, Francis Leopold". Who's Who. Vol. 59. 1907. p. 1107.
- ^ William Loney RN
- ^ "Admiral McClintock Dead; British Officer Who Discovered Sir John Franklin's Fate". The New York Times. 18 November 1907. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
- ^ Library and Archive catalogue 26 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Royal Society
- ^ "Sir Howard and Lady Elphinstone". Bagshot Village.
- ^ "Marriages". The Times. No. 36932. London. 22 November 1902. p. 1.
Bibliography
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "McClintock, Sir Francis Leopold". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 204.
- Coleman, E. C. (2007). The Royal Navy and polar exploration: from Franklin to Scott. Stroud: Tempus. ISBN 9780752442075.
- Leonard George Carr Laughton (1912). "McClintock, Francis Leopold". Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
- McGoogan, K. (2002). Fatal passage: the story of John Rae, the Arctic hero time forgot. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 9780786709939.
- Murphy, D. (2004). The Arctic Fox: Francis Leopold-McClintock, Discoverer of the Fate of Franklin. Toronto: Dundurn. ISBN 9781554883080.
- O'Byrne, W. R. (1849). . – via Wikisource.
External links
Leopold McClintock
- Works by Leopold McClintock at Biodiversity Heritage Library
- Works by Leopold McClintock at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Works by Leopold McClintock at Open Library
- Works by Leopold McClintock at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Leopold McClintock at Internet Archive