Gloria Swanson

This article is about the U.S. actress. For the fictional character 'Gloria Swenson', see Gloria (1999 American film) and Gloria (1980 film).

Gloria May Josephine Swanson (March 27, 1899 – April 4, 1983) was an American actress and producer. She first achieved fame acting in dozens of silent films in the 1920s and was nominated three times for the Academy Award for Best Actress, most famously for her 1950 return in Billy Wilder's Sunset Boulevard, which also earned her a Golden Globe Award.

Gloria Swanson
Swanson in 1941
Born	Gloria May Josephine Swanson (1899-03-27)March 27, 1899 Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Died	April 4, 1983(1983-04-04) (aged 84) New York City, U.S.
Resting place	Church of the Heavenly Rest, New York City
Other names	Gloria Mae
Occupations	Actress producer
Years active	1914–1983
Political party	Republican
Spouses	Wallace Beery ​ ​ (m. 1916; div. 1918)​ Herbert K. Somborn ​ ​ (m. 1919; div. 1922)​ Henry de La Falaise ​ ​ (m. 1925; div. 1931)​ Michael Farmer ​ ​ (m. 1931; div. 1934)​ William Davey ​ ​ (m. 1945; div. 1946)​ William Dufty ​ (m. 1976)​
Children	3
Signature

Swanson was born in Chicago and raised in a military family that moved from base to base. Her infatuation with Essanay Studios actor Francis X. Bushman led to her aunt taking her to tour the actor's Chicago studio. The 15-year-old Swanson was offered a brief walk-on for one film, beginning her life's career in front of the cameras. Swanson was soon hired to work in California for Mack Sennett's Keystone Studios comedy shorts opposite Bobby Vernon.

She was eventually recruited by Famous Players-Lasky/Paramount Pictures, where she was put under contract for seven years. With the company she became a global superstar. She starred in a series of films about society, directed by Cecil B. DeMille, including Male and Female (1919). She continued as a successful movie star in The Affairs of Anatol (1921) and Beyond the Rocks (1922). She also starred in critically acclaimed performances such as Zaza (1923) and Madame Sans-Gêne (1925).

In 1925, Swanson joined United Artists as one of the film industry's pioneering women filmmakers. She produced and starred in the 1928 film Sadie Thompson, earning her a nomination for Best Actress at the first annual Academy Awards. Her sound film debut performance in the 1929 The Trespasser, earned her a second Academy Award nomination. Queen Kelly (1928-29) was a box office disaster, but is remembered as a silent classic. After almost two decades in front of the cameras, her film success waned during the 1930s. Swanson received renewed praise for her comeback role in Sunset Boulevard (1950). She only made three more films, but guest starred on several television shows, and acted in road productions of stage plays.

Early life

Swanson was born in a small house in Chicago in 1899, the only child of Adelaide (née Klanowski) and Joseph Theodore Swanson (né Svensson), a soldier.^[1] She was raised in the Lutheran faith. Her father was a Swedish American and her mother was of German, French, and Polish ancestry.^[2][3] Because of her father's attachment to the U.S. Army, the family moved frequently. She spent some of her childhood in Key West, Florida, where she was enrolled in a Catholic convent school,^[4] and in Puerto Rico, where she saw her first motion pictures.^[5]

Career

1914–1918: Essanay/Keystone/Triangle

 

Bobby Vernon with Gloria Swanson and Teddy the Dog in Teddy at the Throttle

Her family once again residing in Chicago, the adolescent Gloria developed a crush on actor Francis X. Bushman and knew he was employed by Essanay Studios in the city. Swanson would later recall that her Aunt Inga brought her at age 15 to visit Bushman's studio, where she was discovered by a tour guide. Other accounts have the star-struck Swanson herself talking her way into the business. In either version, she was soon hired as an extra.^[6]

The movie industry was still in its infancy, churning out short subjects, without the advantage of today's casting agencies and talent agents promoting their latest find. A willing extra was often a valuable asset. Her first role was a brief walk-on with actress Gerda Holmes, that paid an enormous (in those days) $3.25.^[7] The studio soon offered her steady work at $13.25 (equivalent to $358 in 2021) per week.^[8][9] Swanson left school to work full-time at the studio.^[8] In 1915, she co-starred in Sweedie Goes to College with her future first husband Wallace Beery.^[10]

Swanson's mother accompanied her to California in 1916 for her roles in Mack Sennett's Keystone Studios comedy shorts opposite Bobby Vernon and directed by Clarence G. Badger. They were met at the train station by Beery, who was pursuing his own career ambitions at Keystone.^[11] Vernon and Swanson projected a great screen chemistry that proved popular with audiences. Director Charley Chase recalled that Swanson was "frightened to death" of Vernon's dangerous stunts.^[12] Surviving movies in which they appear together include The Danger Girl (1916), The Sultan's Wife (1917), and Teddy at the Throttle (1917).^[13][14] Badger was sufficiently impressed by Swanson to recommend her to the director Jack Conway for Her Decision and You Can't Believe Everything in 1918.^[13][15] Triangle had never put Swanson under contract, but did increase her pay to $15 a week. When she was approached by Famous Players-Lasky to work for Cecil B. DeMille, the resulting legal dispute obligated her to Triangle for several more months. Soon afterwards, Triangle was in a financial bind and loaned Swanson to DeMille for the comedy Don't Change Your Husband.^[16][14]

1919–1926: Famous Players-Lasky/Paramount Pictures

 

Swanson in 1920s

At the behest of DeMille, Swanson signed a contract with Famous Players-Lasky on December 30, 1918, for $150 a week, to be raised to $200 a week, and eventually $350 a week.^[17] Her first picture under her new contract was DeMille's World War I romantic drama For Better, for Worse.^[18] She made six pictures under the direction of DeMille,^[19] including Male and Female^[20] (1919) in which she posed with a lion as "Lion's Bride".^[21] While she and her father were dining out one evening, the man who would become her second husband, Equity Pictures president Herbert K. Somborn, introduced himself, by inviting her to meet one of her personal idols, actress Clara Kimball Young.^[22]

 

Swanson and Rudolph Valentino in a scene from Beyond the Rocks (1922)

Why Change Your Wife? (1920), Something to Think About (1920), and The Affairs of Anatol (1921) soon followed.^[23] She next appeared in 10 films directed by Sam Wood,^[24] starting with The Great Moment (1921) and including Beyond the Rocks in 1922 with her longtime friend Rudolph Valentino.^[25][26] Valentino had become a star in 1921 for his appearance in The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, but Swanson had known him since his days as an aspiring actor getting small parts, with no seeming hope for his professional future. She was impressed by his shy, well-mannered personality, the complete opposite of what his public image would become.^[27]

After her films with Wood, she appeared in Zaza (1923) directed by Allan Dwan. During her time at Famous Players-Lasky, seven more of her films were directed by Dwan.^[28]

In 1925, Swanson starred in the French-American comedy Madame Sans-Gêne, directed by Léonce Perret.^[29] Filming was allowed for the first time at many of the historic sites relating to Napoleon. While it was well received at the time, no prints are known to exist and it is considered to be a lost film.^[30] Swanson appeared in a 1925 short produced by Lee de Forest in his Phonofilm sound-on-film process.^[31] She made a number of films for Paramount, including The Coast of Folly (1925), Stage Struck (1925) and The Untamed Lady (1926).^[32] Before she could produce films with United Artists, she completed Fine Manners with Paramount and turned down an offer to make The King of Kings with DeMille.^[33]

1925–1933: United Artists

 

Swanson on the March 7, 1925, cover of Liberty magazine

She turned down a one-million-dollar-a-year (equivalent to $15,600,000 in 2021)^[9] contract with Paramount to join the newly created United Artists partnership on June 25, 1925, accepting a six-picture distribution offer from president Joseph Schenck.^[34] At the time, Swanson was considered the most bankable star of her era.^[35] United Artists had its own Art Cinema Corporation subsidiary to advance financial loans for the productions of individual partners.^[36] The partnership agreement included her commitment to a buy-in of $100,000 of preferred stock subscription.^[34]

Swanson Producing Corporation

The Swanson Producing Corporation was set up as the umbrella organization for her agreement with United Artists.^[37] Under that name, she produced The Love of Sunya with herself in the title role.^[38] The film co-starring John Boles was directed by Albert Parker, based on the play The Eyes of Youth, by Max Marcin and Charles Guernon.^[37] The production was a disaster, with Parker being indecisive and the actors not experienced enough to deliver the performances she wanted. The film fell behind in its schedule, and by the time of its release, the end product had not lived up to Swanson's expectations.^[39] While it did not lose money, it was a financial wash, breaking even on the production costs.^[40]

 

Portrait of Gloria Swanson by Milena Pavlović-Barili

Gloria Swanson Productions

Main article: Sadie Thompson (film)

She engaged the services of director Raoul Walsh in 1927 and together they conceived of making a film based on W. Somerset Maugham's short story "Miss Thompson".^[41] Gloria Swanson Productions proposed to film the controversial Sadie Thompson about the travails of a prostitute living in American Samoa, a project that initially pleased United Artists president Joseph Schenck.^[42] As she moved forward with the project, association members urged Schenck to halt the production due to its subject matter. The members took further steps by registering their discontent with Will H. Hays, Chairman of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America.^[43] Walsh previously had his own battles with the Hays office, having managed to skirt around censorship issues with What Price Glory? ^[44] By bringing him to the table, literally over breakfast in her home, Hays and Swanson developed a working relationship for the film.^[45] Hays was enthusiastic about the basic story, but did have specific issues that were dealt with before the film's release.^[45] The project was filmed on Santa Catalina Island, just off the coast of Long Beach, California.^[46] Gross receipts slightly exceeded $850,000 (equivalent to $13,300,000 in 2021).^[9][40] At the first annual Academy Awards, Swanson received a nomination for Best Actress for her performance, and the film's cinematographer George Barnes was also nominated.^[47]

Gloria Productions

 

Swanson (left) in Indiscreet

By the end of 1927, Swanson was in dire financial straits, with only $65 in the bank.^[48] Her two productions had generated income, but too slowly to offset her production loan debts to Art Cinema Corporation.^[40][49] Swanson had also not made good on her $100,000 subscription for preferred United Artists shared stock.^[40] She had received financial proposals from United Artists studio head Joseph Schenck, as well as from Bank of America, prior to engaging the services of Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. as her financial advisor.^[50] He proposed to personally bankroll her next picture and conducted a thorough examination of her financial records.^[51] Kennedy advised her to shut down Swanson Producing Corporation. She agreed to his plan for a fresh start under the dummy corporate name of Gloria Productions, headquartered in Delaware.^[51] Upon his advice, she fired most of her staff and sold her rights for The Love of Sunya and Sadie Thompson to Art Cinema Corporation.^[52] Kennedy then created the position of "European director of Pathé" to put her third husband Henry de La Falaise on the payroll.^[53]

Sound films were already becoming popular with audiences, most notably the films of singer Al Jolson, who had success with The Jazz Singer released in 1927 and The Singing Fool in 1928.^[54] Kennedy, however, advised her to hire Erich von Stroheim to direct another silent film, The Swamp, subsequently retitled Queen Kelly. She was hesitant to hire Stroheim, who was known for being difficult to deal with and who was unwilling to work within any budget. Kennedy, nevertheless, was insistent and was able to get Stroheim released from contractual obligations to producer Pat Powers.^[55] Stroheim worked for several months on writing the basic script.^[54] Filming of Queen Kelly began in November.^[56] His filming was slow, albeit meticulous, and the cast and crew suffered from long hours. Shooting was shut down in January, and Stroheim fired, after complaints by Swanson about him and about the general direction the film was taking.^[57] Swanson and Kennedy tried to salvage it with an alternative ending shot on November 24, 1931, directed by Swanson and photographed by Gregg Toland.^[58][59]

Only two other films were made under Gloria Productions.^[24] The Trespasser in 1929 was a sound production, and garnered Swanson her second Oscar nomination.^[60] Written by Edmund Goulding, with Laura Hope Crews fine-tuning the dialogue, Kennedy approved funding for the go-ahead on the production.^[61] The film was a melodrama, complete with musical numbers sung by Swanson and completed in 21 days.^[62] The world premiere was held in London, the first American sound production to do so. Swanson was mobbed by adoring fans. Before leaving London, she sang at a concert carried over the BBC.^[63] What a Widow! in 1930 was the final film for Gloria Productions.^[64][65]

United Artists stars on the radio

Mary Pickford and her husband Douglas Fairbanks hosted the March 29, 1928, episode of the Dodge Hour radio program, originating from Pickford's private bungalow at United Artists, and broadcast to audiences in American movie theaters. The brainchild of Joseph Schenck, it was a promotional come-on to attract audiences into movie theaters to hear the voices of their favorite actors, as sound productions became the future of commercial films.^[66] On hand were Swanson, Charlie Chaplin, Norma Talmadge, John Barrymore, Dolores del Río and D. W. Griffith.^[67]

Gloria Swanson British Productions Ltd.

 

Swanson and John Boles in Music in the Air (1934)

 

Swanson and Laurence Olivier in Perfect Understanding (1933)

Before she began filming Perfect Understanding as Gloria Swanson British Productions Ltd., she finished a two-film package production for Art Cinema, which included Indiscreet and Tonight or Never (1931).^[68] Perfect Understanding, a 1933 sound production comedy, was the only film produced by this company.^[69] Made entirely at Ealing Studios, it co-starred Laurence Olivier as Swanson's on-screen husband.^[70] United Artists bought back all of her stock with them, in order to provide her financing to make this film, and thereby ending her relationship with the partnership.^[68] The film was panned by the critics upon its release and failed at the box office.^[71]

1938–1950: Creating new paths

When she made the transition to sound films as her career simultaneously began to decline, Swanson moved permanently to New York City in 1938.^[72] Swanson starred in Father Takes a Wife for RKO in 1941.^[73] She began appearing in stage productions and starred in The Gloria Swanson Hour on WPIX-TV in 1948.^[74] Swanson threw herself into painting and sculpting and, in 1954, published Gloria Swanson’s Diary, a general newsletter.^[75] She toured in summer stock, engaged in political activism, designed and marketed clothing and accessories, and made personal appearances on radio and in movie theaters.^[73][76]

1950 – 1977: Later career

Sunset Boulevard

Main article: Sunset Boulevard (film)

 

Swanson and William Holden in Sunset Boulevard (1950)

“It should be pointed out that Gloria Swanson was not Norma Desmond. Unlike her delusional screen counterpart, Swanson was fiercely realistic. She lived in the present –not in the past– and pursued many interests with passionate zeal. She was also a good actress. Judging by the number of people who think she was Norma Desmond, maybe a little too good.” – Biographer Lon Davis in Silent Lives: 100 Biographies of the Silent Film Era. (2008).^[77]

The film Sunset Boulevard was conceived by director Billy Wilder and screenwriter Charles Brackett, and came to include writer D. M. Marshman Jr.^[78] They bandied about the name of Mae West, whose public persona even in her senior years was as a sex symbol, but she objected to playing a has-been.^[79] Mary Pickford was also considered for the lead role of Norma Desmond.^[80] It was director George Cukor who suggested Swanson, noting that she was once such a valuable asset to her studio that she was, "...carried in a sedan chair from her dressing room to the set".^[79]

The storyline of the film follows a faded silent movie actress Norma Desmond (Swanson), in love with a failed screenwriter Joe Gillis (William Holden).^[81] She lives at the mansion with her former-director-turned-butler Max von Mayerling (Erich von Stroheim), who personally disliked the role and only agreed to it out of financial need.^[82] A clip from Queen Kelly was used for the scene where Joe and Norma are watching one of her silent films, and she declares, "... we didn't need dialogue, we had faces".^[83] Norma plays a card game of bridge with a group of actors also known as "the Waxworks". They included Buster Keaton, H.B. Warner and Anna Q. Nilsson.^[84] During the scene leading up to Cecil B. DeMille's cameo, where Max chauffeurs Joe and Norma to the studio, her Isotta Fraschini luxury automobile was towed from behind the camera, because Stroheim had never learned how to drive.^[85] Norma's dreams of a comeback are subverted, and when Gillis tries to break up with her, she threatens to kill herself, but instead kills him. She becomes delusional by the time the police and news media arrive. Max sets up the studio lighting towards her on the staircase and directs her down towards the waiting police and news cameras,^[86] where she says, "All right, Mr. DeMille, I'm ready for my close-up."^[87]

Although Swanson had objected to enduring a screen test for the film, she had been glad to be making much more money than she had been in television and on stage.^[79] She found the overall experience of making the movie a pleasure, and later stated, "I hated to have the picture end ... When Mr. Wilder called ‘Print it!’ I burst into tears...”^[88] She was nominated for a Best Actress Academy Award, but lost to Judy Holliday.^[89]

Final films

Swanson received several acting offers following the release of Sunset Boulevard, but turned most of them down, saying they tended to be pale imitations of Norma Desmond.^[90] Her last major Hollywood motion picture role was also her first color film, the poorly received 3 for Bedroom C in 1952.^[91] Nationally syndicated columnist Suzy called it "one of the worst movies ever made."^[92] In 1956, Swanson made Nero's Mistress, an Italian film shot in Rome, which starred Alberto Sordi, Vittorio de Sica and Brigitte Bardot.^[93] Her final screen appearance was as herself in Airport 1975.^[94]

Television and theatre

 

Swanson with Fred MacMurray in the promo of My Three Sons (1965)

Swanson hosted The Gloria Swanson Hour, one of the first live television series in 1948 in which she invited friends and others to be guests.^[74] Swanson later hosted Crown Theatre with Gloria Swanson, a television anthology series in which she occasionally acted.^[95]

Through the 1960s, 1970s, and early 1980s, Swanson appeared on many different talk and variety shows such as The Carol Burnett Show and The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson to recollect her movies and to lampoon them as well.^[96][97] On The Carol Burnett Show in 1973, Swanson reprised her impersonation of Charlie Chaplin from both Sunset Boulevard and Manhandled.^[98][99] She was the "mystery guest" on What's My Line.^[100] She acted in "Behind the Locked Door" on The Alfred Hitchcock Hour in 1964 and, in the same year, she was nominated for a Golden Globe award for her performance in Burke's Law.^[101][102] She made a guest appearance on The Dick Cavett Show in the summer of 1970; a guest on the same show as Janis Joplin.^[103] She made a notable appearance in a 1966 episode of The Beverly Hillbillies, in which she plays herself.^[101] In the episode, the Clampetts mistakenly believe Swanson is destitute and decide to finance a comeback movie for her – in a silent film.^[104]

After near-retirement from movies, Swanson appeared in many plays throughout her later life, beginning in the 1940s.^[105] Actor and playwright Harold J. Kennedy, who had learned the ropes at Yale and with Orson Welles' Mercury Theatre, suggested Swanson do a road tour of "Reflected Glory", a comedy that had run on the Broadway stage with Tallulah Bankhead as its star.^[106] Kennedy wrote the script for the play A Goose for the Gander, which began its road tour in Chicago in August 1944.^{[107][108][109]}

Swanson also toured with Let Us Be Gay.^[110] After her success with Sunset Boulevard, she starred on Broadway in a revival of Twentieth Century with José Ferrer, and in Nina with David Niven.^[111] Her last major stage role was in the 1971 Broadway production of Butterflies Are Free at the Booth Theatre.^[112] Kevin Brownlow and David Gill interviewed her for Hollywood, a television history of the silent era.^[113]

Personal life

 

Swanson in her New York City apartment (1972)

Swanson was a vegetarian and an early health food advocate^[114] who was known for bringing her own meals to public functions in a tin box.^[100] In 1975, Swanson traveled the United States and helped to promote the book Sugar Blues written by her husband, William Dufty.^[115] He also ghostwrote Swanson's 1981 autobiography Swanson on Swanson, which became a commercial success.^[116][117] The same year, she designed a stamp cachet for the United Nations Decade for Women, which was her last creative project.^[118]

She was a pupil of the yoga guru Indra Devi and was photographed performing a series of yoga poses, reportedly looking much younger than her age, for Devi to use in her book Forever Young, Forever Healthy; but the publisher Prentice-Hall decided to use the photographs for Swanson's book, not Devi's. In return, Swanson, who normally never did publicity events, helped to launch Devi's book at the Waldorf-Astoria in 1953.^[119]

As a Republican she supported the 1940 and 1944 campaigns for president of Wendell Willkie and the 1964 presidential campaign of Barry Goldwater.^[102] In 1980, she chaired the New York chapter of Seniors for Reagan-Bush.^[120]

In 1964, Swanson spoke at a "Project Prayer" rally attended by 2,500 at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles.^[121] The gathering, which was hosted by Anthony Eisley, a star of ABC's Hawaiian Eye series, sought to flood the United States Congress with letters in support of mandatory school prayer, following two decisions in 1962 and 1963 of the United States Supreme Court, which struck down mandatory prayer as conflicting with the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.^[122][123] Joining Swanson and Eisley at the Project Prayer rally were Walter Brennan, Lloyd Nolan, Rhonda Fleming, Pat Boone, and Dale Evans. Swanson declared "Under God we became the freest, strongest, wealthiest nation on earth. Should we change that?"^[124]

Marriages and relationships

Wallace Beery

Wallace Beery and Swanson married on her 17th birthday on March 27, 1916, but by her wedding night she felt she had made a mistake and saw no way out of it.^[125][126] She did not like his home or his family and was repulsed by him as a lover. After becoming pregnant, she saw her husband with other women and learned he had been fired from Keystone.^[127] Taking medication given to her by Beery, purported to be for morning sickness, she miscarried the fetus and was taken unconscious to the hospital.^[128] Soon afterwards, she filed for divorce, which was finalized on December 12, 1918.^[129] Under California law in that era, there was a one-year waiting period after a divorce was granted before it became finalized and either of the parties could remarry.^[130]

Herbert K. Somborn

She married Herbert K. Somborn on December 20, 1919.^[131] He was at that time president of Equity Pictures Corporation and later the owner of the Brown Derby restaurant.^[132] Their daughter, Gloria Swanson Somborn, was born October 7, 1920.^[133][134] In 1923, she adopted 1-year-old Sonny Smith, whom she renamed Joseph Patrick Swanson after her father.^[135] During their divorce proceedings, Somborn accused her of adultery with 13 men, including Cecil B. DeMille, and Marshall Neilan.^[136] The public sensationalism led to Swanson having a "morals clause" added to her studio contract.^[137] Somborn was granted a divorce in Los Angeles, on September 19, 1923.^[138]

Henri de la Falaise

 

Swanson and Henri de la Falaise leaving Los Angeles for New York, July 1925

My marriage to Henri gave me the only real peace and happiness I had ever known—or have ever known since. Of my five marriages this one came the nearest to being what I, in my haus-frau heart, have always wanted a marriage to be. He was then and he remains in memory a more delightful companion than any I have known.^[139]

Gloria Swanson, 1950

During the production of Madame Sans-Gêne, Swanson met her third husband, Henri, Marquis de la Falaise (commonly known as Henri de la Falaise),^[140] who had been hired to be her translator during the film's production.^[141] Though Henri was a Marquis and related to the famous Hennessy cognac family, he had no personal wealth.^[142] She had conceived a child with him before her divorce from Somborn was final, a situation that would have led to a public scandal and possible end of her film career. She had an abortion, which she later regretted.^[143] They married on January 28, 1925, after the Somborn divorce was finalized.^[140] Following a four-month recuperation from her abortion, they returned to the United States as European nobility. Swanson now held the title of Marquise.^[144] She received a huge welcome home with parades in both New York and Los Angeles. He became a film executive representing Pathé (USA) in France.^[145] This marriage ended in divorce in 1930.^[146]

In spite of the divorce, they remained close and Falaise became a partner in her World War II efforts to aid potential scientist refugees fleeing from behind Nazi lines.^[147] Swanson described herself as a "mental vampire", someone with a searching curiosity about how things worked, and who pursued the possibilities of turning those ideas into reality.^[72] In 1939, she created Multiprises, an inventions and patents company; Henri de la Falaise provided a transitional Paris office for the scientists and gave written documentation to authorities guaranteeing jobs for them.^[148] Viennese electronics engineer Richard Kobler, chemist Leopold Karniol, metallurgist Anton Kratky, and acoustical engineer Leopold Neumann, were brought to New York and headquartered in Rockefeller Center.^[149] The group nicknamed her "Big Chief".^[150]

Joseph P. Kennedy

While still married to Henri, Swanson had a lengthy affair with the married Joseph P. Kennedy, father of future President John F. Kennedy.^[151] He became her business partner and their relationship was an open secret in Hollywood. He took over all of her personal and business affairs and was supposed to make her millions.^[51] Kennedy left her after the disastrous Queen Kelly.^[152]

Michael Farmer

After the marriage to Henri and her affair with Kennedy was over, Swanson became acquainted with Michael Farmer, the man who would become her fourth husband. They met by chance in Paris when Swanson was being fitted by Coco Chanel for her 1931 film Tonight or Never. Farmer was a man of independent financial means who seemed not to have been employed. Rumors were that he was a gigolo. Swanson began spending time with him,^[153] during which she discovered a breast lump and also became pregnant, but was not yet divorced from Henri.^[154] She was not interested in marrying Farmer, but he did not want to break off the relationship. When Farmer found out she was pregnant, he threatened to go public with the news unless she agreed to marry him, something she did not want to do. Her friends, some of whom openly disliked him, thought she was making a mistake.^[155] They married on August 16, 1931, and separated 2 years later.^[156][157]

Because of the possibility that Swanson's divorce from La Falaise had not been finalized at the time of the wedding, she was forced to remarry Farmer the following November, by which time she was four months pregnant with Michelle Bridget Farmer, who was born on April 5, 1932.^[158]

Herbert Marshall

Swanson and Farmer divorced in 1934 after she became involved with married British actor Herbert Marshall. The media reported widely on her affair with Marshall.^{[159][160][161]} After almost three years with the actor, Swanson left him once she became convinced he would never divorce his wife Edna Best, for her. In an early manuscript of her autobiography written in her own hand decades later, Swanson recalled "I was never so convincingly and thoroughly loved as I was by Herbert Marshall."^[162]

William M. Davey

Davey was a wealthy investment broker whom Swanson met in October 1944 while she was appearing in A Goose for the Gander. They married January 29, 1945.^[163] Swanson had initially thought she was going to be able to retire from acting, but the marriage was troubled by Davey's alcoholism from the start. Erratic behavior and acrimonious recriminations followed. Swanson and her daughter Michelle Farmer visited an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting and gathered AA pamphlets, which they placed around the apartment.^[164][165] Davey moved out.^[164] In the subsequent legal separation proceedings, the judge ordered him to pay Swanson alimony. In an effort to avoid the payments, Davey unsuccessfully filed for divorce on the grounds of mental cruelty. He died within a year, not having paid anything to Swanson, and left the bulk of his estate to the Damon Runyon Cancer Memorial Fund.^[166][167]

William Dufty

Swanson's final marriage occurred in 1976 and lasted until her death. Her sixth husband William Dufty was a writer who worked for many years at the New York Post, where he was assistant to the editor from 1951 to 1960. He was the co-author (ghostwriter) of Billie Holiday's autobiography Lady Sings the Blues, the author of Sugar Blues, a 1975 best-selling health book still in print, and the author of the English version of Georges Ohsawa's You Are All Sanpaku.^[168] They met in the mid-1960s and moved in together.^[169][170] Swanson shared her husband's enthusiasm for macrobiotic diets, and they traveled widely together to speak about nutrition.^[115] Swanson and her husband first got to know John Lennon and Yoko Ono because they were fans of Dufty's work.^[171] Swanson testified on Lennon's behalf at his immigration hearing in New York City, which led to his becoming a permanent resident.^[172] Besides her Fifth Avenue apartment, she and Dufty spent time at their homes in Beverly Hills, California; Colares, Portugal; Croton-on-Hudson, New York; and Palm Springs, California.^[173] After Swanson's death, Dufty returned to his former home in Birmingham, Michigan. He died of cancer in 2002.^[168]

Death

Swanson died of a heart ailment at the New York Hospital on April 4, 1983. She had just returned from her home in the Portuguese Riviera.^[174][175] She was cremated and her ashes interred at the Episcopal Church of the Heavenly Rest on Fifth Avenue in New York City, attended by only a small circle of family. The church was the same one where the funeral of Chester A. Arthur had taken place.^[176]

After Swanson's death, there was a series of auctions from August to September 1983 at William Doyle Galleries in New York. Collectors bought her furniture and decorations, jewelry, clothing, and memorabilia from her personal life and career.^[177]

Honors and legacy

In 1960, Gloria Swanson was honored with two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame: one for motion pictures at 6750 Hollywood Boulevard, and another for television at 6301 Hollywood Boulevard.^[178] In 1955 and 1957, Swanson was awarded The George Eastman Award, given by George Eastman House for distinguished contribution to the art of film,^[179][180] and in 1966, the museum honored her with a career film retrospective, titled A Tribute to Gloria Swanson, which screened several of her movies.^[181] In 1974, Swanson was one of the honorees of the first Telluride Film Festival.^[182] A parking lot by Sims Park in downtown New Port Richey, Florida, is named after the star, who is said to have owned property along the Cotee River.^[183]

In 1982, a year before her death, Swanson sold her archives of over 600 boxes for an undisclosed sum, including photographs, artwork, copies of films and private papers, including correspondence, contracts, and financial dealings, to the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin. Upon her death in 1983, much of the remainder of her holdings was purchased by UT-Austin at an auction held at the Doyle New York gallery. An undisclosed amount of memorabilia was also gifted to the HRC Center between 1983 and 1988.^[173]

In 1989, the Library of Congress chose Sunset Boulevard, along with 24 other films, "to be preserved in the permanent collection of the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress as culturally, historically, and aesthetically important".^[184]

Portrayals

Swanson has been played both on television and in film by the following actresses:

• 1971: Carol Burnett on The Carol Burnett Show^[185]
• 1984: Diane Venora in The Cotton Club^[186]
• 1990: Madolyn Smith in The Kennedys of Massachusetts^[187]
• 1991: Ann Turkel in White Hot: The Mysterious Murder of Thelma Todd^[188]
• 2008: Kristen Wiig in Saturday Night Live^[189]
• 2013: Debi Mazar in Return to Babylon^[190]

Stage

Note: The list below is limited to New York Broadway theatrical productions.

Broadway credits of Gloria Swanson

Title	Date	Role	Ref(s)
A Goose for the Gander	January 23, 1945 – February 3, 1945	Katherine	^[191]
Bathsheba	March 26, 1947 – April 19, 1947		^[192]
Twentieth Century	December 24, 1950 – June 2, 1951	Lily Garland	^[193]
Nina	December 5, 1951 – January 12, 1952	Nina	^[194]
Butterflies Are Free	September 7, 1971 – July 2, 1972	Mrs. Baker	^[195]

Filmography

Shorts

Short subject

Title	Year	Role	Notes Studio/Distributor	Ref(s)
The Song of the Soul	1914		Unconfirmed	^[196]
The Misjudged Mr. Hartley	1915	Maid		^[197]
At the End of a Perfect Day	1915	Hands Bouquet to Holmes	Uncredited, actual release date of January 26, 2015	^[196]
The Ambition of the Baron	1915	Bit part	Essanay Film starring Francis X. Bushman	^[198]
His New Job	1915	Stenographer	Essanay Film Written and directed by Charlie Chaplin	^[197]
The Fable of Elvira and Farina and the Meal Ticket	1915	Farina, Elvira's Daughter	Credited as Gloria Mae Essanay Film	^[197]
Sweedie Goes to College	1915	College Girl	Wallace Beery played Sweedie in a series of shorts Essanay Film	^[199]
The Romance of an American Duchess	1915	Minor Role	Uncredited Essanay Film	^[200]
The Broken Pledge	1915	Gloria	Essanay Film	^[201]
A Dash of Courage	1916		Keystone/Triangle with Bobby Vernon directed by Clarence G. Badger	^[202]
Hearts and Sparks	1916		Keystone/Triangle with Bobby Vernon directed by Clarence G. Badger	^[203]
A Social Cub	1916		Keystone/Triangle with Bobby Vernon directed by Clarence G. Badger	^[204]
The Danger Girl	1916	Reggie's madcap sister	Keystone/Triangle with Bobby Vernon directed by Clarence G. Badger	^[205]
Haystacks and Steeples	1916		Keystone/Triangle with Bobby Vernon directed by Clarence G. Badger	^[206]
The Nick of Time Baby	1916		Keystone/Triangle with Bobby Vernon directed by Clarence G. Badger	^[207]
Teddy at the Throttle	1917	Gloria Dawn, His Sweetheart	Uncredited with Bobby Vernon Keystone/Triangle directed by Clarence G. Badger	^[208]
Baseball Madness	1917		Victor Film/Universal	^[209]
Dangers of a Bride	1917		Keystone/Triangle directed by Clarence G. Badger	^[14]
Whose Baby?	1917		Keystone/Triangle with Bobby Vernon directed by Clarence G. Badger	^[14]
The Sultan's Wife	1917	Gloria	Keystone/Triangle with Bobby Vernon directed by Clarence G. Badger	^[14]
The Pullman Bride	1917	The Girl	Paramount-Mack Sennett directed by Clarence G. Badger	^[210]
A Trip to Paramountown	1922	Herself	Paramount	^[211]

Features

Feature film credits of Gloria Swanson

Title	Year	Role	Notes Studio/Distributor	Ref(s)
Society for Sale	1918	Phylis Clyne	Triangle Film Corporation	^[212]
Her Decision	1918	Phyllis Dunbar	Triangle Film Corporation directed by Jack Conway	^[213]
You Can't Believe Everything	1918	Patricia Reynolds	Triangle Film Corporation directed by Jack Conway	^[214]
Station Content	1918	Kitty Manning	Triangle Film Corporation directed by Arthur Hoyt	^[214]
Everywoman's Husband	1918	Edith Emerson	Triangle Film Corporation directed by Gilbert P. Hamilton	^[214]
Shifting Sands	1918	Marcia Grey	Triangle Film Corporation directed by Albert Parker	^[215]
The Secret Code	1918	Sally Carter Rand	Triangle Film Corporation directed by Albert Parker	^[214]
Wife or Country	1918	Sylvia Hamilton	Triangle Film Corporation directed by E. Mason Hopper	^[214]
Don't Change Your Husband	1919	Leila Porter	Famous Players-Lasky/Paramount directed by Cecil B. DeMille	^[215]
For Better, for Worse	1919	Sylvia Norcross	Famous Players-Lasky/Paramount directed by Cecil B. DeMille	^[214]
Male and Female	1919	Lady Mary Lasenby	Famous Players-Lasky/Paramount directed by Cecil B. DeMille	^[216]
Why Change Your Wife?	1920	Beth Gordon	Famous Players-Lasky/Paramount directed by Cecil B. DeMille	^[216]
Something to Think About	1920	Ruth Anderson	Famous Players-Lasky/Paramount directed by Cecil B. DeMille	^[216]
The Affairs of Anatol	1921	Vivian Spencer – Anatol's Wife	Famous Players-Lasky/Paramount directed by Cecil B. DeMille	^[216]^[217]
The Great Moment	1921	Nada Pelham/Nadine Pelham	Famous Players-Lasky/Paramount directed by Sam Wood	^[216]
Under the Lash	1921	Deborah Krillet	Famous Players-Lasky/Paramount directed by Sam Wood	^[218]
Don't Tell Everything	1921	Marian Westover	Famous Players-Lasky/Paramount directed by Sam Wood	^[219]
Her Husband's Trademark	1922	Lois Miller	Famous Players-Lasky/Paramount directed by Sam Wood	^[219]
Her Gilded Cage	1922	Suzanne Ornoff	Famous Players-Lasky/Paramount directed by Sam Wood	^[219]
Beyond the Rocks	1922	Theodora Fitzgerald	Famous Players-Lasky/Paramount directed by Sam Wood	^[219]
The Impossible Mrs. Bellew	1922	Betty Bellew	Famous Players-Lasky/Paramount directed by Sam Wood	^[219]
My American Wife	1922	Natalie Chester	Famous Players-Lasky/Paramount directed by Sam Wood	^[220]
Prodigal Daughters	1923	Swifty Forbes	Famous Players-Lasky/Paramount directed by Sam Wood	^[221]
Bluebeard's 8th Wife	1923	Mona deBriac	Famous Players-Lasky/Paramount directed by Sam Wood	^[221]
Hollywood	1923	Cameo role	Famous Players-Lasky/Paramount	^[222]
Zaza	1923	Zaza	Famous Players-Lasky/Paramount directed by Allan Dwan	^[221]
The Humming Bird	1924	Toinette	Famous Players-Lasky/Paramount directed by Sidney Olcott	^[221]
A Society Scandal	1924	Marjorie Colbert	Famous Players-Lasky/Paramount directed by Allan Dwan	^[221]
Manhandled	1924	Tessie McGuire	Famous Players-Lasky/Paramount directed by Allan Dwan	^[221]
Her Love Story	1924	Princess Marie	Famous Players-Lasky/Paramount directed by Allan Dwan	^[223]
Wages of Virtue	1924	Carmelita	Famous Players-Lasky/Paramount directed by Allan Dwan	^[223]
Madame Sans-Gêne	1925	Madame Sans-Gêne	Famous Players-Lasky/Paramount directed by Léonce Perret	^[223]
The Coast of Folly	1925	Joyce Gathway/Nadine Gathway	Famous Players-Lasky/Paramount directed by Allan Dwan	^[223]
Stage Struck	1925	Jennie Hagen	Famous Players-Lasky/Paramount directed by Allan Dwan	^[223]
The Untamed Lady	1926	St. Clair Van Tassel	Famous Players-Lasky/Paramount directed by Frank Tuttle	^[224]
Fine Manners	1926	Orchid Murphy	Famous Players-Lasky/Paramount directed by Richard Rosson	^[224]
The Love of Sunya	1927	Sunya Ashling	Swanson Producing Corporation/United Artists directed by Albert Parker	^[224]
Sadie Thompson	1928	Sadie Thompson	Gloria Swanson Productions/United Artists directed by Raoul Walsh	^[224]
Queen Kelly	1928	Kitty Kelly/Queen Kelly	Joseph P. Kennedy/United Artists directed by Erich von Stroheim	^[224]
The Trespasser	1929	Marion Donnell	Gloria Productions/United Artists directed by Edmund Goulding Released in two versions, one silent, and the other with sound	^[64]
What a Widow!	1930	Tamarind Brook	Gloria Productions/United Artists directed by Allan Dwan	^[225]
Indiscreet	1931	Geraldine "Gerry" Trent	Feature Productions, Inc. A DeSylva, Brown & Henderson Production directed by Leo McCarey	^[225]
Tonight or Never	1931	Nella Vago	Feature Productions, Inc./United Artists directed by Mervyn LeRoy	^[225]
Perfect Understanding	1933	Judy Rogers	Gloria Swanson British Productions, Ltd./United Artists directed by Cyril Gardner	^[226]
Music in the Air	1934	Frieda Hotzfelt	Erich Pommer Productions/Fox Film directed by Joe May	^[227]
Father Takes a Wife	1941	Leslie Collier Osborne	Marcus Lee/RKO Radio Pictures, Inc. directed by William Dorfman	^[227]
Sunset Boulevard	1950	Norma Desmond	Charles Brackett/Paramount directed by Billy Wilder	^[227]
3 for Bedroom "C"	1952	Ann Haven/costume designer	Brenco Pictures Corporation/Warner Bros. directed by Milton H. Bren	^[228]
Nero's Weekend (aka Nero's Mistress)	1956	Agrippina	Les Films Marceau and Titanus/Manhattan Films International directed by Steno	^[94]
Airport 1975	1974	Herself	Universal Pictures directed by Jack Smight	^[94]

Television

Television

Title	Year	Role	Notes	Ref(s)
The Gloria Swanson Hour	1948	Hostess	Variety show	^[229]
The Peter Lind Hayes Show	1950	Herself	Episode #1.1 sitcom show	^[230]
Hollywood Opening Night	1953		Episode: "The Pattern"	^[231]
Crown Theatre with Gloria Swanson	1954–1955	Hostess	25 episodes	^[95]
The Steve Allen Show	1957	Norma Desmond	Episode #3.8	^[232]
Straightaway	1961	Lorraine Carrington	Episode: "A Toast to Yesterday"	^[233]
Dr. Kildare	1963	Julia Colton	Episode: "The Good Luck Charm"	^[101]
Burke's Law	1963–1964	Various roles	2 episodes	^[101]
Kraft Suspense Theatre	1964	Mrs. Charlotte Heaton	Segment: "Who Is Jennifer?"	^[101]
The Alfred Hitchcock Hour	1964	Mrs. Daniels	Episode: "Behind the Locked Door"	^[101]
My Three Sons	1965	Margaret McSterling	Episode: "The Fountain of Youth"	^[101]
Ben Casey	1965	Victoria Hoffman	Episode: "Minus That Rusty Old Hacksaw"	^[101]
The Beverly Hillbillies	1966	Herself	Episode: "The Gloria Swanson Story"	^[101]
The Eternal Tramp Special	1972	Narrator	aka Chaplinesque, My Life and Hard Times	^[234]
The Carol Burnett Show	1973	Herself	Episode #7.3	^[98]
Killer Bees	1974	Madame Maria von Bohlen	Television movie	^[235]
The Great Debate	1974	Herself	Canadian interview show with James Bawden	^[236]
Hollywood	1980	Herself	Television documentary	^[237]

Awards and nominations

Awards and nominations of Gloria Swanson

Year	Award	Result	Category	Film or series	Ref(s)
1929	Academy Award	Nominated	Best Actress	Sadie Thompson	^[47]
1931				The Trespasser	^[60]
1951				Sunset Boulevard	^[238]
1951	Golden Globe Award	Won	Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama		^[239]
1964		Nominated	Best TV Star – Female	Burke's Law	^[101]
1951	Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists	Won	Best Actress – Foreign Film (Migliore Attrice Straniera)	Sunset Boulevard	^[240]
1951	Jussi Award	Won	Best Foreign Actress		^[241]
1950	National Board of Review of Motion Pictures	Won	Best Actress		^[242]
1980			Career Achievement Award	-	^[243]
1975	Saturn Award	Won	Special Award	-	^[244]

See also

• List of actors with Academy Award nominations

Notes

1. Quirk 1984, pp. 15, 17.
2. Quirk 1984, p. 17.
3. Harzig & Matovic 2018, p. 283.
4. Welsch 2013, pp. 6–8.
5. Welsch 2013, pp. 9–11.
6. Welsch 2013, pp. 11–12.
7. Welsch 2013, p. 12.
8. Welsch 2013, p. 13.
9. 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved April 16, 2022.
10. Shearer 2013, pp. 18, 25.
11. Welsch 2013, pp. 20–23.
12. Welsch 2013, pp. 23, 30.
13. Birchard 2009, p. 135.
14. Shearer 2013, p. 35.
15. Shearer 2013, pp. 40–42.
16. Birchard 2009, pp. 135–136.
17. Birchard 2009, p. 138.
18. Birchard 2009, p. 139.
19. Beauchamp 2009, p. 109.
20. Welsch 2013, p. 55.
21. Welsch 2013, p. 56.
22. Welsch 2013, pp. 58, 61.
23. Welsch 2013, pp. 439–440.
24. Thomson 2014, p. 1016.
25. Shearer 2013, p. 59.
26. "Beyond the Rocks". catalog.afi.com. AFI. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
27. Welsch 2013, pp. 93–94.
28. Shearer 2013, p. 423.
29. Shearer 2013, p. 123.
30. Welsch 2013, pp. 150, 370.
31. Shearer 2013, p. 86.
32. Welsch 2013, pp. 443–444.
33. Welsch 2013, pp. 167, 169–170.
34. Balio 2009, p. 58.
35. Balio 2009, pp. 57–58.
36. Welsch 2013, p. 169.
37. Welsch 2013, p. 171.
38. Welsch 2013, p. 175.
39. Welsch 2013, pp. 174–177.
40. Balio 2009, p. 83.
41. Moss 2011, pp. 100–101.
42. Welsch 2013, pp. 181, 183.
43. Welsch 2013, pp. 184–185.
44. Moss 2011, pp. 101–102.
45. Moss 2011, p. 103.
46. Moss 2011, p. 104.
47. "The 1st Academy Awards: 1929". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
48. Welsch 2013, p. 201.
49. Welsch 2013, pp. 198–199.
50. Welsch 2013, p. 202.
51. Welsch 2013, p. 205.
52. Welsch 2013, pp. 207–208.
53. Welsch 2013, p. 209.
54. Lennig 2000, p. 276.
55. Lennig 2000, p. 275.
56. "Queen Kelly". catalog.afi.com. AFI. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
57. Lennig 2000, pp. 277–278.
58. Welsch 2013, p. 247.
59. Lennig 2000, p. 288.
60. "The 3rd Academy Awards: 1931". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
61. Welsch 2013, p. 232.
62. Welsch 2013, pp. 235–236.
63. Welsch 2013, p. 239.
64. Welsch 2013, pp. 444–445.
65. "The Widow". catalog.afi.com. AFI. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
66. Hershfield 2000, p. 17.
67. "Listen In on the DODGE HOUR". St. Louis Globe-Democrat. March 29, 1928. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
68. Balio 2009, p. 84.
69. Welsch 2013, pp. 282, 445.
70. Welsch 2013, pp. 282, 284.
71. Welsch 2013, p. 286.
72. Welsch 2013, p. 299.
73. Welsch 2013, pp. 303–304.
74. Welsch 2013, p. 316.
75. Welsch 2013, pp. 349, 384.
76. Palley, Maggie (September 17, 1971). "Gloria Swanson is back and full of organic beans". Life.
77. Davis, 2008 p. 344: Note: Lon Davis included Swanson’s “interests” as “nutrition and sculpting” in complete quote, excised here w/o ellipsis. Also: italics in original quote.
78. Phillips 2010, p. 109.
79. Phillips 2010, p. 112.
80. Phillips 2010, pp. 111, 112.
81. Phillips 2010, p. 114.
82. Phillips 2010, pp. 109–110, 113.
83. Phillips 2010, p. 115.
84. Phillips 2010, p. 122.
85. Phillips 2010, pp. 114, 117.
86. Phillips 2010, p. 123.
87. Williams, David (November 30, 2018). "Beyond The Frame: Sunset Boulevard –". ascmag.com. The American Society of Cinematographers. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
88. Phillips 2010, p. 118.
89. "The 23rd Academy Awards 1951". Oscars.org. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
90. Welsch 2013, pp. 342, 382–383.
91. Welsch 2013, p. 343.
92. "Gold Coast – Suzy". The Miami News. June 24, 1952. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
93. Welsch 2013, pp. 343, 447.
94. Welsch 2013, p. 447.
95. Welsch 2013, pp. 347–348.
96. Welsch 2013, pp. 355, 377.
97. "Gloria Digs TV". Victoria Advocate. September 16, 1973. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
98. Welsch 2013, pp. 377–378.
99. "Clipped From The Montgomery Advertiser". The Montgomery Advertiser. September 20, 1973.
100. Welsch 2013, p. 355.
101. Welsch 2013, p. 358.
102. Shearer 2013, p. 368.
103. Welsch 2013, pp. 346, 354–355, 381.
104. Desjardins 2015, p. 11.
105. Welsch 2013, p. 307.
106. Welsch 2013, p. 305.
107. Gerard, Jeremy (January 15, 1988). . The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 25, 2015. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
108. Welsch 2013, p. 308.
109. Fitz Henry, Charlotte (August 20, 1944). "La Swanson Likes the Stage". The Evening Star. p. 41, col. 6. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
110. Welsch 2013, p. 314.
111. Welsch 2013, pp. 339, 341.
112. Welsch 2013, pp. 374–375.
113. Welsch 2013, p. 396.
114. Shearer 2013, p. 309.
115. "Gloria Swanson's Glamor Never Fades". The Palm Beach Post. November 8, 1975. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
116. "William F. Dufty, 86; Wrote 'Lady Sings the Blues' and 'Sugar Blues'". Los Angeles Times. July 4, 2002.
117. Welsch 2013, p. 386.
118. Welsch 2013, p. 389.
119. Syman 2010, pp. 188–190.
120. Shearer 2013, p. 383.
121. Pearson 1964, pp. 1–2.
122. Pearson 1964, p. 1.
123. Carper 2009, p. 353.
124. Pearson 1964, p. 2.
125. Shearer 2013, p. 25.
126. Welsch 2013, p. 27.
127. Welsch 2013, pp. 28–29.
128. Welsch 2013, p. 29.
129. "BEERY GIVEN DIVORCE FROM GLORIA SWANSON". Evening Express. December 12, 1918.
130. Welsch 2013, p. 143.
131. Welsch 2013, p. 66.
132. Shearer 2013, pp. 59, 457.
133. Shearer 2013, p. 66.
134. Welsch 2013, p. 67.
135. Welsch 2013, p. 111.
136. Welsch 2013, p. 112.
137. Welsch 2013, p. 114.
138. "HUSBAND OF GLORIA SWANSON WINS DIVORCE". Los Angeles Record. September 19, 1923.
139. Welsch 2013, pp. 378–379.
140. "Gloria Swanson marries Marquis De la Flaise". Des Moines Tribune. January 28, 1925. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
141. Welsch 2013, p. 138.
142. Welsch 2013, pp. 138, 148.
143. Welsch 2013, pp. 144–145, 147.
144. Welsch 2013, pp. 148, 301.
145. Welsch 2013, pp. 205–208, 213.
146. Welsch 2013, pp. 248–250.
147. Welsch 2013, p. 300.
148. Welsch 2013, pp. 299–300.
149. Welsch 2013, pp. 300–301.
150. Welsch 2013, p. 301.
151. Welsch 2013, p. 237.
152. Welsch 2013, pp. 258–262.
153. Welsch 2013, pp. 271–273.
154. Welsch 2013, p. 273.
155. Welsch 2013, p. 274.
156. "Miss Swanson Divorces Her 4th Husband". The Tampa Tribune. November 8, 1934. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
157. Welsch 2013, p. 275.
158. Welsch 2013, pp. 278, 281.
159. Lee, Sonia (April 1935). "Scared of Spring". Picture Play Magazine. Vol. 42. p. 70. Retrieved May 27, 2020. Hollywood is wondering if Gloria Swanson, once free of Michael Farmer, will make Herbert husband Number Five
160. Peak, Mayme Ober (January 13, 1935). "To Be Called Sauve Gets on My Nerves". Daily Boston Globe. p. B5. Now the Marshalls are separated by more than an ocean and continent. Since their separation, gossip has romantically linked the names of Gloria Swanson and Herbert Marshall. They are constantly seen together.
161. "Film Writer Socks Actor in Row Over Gloria Swanson; Foes Tell Different Versions of How It All Happened". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. September 25, 1934. p. 1. Retrieved May 27, 2020. ...Swanson, whose name has been linked romantically with Mr. Marshall's prior to and since her separation from Michael Farmer. Mr. Marshall is likewise separated from Edna Best, English actress.
162. Welsch 2013, p. 298.
163. Welsch 2013, p. 311.
164. Welsch 2013, p. 312.
165. "Gloria Swanson Tells Davey's Drinking Habit". Los Angeles Times. January 8, 1946. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
166. "Memorial Shares Estate". Reno Gazette-Journal. October 17, 1949. Retrieved May 28, 2020.
167. Welsch 2013, pp. 313–314.
168. "William F. Dufty, 86; Wrote 'Lady Sings the Blues' and 'Sugar Blues'". Los Angeles Times. July 4, 2002.
169. Welsch 2013, p. 363.
170. Dufty 1993, pp. 12, 23.
171. Welsch 2013, p. 381.
172. Robinson, Lisa (November 2001). "CONVERSATIONS WITH LENNON". Vanity Fair.
173. "An Inventory of Her Papers at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center". University Texas Website. from the original on May 4, 2020.
174. Flint, Peter B. (April 5, 1983). . The New York Times. p. A1. Archived from the original on November 2, 2014. Gloria Swanson, a symbol of enduring glamour who was perhaps the most glittering goddess of Hollywood's golden youth in the 1920s, died of a heart ailment yesterday in New York Hospital. The actress entered the hospital two weeks ago after suffering what friends said was a mild heart attack...
175. "Gloria Swanson Dies". Herald-Journal. Associated Press. April 5, 1983. Retrieved October 10, 2012. Gloria Swanson, the quintessential glamour girl who reigned in Hollywood's golden age died in her sleep at New York Hospital early Monday. ...
176. Donnelley, Paul (2003). Fade to Black: A Book of Movie Obituaries. Omnibus. p. 887. ISBN 0-7119-9512-5.
177. "$182,000 spent for memorabilia of star Swanson". Press and Sun-Bulletin. September 23, 1983.
178. "Gloria Swanson | Hollywood Walk of Fame". walkoffame.com. October 25, 2019.
179. "Stars of Silent Era Named for George Awards". Kenosha News. November 18, 1955.
180. "George Award Winners Due Saturday". Democrat and Chronicle. October 20, 1957.
181. "Eastman House Again Honors Gloria Swanson". Democrat and Chronicle. May 13, 1966. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
182. Welsch 2013, p. 382.
183. Keefe, Robert (January 13, 1993). "Do these celebrities get tribes? Yes, lots". Tampa Bay Times. p. 7.
184. "Complete National Film Registry Listing | Film Registry | National Film Preservation Board | Programs | Library of Congress". Library of Congress.
185. "Paley Center for Media". www.paleycenter.org. Retrieved October 10, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
186. Holbrook 2011, p. 158.
187. Shales, Tom (February 17, 1990). "TV PREVIEW". Washington Post. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
188. Brennan, Patricia (May 5, 1991). "'WHITE HOT' THE UNSOLVED MURDER OF THELMA TODD". Washington Post. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
189. Carbone, Gina (October 26, 2008). "Jon Hamm is mad funny! 'Mad Men' hero hams it up on SNL". seacoastonline.com. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
190. "Return to Babylon". cinema.usc.edu. USC Cinematic Arts, School of Cinematic Arts Events. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
191. "A Goose for the Gander". IBDB. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
192. "Bathsheba". IBDB. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
193. "Twentieth Century". IBDB. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
194. "Nina". IBDB. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
195. "Butterflies Are Free". IBDB. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
196. Shearer 2013, p. 14.
197. Shearer 2013, p. 19.
198. Welsch 2013, p. 14.
199. Welsch 2013, p. 18.
200. Welsch 2013, p. 15.
201. Shearer 2013, p. 21.
202. Welsch 2013, p. 22.
203. Shearer 2013, p. 29.
204. King 2009, p. 172.
205. Welsch 2013, pp. 24, 36, 355.
206. Shearer 2013, p. 30.
207. Shearer 2013, p. 31.
208. Shearer 2013, p. 34.
209. Welsch 2013, p. 399n36.
210. Welsch 2013, pp. 34–35.
211. "Trip to Paramountown is Stellar Traffic Jam". The Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
212. "Society for Sale". catalog.afi.com. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
213. Welsch 2013, p. 438.
214. Welsch 2013, p. 439.
215. Welsch 2013, p. 39.
216. Welsch 2013, p. 440.
217. Birchard 2009, p. 162.
218. Welsch 2013, pp. 440–441.
219. Welsch 2013, p. 441.
220. Welsch 2013, pp. 441–442.
221. Welsch 2013, p. 442.
222. "Hollywood". catalog.afi.com. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
223. Welsch 2013, p. 443.
224. Welsch 2013, p. 444.
225. Welsch 2013, p. 445.
226. Welsch 2013, pp. 445–446.
227. Welsch 2013, p. 446.
228. Welsch 2013, pp. 446–447.
229. Welsch 2013, pp. 315–317.
230. "Gloria Swanson on Peter and Mary TV show". The Central New Jersey Home News. November 27, 1950.
231. "Gloria Swanson to Do Live Dramatic TV Show". Los Angeles Times. February 4, 1953.
232. Welsch 2013, p. 359.
233. "Straightaway – Gloria Swanson portrays an aging movie queen". The Philadelphia Inquirer. December 15, 1961.
234. "The Eternal Tramp Special". The Morning Call. September 24, 1972.
235. Welsch 2013, pp. 375–376.
236. Bawden & Miller 2016, pp. 14–25.
237. "Hollywood, Gloria Swanson and Rudolph Valentino". Detroit Free Press. July 10, 1981. p. 23.
238. "The 23rd Academy Awards: 1951". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
239. "Gloria Swanson, Ferrer Awarded Golden Globes". Green Bay Press-Gazette. March 1, 1951. p. 6. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
240. "Film Festival in Punta Del Este, Uruguay". The News and Observer. March 12, 1951. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
241. . November 4, 2011. Archived from the original on November 4, 2011.
242. "Gloria Swanson Rated Year's Best Actress". The Gazette. December 21, 1950. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
243. "Gloria Swanson career achievement award 1980". The News-Messenger. December 24, 1980. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
244. "The Saturn Awards History: Past Honorees". www.saturnawards.org. Retrieved May 27, 2020.

Bibliography

• Balio, Tino (2009). United Artists, Volume 1, 1919–1950: The Company Built by the Stars. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-23003-6.(subscription required)
• Bawden, James; Miller, Ron (2016). "Gloria Swanson". Conversations with Classic Film Stars: Interviews from Hollywood's Golden Era. The University Press of Kentucky. pp. 14–26. ISBN 978-0-8131-6712-1.(subscription required)
• Beauchamp, Cari (2009). Joseph P. Kennedy presents : his Hollywood years (First Vintage books ed.). New York. ISBN 978-0-307-47522-0.
• Birchard, Robert S. S. (2009). Cecil B. DeMille's Hollywood. The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2636-4.(subscription required)
• Carper, James C. (2009). The Praeger handbook of religion and education in the United States. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-275-99227-9.
• Desjardins, Mary R. (2015). Recycled Stars: Female Film Stardom in the Age of Television and Video. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-7603-3.
• Dufty, William (1993). Sugar Blues. Grand Central Publishing.
• Harzig, Christiane; Matovic, Margareta, eds. (2018). "Embracing a Middle-Class Life: Swedish-American Women in Lake View". Peasant Maids, City Women: From the European Countryside to Urban America. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-5017-2554-8.(subscription required)
• Hershfield, Joanne (2000). Invention Of Dolores Del Rio. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-5282-2.(subscription required)
• Holbrook, Morris (2011). Music, Movies, Meanings, and Markets : Cinemajazzamatazz. Hoboken: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-203-81553-3.
• King, Rob (2009). The fun factory : the Keystone Film Company and the emergence of mass culture. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25538-8.
• Lennig, Arthur (2000). Stroheim. The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-7125-8.(subscription required)
• Moss, Marilyn (2011). "Pre-Code Walsh". Raoul Walsh: The True Adventures of Hollywood's Legendary Director. The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-3394-2.(subscription required)
• Pearson, Drew (May 14, 1964). (PDF). dspace.wrlc.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 16, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
• Phillips, Gene (2010). Some Like It Wilder: The Life and Controversial Films of Billy Wilder. The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-7367-2.(subscription required)
• Quirk, Lawrence J. (1984). The Films of Gloria Swanson. Citadel Press. ISBN 0-8065-0874-4.
• Shearer, Stephen Michael (2013). Gloria Swanson : the Ultimate Star. Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 978-1-250-00155-9.
• Syman, Stefanie (2010). The Subtle Body: the Story of Yoga in America. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-53284-0. OCLC 456171421.
• Thomson, David (2014). The New Biographical Dictionary of Film (Sixth ed.). New York. ISBN 978-0-375-71184-8.
• Welsch, Tricia (2013). Gloria Swanson: Ready for Her Close-Up. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-62103-991-4.(subscription required)
• Mino, Salvestri (1925). Gloria Swanson: La grande attrice di moda (PDF). Milan, Gloriosa Editore.

Further reading

• Card, James (1994). Seductive Cinema: The Art of Silent Film (paperback reprint). University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-3390-8.
• Hudson, Richard (1970). Gloria Swanson. Castle Books. LCCN 75-88280.
• Kobal, John (1985). People Will Talk. Knopf, New York. Especially Introduction and Chapter 1. ISBN 0-394-53660-6.
• Staggs, Sam (2003). Close-up on Sunset Boulevard: Billy Wilder, Norma Desmond, and the Dark Hollywood Dream. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-27453-X.
• Tapert, Annette (1998). The Power of Glamour. Crown Publishers, Inc. Introduction and Chapter 1. ISBN 0-517-70376-9.

External links

 

Wikiquote has quotations related to Gloria Swanson.

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gloria Swanson.

General

• Gloria Swanson at IMDb
• Gloria Swanson at the Internet Broadway Database  
• at the TCM Movie Database  
• Gloria Swanson December 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine at the Women Film Pioneers Project
• Glorious Gloria Swanson – Tribute site
• Gloria Swanson's papers January 16, 2013, at the Wayback Machine at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin
• Gloria Swanson photographs and bibliography

Interviews

• Gloria Swanson, video of The Mike Wallace Interview, April 28, 1957
• Gloria Swanson, interview on Dick Cavette Show on YouTube, August 3, 1970