Anchovy
An anchovy is a small, common forage fish of the family Engraulidae. Most species are found in marine waters, but several will enter brackish water, and some in South America are restricted to fresh water.[2]
| Anchovies | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Clupeiformes |
| Suborder: | Clupeoidei |
| Family: | Engraulidae Gill, 1861 |
| Subfamilies & genera[1] | |
More than 140 species are placed in 17 genera; they are found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, and in the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. Anchovies are usually classified as oily fish.[3]
Genera edit
| Genera in the family Engraulidae | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genera | Species | Comment | Genera | Species | Comment | |
| Amazonsprattus | 1 | Anchoa | 35 | |||
| Anchovia | 3 | Anchoviella | 4 | |||
| Cetengraulis | 2 | Coilia | 13 | |||
| Encrasicholina | 5 | Engraulis | 9 | Type genus, containing all commercially significant species. | ||
| Jurengraulis | 1 | Lycengraulis | 4 | |||
| Lycothrissa | 1 | Papuengraulis | 1 | |||
| Pseudosetipinna | 1 | Pterengraulis | 1 | |||
| Setipinna | 8 | Stolephorus | 20 | |||
| Thryssa | 24 | |||||
Characteristics edit
Anchovies are small, green fish with blue reflections due to a silver-colored longitudinal stripe that runs from the base of the caudal (tail) fin. They range from 2 to 40 centimetres (1 to 15+1⁄2 inches) in adult length,[4] and their body shapes are variable with more slender fish in northern populations.
The snout is blunt with tiny, sharp teeth in both jaws. The snout contains a unique rostral organ, believed to be electro-sensory in nature, although its exact function is unknown.[5][6] The mouth is larger than that of herrings and silversides, two fish which anchovies closely resemble in other respects. The anchovy eats plankton and recently hatched fish.
Distribution edit
Anchovies are found in scattered areas throughout the world's oceans, but are concentrated in temperate waters, and are rare or absent in very cold or very warm seas. They are generally very accepting of a wide range of temperatures and salinity. Large schools can be found in shallow, brackish areas with muddy bottoms, as in estuaries and bays.
The European anchovy is abundant in the Mediterranean, particularly in the Alboran Sea,[7] Aegean Sea and the Black Sea. This species is regularly caught along the coasts of Crete, Greece, Sicily, Italy, France, Turkey, Northern Iran, Portugal and Spain. They are also found on the coast of northern Africa. The range of the species also extends along the Atlantic coast of Europe to the south of Norway. Spawning occurs between October and March, but not in water colder than 12 °C (54 °F). The anchovy appears to spawn at least 100 kilometres (55 nautical miles) from the shore, near the surface of the water.
Ecology edit
The anchovy is a significant food source for almost every predatory fish in its environment, including the California halibut, rock fish, yellowtail, shark, chinook, and coho salmon. It is also extremely important to marine mammals and birds; for example, breeding success of California brown pelicans[8] and elegant terns is strongly connected to anchovy abundance.
Feeding behavior edit
Anchovies, like most clupeoids (herrings, sardines and anchovies), are filter-feeders that open their mouths as they swim. As water passes through the mouth and out the gills, food particles are sieved by gill rakers and transferred into the esophagus.[9]
Commercial species edit
| Commercially significant species | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Common name | Scientific name | Maximum length | Common length | Maximum weight | Maximum age | Trophic level | Fish Base | FAO | ITIS | IUCN status |
| European anchovy* | Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758) | 20.0 cm (8 in) | 13.5 cm (5+1⁄2 in)[10] | 49 g (1+3⁄4 oz) | 5 years | 3.11 | [11] | [12] | [13] | Least concern[14] |
| Argentine anchoita | Engraulis anchoita (Hubbs & Marini, 1935) | 17.0 cm (6+1⁄2 in) | 10.0 cm (4 in) | 25 g (7⁄8 oz) | ? years | 2.51 | [15] | [16] | [17] | Least concern[18] |
| Californian anchovy | Engraulis mordax (Girard, 1856) | 24.8 cm (10 in) | 15.0 cm (6 in) | 68 g (2+3⁄8 oz) | 7 years | 2.96 | [19] | [20] | [21] | Least concern[22] |
| Japanese anchovy | Engraulis japonicus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) | 18.0 cm (7 in) | 14.0 cm (5+1⁄2 in) | 45 g (1+5⁄8 oz) | 4 years | 2.60 | [23] | [24] | [25] | Least concern[26] |
| Peruvian anchoveta | Engraulis ringens (Jenyns, 1842) | 20.0 cm (8 in) | 14.0 cm (5+1⁄2 in) | ? g | 3 years | 2.70 | [27] | [28] | [29] | Least concern[30] |
| Southern African anchovy | Engraulis capensis (Gilchrist, 1913) | 17.0 cm (6+1⁄2 in) | 11.0 cm (4+1⁄2 in) ((Linf+Lm)/2) | ? g | ? years | 2.80 | [31] | [32] | [33] | Least concern[34] |
* Type species
Fisheries edit
Black Sea edit
On average, the Turkish commercial fishing fleet catches around 300,000 tons per year, mainly in winter. The largest catch is in November and December.[36]
Peru edit
The Peruvian anchovy fishery is one of the largest in the world, far exceeding catches of the other anchovy species.
In 1972, it collapsed catastrophically due to the combined effects of overfishing and El Niño[37] and did not fully recover for two decades.
As food edit
A traditional method of processing and preserving anchovies is to gut and salt them in brine, allow them to cure, and then pack them in oil or salt. This results in a characteristic strong flavor and the flesh turning a deep grey. Pickled in vinegar, as with Spanish boquerones, anchovies are milder and the flesh retains a white color. In Roman times, anchovies were the base for the fermented fish sauce garum. Garum had a sufficiently long shelf life for long-distance commerce, and was produced in industrial quantities. Anchovies were also eaten raw as an aphrodisiac.[38]
Today, they are used in small quantities to flavor many dishes. Because of the strong flavor, they are also an ingredient in several sauces and condiments, including Worcestershire sauce, caesar salad dressing, remoulade, Gentleman's Relish, many fish sauces, and in some versions of Café de Paris butter. For domestic use, anchovy fillets are packed in oil or salt in small tins or jars, sometimes rolled around capers. Anchovy paste is also available. Fishermen also use anchovies as bait for larger fish, such as tuna and sea bass.[39]
The strong taste people associate with anchovies is due to the curing process. Fresh anchovies, known in Italy as alici, have a much milder flavor.[40] The anchovies from Barcola (in the local dialect: sardoni barcolani) are particularly popular. These white fleshy fish, which are only found at Sirocco in the Gulf of Trieste, achieve the highest prices.[41]
In Sweden and Finland, the name "anchovies" is related strongly to a traditional seasoning, hence the product "anchovies" is normally made of sprats[42] and herring can be sold as "anchovy-spiced". Fish from the family Engraulidae are instead known as sardell in Sweden and sardelli in Finland, leading to confusion when translating recipes.
In Southeast Asian countries like Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines, they are deep-fried and eaten as a snack or a side dish. They are known as ikan bilis in Malay, ikan teri in Indonesian and dilis in Filipino.[43]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118342336.
- ^ Loeb, M.V. (2012). "A new species of Anchoviella Fowler, 1911 (Clupeiformes: Engraulidae) from the Amazon basin, Brazil". Neotropical Ichthyology. 10 (1): 13–18. doi:10.1590/s1679-62252012000100002.
- ^ "What's an oily fish?". Food Standards Agency. 2004-06-24. Archived from the original on 2010-12-10. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
- ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2008). "Engraulidae" in FishBase. December 2008 version.
- ^ Bemis, William E.; Hetherington, Thomas E. (28 May 1982). "The Rostal Organ of Latimeria chalumnae: Morphological Evidence of an Electroreceptive Function". Copeia. 1982 (2): 467. doi:10.2307/1444635. JSTOR 1444635.
- ^ Nelson, Gareth (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 94–95. ISBN 978-0-12-547665-2.
- ^ C.Michael Hogan. 2011. Alboran Sea. eds. P.Saundry & C.J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
- ^ Anderson, Daniel W.; Gress, Franklin; Mais, Kenneth F.; Kelly, Paul R. (1980). North, Nance (ed.). (PDF). CalCOFIs Reports. California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations. 21: 55. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-12-23. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
Pelican reproductive rate ... depends largely on levels of anchovy abundance and availability.
- ^ Bone, Q., & Marshall, N. (1982). Biology of fishes. Glasgow: Blackie.
- ^ Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758) European anchovy, In: Fishbase.se. 2021
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Engraulis encrasicolus" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
- ^ Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
- ^ "Engraulis encrasicolus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ Tous, P.; Sidibé, A.; Mbye, E.; de Morais, L.; Camara, Y.H.; Adeofe, T.A.; Monroe, T.; Camara, K.; Cissoko, K.; Djiman, R.; Sagna, A.; Sylla, M.; Carpenter, K.E. (2015). "Engraulis encrasicolus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T198568A15546291. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T198568A15546291.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Engraulis anchoita" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
- ^ Engraulis anchoita (Hubbs & Marini, 1935) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
- ^ "Engraulis anchoita". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ Buratti, C.; Díaz de Astarloa, J.; Hüne, M.; Irigoyen, A.; Landaeta, M.; Riestra, C.; Vieira, J.P.; Di Dario, F. (2020). "Engraulis anchoita". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T195023A159405500. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T195023A159405500.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Engraulis mordax" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
- ^ Engraulis mordax (Girard, 1856) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
- ^ "Engraulis mordax". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ Iwamoto, T.; Eschmeyer, W. & Alvarado, J. (2010). "Engraulis mordax". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T183856A8189272. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T183856A8189272.en.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Engraulis japonicus" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
- ^ Engraulis japonicus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
- ^ "Engraulis japonicus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ Di Dario, F. (2019) [errata version of 2018 assessment]. "Engraulis japonicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T98969433A143841777. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T98969433A143841777.en.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Engraulis ringens" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
- ^ Engraulis ringens (Jenyns, 1842) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
- ^ "Engraulis ringens". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ Di Dario, F.; Hüne, M.; Pérez-Matus, A. & Vega, R. (2021). "Engraulis ringens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T183775A102904317. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T183775A102904317.en.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Engraulis capensis" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
- ^ Engraulis capensis (Gilchrist, 1913) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
- ^ "Engraulis capensis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ Di Dario, F. (2019) [errata version of 2018 assessment]. "Engraulis capensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T98962403A143841628. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T98962403A143841628.en.
- ^ a b c d Based on data sourced from the relevant FAO Species Fact Sheets
- ^ "Turkish Black Sea Acoustic Surveys: Winter distribution of anchovy along the Turkish coast" (PDF). Middle East Technical University Institute of Marine Sciences.
- ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-12-03. Retrieved 2015-11-17.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Tacitus: Germania". thelatinlibrary.com.
- ^ Walford L. A. (1945) Fishery Resources of the United States of America, page 26, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
- ^ "White Anchovy Fillets (Boquerones)". marxfoods.com.
- ^ Georges Desrues "Eine Lange Nacht am Meer", In: Triest - Servus Magazin (2020), p 73.
- ^ "Food: First catch your anchovies". The Independent. 22 November 1997. from the original on 2009-07-14.
- ^ Benayoun, Mike (2017-07-03). "Dilis". 196 flavors. Retrieved 2022-08-19.
Further reading edit
- Chavez, F. P.; Ryan, J.; Lluch-Cota, S. E.; Ñiquen, C. M. (2003). "From Anchovies to Sardines and Back: Multidecadal Change in the Pacific Ocean". Science. 229 (5604): 217–221. Bibcode:2003Sci...299..217C. doi:10.1126/science.1075880. PMID 12522241. S2CID 37990897.
- Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006). "Engraulidae" in FishBase. January 2006 version.
- Miller DJ (1956) "Anchovy" 2020-07-16 at the Wayback Machine CalCOFI Reports, 5: 20–26.
- Nizinski MS and Munroe TA (1988) FAO species catalogue, volume 2: Clupeoid Fishes of the World, Engraulidae, Anchovies[permanent dead link] Pages 764–780, FAO Fisheries Synopsis 125, Rome. ISBN 92-5-102340-9.
- Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission [1] Northern Anchovy
- Crane, Leah. "Ancient anchovies were huge and used sabre teeth to eat other fish". New Scientist. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
External links edit
(Anchovies).
- by Cameron Walker, National Geographic News (January 9, 2003).
- Cunningham, Joseph Thomas (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.).