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Automotive industry

February 05, 2024

The automotive industry comprises a wide range of companies and organizations involved in the design, development, manufacturing, marketing, selling, repairing, and modification of motor vehicles.[1] It is one of the world's largest industries by revenue (from 16% such as in France up to 40% to countries like Slovakia).[2][failed verification]

An automotive assembly line at Opel Manufacturing Poland in 2015
SEAT, Škoda, and Volkswagen cars being transported by train in Kutná Hora, Czech Republic in 2014

The word automotive comes from the Greek autos (self), and Latin motivus (of motion), referring to any form of self-powered vehicle. This term, as proposed by Elmer Sperry[3][need quotation to verify] (1860–1930), first came into use with reference to automobiles in 1898.[4]

History edit

Main article: History of the automobile
 
The Thomas B. Jeffery Company automobile factory in Kenosha, Wisconsin around 1916
 
Fiat 1800 and 2100 sedans being assembled at a Fiat factory in 1961

The automotive industry began in the 1860s with hundreds of manufacturers pioneering the horseless carriage. Early car manufacturing involved manual assembly by a human worker. The process evolved from engineers working on a stationary car, to a conveyor belt system where the car passed through multiple stations of more specialized engineers. Starting in the 1960s, robotic equipment was introduced to the process, and today most cars are produced largely with automated machinery.[5]

For many decades, the United States led the world in total automobile production, with the U.S. Big Three General Motors, Ford Motor Company and Chrysler being the world's three largest auto manufacturers for a time, and G.M. and Ford remaining the two largest until mid-2000s. In 1929, before the Great Depression, the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, of which more than 90% produced by the U.S. automobile industry. At that time, the U.S. had one car per 4.87 persons.[6] After 1945, the U.S. produced around three quarters of world's auto production. In 1980, the U.S. was overtaken by Japan and then became a world leader again in 1994. Japan narrowly passed the U.S. in production the years 2006 and 2007, and in 2008 also China, which in 2009 took the top spot (from Japan) with 13.8 million units, although the U.S. surpassed Japan in 2011, to become the second-largest automobile industry. In 2017, China reached its top record, of more than 29 million produced vehicles, which was the so far largest margin from that of the U.S. From 1970 (140 models) over 1998 (260 models) to 2012 (684 models), the number of automobile models in the U.S. has grown exponentially.[7]

Safety edit

Main article: Automobile safety
See also: 2009–2011 Toyota vehicle recalls, General Motors ignition switch recalls, and Firestone and Ford tire controversy
 
A 2010 Hyundai Tucson used for a crash test by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

Safety is a state that implies being protected from any risk, danger, damage, or cause of injury. In the automotive industry, safety means that users, operators, or manufacturers do not face any risk or danger coming from the motor vehicle or its spare parts. Safety for the automobiles themselves implies that there is no risk of damage.

Safety in the automotive industry is particularly important and therefore highly regulated. Automobiles and other motor vehicles have to comply with a certain number of regulations, whether local or international, in order to be accepted on the market. The standard ISO 26262, is considered one of the best practice frameworks for achieving automotive functional safety.[8]

In case of safety issues, danger, product defect, or faulty procedure during the manufacturing of the motor vehicle, the maker can request to return either a batch or the entire production run. This procedure is called product recall. Product recalls happen in every industry and can be production-related or stem from raw materials.

Product and operation tests and inspections at different stages of the value chain are made to avoid these product recalls by ensuring end-user security and safety and compliance with the automotive industry requirements. However, the automotive industry is still particularly concerned about product recalls, which cause considerable financial consequences.

Economy edit

See also: Automotive industry by country
 
An advertisement for the Pontiac 6, circa 1928

In 2007, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road, consuming over 980 billion litres (980,000,000 m3) of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly.[9] The automobile is a primary mode of transportation for many developed economies. The Detroit branch of Boston Consulting Group predicted that, by 2014, one-third of world demand would be in the four BRIC markets (Brazil, Russia, India, and China). Meanwhile, in developed countries, the automotive industry has slowed.[10] It is also expected that this trend will continue, especially as the younger generations of people (in highly urbanized countries) no longer want to own a car, and prefer other modes of transport.[11] Other potentially powerful automotive markets are Iran and Indonesia.[12] Emerging automobile markets already buy more cars than established markets.

According to a J.D. Power study, emerging markets accounted for 51 percent of the global light-vehicle sales in 2010. The study, performed in 2010 expected this trend to accelerate.[13][14] However, more recent reports (2012) confirmed the opposite; namely that the automotive industry was slowing down even in BRIC countries.[10] In the United States, vehicle sales peaked in 2000, at 17.8 million units.[15]

In July 2021, the European Commission released its "Fit for 55" legislation package,[16] which contains important guidelines for the future of the automotive industry; all new cars on the European market must be zero-emission vehicles from 2035.[17]

The governments of 24 developed countries and a group of major car manufacturers including GM, Ford, Volvo, BYD Auto, Jaguar Land Rover and Mercedes-Benz committed to "work towards all sales of new cars and vans being zero emission globally by 2040, and by no later than 2035 in leading markets".[18][19] Major car manufacturing nations like the United States, Germany, China, Japan and South Korea, as well as Volkswagen, Toyota, Peugeot, Honda, Nissan and Hyundai, did not pledge.[20]

Environmental impacts edit

 
Trucks' share of US vehicles produced, has tripled since 1975. Though vehicle fuel efficiency has increased within each category, the overall trend toward less efficient types of vehicles has offset some of the benefits of greater fuel economy and reduction of carbon dioxide emissions.[21] Without the shift towards SUVs, energy use per unit distance could have fallen 30% more than it did from 2010 to 2022.[22]

The global automotive industry is a major consumer of water. Some estimates surpass 180,000 L (39,000 imp gal) of water per car manufactured, depending on whether tyre production is included. Production processes that use a significant volume of water include surface treatment, painting, coating, washing, cooling, air-conditioning, and boilers, not counting component manufacturing. Paintshop operations consume especially large amounts of water because equipment running on water-based products must also be cleaned with water.[23]

In 2022, Tesla's Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg ran into legal challenges due to droughts and falling groundwater levels in the region. Brandenburg's Economy Minister Joerg Steinbach said that while water supply was sufficient during the first stage, more would be needed once Tesla expands the site. The factory would nearly double the water consumption in the Gruenheide area, with 1.4 million cubic meters being contracted from local authorities per year — enough for a city of around 40,000 people. Steinbach said that the authorities would like to drill for more water there and outsource any additional supply if necessary.[24]

World motor vehicle production edit

World motor vehicle production[25]
 
Production volume (1000 vehicles)

1960s: Post-war increase

1970s: Oil crisis and tighter safety and emission regulation

1990s: Production started in NICs.

2000s: Rise of China as a top producer

Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010
 
To 1950: US had produced more than 80% of motor vehicles.[26]

1950s: United Kingdom, Germany, and France restarted production.

1960s: Japan started production and increased volume through the 1980s. United States, Japan, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom produced about 80% of motor vehicles through the 1980s.

1990s: South Korea became a volume producer. In 2004, Korea became No. 5 passing France.

2000s: China increased its production drastically, and became the world's largest-producing country in 2009.

2010s: India overtakes Korea, Canada, Spain to become 5th largest automobile producer.

2013: The share of China (25.4%), India, Korea, Brazil, and Mexico rose to 43%, while the share of United States (12.7%), Japan, Germany, France, and United Kingdom fell to 34%.

2018: India overtakes Germany to become 4th largest automobile producer.
 
World motor production (1997–2016)

By year edit

See also: List of countries by motor vehicle production
Year Production Change Source
1997 54,434,000 — [27]
1998 52,987,000   2.7% [27]
1999 56,258,892   6.2% [28]
2000 58,374,162   3.8% [29]
2001 56,304,925   3.5% [30]
2002 58,994,318   4.8% [31]
2003 60,663,225   2.8% [32]
2004 64,496,220   6.3% [33]
2005 66,482,439   3.1% [34]
2006 69,222,975   4.1% [35]
2007 73,266,061   5.8% [36]
2008 70,520,493   3.7% [37]
2009 61,791,868   12.4% [38]
2010 77,857,705   26.0% [39]
2011 79,989,155   3.1% [40]
2012 84,141,209   5.3% [41]
2013 87,300,115   3.7% [42]
2014 89,747,430   2.6% [43]
2015 90,086,346   0.4% [44]
2016 94,976,569   4.5% [45]
2017 97,302,534   2.36% [46]
2018 95,634,593   1.71% [47]
2019 91,786,861   5.2% [48]
2020 77,621,582   16% [49]
2021 80,145,988   3.25% [50]
2022 85,016,728   6.08% [51]

[52]

 
Percentage of exported cars by country (2014)[clarification needed][53]
 
Global automobile import and export in 2011

By country edit

Main article: Automotive industry by country

The OICA counts over 50 countries that assemble, manufacture, or disseminate automobiles. Of those, only 15 countries (boldfaced in the list below) currently possess the capability to design original production automobiles from the ground up.[54][55]


Top 20 motor vehicle producing countries (2022)
Country Motor vehicle production (units)
China
27,020,615
United States
10,060,339
Japan
7,835,519
India
5,456,857
South Korea
3,757,049
Germany
3,677,820
Mexico
3,509,072
Brazil
2,369,769
Spain
2,219,462
Others
2,030,138
Thailand
1,883,515
Indonesia
1,470,146
France
1,383,173
Turkey
1,352,648
Canada
1,228,735
Czech Republic
1,224,456
Slovakia
1,000,000
United Kingdom
876,614
Italy
796,394
Malaysia
702,275

† = cars and LCV only[56]

By manufacturer edit

Main article: List of manufacturers by motor vehicle production
See also: List of car brands

These were the ten largest manufacturers by production volume as of 2017,[52] of which the eight largest were in the top 8 positions since Fiat's 2013 acquisition of the Chrysler Corporation (although the PSA Group had been in the top 8 1999 to 2012) and the five largest in the top 5 positions since 2007, according to OICA, which, however, stopped publishing statistics of motor vehicle production by manufacturer after 2017. All ten remained as the ten largest automakers by sales until the merger between Fiat-Chrysler and the PSA Group in early 2021; only Renault was degraded to 11th place, in 2022, when being surpassed by both BMW (which became the 10th largest in 2021) and Chang'an.[57]

Rank[a] Group Country Produced
vehicles (2017)[52]		 Sold vehicles
(2018)		 Sold vehicles
(2019)[58]
1 Toyota Japan 10,466,051 10,521,134 10,741,556
2 Volkswagen Group Germany 10,382,334 10,831,232 10,975,352
3 General Motors
(except SAIC-GM-Wuling)[b]		 United States 9,027,658
(6,856,880)		 8,787,233 7,724,163
4 Hyundai/Kia South Korea 7,218,391 7,437,209 7,189,893
5 Ford United States 6,386,818 5,734,217 5,385,972
6 Nissan Japan 5,769,277 5,653,743 5,176,211
7 Honda Japan 5,235,842 5,265,892 5,323,319
8 Fiat-Chrysler
(now part of Stellantis)		 Italy/United States 4,600,847 4,841,366 4,612,673
9 Renault France 4,153,589 3,883,987 3,749,815
10 PSA Group
(now part of Stellantis)		 France 3,649,742 4,126,349 3,479,152

Notable company relationships edit

Stake holding edit

It is common for automobile manufacturers to hold stakes in other automobile manufacturers. These ownerships can be explored under the detail for the individual companies.

Notable current relationships include:[citation needed]

Joint ventures edit

China joint venture edit

Outside China edit

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ As of 2017
  2. ^ OICA lists SAIC-GM-Wuling combined with G.M. until 2014 but separately from 2015. Including SAIC-GM-Wuling, G.M. would still be larger than Hyundai until 2020.

References edit

  1. ^ Automotive industry at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  2. ^ "The 2021 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard" (PDF). European Commission. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  3. ^ Scientific and Technical Societies of the United States (Eighth ed.). Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences. 1968. p. 164. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  4. ^ "Automotive Industry". carbidebur.com. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  5. ^ "The Timeline: Car manufacturing". The Timeline: Car Manufacturing. The Independent. 23 October 2011.
  6. ^ "U.S. Makes Ninety Percent of World's Automobiles". Popular Science. Vol. 115, no. 5. November 1929. p. 84. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  7. ^ Aichner, T.; Coletti, P (2013). "Customers' online shopping preferences in mass customization". Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice. 15 (1): 20–35. doi:10.1057/dddmp.2013.34. S2CID 167801827.
  8. ^ "ISO 26262-10:2012 Road vehicles -- Functional safety -- Part 10: Guideline on ISO 26262". International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  9. ^ . Plunkett Research. 2008. Archived from the original on 19 December 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  10. ^ a b Khor, Martin. . twnside.org.sg. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  11. ^ (PDF). Deloittelcom. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  12. ^ Eisenstein, Paul A. (21 January 2010). "Building BRIC's: 4 Markets Could Soon Dominate the Auto World". www.thedetroitbureau.com.
  13. ^ Bertel Schmitt (15 February 2011). "Auto Industry Sets New World Record In 2010. Will Do It Again In 2011". The Truth About Cars. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
  14. ^ . J.D. Power and Associates. 15 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  15. ^ . The Cherry Creek News. 27 May 2015. Archived from the original on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  16. ^ "European Green Deal: Commission proposes transformation of EU economy and society to meet climate ambitions". European Commission. 14 July 2021.
  17. ^ "Fit for 55: European Union to end sale of petrol and diesel models by 2035". Autovista24. 14 July 2021.
  18. ^ "COP26: Deal to end car emissions by 2040 idles as motor giants refuse to sign". Financial Times. 8 November 2021. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022.
  19. ^ "COP26: Every carmaker that pledged to stop selling fossil-fuel vehicles by 2040". CarExpert. 11 November 2021.
  20. ^ "COP26: Germany fails to sign up to 2040 combustion engine phaseout". Deutsche Welle. 10 November 2021.
  21. ^ "Highlights of the Automotive Trends Report". EPA.gov. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 12 December 2022. from the original on 2 September 2023.
  22. ^ Cazzola, Pierpaolo; Paoli, Leonardo; Teter, Jacob (November 2023). "Trends in the Global Vehicle Fleet 2023 / Managing the SUV Shift and the EV Transition" (PDF). Global Fuel Economy Initiative (GFEI). p. 3. doi:10.7922/G2HM56SV. (PDF) from the original on 26 November 2023.
  23. ^ Isaiah, David (6 October 2014). "Water, water, everywhere in vehicle manufacturing". Automotive World.
  24. ^ Raymunt, Monica; Wilkes, William (22 February 2022). "Elon Musk Laughed at the Idea of Tesla Using Too Much Water. Now It's a Real Problem". bloomberg.com.
  25. ^ "Table 1-23: World Motor Vehicle Production, Selected Countries (Thousands of vehicles)". Bureau of Transportation Statistics. 23 May 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
  26. ^ "Arno A. Evers FAIR-PR". Hydrogenambassadors.com. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  27. ^ a b "1998 - 1997 world motor vehicle production by type and economic area" (PDF). oica.net. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  28. ^ "1999 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  29. ^ "2000 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  30. ^ "2001 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  31. ^ "2002 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  32. ^ "2003 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  33. ^ "2004 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  34. ^ "2005 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  35. ^ "2006 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  36. ^ "2007 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  37. ^ "2008 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  38. ^ "2009 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  39. ^ "2010 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  40. ^ "2011 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  41. ^ "2012 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  42. ^ "2013 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  43. ^ "2014 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  44. ^ "2015 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  45. ^ "2016 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  46. ^ "2017 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  47. ^ "2018 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  48. ^ "2019 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  49. ^ "2020 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  50. ^ "2021 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  51. ^ "2022 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  52. ^ a b c "World Motor Vehicle Production: World Ranking of Manufacturers, Year 2017" (PDF). OICA. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  53. ^ "Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity". US: Harvard University. 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  54. ^ Lynch, Jared; Hawthorne, Mark (17 October 2015). "Australia's car industry one year from closing its doors". The Sydney Morning Herald. from the original on 27 May 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
  55. ^ "World Motor Vehicle Production by Country and Type" (PDF). oica.net. (PDF) from the original on 18 November 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  56. ^ "2022 Production Statistics". OICA. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  57. ^ "Top 15 Automakers in the World | Car Sales Rank Worldwide".
  58. ^ "2020 Worldwide Car Sales by Manufacturer". F&I Tools USA. 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  59. ^ [Second Automobile Company]. Malaysia: Perodua. 17 January 2017. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017.
  60. ^ Sun, Edward; Taylor, Yilei (23 July 2019). "China's BAIC buys 5% Daimler stake to cement alliance". Reuters. US. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  61. ^ "China's Geely to Acquire Stake in Malaysian Carmaker Proton". Bloomberg.com. 23 May 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  62. ^ "Mercedes and Geely joint ownership of Smart". Auto Express. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  63. ^ "Nissan to take 34% stake in Mitsubishi Motors". BBC News. 12 May 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  64. ^ Toyota buys stake in Mazda, joint US factory, EV development planned | CarAdvice
  65. ^ "Toyota pulls Suzuki firmly into its orbit through stake deal". Reuters. 28 August 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  66. ^ "Corporate Introduction". Chery Jaguar Land Rover. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  67. ^ "Mercedes-Benz and Geely Holding have formally established its global joint venture "smart Automobile Co., Ltd." for the smart brand". media.daimler.com (Press release). Retrieved 5 December 2020.

Further reading edit

  • Ajitha, P. V., and Ankita Nagra. "An Overview of Artificial Intelligence in Automobile Industry–A Case Study on Tesla Cars." Solid State Technology 64.2 (2021): 503–512. online
  • Banerjee, Preeta M., and Micaela Preskill. "The role of government in shifting firm innovation focus in the automobile industry" in Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Sustainability (Routledge, 2017) pp. 108–129.
  • Bohnsack, René, et al. "Driving the electric bandwagon: The dynamics of incumbents' sustainable innovation." Business Strategy and the Environment 29.2 (2020): 727–743 online.
  • Bungsche, Holger. "Regional economic integration and the automobile industry: automobile policies, division of labour, production network formation and market development in the EU and ASEAN." International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management 18.4 (2018): 345–370.
  • Chen, Yuan, C-Y. Cynthia Lin Lawell, and Yunshi Wang. "The Chinese automobile industry and government policy." Research in Transportation Economics 84 (2020): 100849. online
  • Clark, Kim B., et al. "Product development in the world auto industry." Brookings Papers on economic activity 1987.3 (1987): 729–781. online
  • Guzik, Robert, Bolesław Domański, and Krzysztof Gwosdz. "Automotive industry dynamics in Central Europe." in New Frontiers of the Automobile Industry (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2020) pp. 377–397.
  • Imran, Muhammad, and Jawad Abbas. "The role of strategic orientation in export performance of China automobile industry." in Handbook of Research on Managerial Practices and Disruptive Innovation in Asia (2020): 249–263.
  • Jetin, Bruno. "Who will control the electric vehicle market?" International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management 20.2 (2020): 156–177. online
  • Kawahara, Akira. The origin of competitive strength: fifty years of the auto industry in Japan and the US (Springer Science & Business Media, 2012).
  • Kuboniwa, Masaaki. "Present and future problems of developments of the Russian auto-industry." RRC Working Paper Series 15 (2009): 1–12. online
  • Lee, Euna, and Jai S. Mah. "Industrial policy and the development of the electric vehicles industry: The case of Korea." Journal of technology management & innovation 15.4 (2020): 71–80. online
  • Link, Stefan J. Forging Global Fordism: Nazi Germany, Soviet Russia, and the Contest over the Industrial Order (2020) excerpt; influential overview
  • Liu, Shiyong. "Competition and Valuation: A Case Study of Tesla Motors." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science . Vol. 692. No. 2. (IOP Publishing, 2021) online
  • Miglani, Smita. "The growth of the Indian automobile industry: Analysis of the roles of government policy and other enabling factors." in Innovation, economic development, and intellectual property in India and China (Springer, Singapore, 2019) pp. 439–463.
  • Qin, Yujie, Yuqing Xiao, and Jiawei Yuan. "The Comprehensive Competitiveness of Tesla Based on Financial Analysis: A Case Study." in 2021 International Conference on Financial Management and Economic Transition (FMET 2021). (Atlantis Press, 2021). online
  • Rawlinson, Michael, and Peter Wells. The new European automobile industry (Springer, 2016).
  • Rubenstein, James M. The changing US auto industry: a geographical analysis (Routledge, 2002).
  • Seo, Dae-Sung. "EV Energy Convergence Plan for Reshaping the European Automobile Industry According to the Green Deal Policy." Journal of Convergence for Information Technology 11.6 (2021): 40–48. online
  • Shigeta, Naoya, and Seyed Ehsan Hosseini. "Sustainable Development of the Automobile Industry in the United States, Europe, and Japan with Special Focus on the Vehicles' Power Sources." Energies 14.1 (2021): 78+ online
  • Ueno, Hiroya, and Hiromichi Muto. "The automobile industry of Japan." on Industry and Business in Japan (Routledge, 2017) pp. 139–190.
  • Verma, Shrey, Gaurav Dwivedi, and Puneet Verma. "Life cycle assessment of electric vehicles in comparison to combustion engine vehicles: A review." Materials Today: Proceedings (2021) online.
  • Vošta, M. I. L. A. N., and A. L. E. Š. Kocourek. "Competitiveness of the European automobile industry in the global context." Politics in Central Europe 13.1 (2017): 69–89. online
  • Zhu, Xiaoxi, et al. "Promoting new energy vehicles consumption: The effect of implementing carbon regulation on automobile industry in China." Computers & Industrial Engineering 135 (2019): 211–226. online

External links edit

  •   The dictionary definition of automotive industry at Wiktionary
  •   Media related to Automotive industry at Wikimedia Commons

February 05, 2024
automotive, industry, automotive, industry, comprises, wide, range, companies, organizations, involved, design, development, manufacturing, marketing, selling, repairing, modification, motor, vehicles, world, largest, industries, revenue, from, such, france, c. The automotive industry comprises a wide range of companies and organizations involved in the design development manufacturing marketing selling repairing and modification of motor vehicles 1 It is one of the world s largest industries by revenue from 16 such as in France up to 40 to countries like Slovakia 2 failed verification An automotive assembly line at Opel Manufacturing Poland in 2015 source source source source source source source source SEAT Skoda and Volkswagen cars being transported by train in Kutna Hora Czech Republic in 2014The word automotive comes from the Greek autos self and Latin motivus of motion referring to any form of self powered vehicle This term as proposed by Elmer Sperry 3 need quotation to verify 1860 1930 first came into use with reference to automobiles in 1898 4 Contents 1 History 2 Safety 3 Economy 4 Environmental impacts 5 World motor vehicle production 5 1 By year 5 2 By country 5 3 By manufacturer 6 Notable company relationships 6 1 Stake holding 6 2 Joint ventures 6 2 1 China joint venture 6 2 2 Outside China 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksHistory editThis section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information January 2021 Main article History of the automobile nbsp The Thomas B Jeffery Company automobile factory in Kenosha Wisconsin around 1916 nbsp Fiat 1800 and 2100 sedans being assembled at a Fiat factory in 1961The automotive industry began in the 1860s with hundreds of manufacturers pioneering the horseless carriage Early car manufacturing involved manual assembly by a human worker The process evolved from engineers working on a stationary car to a conveyor belt system where the car passed through multiple stations of more specialized engineers Starting in the 1960s robotic equipment was introduced to the process and today most cars are produced largely with automated machinery 5 For many decades the United States led the world in total automobile production with the U S Big Three General Motors Ford Motor Company and Chrysler being the world s three largest auto manufacturers for a time and G M and Ford remaining the two largest until mid 2000s In 1929 before the Great Depression the world had 32 028 500 automobiles in use of which more than 90 produced by the U S automobile industry At that time the U S had one car per 4 87 persons 6 After 1945 the U S produced around three quarters of world s auto production In 1980 the U S was overtaken by Japan and then became a world leader again in 1994 Japan narrowly passed the U S in production the years 2006 and 2007 and in 2008 also China which in 2009 took the top spot from Japan with 13 8 million units although the U S surpassed Japan in 2011 to become the second largest automobile industry In 2017 China reached its top record of more than 29 million produced vehicles which was the so far largest margin from that of the U S From 1970 140 models over 1998 260 models to 2012 684 models the number of automobile models in the U S has grown exponentially 7 Safety editMain article Automobile safety See also 2009 2011 Toyota vehicle recalls General Motors ignition switch recalls and Firestone and Ford tire controversy nbsp A 2010 Hyundai Tucson used for a crash test by the National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationSafety is a state that implies being protected from any risk danger damage or cause of injury In the automotive industry safety means that users operators or manufacturers do not face any risk or danger coming from the motor vehicle or its spare parts Safety for the automobiles themselves implies that there is no risk of damage Safety in the automotive industry is particularly important and therefore highly regulated Automobiles and other motor vehicles have to comply with a certain number of regulations whether local or international in order to be accepted on the market The standard ISO 26262 is considered one of the best practice frameworks for achieving automotive functional safety 8 In case of safety issues danger product defect or faulty procedure during the manufacturing of the motor vehicle the maker can request to return either a batch or the entire production run This procedure is called product recall Product recalls happen in every industry and can be production related or stem from raw materials Product and operation tests and inspections at different stages of the value chain are made to avoid these product recalls by ensuring end user security and safety and compliance with the automotive industry requirements However the automotive industry is still particularly concerned about product recalls which cause considerable financial consequences Economy editSee also Automotive industry by country nbsp An advertisement for the Pontiac 6 circa 1928In 2007 there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road consuming over 980 billion litres 980 000 000 m3 of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly 9 The automobile is a primary mode of transportation for many developed economies The Detroit branch of Boston Consulting Group predicted that by 2014 one third of world demand would be in the four BRIC markets Brazil Russia India and China Meanwhile in developed countries the automotive industry has slowed 10 It is also expected that this trend will continue especially as the younger generations of people in highly urbanized countries no longer want to own a car and prefer other modes of transport 11 Other potentially powerful automotive markets are Iran and Indonesia 12 Emerging automobile markets already buy more cars than established markets According to a J D Power study emerging markets accounted for 51 percent of the global light vehicle sales in 2010 The study performed in 2010 expected this trend to accelerate 13 14 However more recent reports 2012 confirmed the opposite namely that the automotive industry was slowing down even in BRIC countries 10 In the United States vehicle sales peaked in 2000 at 17 8 million units 15 In July 2021 the European Commission released its Fit for 55 legislation package 16 which contains important guidelines for the future of the automotive industry all new cars on the European market must be zero emission vehicles from 2035 17 The governments of 24 developed countries and a group of major car manufacturers including GM Ford Volvo BYD Auto Jaguar Land Rover and Mercedes Benz committed to work towards all sales of new cars and vans being zero emission globally by 2040 and by no later than 2035 in leading markets 18 19 Major car manufacturing nations like the United States Germany China Japan and South Korea as well as Volkswagen Toyota Peugeot Honda Nissan and Hyundai did not pledge 20 Environmental impacts edit nbsp Trucks share of US vehicles produced has tripled since 1975 Though vehicle fuel efficiency has increased within each category the overall trend toward less efficient types of vehicles has offset some of the benefits of greater fuel economy and reduction of carbon dioxide emissions 21 Without the shift towards SUVs energy use per unit distance could have fallen 30 more than it did from 2010 to 2022 22 The global automotive industry is a major consumer of water Some estimates surpass 180 000 L 39 000 imp gal of water per car manufactured depending on whether tyre production is included Production processes that use a significant volume of water include surface treatment painting coating washing cooling air conditioning and boilers not counting component manufacturing Paintshop operations consume especially large amounts of water because equipment running on water based products must also be cleaned with water 23 In 2022 Tesla s Gigafactory Berlin Brandenburg ran into legal challenges due to droughts and falling groundwater levels in the region Brandenburg s Economy Minister Joerg Steinbach said that while water supply was sufficient during the first stage more would be needed once Tesla expands the site The factory would nearly double the water consumption in the Gruenheide area with 1 4 million cubic meters being contracted from local authorities per year enough for a city of around 40 000 people Steinbach said that the authorities would like to drill for more water there and outsource any additional supply if necessary 24 World motor vehicle production editWorld motor vehicle production 25 nbsp Production volume 1000 vehicles 1960s Post war increase1970s Oil crisis and tighter safety and emission regulation1990s Production started in NICs 2000s Rise of China as a top producer Automotive industry crisis of 2008 2010 nbsp To 1950 US had produced more than 80 of motor vehicles 26 1950s United Kingdom Germany and France restarted production 1960s Japan started production and increased volume through the 1980s United States Japan Germany France and the United Kingdom produced about 80 of motor vehicles through the 1980s 1990s South Korea became a volume producer In 2004 Korea became No 5 passing France 2000s China increased its production drastically and became the world s largest producing country in 2009 2010s India overtakes Korea Canada Spain to become 5th largest automobile producer 2013 The share of China 25 4 India Korea Brazil and Mexico rose to 43 while the share of United States 12 7 Japan Germany France and United Kingdom fell to 34 2018 India overtakes Germany to become 4th largest automobile producer nbsp World motor production 1997 2016 By year edit See also List of countries by motor vehicle production Year Production Change Source1997 54 434 000 27 1998 52 987 000 nbsp 2 7 27 1999 56 258 892 nbsp 6 2 28 2000 58 374 162 nbsp 3 8 29 2001 56 304 925 nbsp 3 5 30 2002 58 994 318 nbsp 4 8 31 2003 60 663 225 nbsp 2 8 32 2004 64 496 220 nbsp 6 3 33 2005 66 482 439 nbsp 3 1 34 2006 69 222 975 nbsp 4 1 35 2007 73 266 061 nbsp 5 8 36 2008 70 520 493 nbsp 3 7 37 2009 61 791 868 nbsp 12 4 38 2010 77 857 705 nbsp 26 0 39 2011 79 989 155 nbsp 3 1 40 2012 84 141 209 nbsp 5 3 41 2013 87 300 115 nbsp 3 7 42 2014 89 747 430 nbsp 2 6 43 2015 90 086 346 nbsp 0 4 44 2016 94 976 569 nbsp 4 5 45 2017 97 302 534 nbsp 2 36 46 2018 95 634 593 nbsp 1 71 47 2019 91 786 861 nbsp 5 2 48 2020 77 621 582 nbsp 16 49 2021 80 145 988 nbsp 3 25 50 2022 85 016 728 nbsp 6 08 51 52 nbsp Percentage of exported cars by country 2014 clarification needed 53 nbsp Global automobile import and export in 2011 By country edit Main article Automotive industry by country The OICA counts over 50 countries that assemble manufacture or disseminate automobiles Of those only 15 countries boldfaced in the list below currently possess the capability to design original production automobiles from the ground up 54 55 Algeria Argentina Australia main page Austria Azerbaijan Bangladesh main page Belarus main page Belgium Brazil main page Bulgaria main page Canada main page China main page Colombia Czech Republic main page Ecuador Egypt main page Finland France main page Ghana main page Germany main page Hungary main page India main page Indonesia main page Iran main page Italy main page Japan main page Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya main page Malaysia main page Mexico main page Morocco main page Netherlands Pakistan main page Philippines main page Poland main page Portugal Romania main page Russia main page Serbia main page Slovakia main page Slovenia South Africa main page South Korea main page Spain main page Sweden main page Syria Taiwan Thailand main page Tunisia Turkey main page Ukraine main page United Kingdom main page United States main page Uzbekistan main page Venezuela Vietnam main page Top 20 motor vehicle producing countries 2022 Country Motor vehicle production units China 27 020 615United States 10 060 339Japan 7 835 519India 5 456 857South Korea 3 757 049Germany 3 677 820Mexico 3 509 072Brazil 2 369 769Spain 2 219 462Others 2 030 138Thailand 1 883 515Indonesia 1 470 146France 1 383 173Turkey 1 352 648Canada 1 228 735Czech Republic 1 224 456Slovakia 1 000 000United Kingdom 876 614Italy 796 394Malaysia 702 275 cars and LCV only 56 By manufacturer edit Main article List of manufacturers by motor vehicle production See also List of car brands These were the ten largest manufacturers by production volume as of 2017 52 of which the eight largest were in the top 8 positions since Fiat s 2013 acquisition of the Chrysler Corporation although the PSA Group had been in the top 8 1999 to 2012 and the five largest in the top 5 positions since 2007 according to OICA which however stopped publishing statistics of motor vehicle production by manufacturer after 2017 All ten remained as the ten largest automakers by sales until the merger between Fiat Chrysler and the PSA Group in early 2021 only Renault was degraded to 11th place in 2022 when being surpassed by both BMW which became the 10th largest in 2021 and Chang an 57 Rank a Group Country Produced vehicles 2017 52 Sold vehicles 2018 Sold vehicles 2019 58 1 Toyota Japan 10 466 051 10 521 134 10 741 5562 Volkswagen Group Germany 10 382 334 10 831 232 10 975 3523 General Motors except SAIC GM Wuling b United States 9 027 658 6 856 880 8 787 233 7 724 1634 Hyundai Kia South Korea 7 218 391 7 437 209 7 189 8935 Ford United States 6 386 818 5 734 217 5 385 9726 Nissan Japan 5 769 277 5 653 743 5 176 2117 Honda Japan 5 235 842 5 265 892 5 323 3198 Fiat Chrysler now part of Stellantis Italy United States 4 600 847 4 841 366 4 612 6739 Renault France 4 153 589 3 883 987 3 749 81510 PSA Group now part of Stellantis France 3 649 742 4 126 349 3 479 152Notable company relationships editThis list is incomplete you can help by adding missing items December 2020 Stake holding edit It is common for automobile manufacturers to hold stakes in other automobile manufacturers These ownerships can be explored under the detail for the individual companies Notable current relationships include citation needed Daihatsu holds a 25 stake in Perodua 59 Daimler holds a 10 0 stake in KAMAZ Daimler holds an 89 29 stake in Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation Daimler holds a 3 1 in the Renault Nissan Alliance while Renault Nissan Alliance holds a 3 1 share in Daimler AG Daimler holds a 12 stake in BAIC Group while BAIC Group holds 5 stake in Daimler 60 Daimler holds an 85 stake in Master Motors Dongfeng Motor holds a 12 23 stake and a 19 94 exercisable voting rights in PSA Groupe FAW Group owns 49 of Haima Automobile FCA holds a 10 stake in Ferrari FCA holds a 67 stake in Fiat Automobili Srbija FCA holds 37 8 of Tofas with another 37 8 owned by Koc Holding Fiat Automobili Srbija owns a 54 stake in Zastava Trucks Fiat Industrial owns a 46 stake in Zastava Trucks Fujian Motors Group holds a 15 stake in King Long FMG Beijing Automotive Group China Motor and Daimler has a joint venture called Fujian Benz FMG China Motor and Mitsubishi Motors has a joint venture called Soueast FMG holds a 50 stake and both China Motor and Mitsubishi Motors holds an equal 25 stake Geely Automobile holds a 23 stake in The London Taxi Company Geely Automobile holds a 49 9 stake in PROTON Holdings and a 51 stake in Lotus Cars 61 Geely Holding Group holds a 9 69 stake in Daimler AG 62 Geely Holding Group holds an 8 3 stake and a 15 9 exercisable voting rights in Volvo General Motors holds a 93 stake in GM India and SAIC Group holds a 7 stake General Motors holds a 48 19 stake in GM Korea General Motors holds a 20 stake in Industries Mecaniques Maghrebines Isuzu owns 10 of Industries Mecaniques Maghrebines Marcopolo owns 19 of New Flyer Industries Mitsubishi Group holds 20 of Mitsubishi Motors Nissan owns 34 of Mitsubishi Motors since October 2016 63 thus having the right to nominate the chairman of Mitsubishi Motors board and a third of its directors Nissan owns 43 of Nissan Shatai Porsche Automobil Holding SE has a 50 74 voting stake in Volkswagen Group The Porsche automotive business is fully owned by the Volkswagen Group Renault and Nissan Motors have an alliance Renault Nissan Alliance involving two global companies linked by cross shareholding with Renault holding 43 4 of Nissan shares and Nissan holding 15 of non voting Renault shares Renault holds a 25 stake in AvtoVAZ Renault holds an 80 1 stake in Renault Samsung SAIPA holds a 51 stake in Pars Khodro Tata Motors holds a 100 stake in Jaguar Land Rover Toyota holds a 100 stake in Daihatsu Toyota holds a 100 stake in Hino Toyota holds a 4 6 stake in Isuzu Toyota holds a 5 05 stake in Mazda while Mazda holds 0 25 stake in Toyota 64 Toyota holds a 16 7 stake in Subaru Corporation parent company of Subaru Toyota holds a 4 94 stake in Suzuki while Suzuki holds 0 2 stake in Toyota 65 Volkswagen Group holds a 99 55 stake in the Audi Group Volkswagen Group holds a 37 73 stake in Scania 68 6 voting rights a 53 7 stake in MAN SE 55 9 voting rights Volkswagen is integrating Scania MAN and its own truck division into one division Paccar has a 19 stake in Tatra ZAP holds a 51 stake in Zhejiang Jonway Joint ventures edit China joint venture edit Beijing Automotive Group has a joint venture with Daimler called Beijing Benz both companies hold a 50 50 stake both companies also have a joint venture called Beijing Foton Daimler Automobile Beijing Automotive Group also has a joint venture with Hyundai called Beijing Hyundai both companies hold a 50 50 stake BMW and Brilliance have a joint venture called BMW Brilliance BMW owns a 50 stake Brilliance owns a 40 5 stake and the Shenyang municipal government owns a 9 5 stake Changan Automobile has a joint venture with Groupe PSA Changan PSA and both hold a 50 50 stake Changan Automobile has a joint venture with Suzuki Changan Suzuki and both hold a 50 50 stake Changan Automobile has a 50 50 joint venture with Mazda Changan Mazda Changan Automobile and Ford have a 50 50 joint venture called Changan Ford Changan Automobile and JMCG have a joint venture called Jiangling Motor Holding Chery has a joint venture with Jaguar Land Rover called Chery Jaguar Land Rover both companies hold a 50 50 stake 66 Chery and Israel Corporation have a joint venture called Qoros and both companies hold a 50 50 stake Dongfeng Motor and Nissan have a 50 50 joint venture called Dongfeng Motor Company Daimler AG and BYD Auto have a joint venture called Denza both companies hold a 50 50 stake Daimler AG and Geely Holding Group have a joint venture called smart Automobile both companies hold a 50 50 stake 67 Dongfeng Motor and PSA Group have a 50 50 joint venture called Dongfeng Peugeot Citroen Dongfeng Motor has a 50 50 joint venture with Honda called Dongfeng Honda Dongfeng Motor has a joint venture with AB Volvo called Dongfeng Nissan Diesel Dongfeng Motor has a 50 50 joint venture with Renault named Dongfeng Renault in Wuhan which was founded in the end of 2013 FAW Group and General Motors has a 50 50 joint venture called FAW GM FAW Group has a 50 50 joint venture with Volkswagen Group called FAW Volkswagen FAW Group has a 50 50 joint venture with Toyota called Sichuan FAW Toyota Motor and both companies also have another joint venture called Ranz General Motors and SAIC Motor both have two joint ventures in SAIC GM and SAIC GM Wuling Navistar International and JAC has a joint venture called Anhui Jianghuai Navistar Outside China edit Ford and Navistar International have a 50 50 joint venture called Blue Diamond Truck Ford and Sollers JSC have a 50 50 joint venture called Ford Sollers Ford and Koc Holding have a 50 50 joint venture called Ford Otosan Ford and Lio Ho Group have a joint venture called Ford Lio Ho Ford owns 70 and Lio Ho Group owns 30 General Motors and UzAvtosanoat have a joint venture called GM Uzbekistan UzAvtosanoat owns 75 and General Motors owns 25 General Motors AvtoVAZ and EBRD have a joint venture called GM AvtoVAZ Both GM and AvtoVAZ owns 41 61 and EBRD owns 16 76 Hyundai Motor Company and Kibar Holding has a joint venture called Hyundai Assan Otomotiv Hyundai owns 70 and Kibar Holding owns 30 Isuzu and Anadolu Group have a 50 50 joint venture called Anadolu Isuzu Isuzu and General Motors has a 50 50 joint venture called Isuzu Truck South Africa Isuzu Sollers JSC and Imperial Sojitz have a joint venture called Sollers Isuzu Sollers JSC owns 66 Isuzu owns 29 and Imperial Sojitz owns 5 Mahindra amp Mahindra and Navistar International have a joint venture called Mahindra Trucks and Buses Limited Mahindra amp Mahindra owns 51 and Navistar International owns 49 MAN SE and UzAvtosanoat have a joint venture called MAN Auto Uzbekistan UzAvtosanoat owns 51 and MAN SE owns 49 PSA and Toyota have a 50 50 joint venture called Toyota Peugeot Citroen Automobile Czech PSA and CK Birla Group AVTEC have a 50 50 joint venture called PSA AVTEC Powertrain Pvt Ltd Sollers JSC is involved in joint ventures with Ford Ford Sollers and Mazda to produce cars Tata Motors also formed a joint venture in India with Fiat and gained access to Fiat s diesel engine technology Tata Motors and Marcopolo have a joint venture called Tata Marcopolo where Tata owns 51 and Marcopolo owns 49 Volvo Group and Eicher Motors have a 50 50 joint venture called VE Commercial Vehicles See also edit2008 2010 automotive industry crisis Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers Automotive industry by country Automotive industry in the United States Big Three automobile manufacturers Effects of the 2008 10 automotive industry crisis on the United States List of countries by motor vehicle production MotocycleNotes edit As of 2017 OICA lists SAIC GM Wuling combined with G M until 2014 but separately from 2015 Including SAIC GM Wuling G M would still be larger than Hyundai until 2020 References edit Automotive industry at the Encyclopaedia Britannica The 2021 EU Industrial R amp D Investment Scoreboard PDF European Commission Retrieved 27 February 2022 Scientific and Technical Societies of the United States Eighth ed Washington DC National Academy of Sciences 1968 p 164 Retrieved 25 March 2014 Automotive Industry carbidebur com Retrieved 26 November 2023 The Timeline Car manufacturing The Timeline Car Manufacturing The Independent 23 October 2011 U S Makes Ninety Percent of World s Automobiles Popular Science Vol 115 no 5 November 1929 p 84 Retrieved 6 August 2013 Aichner T Coletti P 2013 Customers online shopping preferences in mass customization Journal of Direct Data and Digital Marketing Practice 15 1 20 35 doi 10 1057 dddmp 2013 34 S2CID 167801827 ISO 26262 10 2012 Road vehicles Functional safety Part 10 Guideline on ISO 26262 International Organization for Standardization Retrieved 25 March 2014 Automobile Industry Introduction Plunkett Research 2008 Archived from the original on 19 December 2010 Retrieved 25 March 2014 a b Khor Martin Developing economies slowing down twnside org sg Archived from the original on 13 October 2012 Retrieved 21 July 2015 2014 Global Automotive Consumer Study Exploring consumer preferences and mobility choices in Europe PDF Deloittelcom Archived from the original PDF on 4 July 2015 Retrieved 3 July 2015 Eisenstein Paul A 21 January 2010 Building BRIC s 4 Markets Could Soon Dominate the Auto World www thedetroitbureau com Bertel Schmitt 15 February 2011 Auto Industry Sets New World Record In 2010 Will Do It Again In 2011 The Truth About Cars Retrieved 6 April 2019 Global Automotive Outlook for 2011 Appears Positive as Mature Auto Markets Recover Emerging Markets Continue to Expand J D Power and Associates 15 February 2011 Archived from the original on 17 February 2011 Retrieved 7 August 2011 U S vehicle sales peaked in 2000 The Cherry Creek News 27 May 2015 Archived from the original on 28 May 2015 Retrieved 18 June 2015 European Green Deal Commission proposes transformation of EU economy and society to meet climate ambitions European Commission 14 July 2021 Fit for 55 European Union to end sale of petrol and diesel models by 2035 Autovista24 14 July 2021 COP26 Deal to end car emissions by 2040 idles as motor giants refuse to sign Financial Times 8 November 2021 Archived from the original on 10 December 2022 COP26 Every carmaker that pledged to stop selling fossil fuel vehicles by 2040 CarExpert 11 November 2021 COP26 Germany fails to sign up to 2040 combustion engine phaseout Deutsche Welle 10 November 2021 Highlights of the Automotive Trends Report EPA gov U S Environmental Protection Agency EPA 12 December 2022 Archived from the original on 2 September 2023 Cazzola Pierpaolo Paoli Leonardo Teter Jacob November 2023 Trends in the Global Vehicle Fleet 2023 Managing the SUV Shift and the EV Transition PDF Global Fuel Economy Initiative GFEI p 3 doi 10 7922 G2HM56SV Archived PDF from the original on 26 November 2023 Isaiah David 6 October 2014 Water water everywhere in vehicle manufacturing Automotive World Raymunt Monica Wilkes William 22 February 2022 Elon Musk Laughed at the Idea of Tesla Using Too Much Water Now It s a Real Problem bloomberg com Table 1 23 World Motor Vehicle Production Selected Countries Thousands of vehicles Bureau of Transportation Statistics 23 May 2017 Retrieved 6 April 2019 Arno A Evers FAIR PR Hydrogenambassadors com Retrieved 3 July 2015 a b 1998 1997 world motor vehicle production by type and economic area PDF oica net Retrieved 21 July 2015 1999 Production Statistics oica net 2000 Production Statistics oica net 2001 Production Statistics oica net 2002 Production Statistics oica net 2003 Production Statistics oica net 2004 Production Statistics oica net 2005 Production Statistics oica net 2006 Production Statistics oica net 2007 Production Statistics oica net 2008 Production Statistics oica net 2009 Production Statistics oica net 2010 Production Statistics oica net 2011 Production Statistics oica net 2012 Production Statistics oica net 2013 Production Statistics oica net 2014 Production Statistics oica net 2015 Production Statistics oica net 2016 Production Statistics oica net 2017 Production Statistics oica net 2018 Production Statistics oica net 2019 Production Statistics oica net 2020 Production Statistics oica net 2021 Production Statistics oica net 2022 Production Statistics oica net a b c World Motor Vehicle Production World Ranking of Manufacturers Year 2017 PDF OICA Retrieved 5 May 2019 Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity US Harvard University 2014 Retrieved 15 October 2023 Lynch Jared Hawthorne Mark 17 October 2015 Australia s car industry one year from closing its doors The Sydney Morning Herald Archived from the original on 27 May 2017 Retrieved 27 May 2017 World Motor Vehicle Production by Country and Type PDF oica net Archived PDF from the original on 18 November 2017 Retrieved 9 October 2021 2022 Production Statistics OICA Retrieved 15 October 2023 Top 15 Automakers in the World Car Sales Rank Worldwide 2020 Worldwide Car Sales by Manufacturer F amp I Tools USA 2022 Retrieved 4 January 2024 Perusahaan Ootmobil Kedua Second Automobile Company Malaysia Perodua 17 January 2017 Archived from the original on 17 January 2017 Sun Edward Taylor Yilei 23 July 2019 China s BAIC buys 5 Daimler stake to cement alliance Reuters US Retrieved 5 December 2020 China s Geely to Acquire Stake in Malaysian Carmaker Proton Bloomberg com 23 May 2017 Retrieved 28 June 2017 Mercedes and Geely joint ownership of Smart Auto Express Retrieved 5 December 2020 Nissan to take 34 stake in Mitsubishi Motors BBC News 12 May 2016 Retrieved 1 July 2016 Toyota buys stake in Mazda joint US factory EV development planned CarAdvice Toyota pulls Suzuki firmly into its orbit through stake deal Reuters 28 August 2019 Retrieved 11 February 2020 Corporate Introduction Chery Jaguar Land Rover Retrieved 5 December 2020 Mercedes Benz and Geely Holding have formally established its global joint venture smart Automobile Co Ltd for the smart brand media daimler com Press release Retrieved 5 December 2020 Further reading editAjitha P V and Ankita Nagra An Overview of Artificial Intelligence in Automobile Industry A Case Study on Tesla Cars Solid State Technology 64 2 2021 503 512 online Banerjee Preeta M and Micaela Preskill The role of government in shifting firm innovation focus in the automobile industry in Entrepreneurship Innovation and Sustainability Routledge 2017 pp 108 129 Bohnsack Rene et al Driving the electric bandwagon The dynamics of incumbents sustainable innovation Business Strategy and the Environment 29 2 2020 727 743 online Bungsche Holger Regional economic integration and the automobile industry automobile policies division of labour production network formation and market development in the EU and ASEAN International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management 18 4 2018 345 370 Chen Yuan C Y Cynthia Lin Lawell and Yunshi Wang The Chinese automobile industry and government policy Research in Transportation Economics 84 2020 100849 online Clark Kim B et al Product development in the world auto industry Brookings Papers on economic activity 1987 3 1987 729 781 online Guzik Robert Boleslaw Domanski and Krzysztof Gwosdz Automotive industry dynamics in Central Europe in New Frontiers of the Automobile Industry Palgrave Macmillan Cham 2020 pp 377 397 Imran Muhammad and Jawad Abbas The role of strategic orientation in export performance of China automobile industry in Handbook of Research on Managerial Practices and Disruptive Innovation in Asia 2020 249 263 Jetin Bruno Who will control the electric vehicle market International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management 20 2 2020 156 177 online Kawahara Akira The origin of competitive strength fifty years of the auto industry in Japan and the US Springer Science amp Business Media 2012 Kuboniwa Masaaki Present and future problems of developments of the Russian auto industry RRC Working Paper Series 15 2009 1 12 online Lee Euna and Jai S Mah Industrial policy and the development of the electric vehicles industry The case of Korea Journal of technology management amp innovation 15 4 2020 71 80 online Link Stefan J Forging Global Fordism Nazi Germany Soviet Russia and the Contest over the Industrial Order 2020 excerpt influential overview Liu Shiyong Competition and Valuation A Case Study of Tesla Motors IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science Vol 692 No 2 IOP Publishing 2021 online Miglani Smita The growth of the Indian automobile industry Analysis of the roles of government policy and other enabling factors in Innovation economic development and intellectual property in India and China Springer Singapore 2019 pp 439 463 Qin Yujie Yuqing Xiao and Jiawei Yuan The Comprehensive Competitiveness of Tesla Based on Financial Analysis A Case Study in 2021 International Conference on Financial Management and Economic Transition FMET 2021 Atlantis Press 2021 online Rawlinson Michael and Peter Wells The new European automobile industry Springer 2016 Rubenstein James M The changing US auto industry a geographical analysis Routledge 2002 Seo Dae Sung EV Energy Convergence Plan for Reshaping the European Automobile Industry According to the Green Deal Policy Journal of Convergence for Information Technology 11 6 2021 40 48 online Shigeta Naoya and Seyed Ehsan Hosseini Sustainable Development of the Automobile Industry in the United States Europe and Japan with Special Focus on the Vehicles Power Sources Energies 14 1 2021 78 online Ueno Hiroya and Hiromichi Muto The automobile industry of Japan on Industry and Business in Japan Routledge 2017 pp 139 190 Verma Shrey Gaurav Dwivedi and Puneet Verma Life cycle assessment of electric vehicles in comparison to combustion engine vehicles A review Materials Today Proceedings 2021 online Vosta M I L A N and A L E S Kocourek Competitiveness of the European automobile industry in the global context Politics in Central Europe 13 1 2017 69 89 online Zhu Xiaoxi et al Promoting new energy vehicles consumption The effect of implementing carbon regulation on automobile industry in China Computers amp Industrial Engineering 135 2019 211 226 onlineExternal links edit nbsp The dictionary definition of automotive industry at Wiktionary nbsp Media related to Automotive industry at Wikimedia Commons Portals nbsp Buses nbsp Cars nbsp Transport nbsp Business and economics nbsp Companies Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Automotive industry amp oldid 1199009520, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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