fbpx
Wikipedia

Miguel de Cervantes

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (Spanish: [miˈɣel de θeɾˈβantes saaˈβeðɾa]; 29 September 1547 (assumed) – 22 April 1616 NS)[5] was an Early Modern Spanish writer widely regarded as the greatest writer in the Spanish language and one of the world's pre-eminent novelists. He is best known for his novel Don Quixote, a work often cited as both the first modern novel[6][7] and "the first great novel of world literature".[8] A 2002 poll of around 100 well-known authors[b] voted it the "most meaningful book of all time",[9] from among the "best and most central works in world literature".[8]

Miguel de Cervantes
This portrait, attributed to Juan de Jáuregui,[a] is unauthenticated. No authenticated image of Cervantes exists.[1][2]
Born29 September 1547 (assumed)
Alcalá de Henares, Crown of Castile
Died22 April 1616(1616-04-22) (aged 68)[3]
Madrid, Crown of Castile
Resting placeConvent of the Barefoot Trinitarians, Madrid
OccupationSoldier, tax collector, accountant, purchasing agent for Navy
(writing was an avocation which did not produce much income)
LanguageSpanish
Notable worksDon Quixote
Entremeses
Novelas ejemplares
SpouseCatalina de Salazar y Palacios
ChildrenIsabel c. 1584 (illegitimate) [4]
Signature

Much of his life was spent in poverty and obscurity, which led to many of his early works being lost. Despite this, his influence and literary contribution are reflected by the fact that Spanish is often referred to as "the language of Cervantes".[10]

An incident in the story of Don Quixote (1870), by Robert Hillingford.

In 1569, Cervantes was forced to leave Spain and move to Rome, where he worked in the household of a cardinal. In 1570, he enlisted in a Spanish Navy infantry regiment, and was badly wounded at the Battle of Lepanto in October 1571. He served as a soldier until 1575, when he was captured by Barbary pirates; after five years in captivity, he was ransomed, and returned to Madrid.

His first significant novel, titled La Galatea, was published in 1585, but he continued to work as a purchasing agent, and later as government tax collector. Part One of Don Quixote was published in 1605, and Part Two in 1615. Other works include the 12 Novelas ejemplares (Exemplary Novels); a long poem, the Viaje del Parnaso (Journey to Parnassus); and Ocho comedias y ocho entremeses (Eight Plays and Eight Interludes). Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda (The Travails of Persiles and Sigismunda), was published posthumously in 1616.

Biography

 
Santa María la Mayor, in Alcalá de Henares, where Cervantes was reputedly baptised; the square in front is named Plaza Cervantes

Despite his subsequent renown, much of Cervantes's life is uncertain, including his name, background and what he looked like. Although he signed himself Cerbantes, his printers used Cervantes, which became the common form. In later life, Cervantes used Saavedra, the name of a distant relative, rather than the more usual Cortinas, after his mother.[11] But historian Luce López-Baralt, claimed that it comes from the word shaibedraa that in Arabic dialect means "one-handed", his nickname during his captivity.[12]

Another area of dispute is his religious background. It has been suggested that not only Cervantes's father but also his mother may have been New Christians.[13][14][15] Anthony Cascardi writes, "While the family might have had some claim to nobility they often found themselves in financial straits. Moreover, they were almost certainly of converso origin, that is, converts to Catholicism of Jewish ancestry. In the Spain of Cervantes's days, this meant living under clouds of official suspicion and social mistrust, with far more limited opportunities than were enjoyed by members of the 'Old Christian' caste."[16]

It is generally accepted Miguel de Cervantes was born around 29 September 1547, in Alcalá de Henares. He was the second son of barber-surgeon Rodrigo de Cervantes and his wife, Leonor de Cortinas (c. 1520–1593).[17] Rodrigo came from Córdoba, Andalusia, where his father Juan de Cervantes was an influential lawyer.

1547 to 1566: Early years

Rodrigo was frequently in debt, or searching for work, and moved constantly. Leonor came from Arganda del Rey, and died in October 1593, at the age of 73; surviving legal documents indicate she had seven children, could read and write, and was a resourceful individual with a keen eye for business. When Rodrigo was imprisoned for debt from October 1553 to April 1554, she supported the family on her own.[18]

Cervantes's siblings were Andrés (born 1543), Andrea (born 1544), Luisa (born 1546), Rodrigo (born 1550), Magdalena (born 1554) and Juan. They lived in Córdoba until 1556, when his grandfather died. For reasons that are unclear, Rodrigo did not benefit from his will and the family disappears until 1564 when he filed a lawsuit in Seville.[19]

Seville was then in the midst of an economic boom, and Rodrigo managed rented accommodation for his elder brother Andres, who was a junior magistrate. It is assumed Cervantes attended the Jesuit college in Seville, where one of the teachers was Jesuit playwright Pedro Pablo Acevedo, who moved there in 1561 from Córdoba.[20] However, legal records show his father got into debt once more and in 1566 the family moved to Madrid.[21]

1566 to 1580: Military service and captivity

 
Monument of Cervantes erected in 1929, Madrid.

In the 19th century, a biographer discovered an arrest warrant for a Miguel de Cervantes, dated 15 September 1569, who was charged with wounding Antonio de Sigura in a duel.[22] Although disputed at the time, largely on the grounds such behaviour was unworthy of so great an author, it is now accepted as the most likely reason for Cervantes leaving Madrid.[23]

He eventually made his way to Rome, where he found a position in the household of Giulio Acquaviva, an Italian bishop who spent 1568 to 1569 in Madrid, and was appointed Cardinal in 1570.[24] When the 1570 to 1573 Ottoman–Venetian War began, Spain formed part of the Holy League, a coalition formed to support the Venetian Republic. Possibly seeing an opportunity to have his arrest warrant rescinded, Cervantes went to Naples, then part of the Crown of Aragon.[25]

 
Statue of Miguel de Cervantes at the harbour of Naupactus (Lepanto)

The military commander in Naples was Alvaro de Sande, a friend of the family, who gave Cervantes a commission under the Marquis de Santa Cruz. At some point, he was joined in Naples by his younger brother Rodrigo.[25] In September 1571, Cervantes sailed on board the Marquesa, part of the Holy League fleet under Don John of Austria, illegitimate half brother of Phillip II of Spain; on 7 October, they defeated the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto.[26]

 
Cervantes at the battle of Lepanto, by Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau.

According to his own account, although suffering from malaria, Cervantes was given command of a 12-man skiff, a small boat used for assaulting enemy galleys. The Marquesa lost 40 dead, and 120 wounded, including Cervantes, who received three separate wounds, two in the chest, and another that rendered his left arm useless, this last wound is the reason why he later was called "El Manco de Lepanto" (English:The one-handed man of Lepanto, The one-armed man of Lepanto), a title that followed him for the rest of his life. His actions at Lepanto were a source of pride to the end of his life,[c] while Don John approved no less than four separate pay increases for him.[28]

In Journey to Parnassus, published two years before his death in 1616, Cervantes claimed to have "lost the movement of the left hand for the glory of the right".[29] As with much else, the extent of his disability is unclear, the only source being Cervantes himself, while commentators cite his habitual tendency to praise himself.[d][31] However, they were serious enough to earn him six months in the Civic Hospital at Messina, Sicily.[32]

Although he returned to service in July 1572, records show his chest wounds were still not completely healed in February 1573.[33] Based mainly in Naples, he joined expeditions to Corfu and Navarino, and took part in the 1573 occupation of Tunis and La Goulette, which were recaptured by the Ottomans in 1574.[34] Despite Lepanto, the war overall was an Ottoman victory, and the loss of Tunis a military disaster for Spain. Cervantes returned to Palermo, where he was paid off by the Duke of Sessa, who gave him letters of commendation.[35]

In early September 1575, Cervantes and Rodrigo left Naples on the galley Sol; as they approached Barcelona on 26 September, their ship was captured by Ottoman corsairs, and the brothers taken to Algiers, to be sold as slaves, or – as was the case of Cervantes and his brother – held for ransom, if this would be more lucrative than their sale as slaves.[36] Rodrigo was ransomed in 1577, but his family could not afford the fee for Cervantes, who was forced to remain.[37] Turkish historian Rasih Nuri İleri found evidence suggesting Cervantes worked on the construction of the Kılıç Ali Pasha Complex, which means he spent at least part of his captivity in Istanbul.[38][39][40]

By 1580, Spain was occupied with integrating Portugal, and suppressing the Dutch Revolt, while the Ottomans were at war with Persia; the two sides agreed a truce, leading to an improvement of relations.[41] After almost five years, and four escape attempts, in 1580 Cervantes was set free by the Trinitarians, a religious charity that specialised in ransoming Christian captives, and returned to Madrid.[42]

1580 to 1616: Later life and death

 
Statue of Cervantes outside the National Library of Spain

While Cervantes was in captivity, both Don John and the Duke of Sessa died, depriving him of two potential patrons, while the Spanish economy was in dire straits. This made finding employment difficult; other than a period in 1581 to 1582, when he was employed as an intelligence agent in North Africa, little is known of his movements prior to 1584.[43]

In April of that year, Cervantes visited Esquivias, to help arrange the affairs of his recently deceased friend and minor poet, Pedro Lainez. There he met Catalina de Salazar y Palacios (c. 1566 – 1626), eldest daughter of the widowed Catalina de Palacios; her husband died leaving only debts, but the elder Catalina owned some land of her own. This may be why in December 1584, Cervantes married her daughter, then between 15 and 18 years old.[44] The first use of the name Cervantes Saavedra appears in 1586, on documents related to their marriage.[11]

Shortly before this, his illegitimate daughter Isabel was born in November. Her mother, Ana Franca, was the wife of a Madrid innkeeper; they apparently concealed it from her husband, but Cervantes acknowledged paternity.[45] When Ana Franca died in 1598, he asked his sister Magdalena to take care of his daughter.[46]

 
Cervantes was buried at the Convent of the Barefoot Trinitarians in Madrid.

In 1587, Cervantes was appointed as a government purchasing agent, then became a tax collector in 1592. He was briefly jailed several times for 'irregularities', but quickly released.[citation needed] Several applications for positions in Spanish America were rejected, although modern critics note images of the colonies appear in his work.[29]

From 1596 to 1600, he lived primarily in Seville, then returned to Madrid in 1606, where he remained for the rest of his life.[47] In later years, he received some financial support from the Count of Lemos, although he was excluded from the retinue Lemos took to Naples when appointed Viceroy in 1608.[29] In July 1613, he joined the Third Order Franciscans, then a common way for Catholics to gain spiritual merit.[48] It is generally accepted Cervantes died on 22 April 1616 (NS; the Gregorian calendar had superseded the Julian in 1582 in Spain and some other countries); the symptoms described, including intense thirst, correspond to diabetes, then untreatable.[49]

In accordance with his will, Cervantes was buried in the Convent of the Barefoot Trinitarians, in central Madrid.[50] His remains went missing when moved during rebuilding work at the convent in 1673, and in 2014, historian Fernando de Prado launched a project to rediscover them.[51]

In January 2015, Francisco Etxeberria, the forensic anthropologist leading the search, reported the discovery of caskets containing bone fragments, and part of a board, with the letters 'M.C.'.[52] Based on evidence of injuries suffered at Lepanto, on 17 March 2015 they were confirmed as belonging to Cervantes along with his wife and others.[53] They were formally reburied at a public ceremony in June 2015.[54]

Supposed likenesses

No authenticated portrait of Cervantes is known to exist. The one most often associated with the author is attributed to Juan de Jáuregui, but both names were added at a later date.[55] The El Greco painting in the Museo del Prado, known as Retrato de un caballero desconocido (Portrait of an Unknown Gentleman), is cited as 'possibly' depicting Cervantes, but there is no evidence for this.[56] It has been suggested that the portrait The Nobleman with his Hand on his Chest, also by El Greco, may possibly depict Cervantes.[57] However, the Prado itself, while mentioning, in passing, that "specific names have been proposed for the sitter, including that of Cervantes",[58] and even "that the painting could be a self-portrait [of El Greco]",[58] goes on to state that "Without doubt, the most convincing suggestion has connected this figure with the Second Marquis of Montemayor, Juan de Silva y de Ribera, a contemporary of El Greco who was appointed military commander of the Alcázar in Toledo by Philip II and Chief Notary to the Crown, a position that would explain the solemn gesture of the hand, depicted in the act of taking an oath."[58]

The portrait by Luis de Madrazo, at the Biblioteca Nacional de España, painted in 1859, was based on his imagination.[59] The image that appears on Spanish euro coins of €0.10, €0.20, and €0.50 is based on a bust, created in 1905.[60]

Literary career and legacy

 
The windmill scene from Don Quijote, by Gustave Doré

Cervantes claimed to have written over 20 plays, such as El trato de Argel, based on his experiences in captivity. Such works were extremely short-lived, and even Lope de Vega, the best-known playwright of the day, could not live on their proceeds.[4] In 1585, he published La Galatea, a conventional pastoral romance that received little contemporary notice; despite promising to write a sequel, he never did so.[61]

Aside from these, and some poems, by 1605, Cervantes had not been published for 20 years. In Don Quixote, he challenged a form of literature that had been a favourite for more than a century, explicitly stating his purpose was to undermine 'vain and empty' chivalric romances.[62] His portrayal of real life, and use of everyday speech in a literary context was considered innovative, and proved instantly popular. First published in January 1605, Don Quixote and Sancho Panza featured in masquerades held to celebrate the birth of Philip IV on 8 April.[46]

 
An illustration from Don Quijote, by Doré

He finally achieved a degree of financial security, while its popularity led to demands for a sequel. In the foreword to his 1613 work, Novelas ejemplares, dedicated to his patron, the Count of Lemos, Cervantes promises to produce one, but was pre-empted by an unauthorised version published in 1614, published under the name Alonso Fernández de Avellaneda. It is possible this delay was deliberate, to ensure support from his publisher and reading public; Cervantes finally produced the second part of Don Quixote in 1615.[63]

The two parts of Don Quixote are different in focus, but similar in their clarity of prose and their realism. The first was more comic, and had greater popular appeal.[64] The second part is often considered more sophisticated and complex, with a greater depth of characterisation and philosophical insight.[65]

In addition to this, he produced a series of works between 1613 and his death in 1616. They include a collection of tales titled Exemplary Novels. This was followed by Viaje del Parnaso, Eight Comedies and Eight New Interludes, and Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda, completed just before his death, and published posthumously in January 1617.

Cervantes was rediscovered by English writers in the mid-18th century. The literary editor John Bowle argued that Cervantes was as significant as any of the Greek and Roman authors then popular, and published an annotated edition in 1781. Now viewed as a significant work, at the time it proved a failure.[66] However, Don Quixote has been translated into all major languages, in 700 editions. Mexican author Carlos Fuentes suggested that Cervantes and his contemporary William Shakespeare form part of a narrative tradition that includes Homer, Dante, Defoe, Dickens, Balzac, and Joyce.[67]

Sigmund Freud claimed he learnt Spanish to read Cervantes in the original; he particularly admired The Dialogue of the Dogs (El coloquio de los perros), from Exemplary Tales, in which two dogs, Cipión and Berganza, share their stories; as one talks, the other listens, occasionally making comments. From 1871 to 1881, Freud and his close friend, Eduard Silberstein, wrote letters to each other, using the pennames Cipión and Berganza.[68]

In 1905, the tricentennial of the publication of Don Quixote was marked with celebrations in Spain;[69] the 400th anniversary of his death in 2016, saw the production of Cervantina, a celebration of his plays by the Compañía Nacional de Teatro Clásico in Madrid.[70] The Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library, the largest digital archive of Spanish-language historical and literary works in the world, is named after the author.

Man of La Mancha, the popular musical play of 1965, was based on Don Quixote.

Bibliography

 
Original title page of Cervantes's La Galatea (1585)

As listed in Complete Works of Miguel de Cervantes:[71]

  • La Galatea (1585);
  • El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quixote de la Mancha (1605): First volume of Don Quixote.
  • Novelas ejemplares (1613): a collection of 12 short stories of varied types about the social, political, and historical problems of Cervantes's Spain:
    • "La gitanilla" ("The Gypsy Girl")
    • "El amante liberal" ("The Generous Lover")
    • "Rinconete y Cortadillo" ("Rinconete & Cortadillo")
    • "La española inglesa" ("The English Spanish Lady")
    • "El licenciado Vidriera" ("The Lawyer of Glass")
    • "La fuerza de la sangre" ("The Power of Blood")
    • "El celoso extremeño" ("The Jealous Man From Extremadura")[72]
    • "La ilustre fregona" ("The Illustrious Kitchen-Maid")
    • "Novela de las dos doncellas" ("The Novel of the Two Damsels")
    • "Novela de la señora Cornelia" ("The Novel of Lady Cornelia")
    • "Novela del casamiento engañoso" ("The Novel of the Deceitful Marriage")
    • "El coloquio de los perros" ("The Dialogue of the Dogs")
  • Segunda Parte del Ingenioso Cavallero [sic] Don Quixote de la Mancha (1615): Second volume of Don Quixote.
  • Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda (1617).

Other works

 
Frontispiece of the Viaje (1614)

Cervantes is generally considered a mediocre poet; few of his poems survive. Some appear in La Galatea, while he also wrote Dos Canciones à la Armada Invencible.

His sonnets are considered his best work,[by whom?] particularly Al Túmulo del Rey Felipe en Sevilla, Canto de Calíope and Epístola a Mateo Vázquez. Viaje del Parnaso, or Journey to Parnassus, is his most ambitious verse work, an allegory that consists largely of reviews of contemporary poets.

He published a number of dramatic works, including ten extant full-length plays:

  • Trato de Argel; based on his own experiences, deals with the life of Christian slaves in Algiers;
  • La Numancia; intended as a patriotic work, dramatization of the long and brutal siege of Numantia, by Scipio Aemilianus, completing the transformation of the Iberian peninsula into the Roman province Hispania, or España.
  • El gallardo español,[73]
  • Los baños de Argel,[74]
  • La gran sultana, Doña Catalina de Oviedo,[75]
  • La casa de los celos,[76]
  • El laberinto de amor,[77]
  • La entretenida,[78]
  • El rufián dichoso,[79]
  • Pedro de Urdemalas,[80] a sensitive play about a picaro, who joins a group of Gypsies for love of a girl.

He also wrote eight short farces (entremeses):

  • El juez de los divorcios,[81]
  • El rufián viudo llamado Trampagos,[82]
  • La elección de los Alcaldes de Daganzo,[83]
  • La guarda cuidadosa[84] (The Vigilant Sentinel),[84]
  • El vizcaíno fingido,[85]
  • El retablo de las maravillas,[86]
  • La cueva de Salamanca
  • El viejo celoso[87] (The Jealous Old Man).

These plays and entremeses, except for Trato de Argel and La Numancia, made up Ocho Comedias y ocho entreméses nuevos, nunca representados[88] (Eight Comedies and Eight New Interludes, Never Before Performed), which appeared in 1615.[citation needed] The dates and order of composition of Cervantes's entremeses are unknown.[citation needed] Faithful to the spirit of Lope de Rueda, Cervantes endowed them with novelistic elements, such as simplified plot, the type of descriptions normally associated with a novel, and character development. Cervantes included some of his dramas among the works he was most satisfied with.[citation needed]

Influence

Places

Television

  • Cervantes is a recurring character in the Spanish television show El ministerio del tiempo, portrayed by actor Pere Ponce.
  • Cervantes played a prominent role in the episode "Gentlemen of Spain" of the TV series Sir Francis Drake (1961–1962). He was portrayed by the actor Nigel Davenport and the plot had him heroically rescuing other Christian captives from the Barbary pirates.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Although Cervantes himself claimed, in his preface to Exemplary Novels that Jáuregui did paint a portrait of the author: "el cual amigo bien pudiera, como es uso y costubre, grabarme y esculpirme en la primera hoja de este libro, pues le diera mi retrato el famoso D. Juan de Jauregui".
  2. ^ Milan Kundera, John le Carre, John Irving,[8] Doris Lessing, Salman Rushdie, Nadine Gordimer, Wole Soyinka, Seamus Heaney, Carlos Fuentes, Norman Mailer and Astrid Lindgren[9] were among the authors polled.
  3. ^ In the Preface to Volume 2 of Don Quixote, he writes "the loss of my hand (came about) on the grandest occasion the past or present has seen, or the future can hope to see. If my wounds have no beauty to the beholder's eye, they are, at least, honorable in the estimation of those who know where they were received".[27]
  4. ^ According to scholar Nicolás Marín: "No hay ocasión en que Cervantes no se elogie, bien que excusándose por salir de los límites de su natural modestia; tantas veces ocurre esto que no es posible verla nunca ni creer en ella". [There is no occasion in which Cervantes does not praise himself, even if he excuses himself for going beyond the limits of his natural modesty; this happens so many times that it is never possible to see it or believe in it].[30]

References

Citations

  1. ^ Chacón y Calvo, José María (1947–1948). "Retratos de Cervantes". Anales de la Academia Nacional de Artes y Letras (in Spanish). 27: 5–17.
  2. ^ Ferrari, Enrique Lafuente (1948). La novela ejemplar de los retratos de Cervantes (in Spanish). Madrid.
  3. ^ Armstrong, Richard. "Time Out of Joint". Engines of Our Ingenuity. Lienhard, John (host, producer). Retrieved 9 December 2019 – via UH.edu.
  4. ^ a b McCrory 2006, p. 112.
  5. ^ de Riquer Morera, Martín. "Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra". Diccionario biográfico España (in Spanish). Real Academia de la Historia.
  6. ^ Bloom, Harold (13 December 2003). "The knight in the mirror". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
  7. ^ Puchau de Lecea, Ana; Vicente Pérez de León (25 June 2018). "Guide to the classics: Don Quixote, the world's first modern novel – and one of the best". The Conversation. Retrieved 1 July 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ a b c "Don Quixote gets authors' votes". BBC News. 7 May 2002. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
  9. ^ a b Chrisafis, Angelique (21 July 2003). "Don Quixote is the world's best book say the world's top authors". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
  10. ^ Diego, Gerardo. (PDF) (in Spanish). Ministerio de la Presidencia de España. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2008. Retrieved 14 September 2008.
  11. ^ a b Garcés 2002, p. 189.
  12. ^ Iglesias, Amalia (17 November 2016). "Luce López-Baralt: "Ante el 'Quijote' y San Juan de la Cruz siento el vértigo de asomarme a un abismo sin fin"". abc.
  13. ^ Byron 1978, p. 32.
  14. ^ Lokos 2016, p. 116.
  15. ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica (2008). "Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra". jewishvirtuallibrary.
  16. ^ Cascardi, Anthony J. (2008). The Cambridge Companion to Cervantes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. p. 4.
  17. ^ McCrory 2006, p. 35.
  18. ^ McCrory 2006, p. 34.
  19. ^ McCrory 2006, p. 36.
  20. ^ Egginton 2016, p. 23.
  21. ^ McCrory 2006, pp. 40–41.
  22. ^ McCrory 2006, p. 48.
  23. ^ Lokos 2016, p. 118.
  24. ^ McCrory 2006, p. 50.
  25. ^ a b McCrory 2006, p. 52.
  26. ^ Davis 1999, p. 199.
  27. ^ Cervantes 1615, p. 20.
  28. ^ McCrory 2006, p. 58.
  29. ^ a b c Ma 2017, p. 99.
  30. ^ Marín, Nicolás (1973). "Belardo furioso. Una de Lope mal leída". Anales Cervantinos. 12: 21. ISSN 0569-9878 – via Cervantes Virtual.
  31. ^ Eisenberg 1996, pp. 32–53.
  32. ^ Fitzmaurice-Kelly 1892, p. 33.
  33. ^ McCrory 2006, p. 60.
  34. ^ Garcés 2002, pp. 191–192, 220.
  35. ^ McCrory 2006, p. 63.
  36. ^ Fitzmaurice-Kelly 1892, p. 41.
  37. ^ McCrory 2006, pp. 65–68, 78.
  38. ^ Eren, Güleren (June 2006), "The Heritage of A Sailor", Beyoğlu, no. 3, pp. 59–64
  39. ^ Bayrak, M. Orhan (1994). Türkiye Tarihi Yerler Kılavuzu. İstanbul: İnkılâp Kitabevi. pp. 326–327. ISBN 975-10-0705-4.
  40. ^ Sumner-Boyd, Hilary; Freely, John (1994). Strolling Through Istanbul: A Guide to the City (6 ed.). İstanbul: SEV Matbaacılık. pp. 450–451. ISBN 975-8176-44-7.
  41. ^ Glete 2001, p. 84.
  42. ^ Parker & Parker 2009, p. ?.
  43. ^ McCrory 2006, pp. 100–101.
  44. ^ McCrory 2006, pp. 115–116.
  45. ^ McCrory 2006, p. 113.
  46. ^ a b McCrory 2006, p. 206.
  47. ^ Close 2008, p. 12.
  48. ^ Fitzmaurice-Kelly 1892, p. 179.
  49. ^ McCrory 2006, p. 264.
  50. ^ "Miguel de Cervantes Biography – life, family, children, name, story, death, history, wife, son, book". Notablebiographies.com. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  51. ^ Tremlett, Giles (25 July 2011). "Madrid begins search for bones of Don Quixote author Miguel de Cervantes | Books". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  52. ^ "Casket find could lead to remains of Don Quixote author Miguel de Cervantes | Books". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  53. ^ "Spain finds Don Quixote writer Cervantes' tomb in Madrid". BBC News. 17 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  54. ^ Giles, Ciaran (11 June 2015). . Associated Press. Archived from the original on 13 June 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  55. ^ Byron 1978, p. 131.
  56. ^ "Portrait of a Gentleman". Museo del Prado (in Spanish). Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte, Gobierno de España. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  57. ^ "Portrait of a Nobleman with his Hand on his Chest | artehistoria.com". www.artehistoria.com.
  58. ^ a b c Ruiz, L. (2008). "El caballero de la mano en el pecho" En: El retrato del Renacimiento, Madrid, Museo Nacional del Prado, pp. 326-327. Museo del Prado. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  59. ^ "Programa Europa – Cervantes". Fábrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre (in Spanish). Real Casa de la Moneda. 2013. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  60. ^ . European Commission. 8 January 2010. Archived from the original on 7 February 2010. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  61. ^ McCrory 2006, pp. 110–111.
  62. ^ Close 2008, p. 39.
  63. ^ McCrory 2006, pp. 234–235.
  64. ^ Mitsuo & Cullen 2006, pp. 148–152.
  65. ^ Putnam 1976, p. 14.
  66. ^ Truman 2003, pp. 9–31.
  67. ^ Fuentes 1988, p. 69–70.
  68. ^ Riley 1994, pp. 13–14.
  69. ^ Leerssen, J.; Rigney, A. (2014). Commemorating Writers in Nineteenth-Century Europe: Nation-Building and Centenary Fever. Springer. p. 207. ISBN 978-1-137-41214-0.
  70. ^ "Cervantina de Compañía Nacional de Teatro Clásico y Ron Lalá". www.centroculturalmva.es (in Spanish). 19 April 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  71. ^ Sevilla Arroyo, Florencio; Rey Hazas, Antonio, eds. (1995). OBRAS COMPLETAS de Miguel de Cervantes [Complete Works of Miguel de Cervantes]. Centro de Estudios Cervantinos – via Proyecto Cervantes, Texas A&M University.
  72. ^ Riley, Edward C.; Cruz, Anne J., Miguel de Cervantes at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  73. ^ "Comedia Famosa del Gallardo Español". Página de inicio del web de Cervantes (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  74. ^ "Los Baños de Argel" (PDF). miguelde.cervantes.com.
  75. ^ "La Gran Sultana" (PDF). miguelde.cervantes.com. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  76. ^ "La casa" (PDF). miguelde.cervantes.com. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  77. ^ "El Laberinto" (PDF). miguelde.cervantes.com. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  78. ^ "La Entretenida" (PDF). miguelde.cervantes.com. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  79. ^ "Ocho comedias y ocho entremeses / El rufian dichoso". cervantes.tamu.edu.
  80. ^ "Pedro Urdamles" (PDF). miguelde.cervantes.com. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  81. ^ "Entremes: el Juez de los Divorcios". cervantes.uah.es.
  82. ^ "El Rufián Viudo Llamado Trampagos". comedias.org.
  83. ^ "Daganzo" (PDF). miguelde.cervantes.com. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  84. ^ a b "Info" (PDF). biblioteca.org.ar. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  85. ^ "Entremes: Del Vizcaíno Fingido". cervantes.uah.es.
  86. ^ "Entremes: Del Retablo de las Maravillas". cervantes.uah.es.
  87. ^ "Entremes: Del Viejo Celoso". cervantes.uah.es.
  88. ^ "Ocho comedias y ocho entremeses". cervantes.tamu.edu.

Sources

  • Byron, William (1978). Cervantes; A Biography. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-1-55778-006-5.
  • Cervantes, Miguel de (1615). The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha. Translated by Ormsby, John (2015 ed.). Aegitas. ISBN 978-5-00064-159-0.
  • Cervantes, Miguel de (1613). Novelas ejemplares [The Exemplary Novels of Cervantes]. Translated by Kelly, Walter K (2017 ed.). Pinnacle Books. ISBN 978-1374957275.
  • Chacón y Calvo, José María (1947–1948). "Retratos de Cervantes". Anales de la Academia Nacional de Artes y Letras (in Spanish). 27: 5–17.
  • Close, A. J. (2008). A Companion to Don Quixote. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85566-170-7.
  • Davis, Paul K. (1999). 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19514-366-9.
  • Egginton, William (2016). The Man Who Invented Fiction: How Cervantes Ushered in the Modern World. US: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1620401750.
  • Eisenberg, Daniel (2004). "La supuesta homosexualidad de Cervantes". Siglos dorados : homenaje a Augustin Redondo. Vol. 1. Madrid: Castalia. ISBN 84-9740-100-X.
  • Eisenberg, Daniel (1996). "Cervantes, autor de la "Topografía e historia general de Argel" publicada por Diego de Haedo". Cervantes: Bulletin of the Cervantes Society of America. 16 (1).
  • Fitzmaurice-Kelly, James (1892). The Life of Cervantes. Chapman Hall.
  • Fuentes, Carlos (1988). Myself with Others: Selected Essays. Farrar Straus Giroux. ISBN 978-0374217501.
  • Garcés, Maria Antonia (2002). Cervantes in Algiers: A Captive's Tale. Vanderbilt University Press. ISBN 978-0826514066.
  • Glete, Jan (2001). War and the State in Early Modern Europe: Spain, the Dutch Republic and Sweden as Fiscal-Military States (Warfare and History). Routledge. ISBN 978-0415226448.
  • Lokos, Ellen (2016). Cruz, Anne J; Johnson, Carroll B (eds.). The Politics of Identity and the Enigma of Cervantine Genealogy in Cervantes and His Postmodern Constituencies. Routledge. ISBN 978-1138864412.
  • Ma, Ning (2017). The Age of Silver: The Rise of the Novel, East and West. US: OUP. ISBN 978-0190606565.
  • McCrory, Donald P. (2006). No Ordinary Man: The Life and Times of Miguel de Cervantes. Dover Publishing. ISBN 978-0486453613.
  • Mitsuo, Nakamura; Cullen, Jennifer (December 2006). "On 'Don Quixote'". Review of Japanese Culture and Society. 18 (East and West): 147–156. JSTOR 42800232.
  • Parker, Barbara Keevil; Parker, Duane F. (2009). Miguel de Cervantes. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-0685-4.
  • Putnam, Samuel (1976). Introduction to The Portable Cervantes. Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-015057-5.
  • Riley, E. C. (1994). "Cipión" Writes to "Berganza" in the Freudian Academia Española". Cervantes: Bulletin of the Cervantes Society of America. 14 (1).
  • Truman, R. W. (2003). "The Rev. John Bowle's Quixotic Woes Further Explored". Cervantes: Bulletin of the Cervantes Society of America. 23 (1).

Further reading

  • Bloom, Harold (ed.) 2001. Cervantes's Don Quixote (Modern Critical Interpretations).
  • Bloom, Harold (ed.) 2005. Miguel de Cervantes (Modern Critical Views).
  • Cascardi, Anthony J. (ed.) 2002. The Cambridge Companion to Cervantes.
  • El Saffar, Ruth S. (ed.) 1986. Critical Essays on Cervantes. Boston: G. K. Hall.
  • González Echevarría, Roberto (ed.) 2005. Cervantes' Don Quixote: A Casebook.
  • Nelson, Lowry 1969. Cervantes: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
  • Pérez, Rolando (2016). "What is Don Quijote/Don Quixote And…And…And the Disjunctive Synthesis of Cervantes and Kathy Acker." Cervantes ilimitado: cuatrocientos años del Quijote. Ed. Nuria Morgado. ALDEEU. 75–100.
  • Pérez, Rolando (2021). "Cervantes’s “Republic”: On Representation, Imitation, and Unreason". eHumanista 47: 89-111.
  • Vázquez Montalbán, Manuel and Willi Glasauer (1988). Scenes from World Literature and Portraits of Greatest Authors, Círculo de Lectores.
  • Weber, Olivier, Flammarion (2011). Le Barbaresque.

External links

  • Works by Miguel de Cervantes in eBook form at Standard Ebooks
  • Works by or about Miguel de Cervantes at Internet Archive
  • Works by Miguel de Cervantes at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)  
  • Giles, Ciaran (11 June 2015). . Associated Press. Archived from the original on 13 June 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  • "Casket find could lead to remains of Don Quixote author Miguel de Cervantes | Books". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  • . European Commission. 8 January 2010. Archived from the original on 7 February 2010. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  • "Portrait of a Gentleman". Museo del Prado (in Spanish). Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte, Gobierno de España. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  • Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes Spanish web site with multiple Cervantes links and audio of whole of Don Quixote
  • The Cervantes Project with biographies and chronology
  • Information about Miguel de Cervantes
  • Cervantine Collection of the Biblioteca de Catalunya 12 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  • Miguel de Cervantes (1547–1616): Life and Portrait The Cervantes Project. Canavaggio, Jean.
  • Cervantes's Birthplace Museum
  • Miguel de Cervantes Collection From the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the Library of Congress
  • Cervantes's short biography (in Spanish) (PDF)
  • Cervantes chatbot in Spanish

miguel, cervantes, cervantes, redirects, here, other, uses, cervantes, disambiguation, miguel, cervantes, redirects, here, american, actor, singer, miguel, cervantes, actor, saavedra, spanish, miˈɣel, θeɾˈβantes, saaˈβeðɾa, september, 1547, assumed, april, 161. Cervantes redirects here For other uses see Cervantes disambiguation Miguel Cervantes redirects here For the American actor and singer see Miguel Cervantes actor Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra Spanish miˈɣel de 8eɾˈbantes saaˈbedɾa 29 September 1547 assumed 22 April 1616 NS 5 was an Early Modern Spanish writer widely regarded as the greatest writer in the Spanish language and one of the world s pre eminent novelists He is best known for his novel Don Quixote a work often cited as both the first modern novel 6 7 and the first great novel of world literature 8 A 2002 poll of around 100 well known authors b voted it the most meaningful book of all time 9 from among the best and most central works in world literature 8 Miguel de CervantesThis portrait attributed to Juan de Jauregui a is unauthenticated No authenticated image of Cervantes exists 1 2 Born29 September 1547 assumed Alcala de Henares Crown of CastileDied22 April 1616 1616 04 22 aged 68 3 Madrid Crown of CastileResting placeConvent of the Barefoot Trinitarians MadridOccupationSoldier tax collector accountant purchasing agent for Navy writing was an avocation which did not produce much income LanguageSpanishNotable worksDon QuixoteEntremesesNovelas ejemplaresSpouseCatalina de Salazar y PalaciosChildrenIsabel c 1584 illegitimate 4 SignatureMuch of his life was spent in poverty and obscurity which led to many of his early works being lost Despite this his influence and literary contribution are reflected by the fact that Spanish is often referred to as the language of Cervantes 10 An incident in the story of Don Quixote 1870 by Robert Hillingford In 1569 Cervantes was forced to leave Spain and move to Rome where he worked in the household of a cardinal In 1570 he enlisted in a Spanish Navy infantry regiment and was badly wounded at the Battle of Lepanto in October 1571 He served as a soldier until 1575 when he was captured by Barbary pirates after five years in captivity he was ransomed and returned to Madrid His first significant novel titled La Galatea was published in 1585 but he continued to work as a purchasing agent and later as government tax collector Part One of Don Quixote was published in 1605 and Part Two in 1615 Other works include the 12 Novelas ejemplares Exemplary Novels a long poem the Viaje del Parnaso Journey to Parnassus and Ocho comedias y ocho entremeses Eight Plays and Eight Interludes Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda The Travails of Persiles and Sigismunda was published posthumously in 1616 Contents 1 Biography 1 1 1547 to 1566 Early years 1 2 1566 to 1580 Military service and captivity 1 3 1580 to 1616 Later life and death 2 Supposed likenesses 3 Literary career and legacy 4 Bibliography 4 1 Other works 5 Influence 5 1 Places 5 2 Television 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 8 1 Citations 8 2 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External linksBiography Edit Santa Maria la Mayor in Alcala de Henares where Cervantes was reputedly baptised the square in front is named Plaza Cervantes Despite his subsequent renown much of Cervantes s life is uncertain including his name background and what he looked like Although he signed himself Cerbantes his printers used Cervantes which became the common form In later life Cervantes used Saavedra the name of a distant relative rather than the more usual Cortinas after his mother 11 But historian Luce Lopez Baralt claimed that it comes from the word shaibedraa that in Arabic dialect means one handed his nickname during his captivity 12 Another area of dispute is his religious background It has been suggested that not only Cervantes s father but also his mother may have been New Christians 13 14 15 Anthony Cascardi writes While the family might have had some claim to nobility they often found themselves in financial straits Moreover they were almost certainly of converso origin that is converts to Catholicism of Jewish ancestry In the Spain of Cervantes s days this meant living under clouds of official suspicion and social mistrust with far more limited opportunities than were enjoyed by members of the Old Christian caste 16 It is generally accepted Miguel de Cervantes was born around 29 September 1547 in Alcala de Henares He was the second son of barber surgeon Rodrigo de Cervantes and his wife Leonor de Cortinas c 1520 1593 17 Rodrigo came from Cordoba Andalusia where his father Juan de Cervantes was an influential lawyer 1547 to 1566 Early years Edit Rodrigo was frequently in debt or searching for work and moved constantly Leonor came from Arganda del Rey and died in October 1593 at the age of 73 surviving legal documents indicate she had seven children could read and write and was a resourceful individual with a keen eye for business When Rodrigo was imprisoned for debt from October 1553 to April 1554 she supported the family on her own 18 Cervantes s siblings were Andres born 1543 Andrea born 1544 Luisa born 1546 Rodrigo born 1550 Magdalena born 1554 and Juan They lived in Cordoba until 1556 when his grandfather died For reasons that are unclear Rodrigo did not benefit from his will and the family disappears until 1564 when he filed a lawsuit in Seville 19 Seville was then in the midst of an economic boom and Rodrigo managed rented accommodation for his elder brother Andres who was a junior magistrate It is assumed Cervantes attended the Jesuit college in Seville where one of the teachers was Jesuit playwright Pedro Pablo Acevedo who moved there in 1561 from Cordoba 20 However legal records show his father got into debt once more and in 1566 the family moved to Madrid 21 1566 to 1580 Military service and captivity Edit Monument of Cervantes erected in 1929 Madrid In the 19th century a biographer discovered an arrest warrant for a Miguel de Cervantes dated 15 September 1569 who was charged with wounding Antonio de Sigura in a duel 22 Although disputed at the time largely on the grounds such behaviour was unworthy of so great an author it is now accepted as the most likely reason for Cervantes leaving Madrid 23 He eventually made his way to Rome where he found a position in the household of Giulio Acquaviva an Italian bishop who spent 1568 to 1569 in Madrid and was appointed Cardinal in 1570 24 When the 1570 to 1573 Ottoman Venetian War began Spain formed part of the Holy League a coalition formed to support the Venetian Republic Possibly seeing an opportunity to have his arrest warrant rescinded Cervantes went to Naples then part of the Crown of Aragon 25 Statue of Miguel de Cervantes at the harbour of Naupactus Lepanto The military commander in Naples was Alvaro de Sande a friend of the family who gave Cervantes a commission under the Marquis de Santa Cruz At some point he was joined in Naples by his younger brother Rodrigo 25 In September 1571 Cervantes sailed on board the Marquesa part of the Holy League fleet under Don John of Austria illegitimate half brother of Phillip II of Spain on 7 October they defeated the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto 26 Cervantes at the battle of Lepanto by Augusto Ferrer Dalmau According to his own account although suffering from malaria Cervantes was given command of a 12 man skiff a small boat used for assaulting enemy galleys The Marquesa lost 40 dead and 120 wounded including Cervantes who received three separate wounds two in the chest and another that rendered his left arm useless this last wound is the reason why he later was called El Manco de Lepanto English The one handed man of Lepanto The one armed man of Lepanto a title that followed him for the rest of his life His actions at Lepanto were a source of pride to the end of his life c while Don John approved no less than four separate pay increases for him 28 In Journey to Parnassus published two years before his death in 1616 Cervantes claimed to have lost the movement of the left hand for the glory of the right 29 As with much else the extent of his disability is unclear the only source being Cervantes himself while commentators cite his habitual tendency to praise himself d 31 However they were serious enough to earn him six months in the Civic Hospital at Messina Sicily 32 Although he returned to service in July 1572 records show his chest wounds were still not completely healed in February 1573 33 Based mainly in Naples he joined expeditions to Corfu and Navarino and took part in the 1573 occupation of Tunis and La Goulette which were recaptured by the Ottomans in 1574 34 Despite Lepanto the war overall was an Ottoman victory and the loss of Tunis a military disaster for Spain Cervantes returned to Palermo where he was paid off by the Duke of Sessa who gave him letters of commendation 35 In early September 1575 Cervantes and Rodrigo left Naples on the galley Sol as they approached Barcelona on 26 September their ship was captured by Ottoman corsairs and the brothers taken to Algiers to be sold as slaves or as was the case of Cervantes and his brother held for ransom if this would be more lucrative than their sale as slaves 36 Rodrigo was ransomed in 1577 but his family could not afford the fee for Cervantes who was forced to remain 37 Turkish historian Rasih Nuri Ileri found evidence suggesting Cervantes worked on the construction of the Kilic Ali Pasha Complex which means he spent at least part of his captivity in Istanbul 38 39 40 By 1580 Spain was occupied with integrating Portugal and suppressing the Dutch Revolt while the Ottomans were at war with Persia the two sides agreed a truce leading to an improvement of relations 41 After almost five years and four escape attempts in 1580 Cervantes was set free by the Trinitarians a religious charity that specialised in ransoming Christian captives and returned to Madrid 42 1580 to 1616 Later life and death Edit Statue of Cervantes outside the National Library of Spain While Cervantes was in captivity both Don John and the Duke of Sessa died depriving him of two potential patrons while the Spanish economy was in dire straits This made finding employment difficult other than a period in 1581 to 1582 when he was employed as an intelligence agent in North Africa little is known of his movements prior to 1584 43 In April of that year Cervantes visited Esquivias to help arrange the affairs of his recently deceased friend and minor poet Pedro Lainez There he met Catalina de Salazar y Palacios c 1566 1626 eldest daughter of the widowed Catalina de Palacios her husband died leaving only debts but the elder Catalina owned some land of her own This may be why in December 1584 Cervantes married her daughter then between 15 and 18 years old 44 The first use of the name Cervantes Saavedra appears in 1586 on documents related to their marriage 11 Shortly before this his illegitimate daughter Isabel was born in November Her mother Ana Franca was the wife of a Madrid innkeeper they apparently concealed it from her husband but Cervantes acknowledged paternity 45 When Ana Franca died in 1598 he asked his sister Magdalena to take care of his daughter 46 Cervantes was buried at the Convent of the Barefoot Trinitarians in Madrid In 1587 Cervantes was appointed as a government purchasing agent then became a tax collector in 1592 He was briefly jailed several times for irregularities but quickly released citation needed Several applications for positions in Spanish America were rejected although modern critics note images of the colonies appear in his work 29 From 1596 to 1600 he lived primarily in Seville then returned to Madrid in 1606 where he remained for the rest of his life 47 In later years he received some financial support from the Count of Lemos although he was excluded from the retinue Lemos took to Naples when appointed Viceroy in 1608 29 In July 1613 he joined the Third Order Franciscans then a common way for Catholics to gain spiritual merit 48 It is generally accepted Cervantes died on 22 April 1616 NS the Gregorian calendar had superseded the Julian in 1582 in Spain and some other countries the symptoms described including intense thirst correspond to diabetes then untreatable 49 In accordance with his will Cervantes was buried in the Convent of the Barefoot Trinitarians in central Madrid 50 His remains went missing when moved during rebuilding work at the convent in 1673 and in 2014 historian Fernando de Prado launched a project to rediscover them 51 In January 2015 Francisco Etxeberria the forensic anthropologist leading the search reported the discovery of caskets containing bone fragments and part of a board with the letters M C 52 Based on evidence of injuries suffered at Lepanto on 17 March 2015 they were confirmed as belonging to Cervantes along with his wife and others 53 They were formally reburied at a public ceremony in June 2015 54 Supposed likenesses EditNo authenticated portrait of Cervantes is known to exist The one most often associated with the author is attributed to Juan de Jauregui but both names were added at a later date 55 The El Greco painting in the Museo del Prado known as Retrato de un caballero desconocido Portrait of an Unknown Gentleman is cited as possibly depicting Cervantes but there is no evidence for this 56 It has been suggested that the portrait The Nobleman with his Hand on his Chest also by El Greco may possibly depict Cervantes 57 However the Prado itself while mentioning in passing that specific names have been proposed for the sitter including that of Cervantes 58 and even that the painting could be a self portrait of El Greco 58 goes on to state that Without doubt the most convincing suggestion has connected this figure with the Second Marquis of Montemayor Juan de Silva y de Ribera a contemporary of El Greco who was appointed military commander of the Alcazar in Toledo by Philip II and Chief Notary to the Crown a position that would explain the solemn gesture of the hand depicted in the act of taking an oath 58 The portrait by Luis de Madrazo at the Biblioteca Nacional de Espana painted in 1859 was based on his imagination 59 The image that appears on Spanish euro coins of 0 10 0 20 and 0 50 is based on a bust created in 1905 60 Literary career and legacy Edit The windmill scene from Don Quijote by Gustave Dore Cervantes claimed to have written over 20 plays such as El trato de Argel based on his experiences in captivity Such works were extremely short lived and even Lope de Vega the best known playwright of the day could not live on their proceeds 4 In 1585 he published La Galatea a conventional pastoral romance that received little contemporary notice despite promising to write a sequel he never did so 61 Aside from these and some poems by 1605 Cervantes had not been published for 20 years In Don Quixote he challenged a form of literature that had been a favourite for more than a century explicitly stating his purpose was to undermine vain and empty chivalric romances 62 His portrayal of real life and use of everyday speech in a literary context was considered innovative and proved instantly popular First published in January 1605 Don Quixote and Sancho Panza featured in masquerades held to celebrate the birth of Philip IV on 8 April 46 An illustration from Don Quijote by Dore He finally achieved a degree of financial security while its popularity led to demands for a sequel In the foreword to his 1613 work Novelas ejemplares dedicated to his patron the Count of Lemos Cervantes promises to produce one but was pre empted by an unauthorised version published in 1614 published under the name Alonso Fernandez de Avellaneda It is possible this delay was deliberate to ensure support from his publisher and reading public Cervantes finally produced the second part of Don Quixote in 1615 63 The two parts of Don Quixote are different in focus but similar in their clarity of prose and their realism The first was more comic and had greater popular appeal 64 The second part is often considered more sophisticated and complex with a greater depth of characterisation and philosophical insight 65 In addition to this he produced a series of works between 1613 and his death in 1616 They include a collection of tales titled Exemplary Novels This was followed by Viaje del Parnaso Eight Comedies and Eight New Interludes and Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda completed just before his death and published posthumously in January 1617 Cervantes was rediscovered by English writers in the mid 18th century The literary editor John Bowle argued that Cervantes was as significant as any of the Greek and Roman authors then popular and published an annotated edition in 1781 Now viewed as a significant work at the time it proved a failure 66 However Don Quixote has been translated into all major languages in 700 editions Mexican author Carlos Fuentes suggested that Cervantes and his contemporary William Shakespeare form part of a narrative tradition that includes Homer Dante Defoe Dickens Balzac and Joyce 67 Sigmund Freud claimed he learnt Spanish to read Cervantes in the original he particularly admired The Dialogue of the Dogs El coloquio de los perros from Exemplary Tales in which two dogs Cipion and Berganza share their stories as one talks the other listens occasionally making comments From 1871 to 1881 Freud and his close friend Eduard Silberstein wrote letters to each other using the pennames Cipion and Berganza 68 In 1905 the tricentennial of the publication of Don Quixote was marked with celebrations in Spain 69 the 400th anniversary of his death in 2016 saw the production of Cervantina a celebration of his plays by the Compania Nacional de Teatro Clasico in Madrid 70 The Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library the largest digital archive of Spanish language historical and literary works in the world is named after the author Man of La Mancha the popular musical play of 1965 was based on Don Quixote Bibliography Edit Original title page of Cervantes s La Galatea 1585 As listed in Complete Works of Miguel de Cervantes 71 La Galatea 1585 El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quixote de la Mancha 1605 First volume of Don Quixote Novelas ejemplares 1613 a collection of 12 short stories of varied types about the social political and historical problems of Cervantes s Spain La gitanilla The Gypsy Girl El amante liberal The Generous Lover Rinconete y Cortadillo Rinconete amp Cortadillo La espanola inglesa The English Spanish Lady El licenciado Vidriera The Lawyer of Glass La fuerza de la sangre The Power of Blood El celoso extremeno The Jealous Man From Extremadura 72 La ilustre fregona The Illustrious Kitchen Maid Novela de las dos doncellas The Novel of the Two Damsels Novela de la senora Cornelia The Novel of Lady Cornelia Novela del casamiento enganoso The Novel of the Deceitful Marriage El coloquio de los perros The Dialogue of the Dogs Segunda Parte del Ingenioso Cavallero sic Don Quixote de la Mancha 1615 Second volume of Don Quixote Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda 1617 Other works Edit Frontispiece of the Viaje 1614 Cervantes is generally considered a mediocre poet few of his poems survive Some appear in La Galatea while he also wrote Dos Canciones a la Armada Invencible His sonnets are considered his best work by whom particularly Al Tumulo del Rey Felipe en Sevilla Canto de Caliope and Epistola a Mateo Vazquez Viaje del Parnaso or Journey to Parnassus is his most ambitious verse work an allegory that consists largely of reviews of contemporary poets He published a number of dramatic works including ten extant full length plays Trato de Argel based on his own experiences deals with the life of Christian slaves in Algiers La Numancia intended as a patriotic work dramatization of the long and brutal siege of Numantia by Scipio Aemilianus completing the transformation of the Iberian peninsula into the Roman province Hispania or Espana El gallardo espanol 73 Los banos de Argel 74 La gran sultana Dona Catalina de Oviedo 75 La casa de los celos 76 El laberinto de amor 77 La entretenida 78 El rufian dichoso 79 Pedro de Urdemalas 80 a sensitive play about a picaro who joins a group of Gypsies for love of a girl He also wrote eight short farces entremeses El juez de los divorcios 81 El rufian viudo llamado Trampagos 82 La eleccion de los Alcaldes de Daganzo 83 La guarda cuidadosa 84 The Vigilant Sentinel 84 El vizcaino fingido 85 El retablo de las maravillas 86 La cueva de Salamanca El viejo celoso 87 The Jealous Old Man These plays and entremeses except for Trato de Argel and La Numancia made up Ocho Comedias y ocho entremeses nuevos nunca representados 88 Eight Comedies and Eight New Interludes Never Before Performed which appeared in 1615 citation needed The dates and order of composition of Cervantes s entremeses are unknown citation needed Faithful to the spirit of Lope de Rueda Cervantes endowed them with novelistic elements such as simplified plot the type of descriptions normally associated with a novel and character development Cervantes included some of his dramas among the works he was most satisfied with citation needed Influence EditFurther information List of works influenced by Don Quixote This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it January 2021 Places Edit Cervantes A municipality in the province of Lugo Galicia Spain but the name of the town is not based on Miguel de Cervantes nor is there any evidence tying him or his family to this town Cervantes A municipality in the province of Ilocos Sur Philippines Cervantes A township situated north of the Western Australian state capital Perth in Australia Television Edit Cervantes is a recurring character in the Spanish television show El ministerio del tiempo portrayed by actor Pere Ponce Cervantes played a prominent role in the episode Gentlemen of Spain of the TV series Sir Francis Drake 1961 1962 He was portrayed by the actor Nigel Davenport and the plot had him heroically rescuing other Christian captives from the Barbary pirates See also EditCasa de Cervantes Instituto Cervantes Miguel de Cervantes Prize Miguel de Cervantes European University Miguel de Cervantes Health Care Centre Miguel de Cervantes Liceum Miguel de Cervantes Memorial Miguel de Cervantes UniversityNotes Edit Although Cervantes himself claimed in his preface to Exemplary Novels that Jauregui did paint a portrait of the author el cual amigo bien pudiera como es uso y costubre grabarme y esculpirme en la primera hoja de este libro pues le diera mi retrato el famoso D Juan de Jauregui Milan Kundera John le Carre John Irving 8 Doris Lessing Salman Rushdie Nadine Gordimer Wole Soyinka Seamus Heaney Carlos Fuentes Norman Mailer and Astrid Lindgren 9 were among the authors polled In the Preface to Volume 2 of Don Quixote he writes the loss of my hand came about on the grandest occasion the past or present has seen or the future can hope to see If my wounds have no beauty to the beholder s eye they are at least honorable in the estimation of those who know where they were received 27 According to scholar Nicolas Marin No hay ocasion en que Cervantes no se elogie bien que excusandose por salir de los limites de su natural modestia tantas veces ocurre esto que no es posible verla nunca ni creer en ella There is no occasion in which Cervantes does not praise himself even if he excuses himself for going beyond the limits of his natural modesty this happens so many times that it is never possible to see it or believe in it 30 References EditCitations Edit Chacon y Calvo Jose Maria 1947 1948 Retratos de Cervantes Anales de la Academia Nacional de Artes y Letras in Spanish 27 5 17 Ferrari Enrique Lafuente 1948 La novela ejemplar de los retratos de Cervantes in Spanish Madrid Armstrong Richard Time Out of Joint Engines of Our Ingenuity Lienhard John host producer Retrieved 9 December 2019 via UH edu a b McCrory 2006 p 112 de Riquer Morera Martin Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra Diccionario biografico Espana in Spanish Real Academia de la Historia Bloom Harold 13 December 2003 The knight in the mirror The Guardian Retrieved 5 July 2019 Puchau de Lecea Ana Vicente Perez de Leon 25 June 2018 Guide to the classics Don Quixote the world s first modern novel and one of the best The Conversation Retrieved 1 July 2020 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b c Don Quixote gets authors votes BBC News 7 May 2002 Retrieved 3 January 2010 a b Chrisafis Angelique 21 July 2003 Don Quixote is the world s best book say the world s top authors The Guardian London Retrieved 13 October 2012 Diego Gerardo La lengua de Cervantes PDF in Spanish Ministerio de la Presidencia de Espana Archived from the original PDF on 3 October 2008 Retrieved 14 September 2008 a b Garces 2002 p 189 Iglesias Amalia 17 November 2016 Luce Lopez Baralt Ante el Quijote y San Juan de la Cruz siento el vertigo de asomarme a un abismo sin fin abc Byron 1978 p 32 Lokos 2016 p 116 Encyclopaedia Judaica 2008 Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra jewishvirtuallibrary Cascardi Anthony J 2008 The Cambridge Companion to Cervantes Cambridge University Press Cambridge UK p 4 McCrory 2006 p 35 McCrory 2006 p 34 McCrory 2006 p 36 Egginton 2016 p 23 McCrory 2006 pp 40 41 McCrory 2006 p 48 Lokos 2016 p 118 McCrory 2006 p 50 a b McCrory 2006 p 52 Davis 1999 p 199 Cervantes 1615 p 20 McCrory 2006 p 58 a b c Ma 2017 p 99 Marin Nicolas 1973 Belardo furioso Una de Lope mal leida Anales Cervantinos 12 21 ISSN 0569 9878 via Cervantes Virtual Eisenberg 1996 pp 32 53 Fitzmaurice Kelly 1892 p 33 McCrory 2006 p 60 Garces 2002 pp 191 192 220 McCrory 2006 p 63 Fitzmaurice Kelly 1892 p 41 McCrory 2006 pp 65 68 78 Eren Guleren June 2006 The Heritage of A Sailor Beyoglu no 3 pp 59 64 Bayrak M Orhan 1994 Turkiye Tarihi Yerler Kilavuzu Istanbul Inkilap Kitabevi pp 326 327 ISBN 975 10 0705 4 Sumner Boyd Hilary Freely John 1994 Strolling Through Istanbul A Guide to the City 6 ed Istanbul SEV Matbaacilik pp 450 451 ISBN 975 8176 44 7 Glete 2001 p 84 Parker amp Parker 2009 p McCrory 2006 pp 100 101 McCrory 2006 pp 115 116 McCrory 2006 p 113 a b McCrory 2006 p 206 Close 2008 p 12 Fitzmaurice Kelly 1892 p 179 McCrory 2006 p 264 Miguel de Cervantes Biography life family children name story death history wife son book Notablebiographies com Retrieved 3 February 2012 Tremlett Giles 25 July 2011 Madrid begins search for bones of Don Quixote author Miguel de Cervantes Books The Guardian Retrieved 18 March 2014 Casket find could lead to remains of Don Quixote author Miguel de Cervantes Books The Guardian Agence France Presse Retrieved 17 March 2015 Spain finds Don Quixote writer Cervantes tomb in Madrid BBC News 17 March 2015 Retrieved 17 March 2015 Giles Ciaran 11 June 2015 Spain formally buries Cervantes 400 years later Associated Press Archived from the original on 13 June 2015 Retrieved 11 June 2015 Byron 1978 p 131 Portrait of a Gentleman Museo del Prado in Spanish Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte Gobierno de Espana Retrieved 25 June 2013 Portrait of a Nobleman with his Hand on his Chest artehistoria com www artehistoria com a b c Ruiz L 2008 El caballero de la mano en el pecho En El retrato del Renacimiento Madrid Museo Nacional del Prado pp 326 327 Museo del Prado Retrieved 12 December 2022 Programa Europa Cervantes Fabrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre in Spanish Real Casa de la Moneda 2013 Archived from the original on 29 June 2013 Retrieved 25 June 2013 Euro notes and coins national sides European Commission 8 January 2010 Archived from the original on 7 February 2010 Retrieved 25 June 2013 McCrory 2006 pp 110 111 Close 2008 p 39 McCrory 2006 pp 234 235 Mitsuo amp Cullen 2006 pp 148 152 Putnam 1976 p 14 Truman 2003 pp 9 31 Fuentes 1988 p 69 70 Riley 1994 pp 13 14 Leerssen J Rigney A 2014 Commemorating Writers in Nineteenth Century Europe Nation Building and Centenary Fever Springer p 207 ISBN 978 1 137 41214 0 Cervantina de Compania Nacional de Teatro Clasico y Ron Lala www centroculturalmva es in Spanish 19 April 2020 Retrieved 19 April 2020 Sevilla Arroyo Florencio Rey Hazas Antonio eds 1995 OBRAS COMPLETAS de Miguel de Cervantes Complete Works of Miguel de Cervantes Centro de Estudios Cervantinos via Proyecto Cervantes Texas A amp M University Riley Edward C Cruz Anne J Miguel de Cervantes at the Encyclopaedia Britannica Comedia Famosa del Gallardo Espanol Pagina de inicio del web de Cervantes in Spanish Retrieved 19 April 2020 Los Banos de Argel PDF miguelde cervantes com La Gran Sultana PDF miguelde cervantes com Retrieved 10 December 2019 La casa PDF miguelde cervantes com Retrieved 10 December 2019 El Laberinto PDF miguelde cervantes com Retrieved 10 December 2019 La Entretenida PDF miguelde cervantes com Retrieved 10 December 2019 Ocho comedias y ocho entremeses El rufian dichoso cervantes tamu edu Pedro Urdamles PDF miguelde cervantes com Retrieved 10 December 2019 Entremes el Juez de los Divorcios cervantes uah es El Rufian Viudo Llamado Trampagos comedias org Daganzo PDF miguelde cervantes com Retrieved 10 December 2019 a b Info PDF biblioteca org ar Retrieved 10 December 2019 Entremes Del Vizcaino Fingido cervantes uah es Entremes Del Retablo de las Maravillas cervantes uah es Entremes Del Viejo Celoso cervantes uah es Ocho comedias y ocho entremeses cervantes tamu edu Sources Edit Byron William 1978 Cervantes A Biography London Cassell ISBN 978 1 55778 006 5 Cervantes Miguel de 1615 The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha Translated by Ormsby John 2015 ed Aegitas ISBN 978 5 00064 159 0 Cervantes Miguel de 1613 Novelas ejemplares The Exemplary Novels of Cervantes Translated by Kelly Walter K 2017 ed Pinnacle Books ISBN 978 1374957275 Chacon y Calvo Jose Maria 1947 1948 Retratos de Cervantes Anales de la Academia Nacional de Artes y Letras in Spanish 27 5 17 Close A J 2008 A Companion to Don Quixote Boydell amp Brewer Ltd ISBN 978 1 85566 170 7 Davis Paul K 1999 100 Decisive Battles From Ancient Times to the Present Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19514 366 9 Egginton William 2016 The Man Who Invented Fiction How Cervantes Ushered in the Modern World US Bloomsbury ISBN 978 1620401750 Eisenberg Daniel 2004 La supuesta homosexualidad de Cervantes Siglos dorados homenaje a Augustin Redondo Vol 1 Madrid Castalia ISBN 84 9740 100 X Eisenberg Daniel 1996 Cervantes autor de la Topografia e historia general de Argel publicada por Diego de Haedo Cervantes Bulletin of the Cervantes Society of America 16 1 Fitzmaurice Kelly James 1892 The Life of Cervantes Chapman Hall Fuentes Carlos 1988 Myself with Others Selected Essays Farrar Straus Giroux ISBN 978 0374217501 Garces Maria Antonia 2002 Cervantes in Algiers A Captive s Tale Vanderbilt University Press ISBN 978 0826514066 Glete Jan 2001 War and the State in Early Modern Europe Spain the Dutch Republic and Sweden as Fiscal Military States Warfare and History Routledge ISBN 978 0415226448 Lokos Ellen 2016 Cruz Anne J Johnson Carroll B eds The Politics of Identity and the Enigma of Cervantine Genealogy inCervantes and His Postmodern Constituencies Routledge ISBN 978 1138864412 Ma Ning 2017 The Age of Silver The Rise of the Novel East and West US OUP ISBN 978 0190606565 McCrory Donald P 2006 No Ordinary Man The Life and Times of Miguel de Cervantes Dover Publishing ISBN 978 0486453613 Mitsuo Nakamura Cullen Jennifer December 2006 On Don Quixote Review of Japanese Culture and Society 18 East and West 147 156 JSTOR 42800232 Parker Barbara Keevil Parker Duane F 2009 Miguel de Cervantes Infobase Publishing ISBN 978 1 4381 0685 4 Putnam Samuel 1976 Introduction to The Portable Cervantes Harmondsworth Penguin ISBN 978 0 14 015057 5 Riley E C 1994 Cipion Writes to Berganza in the Freudian Academia Espanola Cervantes Bulletin of the Cervantes Society of America 14 1 Truman R W 2003 The Rev John Bowle s Quixotic Woes Further Explored Cervantes Bulletin of the Cervantes Society of America 23 1 Further reading EditBloom Harold ed 2001 Cervantes s Don Quixote Modern Critical Interpretations Bloom Harold ed 2005 Miguel de Cervantes Modern Critical Views Cascardi Anthony J ed 2002 The Cambridge Companion to Cervantes El Saffar Ruth S ed 1986 Critical Essays on Cervantes Boston G K Hall Gonzalez Echevarria Roberto ed 2005 Cervantes Don Quixote A Casebook Nelson Lowry 1969 Cervantes A Collection of Critical Essays Englewood Cliffs N J Prentice Hall Perez Rolando 2016 What is Don Quijote Don Quixote And And And the Disjunctive Synthesis of Cervantes and Kathy Acker Cervantes ilimitado cuatrocientos anos del Quijote Ed Nuria Morgado ALDEEU 75 100 Perez Rolando 2021 Cervantes s Republic On Representation Imitation and Unreason eHumanista 47 89 111 Vazquez Montalban Manuel and Willi Glasauer 1988 Scenes from World Literature and Portraits of Greatest Authors Circulo de Lectores Weber Olivier Flammarion 2011 Le Barbaresque External links EditWorks by Miguel de Cervantes in eBook form at Standard Ebooks Works by or about Miguel de Cervantes at Internet Archive Works by Miguel de Cervantes at LibriVox public domain audiobooks Giles Ciaran 11 June 2015 Spain formally buries Cervantes 400 years later Associated Press Archived from the original on 13 June 2015 Retrieved 11 June 2015 Casket find could lead to remains of Don Quixote author Miguel de Cervantes Books The Guardian Agence France Presse Retrieved 17 March 2015 Euro notes and coins national sides European Commission 8 January 2010 Archived from the original on 7 February 2010 Retrieved 25 June 2013 Portrait of a Gentleman Museo del Prado in Spanish Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte Gobierno de Espana Retrieved 25 June 2013 Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes Spanish web site with multiple Cervantes links and audio of whole of Don Quixote Famous Hispanics The Cervantes Project with biographies and chronology Information about Miguel de Cervantes Cervantine Collection of the Biblioteca de Catalunya Archived 12 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine Miguel de Cervantes 1547 1616 Life and Portrait The Cervantes Project Canavaggio Jean Cervantes s Birthplace Museum Miguel de Cervantes Collection From the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the Library of Congress Cervantes s short biography in Spanish PDF Cervantes chatbot in Spanish Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Miguel de Cervantes amp oldid 1144183782, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.