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World food crises (2022–present)

April 11, 2024

During 2022 and 2023 there were food crises in several regions as indicated by rising food prices. In 2022, the world experienced significant food price inflation along with major food shortages in several regions. Sub-Saharan Africa, Iran, Sri Lanka, Sudan and Iraq were most affected.[1][2][3] Prices of wheat, maize, oil seeds, bread, pasta, flour, cooking oil, sugar, egg, chickpea and meat increased.[4][5][6] Causes included disruption of supply chains due to the COVID–19 pandemic, an energy crisis (2021–2023 global energy crisis), the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and significant floods and heatwaves in 2021 which destroyed key crops in the Americas and Europe.[7] Droughts were also a factor; in early 2022, some areas of Spain and Portugal lost 60-80% of their crops due to widespread drought.[8]

  Food Price Index
  Oils
  Cereals
  Dairy
  Meat
  Sugar
Fertilizer prices 1992–2022. The 2007–2008 world food crisis happened when fertilizer prices spiked.
  DAP
  Potassium chloride
  Phosphorite
  Triple superphosphate
  Urea
Commodity prices
  Soybeans
  Wheat
  Maize
  Copper

Even before the Russian invasion of Ukraine, food prices were already record high. 82 million East Africans and 42 million West Africans faced acute food insecurity in 2021.[9] By the end of 2022, more than 8 million Somalis were in need of food assistance.[10] The Food and Agriculture Organization had reported 20% yearly food price increases in February 2022.[11] The war further pushed this increase to 40% in March 2022 but was reduced to 18% by January 2023.[5] Nevertheless, FAO warns that inflation of food prices will continue in many countries.[12]

Increased fuel and transport prices have worsened the complexity of food distribution. Before the Russian invasion, Ukraine was the fourth-largest exporter of corn and wheat. Since then, the Russian invasion crippled supplies. This has resulted in inflation and scarcity of these commodities in dependent countries.[13] In addition, the effects of climate change on agriculture has reduced global food reserves.[14]

This caused food riots and famine in different countries.[15][16][17][18] Furthermore,[failed verification] China acquired 50% of the world supply of wheat, 60% of rice, and 69% of corn stockpiles in the first half of 2022.[19][better source needed] The United States increased its farm production by April 2022, also contributing $215 million in development assistance plus $320 million for the Horn of Africa.[20] Germany commenced a plan to ban biofuels produced from food crops by 2030.[21] A grain agreement was signed by Russia, Ukraine, Turkey and the United Nations to open Ukrainian ports.[22] This resulted in grain shipment by 27 vessels from Ukraine between June and August 2022 which stalled in October and then resumed in November 2022.[23] In addition, the World Bank announced a new $12 billion fund to address the food crises.[24][25]

The World Economic Forum's Global Risks Report 2023 described food supply crises as an ongoing global risk.[26] The Russian invasion of Ukraine, as well as climate-related crop failures, result in more hunger and malnutrition globally.[27] Even Global North countries known for stable food supplies have been impacted.[28] Analysts described this inflation as the worst since the 2007–2008 world food price crisis.[5] The international responses have not had much successes as of January 2023.[29] But in early 2024, the FAO reported a return to more moderate commodities market prices.[30][31] Moreover, the World Economic Forum's 2024 Global Risks Report showed significantly less concern from experts but the report still highlights a risk of the Israel–Hamas war and the return of El Niño.[32] Both of these events could disrupt supply chains again.[32]

Price increases by region edit

 
2022 Peruvian protests due to increased food and fuel prices
 
2022 Ecuadorian protests against the economic policies of Ecuadorian president Guillermo Lasso, triggered by increasing fuel and food prices

The price rises affected parts of Asia, Africa and Latin America particularly severely with Iran,[1] Sri Lanka,[2] Sudan,[3] and Iraq[33] seeing protests and food riots. Other countries that have seen food riots or are facing related unrest are Albania,[15] Kenya,[16] Indonesia,[34] Peru,[17] Ecuador,[35] Panama,[36] Argentina,[37] Tunisia, and Lebanon.[38]

Africa and MENA edit

Price increases for certain staples, such as wheat, were expected to most severely affect countries like Egypt, Turkey, and Somalia in MENA and East Africa, which rely heavily on wheat imports from Ukraine and Russia.[5] This is expected to further hurt prices in regional food markets, such as Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, and South Sudan.[5]

The changes in the food market caused by the invasion of Ukraine further exacerbated existing drought problems in the already vulnerable Horn of Africa.[39] In February, the World Food Programme (WFP) and UNICEF had already projected nutrition and hunger gaps for thirteen million people in East Africa.[40] By March, the UN had expanded that number to 20 million people.[41]

Iran edit

This section is an excerpt from 2022 Iranian food protests.[edit]

In May 2022, ongoing protests in Iran escalated into nationwide civil unrest[42] as a result of government price hikes on staple foods including bread and pasta.[43][44] The protests were part of a countrywide wave of protests beginning in July 2021. Protests were initially concentrated in the water-stricken province of Khuzestan,[45] but rapidly spread nationwide. Authorities responded by declaring riot control action[46] and blocking internet access.[47]

Prior to the start of the demonstrations, preceding and during International Workers' Day on 1 May, Iran preemptively detained 38 teachers[48] in order to stymie planned nationwide protests during National Teachers' Day on 2 May. Workers' protests had increased over the past year as the result of a deterioration in living conditions caused by the re-imposition of US sanctions against Iran during the administration of Donald Trump and the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.[49] After the Iranian government ended subsidies for imported wheat, the price of flour soared by around 500%,[50] exacerbating current inflation, which hovered around 50%.[51]

The protests, beginning on 6 May in Khuzestan,[52] were initially associated with the rising cost of living. However, they rapidly escalated into anti-Mullah demonstrations. Ranchers in at least 10 cities allegedly staged demonstrations at offices of the Iranian Agricultural Ministry, with pensioners participating in similar demonstrations.[45] Large scale demonstrations reportedly broke out in the city of Dezful,[45] and reportedly spread into the cities of Khafajia, Hawizeh, and Shiraz.[53]

Syria edit

Further information: 2023 Syrian protests

The United Nations reported that 90% of the country's population lives in poverty, and that more than half is food insecure.[54][55]

West Africa edit

Further information: 2022 Sierra Leone protests

Oxfam, ALIMA and Save the Children warned that the food crises in West Africa could affect 27 million people, especially in Burkina Faso, Niger, Chad, Mali, and Nigeria.[56]

During a visit in Nigeria, the Secretary-General of the United Nations voiced concerns over the war exacerbating the crises of food, energy, and economies in Africa as a whole.[6]

On 2 June 2022, Chad declared a national food emergency.[57]

Kenya edit

Northern Kenya experienced the worst drought in 40 years that left 4.4 million people acutely food insecure, with 1.2 million facing emergency hunger levels.[58][59] The U.N. Development Program said rising food and energy prices caused by Covid-19 and the Russian war in Ukraine hit Sub-Saharan Africa hardest. Kenyan chapati makers are shrinking the size of their dough balls to make ends meet.[60]

Yemen edit

Further information: Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen

The main cause of the famine in Yemen is the ongoing Yemeni Civil War. Aid often cannot effectively reach the population because of the blockade of Yemen by Saudi Arabia which started in 2015.[61][62] 17.4 million do not have enough food and malnutrition levels in Yemen are among the highest in the world.[63]

Tunisia

By May 2022, wheat prices in Tunisia had risen to over $430 per tonne, more than double the cost from 2021 due to supply interruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Tunisia imports over 95% of the soft wheat used in its bread, increasing its purchases by $250 million in 2022.[64][65][66]

Asia edit

Bangladesh edit

International Monetary Fund (IMF) forecasted Consumer Price Index (CPI) in Bangladesh to rise to 5.9% by the year 2022. The price of cooking oil, sugar, eggs and chickpeas increased sharply, which contributed a great deal to the inflation. According to the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, general inflation climbed to 6.17% by February 2022. Government officials link local prices to the global market situation and necessary stepstaken to stabilize price hikes due to these conditions. Experts see government failure behind the price hikes, with Russia's invasion of Ukraine pressuring inflationary tendencies further. Before the invasion of Ukraine, 95% of the cooking oil in Bangladesh was imported from overseas. The price of cooking oil per barrel was $700 then, it went up to $1,940 prior to the invasion. The price of liquified petroleum gas (LPG) also increased 12% by March.[67][68] Overall gouging of food prices resulted in largescale protests in the country.

Afghanistan edit

Following the Taliban takeover, western nations suspended humanitarian aid and the World Bank and IMF also halted payments to Afghanistan.[69][70] The Biden administration froze about $9 billion in assets belonging to the Afghan central bank, blocking the Taliban from accessing billions of dollars held in US bank accounts.[71] In October 2021, the UN stated that more than half of Afghanistan's 39 million people faced an acute food shortage.[72]

The price increases connected to Russia's invasion of Ukraine may worsen the economic crises in Afghanistan that followed the US withdrawal.[73] According to the UN, $4.4bn is needed to pay for increased food costs,[74] with human rights experts calling on the US to unblock assets of the Afghan central bank to ease humanitarian crisis.[75]

India edit

Further information: 2022 Indian heat wave

Six out of every 10 Indians are dependent on state-delivered subsidised food. Though early reporting and government policy after the price increases following the war in Ukraine for wheat suggested India was well positioned to export more wheat, by end of April a heatwave that is projected to decrease harvests, increasing local prices, and fertilizer price increases projected a shortfall rather than an export-friendly market.[76] The decrease in harvests was largely driven by the 2022 Indian heat wave which is expected to severely reduce the wheat harvest, killing the plants during the final weeks where they are usually growing.[77]

On 13 May 2022, India, the world's second largest producer of wheat,[78] prohibited wheat exports.[79] IMF chief Kristalina Georgieva urged India to reconsider its ban on wheat exports.[80]

On 20 July 2023, India's government announced that it would stop exporting the widely consumed non-basmati white rice.[81][82] On 25 August 2023, India imposed a 20 percent duty on exports of parboiled rice.[83]

Pakistan edit

Agricultural fields in Pakistan were devastated by the 2022 Pakistan floods.[84] The immediate causes of the floods were heavier than usual monsoon rains and melting glaciers[85] that followed a severe heat wave, both of which are linked to climate change.

Indonesia edit

Extreme price increases for cooking oil sparked student protests and other civil unrest. The national government of Indonesia banned export of palm oil.[86] As Indonesia is the largest producer of palm oil, and with a harvest decline in the second largest producer and neighbor Malaysia, the ban has caused severe global supply chain disruptions and further exacerbated the price increases caused by the loss of Russian and Ukrainian oil exports and failures of soy crops in South America.[86] Following protests by palm farmers, the ban was lifted in late May after being in effect for around three weeks.[87]

Sri Lanka edit

Sri Lanka was much more harshly affected by the food crisis as it was already facing mass man-made crop failures due to a total ban on chemical fertilizer by President Gotabaya Rajapaksa, resulting in rice production in Sri Lanka falling by 40–50%, while other crops also suffered large losses with some even reaching 70% loss even before it was affected by the Russian crisis. The 2022 Sri Lankan protests escalated in part due to food shortages and post-COVID-19 pandemic inflation. By the time government reversed the ban on chemical fertilizer the Russian invasion of Ukraine had caused fertilizer prices to rise making it unaffordable for Sri Lanka which had defaulted on its loans after nearly running out of forex reserves.[88] On 9 May, Sri Lankan Prime Minister Mahinda Rajapaksa resigned from his position after protests on the country's economic crisis turned violent.[89][90][91]

Europe edit

Further information: 2022 Europe inflation protests

Europe's energy crisis and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine caused significant price increases for European fertilizer and food industries.[92][93] According to Julia Meehan, the head of fertilizers for the commodity price firm ICIS, "We are seeing record prices for every fertilizer type, which are all way above the previous highs in 2008. It's very, very serious. People don't realize that 50% of the world's food relies on fertilizers."[94]

In 2022, Europe's driest summer in 500 years had a negative impact on European agricultural production.[95][96][97]

United Kingdom edit

Starting on 21 February 2023, supermarkets in the United Kingdom, such as Asda, Morrisons and Tesco, began rationing fruit and vegetables.[98] The Telegraph gave the cause as "poor foreign harvests and a domestic farming crisis".[99] The shortages were expected to last several weeks, and in a YouGov poll, 61% of UK respondents said they had personally noticed or experienced food shortages in their local shop or supermarket during mid-to-late February.[100] Research from Kantar showed grocery price inflation hit its highest level since records began in 2008, with food inflation reaching 17.1% in February.[101]

North America edit

North America was already experiencing significant shortfalls and supply chain issues connected to the 2020–2023 North American drought and the 2021–2023 global supply chain crisis.[5] The supply chain crisis was also one factor in infant formula shortages in the US.

Haiti edit

Main article: 2022 Haitian crisis

Along with protests and civil unrest against the government of Haiti in response to rising energy prices and the rising cost of living, as well as armed gang violence and an outbreak of cholera, Haiti is experiencing widespread acute hunger. On 14 October 2022, the WFP reported that a record 4.7 million people (almost half of the country's population) are currently facing acute hunger in Haiti;[102][103] using the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) scale, the WFP classified 19,000 of those people as belonging to the fifth and highest level on the scale, the "Catastrophe" phase (IPC 5).[102][103]

South America edit

Further information: 2022 Ecuadorian protests and 2022 Panamanian protests

Chile edit

The 2022 food crises have added to the mounting inflation in Chile has experienced since 2020. Measured by the change in the Índice de Precios al Consumidor, the (IPC) in March 2022 relative to March 2021 indicated an inflation rate of 1.9%, the highest known since October 1993.[104] Bread and meat prices increased as well as those of food in general.[104] Cooking oil prices have risen, with a particular brand at a Santiago supermarket experiencing a 90% price increase from April 2021 to April 2022.[105]

The inflation in food prices is thought to be behind an increasing number of supermarket credit cards issued in 2022 as well as increasing rates of supermarket credit card debt default.[105] In April 2022, President Gabriel Boric announced a $3.7 billion economic recovery plan that included an increase in the minimum wage to help people deal with rising prices.[106] Supermarkets belonging to Cencosud begun rationing cooking oil, rice and flour in late April.[107]

Argentina edit

In May 2021, Argentina banned all meat exports to curb inflation.[108]

Causes edit

Further information: Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic, 2021–2023 global supply chain crisis, 2021–2023 inflation surge, and 2021–2023 global energy crisis

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted food supply chains around the world, disrupting distribution channels at the consumption and distribution stages of the food industry. A rise in fuel and transport prices further increased the complexity of distribution as food competed with other goods. At the same time, significant floods and heatwaves in 2021 destroyed key crops in the Americas and Europe.[7]

Energy crisis edit

 
Natural gas prices in Europe and United States
  National Balancing Point NBP (UK) natural gas prices
  Europe TTF natural gas prices
  United States Henry Hub natural gas prices
Further information: 2007–2008 world food price crisis, Peak oil, and Food vs. fuel

Natural gas is a major feedstock for the production of ammonia, via the Haber process, for use in fertilizer production.[109] The development of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer has significantly supported global population growth — it has been estimated that almost half the people on the Earth are currently fed as a result of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer use.[110]

Since 2021, the 2021–2023 global energy crisis has spread to the fertilizer and food industries.[111][112][113][114] According to Julia Meehan, the head of fertilizers for the commodity price agency ICIS, "We are seeing record prices for every fertiliser type, which are all way above the previous highs in 2008. It's very, very serious. People don't realise that 50% of the world's food relies on fertilisers."[115] The impact of agricultural input costs, including fertilizer and fuels, on food prices has been shown to be larger than the effect of the curtailment of food exports from Russia and Ukraine.[116]

Russian invasion of Ukraine edit

See also: 2022 Russian theft of Ukrainian grain
 
Russian President Vladimir Putin met with the President of the African Union, Macky Sall, to discuss grain deliveries from Russia and Ukraine to Africa, 3 June 2022
 
Foreign Minister of Ukraine Dmytro Kuleba met with the Director-General of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Qu Dongyu, to discuss technical support to facilitate Ukraine's food exports, 26 April 2023
 
Member of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine carrying an unexploded Russian bomb in an agricultural field in southeastern Ukraine, 1 July 2022. The Russian invasion of Ukraine disrupted all parts of the grain agriculture and grain trade from Ukraine, further stressing a global supply chain that had already been seeing major price increases.

From February 2 to April 1, Russia banned the export of ammonium nitrate (AN) to guarantee supplies for domestic farmers following the spike in global fertilizer prices, which were impacted by rising costs for natural gas.[117][118] The conflict has affected virtually all economies, however, the most affected economies are in Europe and Africa. Most of these economies have explored to find alternative food supply chain partners and solutions in North America, South America, the Middle East, Australasia, and some regions of Asia and Africa that have been less affected by this conflict.[118]

This section is an excerpt from Economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine § Cost of food and crops.[edit]
 
A burning wheat field near Andriivka, Kharkiv Oblast after Russian shelling on 5 July 2022

Wheat prices surged to their highest prices since 2008 in response to the 2022 attacks.[119] Ukraine accounted for 10% of global wheat exports.[120] At the time of the invasion, Ukraine was the fourth-largest exporter of corn and wheat, and the world's largest exporter of sunflower oil, with Russia and Ukraine together responsible for 27% of the world's wheat exports and 53% of the world's sunflowers and seeds.[121] The head of the World Food Programme, David Beasley, warned in March that the war in Ukraine could take the global food crisis to "levels beyond anything we've seen before".[122]

A potential disruption to global wheat supplies could exacerbate the ongoing hunger crisis in Yemen,[123] Afghanistan[124][125] and East Africa.[126] The American Bakers Association president warned that the price of anything made with grain would begin rising as all the grain markets are interrelated. The chief agricultural economist for Wells Fargo stated that Ukraine will likely be severely limited in their ability to plant crops in spring 2022 and lose an agricultural year, while an embargo on Russian crops would create more inflation of food prices. Recovering crop production capabilities may take years even after fighting has stopped.[127]

Surging wheat prices resulting from the conflict have strained African countries such as Egypt, which are highly dependent upon Russian and Ukrainian wheat exports, and have provoked fears of social unrest.[128] At least 25 African countries import a third of their wheat from Russia and Ukraine, and 15 of them import more than half from those two countries.[129] On 24 February, the Chinese government announced that it would drop all restrictions on Russian wheat as part of an agreement that had been reached earlier in February;[130] the South China Morning Post called this a potential "lifeline" for the Russian economy.[131]

Effects of climate change edit

Main article: Effects of climate change on agriculture

Multiple heat, flooding, and drought events between 2020 and 2022 significantly hurt global food supplies and reserves. These weather events, which have been connected with climate change, made the food system less resilient to shocks like the war in Ukraine. Global reserves of wheat were extremely low at the beginning of 2022 because of these weather events.[132] During the year 2022, many similar events connected to climate change continue to severely reduce agriculture production in the world.[14]

This section is an excerpt from Effects of climate change on agriculture.[edit]

There are numerous effects of climate change on agriculture, many of which are making it harder for agricultural activities to provide global food security. Rising temperatures and changing weather patterns often result in lower crop yields due to water scarcity caused by drought, heat waves and flooding.[133] These effects of climate change can also increase the risk of several regions suffering simultaneous crop failures. Currently this risk is regarded as rare but if these simultaneous crop failures did happen they would have significant consequences for the global food supply.[134][135] Many pests and plant diseases are also expected to either become more prevalent or to spread to new regions. The world's livestock are also expected to be affected by many of the same issues, from greater heat stress to animal feed shortfalls and the spread of parasites and vector-borne diseases.[133]: 746 

The increased atmospheric CO2 level from human activities (mainly burning of fossil fuels) causes a CO2 fertilisation effect. This effect offsets a small portion of the detrimental effects of climate change on agriculture. However, it comes at the expense of lower levels of essential micronutrients in the crops.[133]: 717  Furthermore, CO2 fertilisation has little effect on C4 crops like maize.[136] On the coasts, some agricultural land is expected to be lost to sea level rise, while melting glaciers could result in less irrigation water being available.[137] On the other hand, more arable land may become available as frozen land thaws. Other effects include erosion and changes in soil fertility and the length of growing seasons. Also, bacteria like Salmonella and fungi that produce mycotoxin grow faster as the climate warms. Their growth has negative effects on food safety, food loss and prices.[133]

There has been extensive research on the effects of climate change on individual crops, particularly on the four staple crops: corn (maize), rice, wheat and soybeans. These crops are responsible for around two-thirds of all calories consumed by humans (both directly and indirectly as animal feed).[138] The research investigates important uncertainties, for example future population growth, which will increase global food demand for the foreseeable future.[139] The future degree of soil erosion and groundwater depletion are further uncertainties. On the other hand, a range of improvements to agricultural yields, collectively known as the Green Revolution, has increased yields per unit of land area by between 250% and 300% since the 1960. Some of that progress will likely continue.[133]: 727 

Researchers have proposed gene editing as a solution,[140] a technology with the potential to alleviate global food shortages by enhancing crop yields and increasing the resilience of crops to unpredictable climate fluctuations.

Drought in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) edit

Further information: Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa

Climate change in Iraq is leading to increasing water scarcity which will likely have serious implications for the country for years to come.[141] Additionally, Iraq's water security is based on the declining Tigris–Euphrates river system.[142]

East African drought edit

Further information: 2021 Somali drought, Famine in northern Ethiopia (2020–present), and 2020–2023 Horn of Africa drought
 
Famine Early Warning System's map of the region between October 2022 and January 2023

A drought in East Africa began in 2021 and further intensified in 2022, precipitated in part by the oncoming La Niña in 2022.[39][143] Three rainy seasons failed in the Horn of Africa, destroying crops and killing large herds of livestock.[39] In Somalia, five rainy seasons have failed, Kenya and Sudan were also strongly affected.[14] The UN identified 20 million people at risk of famine.[39] Both wildlife and livestock have been killed by the drought.[39] The region is especially vulnerable because an extreme wet season caused the 2019–2022 locust infestation, which destroyed large regions of crops.[39]

By early October 2021, nearly a year after the Tigray War started, Mark Lowcock, who led OCHA during part of the Tigray War, stated that the Ethiopian federal government was deliberately starving Tigray, "running a sophisticated campaign to stop aid getting in" and that there was "not just an attempt to starve six million people but an attempt to cover up what's going on."[144]

82 million East Africans and 42 million West Africans faced acute food insecurity in 2021.[145]

By the end of 2022, more than 8 million Somalis were in need of food assistance – roughly half of Somalia's population.[146][147] The rainy season of 2022 was recorded to be the driest in over 40 years,[148][149] with an estimated 43,000 in Somalia dying in 2022.[150]

Madagascar drought edit

Further information: 2021–2022 Madagascar famine

In mid-2021, a severe drought in southern Madagascar caused hundreds of thousands of people to suffer from food insecurity.[151][152] In October 2022, UNICEF contributed with $23 million for children suffering from the famine,[18] with a third of the population suffering from the disaster, according to researchers cited by the Financial Times.[153]

North American heatwave and drought edit

Further information: 2021 Western North America heat wave, 2023 Canadian drought, and 2020–2023 North American drought

Drought significantly reduced harvests in North America including the United States which produces a quarter of the world grains. The years from 2020 to 2021 were the driest in centuries in North America. The production of crops in the Midwest declined by 20% in this period.[14]

European extreme weather edit

Further information: 2022 European drought

Droughts in Spain and Portugal during early 2022 led to 60-80% loss predictions for crops in some areas.[8] The huge amount of precipitation in March and early April 2022 in mainland Spain provided relief but did not fully revert the ongoing meteorological drought.[154] Fruit crops in most of Europe were damaged by a cold wave that caused freezing rain, frost, and snow during early budding, after a period of unseasonably early warm weather.[155]

Additional drought in Italy, has reduced the flow of fresh water near the Po river, which is responsible for 40% of crop production in the country. Salt water intrusion is expected to greatly reduce the viability of crop production in areas near the delta.[156]

In February 2023, the UK Government called the major supermarket bosses to discuss on filling the salads restock. As country is entering the pick shortage in third week. Some biggest Britain's grocery shops, Tesco (TSCO.L), Asda, Morrisons and Aldi, restricted the supply of cucumber, tomatoes and peppers to customers, due to unreasonable weather conditions, which brought shortage in supplies from southern Europe and North Africa. The crisis worsened due to less winter production in greenhouse of Britain and the Netherlands effected due to high energy cost. Both factors affected the shortage of food in Britain Supermarket.[157][158][159]

South Asian heat wave edit

This section is an excerpt from 2022 India–Pakistan heat wave § Impact on agriculture.[edit]

During the 2022 food crises, India began taking steps to export more rice and wheat, in part to fill the gaps created by the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[160] However, the heatwave caused increasing local prices and lower supply, issues also exacerbated by the war increasing fertilizer prices.[161] The heat wave occurred mostly during the final weeks of the wheat growing season, killing the plants shortly before harvest.[162][163]

The heatwave strongly impacted agriculture in India. At the same time early rainfall in India was 71% lower than the norm. In Punjab, the main crop producer in India, 15% of the harvest was lost and in some regions even 30%.[164] The heatwave caused a reverse in policy by Indian government, from trying to import to address the crises, to halting exports.[165]

The heatwave has also severely impacted peach and apple harvests in Balochistan.[166]

Southern Cone heat wave edit

Further information: 2022 Southern Cone heat wave

A heatwave that deeply affected Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Southern Brazil caused yield declines for corn, soy, and other key grains, resulting in significant global commodity price increases.[167][168][169][170] The heatwave further exacerbated an already dry season in much of the region.[170] Drought made 28% of the agricultural territory of Brazil "no longer climatically optimal"[14]

Australian floods edit

Further information: 2022 eastern Australia floods

A severe flood in New South Wales during February 2022 caused the complete destruction of soy and rice crops and 36% of macadamia nut production.[171] Animal herds and farming infrastructure were also severely damaged by the flooding, which was the third major natural disaster to agriculture communities in the region.[172]

Supply chain failures edit

Further information: 2021–2023 global supply chain crisis

In a May 2022 editorial for the Guardian, environmental George Monbiot described part of the collapse of food supply, a problem of concentration of supply in a handful of supply chains through the "Global Standard Diet" making the food system vulnerable to critical failures.[173] He compared the food system failures to the 2008 banking crises, in terms of similar structural problems of concentration of economic power.[173]

In China, rolling lockdowns as part of a zero-COVID policy significantly reduced key agricultural inputs for important grain crops.[174] Before that, China already maintained its food stockpiles at a "historically high level" in 2021, because of an ongoing trade war with the United States. The deal and negotiation with U.S. and Australia could also be prodding China to buy food reserves.[175]

Ethanol for fuel edit

 
Corn vs Ethanol production in the United States
  Total corn production (bushels) (left)
  Corn used for Ethanol fuel (bushels) (left)
  Percent of corn used for Ethanol (right)
Main article: Food vs. fuel
See also: 2007–2008 world food price crisis

Ethanol fuel makes up about 10% of motor vehicle gasoline produced and consumed in 2021, and around 40% of corn grown is used for ethanol fuel in the United States each year. Because it is 33% less efficient than petroleum gasoline miles driven from ethanol is less than 10%.[176][177][178]

Meat consumption edit

Rising meat consumption means a corresponding increase in demand for animal feed, especially corn and soybeans, which contributes to higher food prices.[179][180]

Responses edit

China edit

By the first half of the agricultural year 2022, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, China acquired 50% of the world supply of wheat, 60% of rice, and 69% of corn.[19] China has maintained its food stockpiles at a "historically high level", contributing to higher global food prices.[181][182] Bloomberg columnist Adam Minter wrote that "For China, such stockpiles are necessary to ensure it won't be at the mercy of major food exporters such as the U.S."[181]

United States edit

 
Food Price Index United States

The Biden administration responded to the growing shortages in April by trying to increase US farm production. The US policy community was worried about China or other countries filling the food gap. Obstruction in the US Congress prevented new funding and resources for the crises.[132] A group of 160 advocacy groups challenged funding cuts by the Biden administration and Congress to USDA programs.[183]

On 18 May 2022, the US announced $215 million in development assistance to mitigate the crises.[20] This was in addition to $320 million for the Horn of Africa.[20]

Germany edit

See also: Food vs. fuel

Germany is working on a proposal to phase out the use of biofuels produced from food crops by 2030.[21] Up to 40% of corn produced in the US is used to make ethanol,[184] and worldwide 10% of all grain is turned into biofuel.[185] A 50% reduction in grain used for biofuels in the US and Europe would replace all of Ukraine's grain exports.[186]

Russia edit

 
Signing ceremony of the Black Sea Grain Initiative in Istanbul

On 30 June 2022, Russia withdrew its troops from Snake Island to not obstruct U.N. attempts to open a humanitarian corridor allowing grains to be shipped from Ukraine. On 16 July, major news outlets reported that Kyiv is definitely a step closer to being able to export grain through its Black Sea ports after talks with Russia, facilitated by Turkey, and the United Nations.[187] Russia was accused of blocking crucial shipments of grains from Ukrainian ports but claims its exports are impacted by economic sanctions. On 23 July, Russia shelled the port of Odesa which had recently been unlocked.[188][189]

The first shipment since the grain agreement was set off for Lebanon, where the Sierra Leone-flagged ship Razoni carried the cargo of corn.[22] As of August 20, the total number of vessels leaving Ukraine in accordance with the agreement reached 27.[23]

On 14 September 2022, UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres reiterated his concerns over a constrained fertilizer supply from Russia due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and subsequent economic sanctions. According to the source, UN diplomats held discussions to re-open the Togliatti–Odesa pipeline carrying ammonia. President Vladimir Zelenskiy had offered such a move in exchange for the release of prisoners of war held by Russia. But TASS news agency quoted Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov, who dismissed such an idea, as saying "are people and ammonia the same thing?".[190]

 
Following Vladimir Putin's withdrawal from the grain deal, Russia launched a series of attacks on the Ukrainian port cities of Odesa and Mykolaiv.[191]

On 29 October 2022, Russia suspended participation in grain initiative.[192] However, vessel traffic will resume on November 3.[193]

On 17 July 2023, Russian President Vladimir Putin withdrew from a deal that allowed Ukraine to export grain across the Black Sea despite a wartime blockade,[194][195] risking deepening the global food crisis and antagonizing neutral countries in the Global South.[196] Following Putin's withdrawal from the grain deal, Russia launched a series of attacks on the Ukrainian port cities of Odesa and Mykolaiv.[197][191] Russia's Defense Ministry said the strikes were in retaliation for the 2023 Crimean Bridge explosion, but Ukraine said Russia was attacking civilian infrastructure linked to grain exports.[198]

Kenyan senior foreign ministry official Abraham Korir Sing'Oei said that Russia's decision "to exit the Black Sea Grain Initiative is a stab [in] the back" and the resulting rise in global food prices "disproportionately impacts countries in the Horn of Africa already impacted" by the worst drought in four decades.[194][199]

International organizations edit

The World Bank announced a new $12 billion fund to address the food crises.[24][25]

In May 2022, Máximo Torero, chief economist at the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization, warned European politicians that if they move away from natural gas production too soon, the price of fertilizers will rise and more people in the world will suffer from hunger.[200]

In May 2022, the United Nations called for Russia to facilitate the reopening of Ukrainian grain ports to mitigate the global food crises.[201]

See also edit

References edit

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April 11, 2024
world, food, crises, 2022, present, during, 2022, 2023, there, were, food, crises, several, regions, indicated, rising, food, prices, 2022, world, experienced, significant, food, price, inflation, along, with, major, food, shortages, several, regions, saharan,. During 2022 and 2023 there were food crises in several regions as indicated by rising food prices In 2022 the world experienced significant food price inflation along with major food shortages in several regions Sub Saharan Africa Iran Sri Lanka Sudan and Iraq were most affected 1 2 3 Prices of wheat maize oil seeds bread pasta flour cooking oil sugar egg chickpea and meat increased 4 5 6 Causes included disruption of supply chains due to the COVID 19 pandemic an energy crisis 2021 2023 global energy crisis the Russian invasion of Ukraine and significant floods and heatwaves in 2021 which destroyed key crops in the Americas and Europe 7 Droughts were also a factor in early 2022 some areas of Spain and Portugal lost 60 80 of their crops due to widespread drought 8 Food Price Index Oils Cereals Dairy Meat SugarFertilizer prices 1992 2022 The 2007 2008 world food crisis happened when fertilizer prices spiked DAP Potassium chloride Phosphorite Triple superphosphate UreaCommodity prices Soybeans Wheat Maize CopperEven before the Russian invasion of Ukraine food prices were already record high 82 million East Africans and 42 million West Africans faced acute food insecurity in 2021 9 By the end of 2022 more than 8 million Somalis were in need of food assistance 10 The Food and Agriculture Organization had reported 20 yearly food price increases in February 2022 11 The war further pushed this increase to 40 in March 2022 but was reduced to 18 by January 2023 5 Nevertheless FAO warns that inflation of food prices will continue in many countries 12 Increased fuel and transport prices have worsened the complexity of food distribution Before the Russian invasion Ukraine was the fourth largest exporter of corn and wheat Since then the Russian invasion crippled supplies This has resulted in inflation and scarcity of these commodities in dependent countries 13 In addition the effects of climate change on agriculture has reduced global food reserves 14 This caused food riots and famine in different countries 15 16 17 18 Furthermore failed verification China acquired 50 of the world supply of wheat 60 of rice and 69 of corn stockpiles in the first half of 2022 19 better source needed The United States increased its farm production by April 2022 also contributing 215 million in development assistance plus 320 million for the Horn of Africa 20 Germany commenced a plan to ban biofuels produced from food crops by 2030 21 A grain agreement was signed by Russia Ukraine Turkey and the United Nations to open Ukrainian ports 22 This resulted in grain shipment by 27 vessels from Ukraine between June and August 2022 which stalled in October and then resumed in November 2022 23 In addition the World Bank announced a new 12 billion fund to address the food crises 24 25 The World Economic Forum s Global Risks Report 2023 described food supply crises as an ongoing global risk 26 The Russian invasion of Ukraine as well as climate related crop failures result in more hunger and malnutrition globally 27 Even Global North countries known for stable food supplies have been impacted 28 Analysts described this inflation as the worst since the 2007 2008 world food price crisis 5 The international responses have not had much successes as of January 2023 29 But in early 2024 the FAO reported a return to more moderate commodities market prices 30 31 Moreover the World Economic Forum s 2024 Global Risks Report showed significantly less concern from experts but the report still highlights a risk of the Israel Hamas war and the return of El Nino 32 Both of these events could disrupt supply chains again 32 Contents 1 Price increases by region 1 1 Africa and MENA 1 1 1 Iran 1 1 2 Syria 1 1 3 West Africa 1 1 4 Kenya 1 1 5 Yemen 1 2 Asia 1 2 1 Bangladesh 1 2 2 Afghanistan 1 2 3 India 1 2 4 Pakistan 1 2 5 Indonesia 1 2 6 Sri Lanka 1 3 Europe 1 3 1 United Kingdom 1 4 North America 1 4 1 Haiti 1 5 South America 1 5 1 Chile 1 5 2 Argentina 2 Causes 2 1 Energy crisis 2 2 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2 3 Effects of climate change 2 3 1 Drought in the Middle East and North Africa MENA 2 3 2 East African drought 2 3 3 Madagascar drought 2 3 4 North American heatwave and drought 2 3 5 European extreme weather 2 3 6 South Asian heat wave 2 3 7 Southern Cone heat wave 2 3 8 Australian floods 2 4 Supply chain failures 2 5 Ethanol for fuel 2 6 Meat consumption 3 Responses 3 1 China 3 2 United States 3 3 Germany 3 4 Russia 3 5 International organizations 4 See also 5 ReferencesPrice increases by region edit nbsp 2022 Peruvian protests due to increased food and fuel prices nbsp 2022 Ecuadorian protests against the economic policies of Ecuadorian president Guillermo Lasso triggered by increasing fuel and food pricesThe price rises affected parts of Asia Africa and Latin America particularly severely with Iran 1 Sri Lanka 2 Sudan 3 and Iraq 33 seeing protests and food riots Other countries that have seen food riots or are facing related unrest are Albania 15 Kenya 16 Indonesia 34 Peru 17 Ecuador 35 Panama 36 Argentina 37 Tunisia and Lebanon 38 Africa and MENA edit Price increases for certain staples such as wheat were expected to most severely affect countries like Egypt Turkey and Somalia in MENA and East Africa which rely heavily on wheat imports from Ukraine and Russia 5 This is expected to further hurt prices in regional food markets such as Ethiopia Kenya Somalia and South Sudan 5 The changes in the food market caused by the invasion of Ukraine further exacerbated existing drought problems in the already vulnerable Horn of Africa 39 In February the World Food Programme WFP and UNICEF had already projected nutrition and hunger gaps for thirteen million people in East Africa 40 By March the UN had expanded that number to 20 million people 41 Iran edit This section is an excerpt from 2022 Iranian food protests edit In May 2022 ongoing protests in Iran escalated into nationwide civil unrest 42 as a result of government price hikes on staple foods including bread and pasta 43 44 The protests were part of a countrywide wave of protests beginning in July 2021 Protests were initially concentrated in the water stricken province of Khuzestan 45 but rapidly spread nationwide Authorities responded by declaring riot control action 46 and blocking internet access 47 Prior to the start of the demonstrations preceding and during International Workers Day on 1 May Iran preemptively detained 38 teachers 48 in order to stymie planned nationwide protests during National Teachers Day on 2 May Workers protests had increased over the past year as the result of a deterioration in living conditions caused by the re imposition of US sanctions against Iran during the administration of Donald Trump and the economic effects of the COVID 19 pandemic 49 After the Iranian government ended subsidies for imported wheat the price of flour soared by around 500 50 exacerbating current inflation which hovered around 50 51 The protests beginning on 6 May in Khuzestan 52 were initially associated with the rising cost of living However they rapidly escalated into anti Mullah demonstrations Ranchers in at least 10 cities allegedly staged demonstrations at offices of the Iranian Agricultural Ministry with pensioners participating in similar demonstrations 45 Large scale demonstrations reportedly broke out in the city of Dezful 45 and reportedly spread into the cities of Khafajia Hawizeh and Shiraz 53 Syria edit Further information 2023 Syrian protests The United Nations reported that 90 of the country s population lives in poverty and that more than half is food insecure 54 55 West Africa edit Further information 2022 Sierra Leone protests Oxfam ALIMA and Save the Children warned that the food crises in West Africa could affect 27 million people especially in Burkina Faso Niger Chad Mali and Nigeria 56 During a visit in Nigeria the Secretary General of the United Nations voiced concerns over the war exacerbating the crises of food energy and economies in Africa as a whole 6 On 2 June 2022 Chad declared a national food emergency 57 Kenya edit Northern Kenya experienced the worst drought in 40 years that left 4 4 million people acutely food insecure with 1 2 million facing emergency hunger levels 58 59 The U N Development Program said rising food and energy prices caused by Covid 19 and the Russian war in Ukraine hit Sub Saharan Africa hardest Kenyan chapati makers are shrinking the size of their dough balls to make ends meet 60 Yemen edit Further information Saudi Arabian led intervention in Yemen The main cause of the famine in Yemen is the ongoing Yemeni Civil War Aid often cannot effectively reach the population because of the blockade of Yemen by Saudi Arabia which started in 2015 61 62 17 4 million do not have enough food and malnutrition levels in Yemen are among the highest in the world 63 TunisiaBy May 2022 wheat prices in Tunisia had risen to over 430 per tonne more than double the cost from 2021 due to supply interruptions caused by the COVID 19 pandemic and Russia s invasion of Ukraine Tunisia imports over 95 of the soft wheat used in its bread increasing its purchases by 250 million in 2022 64 65 66 Asia edit Bangladesh edit International Monetary Fund IMF forecasted Consumer Price Index CPI in Bangladesh to rise to 5 9 by the year 2022 The price of cooking oil sugar eggs and chickpeas increased sharply which contributed a great deal to the inflation According to the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics general inflation climbed to 6 17 by February 2022 Government officials link local prices to the global market situation and necessary stepstaken to stabilize price hikes due to these conditions Experts see government failure behind the price hikes with Russia s invasion of Ukraine pressuring inflationary tendencies further Before the invasion of Ukraine 95 of the cooking oil in Bangladesh was imported from overseas The price of cooking oil per barrel was 700 then it went up to 1 940 prior to the invasion The price of liquified petroleum gas LPG also increased 12 by March 67 68 Overall gouging of food prices resulted in largescale protests in the country Afghanistan edit Following the Taliban takeover western nations suspended humanitarian aid and the World Bank and IMF also halted payments to Afghanistan 69 70 The Biden administration froze about 9 billion in assets belonging to the Afghan central bank blocking the Taliban from accessing billions of dollars held in US bank accounts 71 In October 2021 the UN stated that more than half of Afghanistan s 39 million people faced an acute food shortage 72 The price increases connected to Russia s invasion of Ukraine may worsen the economic crises in Afghanistan that followed the US withdrawal 73 According to the UN 4 4bn is needed to pay for increased food costs 74 with human rights experts calling on the US to unblock assets of the Afghan central bank to ease humanitarian crisis 75 India edit This section needs to be updated The reason given is past events expected to have effects on future events which are now in the past Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information March 2023 Further information 2022 Indian heat wave Six out of every 10 Indians are dependent on state delivered subsidised food Though early reporting and government policy after the price increases following the war in Ukraine for wheat suggested India was well positioned to export more wheat by end of April a heatwave that is projected to decrease harvests increasing local prices and fertilizer price increases projected a shortfall rather than an export friendly market 76 The decrease in harvests was largely driven by the 2022 Indian heat wave which is expected to severely reduce the wheat harvest killing the plants during the final weeks where they are usually growing 77 On 13 May 2022 India the world s second largest producer of wheat 78 prohibited wheat exports 79 IMF chief Kristalina Georgieva urged India to reconsider its ban on wheat exports 80 On 20 July 2023 India s government announced that it would stop exporting the widely consumed non basmati white rice 81 82 On 25 August 2023 India imposed a 20 percent duty on exports of parboiled rice 83 Pakistan edit Agricultural fields in Pakistan were devastated by the 2022 Pakistan floods 84 The immediate causes of the floods were heavier than usual monsoon rains and melting glaciers 85 that followed a severe heat wave both of which are linked to climate change Indonesia edit Extreme price increases for cooking oil sparked student protests and other civil unrest The national government of Indonesia banned export of palm oil 86 As Indonesia is the largest producer of palm oil and with a harvest decline in the second largest producer and neighbor Malaysia the ban has caused severe global supply chain disruptions and further exacerbated the price increases caused by the loss of Russian and Ukrainian oil exports and failures of soy crops in South America 86 Following protests by palm farmers the ban was lifted in late May after being in effect for around three weeks 87 Sri Lanka edit Sri Lanka was much more harshly affected by the food crisis as it was already facing mass man made crop failures due to a total ban on chemical fertilizer by President Gotabaya Rajapaksa resulting in rice production in Sri Lanka falling by 40 50 while other crops also suffered large losses with some even reaching 70 loss even before it was affected by the Russian crisis The 2022 Sri Lankan protests escalated in part due to food shortages and post COVID 19 pandemic inflation By the time government reversed the ban on chemical fertilizer the Russian invasion of Ukraine had caused fertilizer prices to rise making it unaffordable for Sri Lanka which had defaulted on its loans after nearly running out of forex reserves 88 On 9 May Sri Lankan Prime Minister Mahinda Rajapaksa resigned from his position after protests on the country s economic crisis turned violent 89 90 91 Europe edit Further information 2022 Europe inflation protests Europe s energy crisis and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine caused significant price increases for European fertilizer and food industries 92 93 According to Julia Meehan the head of fertilizers for the commodity price firm ICIS We are seeing record prices for every fertilizer type which are all way above the previous highs in 2008 It s very very serious People don t realize that 50 of the world s food relies on fertilizers 94 In 2022 Europe s driest summer in 500 years had a negative impact on European agricultural production 95 96 97 United Kingdom edit Starting on 21 February 2023 supermarkets in the United Kingdom such as Asda Morrisons and Tesco began rationing fruit and vegetables 98 The Telegraph gave the cause as poor foreign harvests and a domestic farming crisis 99 The shortages were expected to last several weeks and in a YouGov poll 61 of UK respondents said they had personally noticed or experienced food shortages in their local shop or supermarket during mid to late February 100 Research from Kantar showed grocery price inflation hit its highest level since records began in 2008 with food inflation reaching 17 1 in February 101 North America edit North America was already experiencing significant shortfalls and supply chain issues connected to the 2020 2023 North American drought and the 2021 2023 global supply chain crisis 5 The supply chain crisis was also one factor in infant formula shortages in the US Haiti edit Main article 2022 Haitian crisis Along with protests and civil unrest against the government of Haiti in response to rising energy prices and the rising cost of living as well as armed gang violence and an outbreak of cholera Haiti is experiencing widespread acute hunger On 14 October 2022 the WFP reported that a record 4 7 million people almost half of the country s population are currently facing acute hunger in Haiti 102 103 using the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification IPC scale the WFP classified 19 000 of those people as belonging to the fifth and highest level on the scale the Catastrophe phase IPC 5 102 103 South America edit Further information 2022 Ecuadorian protests and 2022 Panamanian protests Chile edit The 2022 food crises have added to the mounting inflation in Chile has experienced since 2020 Measured by the change in the Indice de Precios al Consumidor the IPC in March 2022 relative to March 2021 indicated an inflation rate of 1 9 the highest known since October 1993 104 Bread and meat prices increased as well as those of food in general 104 Cooking oil prices have risen with a particular brand at a Santiago supermarket experiencing a 90 price increase from April 2021 to April 2022 105 The inflation in food prices is thought to be behind an increasing number of supermarket credit cards issued in 2022 as well as increasing rates of supermarket credit card debt default 105 In April 2022 President Gabriel Boric announced a 3 7 billion economic recovery plan that included an increase in the minimum wage to help people deal with rising prices 106 Supermarkets belonging to Cencosud begun rationing cooking oil rice and flour in late April 107 Argentina edit In May 2021 Argentina banned all meat exports to curb inflation 108 Causes editFurther information Food security during the COVID 19 pandemic 2021 2023 global supply chain crisis 2021 2023 inflation surge and 2021 2023 global energy crisis The COVID 19 pandemic significantly disrupted food supply chains around the world disrupting distribution channels at the consumption and distribution stages of the food industry A rise in fuel and transport prices further increased the complexity of distribution as food competed with other goods At the same time significant floods and heatwaves in 2021 destroyed key crops in the Americas and Europe 7 Energy crisis edit nbsp Natural gas prices in Europe and United States National Balancing Point NBP UK natural gas prices Europe TTF natural gas prices United States Henry Hub natural gas pricesFurther information 2007 2008 world food price crisis Peak oil and Food vs fuel Natural gas is a major feedstock for the production of ammonia via the Haber process for use in fertilizer production 109 The development of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer has significantly supported global population growth it has been estimated that almost half the people on the Earth are currently fed as a result of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer use 110 Since 2021 the 2021 2023 global energy crisis has spread to the fertilizer and food industries 111 112 113 114 According to Julia Meehan the head of fertilizers for the commodity price agency ICIS We are seeing record prices for every fertiliser type which are all way above the previous highs in 2008 It s very very serious People don t realise that 50 of the world s food relies on fertilisers 115 The impact of agricultural input costs including fertilizer and fuels on food prices has been shown to be larger than the effect of the curtailment of food exports from Russia and Ukraine 116 Russian invasion of Ukraine edit See also 2022 Russian theft of Ukrainian grain nbsp Russian President Vladimir Putin met with the President of the African Union Macky Sall to discuss grain deliveries from Russia and Ukraine to Africa 3 June 2022 nbsp Foreign Minister of Ukraine Dmytro Kuleba met with the Director General of the Food and Agriculture Organization FAO Qu Dongyu to discuss technical support to facilitate Ukraine s food exports 26 April 2023 nbsp Member of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine carrying an unexploded Russian bomb in an agricultural field in southeastern Ukraine 1 July 2022 The Russian invasion of Ukraine disrupted all parts of the grain agriculture and grain trade from Ukraine further stressing a global supply chain that had already been seeing major price increases From February 2 to April 1 Russia banned the export of ammonium nitrate AN to guarantee supplies for domestic farmers following the spike in global fertilizer prices which were impacted by rising costs for natural gas 117 118 The conflict has affected virtually all economies however the most affected economies are in Europe and Africa Most of these economies have explored to find alternative food supply chain partners and solutions in North America South America the Middle East Australasia and some regions of Asia and Africa that have been less affected by this conflict 118 This section is an excerpt from Economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine Cost of food and crops edit nbsp A burning wheat field near Andriivka Kharkiv Oblast after Russian shelling on 5 July 2022Wheat prices surged to their highest prices since 2008 in response to the 2022 attacks 119 Ukraine accounted for 10 of global wheat exports 120 At the time of the invasion Ukraine was the fourth largest exporter of corn and wheat and the world s largest exporter of sunflower oil with Russia and Ukraine together responsible for 27 of the world s wheat exports and 53 of the world s sunflowers and seeds 121 The head of the World Food Programme David Beasley warned in March that the war in Ukraine could take the global food crisis to levels beyond anything we ve seen before 122 A potential disruption to global wheat supplies could exacerbate the ongoing hunger crisis in Yemen 123 Afghanistan 124 125 and East Africa 126 The American Bakers Association president warned that the price of anything made with grain would begin rising as all the grain markets are interrelated The chief agricultural economist for Wells Fargo stated that Ukraine will likely be severely limited in their ability to plant crops in spring 2022 and lose an agricultural year while an embargo on Russian crops would create more inflation of food prices Recovering crop production capabilities may take years even after fighting has stopped 127 Surging wheat prices resulting from the conflict have strained African countries such as Egypt which are highly dependent upon Russian and Ukrainian wheat exports and have provoked fears of social unrest 128 At least 25 African countries import a third of their wheat from Russia and Ukraine and 15 of them import more than half from those two countries 129 On 24 February the Chinese government announced that it would drop all restrictions on Russian wheat as part of an agreement that had been reached earlier in February 130 the South China Morning Post called this a potential lifeline for the Russian economy 131 Effects of climate change edit Main article Effects of climate change on agriculture Multiple heat flooding and drought events between 2020 and 2022 significantly hurt global food supplies and reserves These weather events which have been connected with climate change made the food system less resilient to shocks like the war in Ukraine Global reserves of wheat were extremely low at the beginning of 2022 because of these weather events 132 During the year 2022 many similar events connected to climate change continue to severely reduce agriculture production in the world 14 This section is an excerpt from Effects of climate change on agriculture edit There are numerous effects of climate change on agriculture many of which are making it harder for agricultural activities to provide global food security Rising temperatures and changing weather patterns often result in lower crop yields due to water scarcity caused by drought heat waves and flooding 133 These effects of climate change can also increase the risk of several regions suffering simultaneous crop failures Currently this risk is regarded as rare but if these simultaneous crop failures did happen they would have significant consequences for the global food supply 134 135 Many pests and plant diseases are also expected to either become more prevalent or to spread to new regions The world s livestock are also expected to be affected by many of the same issues from greater heat stress to animal feed shortfalls and the spread of parasites and vector borne diseases 133 746 The increased atmospheric CO2 level from human activities mainly burning of fossil fuels causes a CO2 fertilisation effect This effect offsets a small portion of the detrimental effects of climate change on agriculture However it comes at the expense of lower levels of essential micronutrients in the crops 133 717 Furthermore CO2 fertilisation has little effect on C4 crops like maize 136 On the coasts some agricultural land is expected to be lost to sea level rise while melting glaciers could result in less irrigation water being available 137 On the other hand more arable land may become available as frozen land thaws Other effects include erosion and changes in soil fertility and the length of growing seasons Also bacteria like Salmonella and fungi that produce mycotoxin grow faster as the climate warms Their growth has negative effects on food safety food loss and prices 133 There has been extensive research on the effects of climate change on individual crops particularly on the four staple crops corn maize rice wheat and soybeans These crops are responsible for around two thirds of all calories consumed by humans both directly and indirectly as animal feed 138 The research investigates important uncertainties for example future population growth which will increase global food demand for the foreseeable future 139 The future degree of soil erosion and groundwater depletion are further uncertainties On the other hand a range of improvements to agricultural yields collectively known as the Green Revolution has increased yields per unit of land area by between 250 and 300 since the 1960 Some of that progress will likely continue 133 727 Researchers have proposed gene editing as a solution 140 a technology with the potential to alleviate global food shortages by enhancing crop yields and increasing the resilience of crops to unpredictable climate fluctuations Drought in the Middle East and North Africa MENA edit Further information Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa Climate change in Iraq is leading to increasing water scarcity which will likely have serious implications for the country for years to come 141 Additionally Iraq s water security is based on the declining Tigris Euphrates river system 142 East African drought edit Further information 2021 Somali drought Famine in northern Ethiopia 2020 present and 2020 2023 Horn of Africa drought nbsp Famine Early Warning System s map of the region between October 2022 and January 2023A drought in East Africa began in 2021 and further intensified in 2022 precipitated in part by the oncoming La Nina in 2022 39 143 Three rainy seasons failed in the Horn of Africa destroying crops and killing large herds of livestock 39 In Somalia five rainy seasons have failed Kenya and Sudan were also strongly affected 14 The UN identified 20 million people at risk of famine 39 Both wildlife and livestock have been killed by the drought 39 The region is especially vulnerable because an extreme wet season caused the 2019 2022 locust infestation which destroyed large regions of crops 39 By early October 2021 nearly a year after the Tigray War started Mark Lowcock who led OCHA during part of the Tigray War stated that the Ethiopian federal government was deliberately starving Tigray running a sophisticated campaign to stop aid getting in and that there was not just an attempt to starve six million people but an attempt to cover up what s going on 144 82 million East Africans and 42 million West Africans faced acute food insecurity in 2021 145 By the end of 2022 more than 8 million Somalis were in need of food assistance roughly half of Somalia s population 146 147 The rainy season of 2022 was recorded to be the driest in over 40 years 148 149 with an estimated 43 000 in Somalia dying in 2022 150 Madagascar drought edit Further information 2021 2022 Madagascar famine In mid 2021 a severe drought in southern Madagascar caused hundreds of thousands of people to suffer from food insecurity 151 152 In October 2022 UNICEF contributed with 23 million for children suffering from the famine 18 with a third of the population suffering from the disaster according to researchers cited by the Financial Times 153 North American heatwave and drought edit Further information 2021 Western North America heat wave 2023 Canadian drought and 2020 2023 North American drought Drought significantly reduced harvests in North America including the United States which produces a quarter of the world grains The years from 2020 to 2021 were the driest in centuries in North America The production of crops in the Midwest declined by 20 in this period 14 European extreme weather edit Further information 2022 European drought Droughts in Spain and Portugal during early 2022 led to 60 80 loss predictions for crops in some areas 8 The huge amount of precipitation in March and early April 2022 in mainland Spain provided relief but did not fully revert the ongoing meteorological drought 154 Fruit crops in most of Europe were damaged by a cold wave that caused freezing rain frost and snow during early budding after a period of unseasonably early warm weather 155 Additional drought in Italy has reduced the flow of fresh water near the Po river which is responsible for 40 of crop production in the country Salt water intrusion is expected to greatly reduce the viability of crop production in areas near the delta 156 In February 2023 the UK Government called the major supermarket bosses to discuss on filling the salads restock As country is entering the pick shortage in third week Some biggest Britain s grocery shops Tesco TSCO L Asda Morrisons and Aldi restricted the supply of cucumber tomatoes and peppers to customers due to unreasonable weather conditions which brought shortage in supplies from southern Europe and North Africa The crisis worsened due to less winter production in greenhouse of Britain and the Netherlands effected due to high energy cost Both factors affected the shortage of food in Britain Supermarket 157 158 159 South Asian heat wave edit This section is an excerpt from 2022 India Pakistan heat wave Impact on agriculture edit During the 2022 food crises India began taking steps to export more rice and wheat in part to fill the gaps created by the Russian invasion of Ukraine 160 However the heatwave caused increasing local prices and lower supply issues also exacerbated by the war increasing fertilizer prices 161 The heat wave occurred mostly during the final weeks of the wheat growing season killing the plants shortly before harvest 162 163 The heatwave strongly impacted agriculture in India At the same time early rainfall in India was 71 lower than the norm In Punjab the main crop producer in India 15 of the harvest was lost and in some regions even 30 164 The heatwave caused a reverse in policy by Indian government from trying to import to address the crises to halting exports 165 The heatwave has also severely impacted peach and apple harvests in Balochistan 166 Southern Cone heat wave edit Further information 2022 Southern Cone heat wave A heatwave that deeply affected Argentina Uruguay Paraguay and Southern Brazil caused yield declines for corn soy and other key grains resulting in significant global commodity price increases 167 168 169 170 The heatwave further exacerbated an already dry season in much of the region 170 Drought made 28 of the agricultural territory of Brazil no longer climatically optimal 14 Australian floods edit Further information 2022 eastern Australia floods A severe flood in New South Wales during February 2022 caused the complete destruction of soy and rice crops and 36 of macadamia nut production 171 Animal herds and farming infrastructure were also severely damaged by the flooding which was the third major natural disaster to agriculture communities in the region 172 Supply chain failures edit Further information 2021 2023 global supply chain crisis In a May 2022 editorial for the Guardian environmental George Monbiot described part of the collapse of food supply a problem of concentration of supply in a handful of supply chains through the Global Standard Diet making the food system vulnerable to critical failures 173 He compared the food system failures to the 2008 banking crises in terms of similar structural problems of concentration of economic power 173 In China rolling lockdowns as part of a zero COVID policy significantly reduced key agricultural inputs for important grain crops 174 Before that China already maintained its food stockpiles at a historically high level in 2021 because of an ongoing trade war with the United States The deal and negotiation with U S and Australia could also be prodding China to buy food reserves 175 Ethanol for fuel edit nbsp Corn vs Ethanol production in the United States Total corn production bushels left Corn used for Ethanol fuel bushels left Percent of corn used for Ethanol right Main article Food vs fuelSee also 2007 2008 world food price crisis Ethanol fuel makes up about 10 of motor vehicle gasoline produced and consumed in 2021 and around 40 of corn grown is used for ethanol fuel in the United States each year Because it is 33 less efficient than petroleum gasoline miles driven from ethanol is less than 10 176 177 178 Meat consumption edit Rising meat consumption means a corresponding increase in demand for animal feed especially corn and soybeans which contributes to higher food prices 179 180 Responses editChina edit By the first half of the agricultural year 2022 according to the U S Department of Agriculture China acquired 50 of the world supply of wheat 60 of rice and 69 of corn 19 China has maintained its food stockpiles at a historically high level contributing to higher global food prices 181 182 Bloomberg columnist Adam Minter wrote that For China such stockpiles are necessary to ensure it won t be at the mercy of major food exporters such as the U S 181 United States edit nbsp Food Price Index United StatesThe Biden administration responded to the growing shortages in April by trying to increase US farm production The US policy community was worried about China or other countries filling the food gap Obstruction in the US Congress prevented new funding and resources for the crises 132 A group of 160 advocacy groups challenged funding cuts by the Biden administration and Congress to USDA programs 183 On 18 May 2022 the US announced 215 million in development assistance to mitigate the crises 20 This was in addition to 320 million for the Horn of Africa 20 Germany edit See also Food vs fuel Germany is working on a proposal to phase out the use of biofuels produced from food crops by 2030 21 Up to 40 of corn produced in the US is used to make ethanol 184 and worldwide 10 of all grain is turned into biofuel 185 A 50 reduction in grain used for biofuels in the US and Europe would replace all of Ukraine s grain exports 186 Russia edit nbsp Signing ceremony of the Black Sea Grain Initiative in IstanbulOn 30 June 2022 Russia withdrew its troops from Snake Island to not obstruct U N attempts to open a humanitarian corridor allowing grains to be shipped from Ukraine On 16 July major news outlets reported that Kyiv is definitely a step closer to being able to export grain through its Black Sea ports after talks with Russia facilitated by Turkey and the United Nations 187 Russia was accused of blocking crucial shipments of grains from Ukrainian ports but claims its exports are impacted by economic sanctions On 23 July Russia shelled the port of Odesa which had recently been unlocked 188 189 The first shipment since the grain agreement was set off for Lebanon where the Sierra Leone flagged ship Razoni carried the cargo of corn 22 As of August 20 the total number of vessels leaving Ukraine in accordance with the agreement reached 27 23 On 14 September 2022 UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres reiterated his concerns over a constrained fertilizer supply from Russia due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and subsequent economic sanctions According to the source UN diplomats held discussions to re open the Togliatti Odesa pipeline carrying ammonia President Vladimir Zelenskiy had offered such a move in exchange for the release of prisoners of war held by Russia But TASS news agency quoted Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov who dismissed such an idea as saying are people and ammonia the same thing 190 nbsp Following Vladimir Putin s withdrawal from the grain deal Russia launched a series of attacks on the Ukrainian port cities of Odesa and Mykolaiv 191 On 29 October 2022 Russia suspended participation in grain initiative 192 However vessel traffic will resume on November 3 193 On 17 July 2023 Russian President Vladimir Putin withdrew from a deal that allowed Ukraine to export grain across the Black Sea despite a wartime blockade 194 195 risking deepening the global food crisis and antagonizing neutral countries in the Global South 196 Following Putin s withdrawal from the grain deal Russia launched a series of attacks on the Ukrainian port cities of Odesa and Mykolaiv 197 191 Russia s Defense Ministry said the strikes were in retaliation for the 2023 Crimean Bridge explosion but Ukraine said Russia was attacking civilian infrastructure linked to grain exports 198 Kenyan senior foreign ministry official Abraham Korir Sing Oei said that Russia s decision to exit the Black Sea Grain Initiative is a stab in the back and the resulting rise in global food prices disproportionately impacts countries in the Horn of Africa already impacted by the worst drought in four decades 194 199 International organizations edit The World Bank announced a new 12 billion fund to address the food crises 24 25 In May 2022 Maximo Torero chief economist at the U N Food and 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