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Wikipedia

Supermarket

A supermarket is a self-service shop offering a wide variety of food, beverages and household products, organized into sections. This kind of store is larger and has a wider selection than earlier grocery stores, but is smaller and more limited in the range of merchandise than a hypermarket or big-box market. In everyday U.S. usage, however, "grocery store" is often used to mean "supermarket".[1][2]

Lidl supermarket in Siilinjärvi, Finland

The supermarket typically has places for fresh meat, fresh produce, dairy, deli items, baked goods, etc. Shelf space is also reserved for canned and packaged goods and for various non-food items such as kitchenware, household cleaners, pharmacy products and pet supplies. Some supermarkets also sell other household products that are consumed regularly, such as alcohol (where permitted), medicine, and clothing, and some sell a much wider range of non-food products: DVDs, sporting equipment, board games, and seasonal items (e.g., Christmas wrapping paper in December).

A larger full-service supermarket combined with a department store is sometimes known as a hypermarket. Other services may include those of banks, cafés, childcare centers/creches, insurance (and other financial services), mobile phone services, photo processing, video rentals, pharmacies, and gas stations. If the eatery in a supermarket is substantial enough, the facility may be called a "grocerant", a blend of "grocery" and "restaurant".[3]

The traditional supermarket occupies a large amount of floor space, usually on a single level. It is usually situated near a residential area in order to be convenient to consumers. The basic appeal is the availability of a broad selection of goods under a single roof, at relatively low prices. Other advantages include ease of parking and frequently the convenience of shopping hours that extend into the evening or even 24 hours of the day. Supermarkets usually allocate large budgets to advertising, typically through newspapers. They also present elaborate in-shop displays of products.

Supermarkets typically are chain stores, supplied by the distribution centers of their parent companies, thus increasing opportunities for economies of scale. Supermarkets usually offer products at relatively low prices by using their buying power to buy goods from manufacturers at lower prices than smaller stores can. They also minimise financing costs by paying for goods at least 30 days after receipt and some extract credit terms of 90 days or more from vendors. Certain products (typically staple foods such as bread, milk and sugar) are very occasionally sold as loss leaders so as to attract shoppers to their store. Supermarkets make up for their low margins by a high volume of sales, and with of higher-margin items bought by the attracted shoppers. Self-service with shopping carts (trolleys) or baskets reduces labor costs, and many supermarket chains are attempting further reduction by shifting to self-service check-out.

History

 
Astor Market in New York, one predecessor of the modern supermarket, operated from 1915 to 1917.
 
Piggly Wiggly store in Memphis, Tennessee, the first supermarket, 1918
 
A supermarket in Sweden, 1941
 
Consumers shopping for produce and fruit, 2012
 
S-market store with 24/7 service in Klaukkala, Finland, 2022

Historically, the earliest retailers were peddlers who marketed their wares in the streets, but by the 1920s, retail food sales in the United States had mostly shifted to small corner grocery stores.[4] In that era, the standard retail grocery business model was for a clerk to fetch products from shelves behind the merchant's counter while customers waited in front of the counter, indicating the items they wanted.[4] Most foods and merchandise did not come in individually wrapped consumer-sized packages, so the clerk had to measure out and wrap the precise amount desired.[4] Merchants did not post prices, which forced customers to haggle and bargain with clerks to reach fair prices for their purchases.[4] This business model had already been established in Europe for several centuries. It offered extensive opportunities for social interaction: many regarded this style of shopping as "a social occasion" and would often "pause for conversations with the staff or other customers".[5]

These practices were by nature slow, had high labor intensity, and were quite expensive. The number of customers who could be attended to at one time was limited by the number of staff employed in the store. Shopping for groceries often also involved trips to multiple specialty shops, such as a greengrocer, butcher, bakery, fishmonger and dry goods store, in addition to a general store. Milk and other items of short shelf life were delivered by a milkman.

The concept of an inexpensive food market relying on economies of scale was developed by Vincent Astor. He founded the Astor Market in 1915, investing $750,000 of his fortune into a 165′ by 125′ (50×38-metre) corner of 95th and Broadway, Manhattan, creating, in effect, an open-air mini-mall that sold meat, fruit, produce and flowers.[6] The expectation was that customers would come from great distances ("miles around"), but in the end, even attracting people from ten blocks away was difficult, and the market folded in 1917.[7][8][9]

The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company (A&P), which was established in 1859, was an early grocery store chain in Canada and the United States. It became common in North American cities in the 1920s. Early chains like A&P did not sell fresh meats or produce. During the 1920s, to reduce the hassle of visiting multiple stores, U.S. grocery store chains like A&P introduced the combination store.[10] This was a grocery store which combined several departments under one roof, but generally maintained the traditional system of clerks pulling products from shelves on request.[10] By 1929, only one in three U.S. grocery stores was a combination store.[10]

The concept of a self-service grocery store predates the supermarket; it was developed by entrepreneur Clarence Saunders at his Piggly Wiggly stores, the first of which opened in 1916.[11] Saunders was awarded several patents for the ideas he incorporated into his stores.[12][13][14][15] The stores were a financial success and Saunders began to offer franchises.

The general trend since then has been to stock shelves at night so that customers, the following day, can obtain their own goods and bring them to the front of the store to pay for them. Although there is a higher risk of shoplifting, the costs of appropriate security measures ideally will be outweighed by reduced labor costs.[16][unreliable source?]

Historically, there has been much debate about the origin of the supermarket. For example, Southern California grocery store chains Alpha Beta and Ralphs both have strong claims to the first supermarket.[17] By 1930, both chains were already operating multiple 12,000-square-foot (1,100 m2) self-service grocery stores.[17] However, as of 1930, both chains were not yet true supermarkets in the modern sense because their prices remained quite high;[17] one of the most important defining features of the supermarket is cheap food.[18] Their main selling point was free parking.[17] Other strong contenders in Texas included Weingarten's and Henke & Pillot.[19]

To end the debate, the Food Marketing Institute in conjunction with the Smithsonian Institution and with funding from H.J. Heinz, researched the issue. They defined the attributes of a supermarket as "self-service, separate product departments, discount pricing, marketing and volume selling".[20] They determined that the first true supermarket in the United States was opened by a former Kroger employee, Michael J. Cullen, on 4 August 1930, inside a 6,000-square-foot (560 m2) former garage in Jamaica, Queens in New York City.[20] The store, King Kullen, operated under the logic of "pile it high and sell it cheap".[18] Everything displayed for sale in the store "had prices clearly marked", meaning that consumers would no longer need to haggle over prices.[18] Cullen described his store as "the world's greatest price wrecker".[18][21] At the time of his death in 1936, there were seventeen King Kullen stores in operation. Although Saunders had brought the world self-service, uniform stores, and nationwide marketing, Cullen built on this idea by adding separate food departments, selling large volumes of food at discount prices and adding a parking lot.[20]

Early supermarkets like King Kullen were called "cheapy markets" by industry experts at the time; this was soon replaced by the phrase "super market".[18] The compound phrase was then closed up to become the modern term "supermarket".[11]

 
A Safeway advertisement from the 1950s

Other established American grocery chains in the 1930s, such as Kroger and Safeway Inc. at first resisted Cullen's idea, but were eventually were forced to build their own supermarkets as the economy sank into the Great Depression. American consumers became extraordinarily price-sensitive at a level never experienced before.[20] Kroger took the idea one step further and pioneered the first supermarket surrounded on all four sides by a parking lot.[20] Once the large chains joined the supermarket trend, the new retail format swept across the nation like a wildfire. The number of American supermarkets almost tripled from 1,200 in 32 states in 1936 to over 3,000 in 47 states in 1937.[18] One sign of the supermarket format's success in slashing labor costs, overhead, and food prices was that the percentage of disposable income spent by American consumers on food plunged "from 21 percent in 1930 to 16 percent in 1940".[18] The modern era of "cheap food" had begun.[18]

As large chain stores began to dominate the American grocery landscape with their low overhead and low prices (while crushing numerous independent small stores along the way), a backlash to this radical alteration of food distribution infrastructure appeared in the form of numerous anti-chain campaigns. The idea of "monopsony", proposed by Cambridge economist Joan Robinson in 1933, that a single buyer could outmaneuver a market of multiple sellers, became a strong anti-chain rhetorical device. With public backlash came political pressure to even the playing field for smaller vendors lacking the luxury of economies of scale. In 1936, the Robinson-Patman Act was implemented as a way of preventing such large chains from using their buying power to reap advantages over small stores, although the act was not well enforced and did not have much impact on such chains.[22]

Supermarkets rapidly proliferated across both Canada and the United States with the growth of automobile ownership and suburban development after World War II. Most North American supermarkets are located in suburban strip shopping centers as an anchor store along with other smaller retailers. They are generally regional rather than national in their company branding. Kroger is the most nationally oriented supermarket chain in the United States, but it has preserved most of its regional brands, including Ralphs, City Market, King Soopers, Fry's, Smith's, and QFC.[citation needed]

In Canada, the largest such company is Loblaw, which operates stores under a variety of banners targeted to different segments and regions, including Fortinos, Zehrs, No Frills, the Real Canadian Superstore, and Loblaws, the foundation of the company. Sobeys is Canada's second largest supermarket with locations across the country, operating under many banners (Sobeys IGA in Quebec).[citation needed] Québec's first supermarket opened in 1934 in Montréal, under the banner Steinberg's.[23]

In the United Kingdom, self-service shopping took longer to become established. Even in 1947, there were just ten self-service shops in the country.[24] In 1951, ex-US Navy sailor Patrick Galvani, son-in-law of Express Dairies chairman, made a pitch to the board to open a chain of supermarkets across the country. The UK's first supermarket under the new Premier Supermarkets brand opened in Streatham, South London,[25] taking ten times as much per week as the average British general store of the time. Other chains caught on, and after Galvani lost out to Tesco's Jack Cohen in 1960 to buy the 212 Irwin's chain, the sector underwent a large amount of consolidation, resulting in 'the big four' dominant UK of today: Tesco, Asda, Sainsbury's and Morrisons.

In the 1950s, supermarkets frequently issued trading stamps as incentives to customers. Today, most chains issue store-specific "membership cards", "club cards", or "loyalty cards". These typically enable the cardholder to receive special members-only discounts on certain items when the credit card-like device is scanned at check-out.[26] Sales of selected data generated by club cards is becoming a significant revenue stream for some supermarkets.

Traditional supermarkets in many countries face intense competition from discounters such as Wal-Mart, Aldi and Lidl, which typically is non-union and operates with better buying power. Other competition exists from warehouse clubs such as Costco that offer savings to customers buying in bulk quantities. Superstores, such as those operated by Wal-Mart and Asda, often offer a wide range of goods and services in addition to foods. In Australia, Aldi, Woolworths and Coles are the major players running the industry with fierce competition among all the three. The rising market share of Aldi has forced the other two to cut prices and increase their private label product ranges.[27] The proliferation of such warehouse and superstores has contributed to the continuing disappearance of smaller, local grocery stores; increased dependence on the automobile; suburban sprawl because of the necessity for large floor space and increased vehicular traffic. For example, in 2009 51% of Wal-Mart's $251 billion domestic sales were recorded from grocery goods.[28] Some critics consider the chains' common practice of selling loss leaders to be anti-competitive. They are also wary of the negotiating power that large, often multinationals have with suppliers around the world.[29]

Online-only supermarkets (21st century)

During the dot-com boom, Webvan, an online-only supermarket, was formed and went bankrupt after three years and was acquired by Amazon. The British online supermarket Ocado, which uses a high degree of automation in its warehouses,[30] was the first successful online-only supermarket. Ocado expanded into providing services to other supermarket firms such as Waitrose and Morrisons.

Grocery stores such as Walmart employ food delivery services offered by third parties such as DoorDash.[31] Other online food delivery services, such as Deliveroo in the United Kingdom, have begun to pay specific attention to supermarket delivery.[32]

Delivery robots are offered by various companies partnering with supermarkets.

Micro-fulfillment centers (MFC) are relatively small warehouses with sophisticated automated rack-and-tote systems which prepare orders for pickup and delivery.[33] Once the order is complete, the customer will pick it up (i.e. "click-and-collect") or have it fulfilled via home delivery.[34] Supermarkets are investing in micro-fulfillment centers with the hope that automation can help reduce the costs of online commerce and ecommerce by shortening the distances from store to home and speeding up deliveries. In short, MFCs are said by many to be the key to profitably fulfilling online orders.[35]

Types

U.S. categorization

The U.S. FMI food industry association, drawing on research by Willard Bishop, defines the following formats (store types) that sell groceries:[36]

Store type Definition as per the U.S. FMI Food Industry Association/Bishop
Traditional Grocery
Traditional supermarket Stores offering a full line of groceries, meat, and produce with at least US$2 million in annual sales and up to 15% of their sales in general merchandise (GM) and health & beauty care (HBC). These stores typically carry anywhere from 15,000 to 60,000 SKUs (depending on the size of the store), and may offer a service deli, a service bakery, and/or a pharmacy. e.g., Albertsons, Safeway, Kroger & Prime Supermarket.
Fresh format Different from traditional supermarkets and traditional natural food stores, fresh stores emphasize perishables and offer center-store assortments that differ from those of traditional retailers—especially in the areas of ethnic, natural, and organic, e.g., Whole Foods, The Fresh Market, and some independents.
Limited-assortment discount format A low-priced value-for-money grocery store that offers a limited assortment of center-store and perishable items (fewer than 2,000 SKUs), e.g., Aldi, Lidl, Trader Joe's, and Save-A-Lot.
Super warehouse A high-volume hybrid of a large traditional supermarket and a warehouse store. Super warehouse stores typically offer a full range of service departments, quality perishables, and reduced prices, e.g., Cub Foods, Food 4 Less, and Smart & Final.
Other (Small Convenience Grocery) The small corner grocery store that carries a limited selection of staples and other convenience goods. These to-go stores generate approximately $1 million in business annually, e.g. 7-Eleven, FamilyMart, Alfamart
Non-Traditional Grocery
Wholesale club A membership retail/wholesale hybrid with a varied selection and limited variety of products presented in a warehouse-type environment. These approximately 120,000 square-foot stores have 60% to 70% GM/HBC and a grocery line dedicated to large sizes and bulk sales. Memberships include both business accounts and consumer groups, e.g., Sam's Club, Costco, and BJ's.
Supercenters A hybrid of a large traditional supermarket and a mass merchandiser. Supercenters offer a wide variety of food, as well as non-food merchandise. These stores average more than 170,000 square feet and typically devote as much as 40% of the space to grocery items, e.g., Walmart Supercenters, Super Target, Meijer, and The Kroger Marketplace stores.
Variety store A small store format that traditionally sold staples and knickknacks, but now sales of food and consumable items at aggressive price points that account for at least 20%, and up to 66%, of their volume, e.g., Dollar General, Dollar Tree, Action, Pepco, Poundland and Family Dollar.
Drug store A prescription-based drug store that generates 20% or more of its total sales from consumables, general merchandise, and seasonal items. This channel includes major chain drug stores such as Walgreens, DM, AS Watson and CVS.
Mass merchandiser A large store selling primarily hardlines, clothing, electronics, and sporting goods but also carries grocery and non-edible grocery items. This channel includes traditional Walmart, Kmart, and Target.
Military (commissaries) A format that looks like a conventional grocery store carrying groceries and consumables but is restricted to use by active or retired military personnel. Civilians usually are not allowed to shop at these stores (referred to as commissaries).
E-Commerce (food and consumables) Food and consumable products ordered using the internet via any devices, regardless of the method of payment or fulfillment. This channel includes Amazon and Peapod as well as the E-Commerce business generated by traditional brick & mortar retailers, e.g., Coborns (Coborns Delivers) and ShopRite (ShopRite from Home and ShopRite Delivers). The other non-traditional retail segments above include their E-Commerce business.

Organic and environmentally-friendly supermarkets

Some supermarkets are focusing on selling more (or even exclusively) organically certified produce.[37][38] Others are trying to differentiate themselves by selling fewer (or no) products containing palm oil.[39] This as the demand of palm oil is a main driver for the destruction of rainforests. As a response to the growing concern on the heavy use of petroleum-based plastics for food packaging, so-called "zero waste" and "plastic-free" supermarkets and groceries are on the rise.[40][41][42]

Growth in developing countries

 
Outside of a La Anonima supermarket in Argentina

Beginning in the 1990s, the food sector in developing countries has rapidly transformed, particularly in Latin America, South-East Asia, India, China and South Africa. With growth, has come considerable competition and some amount of consolidation.[43] The growth has been driven by increasing affluence and the rise of a middle class; the entry of women into the workforce; with a consequent incentive to seek out easy-to-prepare foods; the growth in the use of refrigerators, making it possible to shop weekly instead of daily; and the growth in car ownership, facilitating journeys to distant stores and purchases of large quantities of goods. The opportunities presented by this potential have encouraged several European companies to invest in these markets (mainly in Asia) and American companies to invest in Latin America and China. Local companies also entered the market.[44] Initial development of supermarkets has now been followed by hypermarket growth. In addition there were investments by companies such as Makro and Metro Cash and Carry in large-scale Cash-and-Carry operations.

While the growth in sales of processed foods in these countries has been much more rapid than the growth in fresh food sales, the imperative nature of supermarkets to achieve economies of scale in purchasing means that the expansion of supermarkets in these countries has important repercussions for small farmers, particularly those growing perishable crops. New supply chains have developed involving cluster formation; development of specialized wholesalers; leading farmers organizing supply, and farmer associations or cooperatives.[45] In some cases supermarkets have organized their own procurement from small farmers; in others wholesale markets have adapted to meet supermarket needs.[46]

Typical supermarket merchandise

Larger supermarkets in North America and in Europe typically sell many items among many brands, sizes and varieties. U.S. publisher Supermarket News lists the following categories, for example:[47] Hypermarkets have a larger range of non-food categories such as clothing, electronics, household decoration and appliances.

  • Bakery (packaged and sometimes a service bakery and/or onsite bakery)
  • Beverages (non-alcoholic packaged, sometimes also alcoholic if laws permit)
  • Nonfood & Pharmacy (e.g. cigarettes, lottery tickets and over-the-counter medications (as laws permit), DVD rentals, books and magazines, including supermarket tabloids, greeting cards, toys, small selection of home goods like light bulbs, housewares (typically limited))
  • Personal care e.g. cosmetics, soap, shampoo
  • Produce (fresh fruits and vegetables)
  • Floral (flowers and plants)
  • Deli (sliced meats, cheeses, etc.)
  • Prepared Foods (packaged and frozen foods)
  • Meat (fresh packaged, frozen, sometimes with a butcher service counter)
  • Seafood (fresh packaged, frozen, sometimes with a butcher service counter)
  • Dairy (milk products and eggs)
  • Center store (e.g. detergent, paper products, household cleaning supplies)
  • Multicultural (ethnic foods)
  • Bulk dried foods
  • Animal foods, toys and products
 
Inside an Asda supermarket in Keighley, West Yorkshire
 
UK's Sainsbury's supermarket checkouts
 
Fruit on display in a supermarket in Japan

Layout strategies

 
A Kroger store, Kroger of the Villages, in Hedwig Village, Texas (Greater Houston)

Most merchandise is already packaged when it arrives at the supermarket. Packages are placed on shelves, arranged in aisles and sections according to type of item. Some items, such as fresh produce, are stored in bins. Those requiring an intact cold chain are in temperature-controlled display cases.

While branding and store advertising will differ from company to company, the layout of a supermarket remains virtually unchanged. Although big companies spend time giving consumers a pleasant shopping experience, the design of a supermarket is directly connected to the in-store marketing that supermarkets must conduct to get shoppers to spend more money while there.

Every aspect of the store is mapped out and attention is paid to color, wording and even surface texture. The overall layout of a supermarket is a visual merchandising project that plays a major role. Stores can creatively use a layout to alter customers' perceptions of the atmosphere. Alternatively, they can enhance the store's atmospherics through visual communications (signs and graphics), lighting, colors, and even scents.[48] For example, to give a sense of the supermarket being healthy, fresh produce is deliberately located at the front of the store. In terms of bakery items, supermarkets usually dedicate 30 to 40 feet of store space to the bread aisle.[49]

Supermarkets are designed to "give each product section a sense of individual difference and this is evident in the design of what is called the anchor departments; fresh produce, dairy, delicatessen, meat and the bakery". Each section has different floor coverings, style, lighting and sometimes even individual services counters to allow shoppers to feel as if there are a number of markets within this one supermarket.[50]

 
Exterior of a supermarket in Kulim, Kedah, Malaysia

Marketers use well-researched techniques to try to control purchasing behavior. The layout of a supermarket is considered by some to consist of a few rules of thumb and three layout principles.[51] The high-draw products are placed in separate areas of the store to keep drawing the consumer through the store. High impulse and high margin products are placed in the most predominant areas to grab attention. Power products are placed on both sides of the aisle to create increased product awareness, and end caps are used to receive a high exposure of a certain product whether on special, promotion or in a campaign, or a new line.

The first principle of the layout is circulation. Circulation is created by arranging product so the supermarket can control the traffic flow of the consumer. Along with this path, there will be high-draw, high-impulse items that will influence the consumer to make purchases which they did not originally intend. Service areas such as restrooms are placed in a location which draws the consumer past certain products to create extra buys. Necessity items such as bread and milk are found at the rear of the store to increase the start of circulation. Cashiers' desks are placed in a position to promote circulation. In most supermarkets, the entrance will be on the right-hand side because some research suggests that consumers who travel in a counter-clockwise direction spend more.[50] However, other researchers have argued that consumers moving in a clockwise direction can form better mental maps of the store leading to higher sales in turn.[52]

The second principle of the layout is coordination. Coordination is the organized arrangement of product that promotes sales. Products such as fast-selling and slow-selling lines are placed in strategic positions in aid of the overall sales plan. Managers sometimes place different items in fast-selling places to increase turnover or to promote a new line.

The third principle is consumer convenience. The layout of a supermarket is designed to create a high degree of convenience to the consumer to make the shopping experience pleasant and increase customer spending.[53] This is done through the character of merchandising and product placement. There are many different ideas and theories in relation to layout and how product layout can influence the purchases made. One theory suggests that certain products are placed together or near one another that are of a similar or complementary nature to increase the average customer spend.[54] This strategy is used to create cross-category sales similarity. In other words, the toothpaste is next to or adjacent the toothbrushes and the tea and coffee are down the same aisle as the sweet biscuits. These products complement one another and placing them near is one-way marketers try to increase purchases.[54]

For vertical placement, cheap generic brands tend to be on the lowest shelves, products appealing to children are placed at the mid-thigh level, and the most profitable brands are placed at eye level.[53]

The fourth principle is the use of color psychology, and the locations of the food,[55] similar to its use in fast food branding.

Consumer psychologists suggest that most buyers tend to enter the store and shop to their right first.[50] Some supermarkets, therefore, choose to place the entrance to the left-hand side as the consumer will likely turn right upon entry, and this allows the consumer to do a full anticlockwise circle around the store before returning to the checkouts. This suggests that supermarket marketers should use this theory to their advantage by placing their temporary displays of products on the right-hand side to entice you to make an unplanned purchase. Furthermore, aisle ends are extremely popular with product manufacturers, who pay top dollar to have their products located there.[56] These aisle ends are used to lure customers into making a snap purchase and to also entice them to shop down the aisle. The most obvious place supermarket layout influences consumers are at the checkout. Small displays of chocolates, magazines, and drinks are located at each checkout to tempt shoppers while they wait to be served.[50]

Criticisms

  • The large scale of supermarkets, while often improving cost and efficiency for customers, can place significant economic pressure on suppliers and smaller shopkeepers.[57][58][59][60][61]
  • Supermarkets often generate considerable food waste, although modern technologies such as biomethanation units may be able to process the waste into an economical source of energy.[62][63][64] Also, purchases tracking may help as supermarkets then become better able to size their stock (of perishable goods), reducing food spoilage.

See also

References

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  31. ^ DoorDash and Walmart join forces
  32. ^ DELIVEROO LAUNCHES ‘HOP’, A NEW RAPID GROCERY SERVICE FROM DELIVERY-ONLY STORES
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  37. ^ The Organic Retail Revolution[permanent dead link]
  38. ^ Organic food sector booming in France
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  40. ^ Grocery stores are packed with plastic. Some are changing.
  41. ^ Britain's first plastic-free supermarket zones open
  42. ^ The Rise of ‘Zero-Waste’ Grocery Stores
  43. ^ Reardon, Thomas; Timmer, Peter; Berdegue, Julio (2004). "The Rapid Rise of Supermarkets in Developing Countries: Induced Organizational, Institutional, and Technological Change in Agrifood Systems" (PDF). Journal of Agricultural and Development Economics. Agricultural and Development Economics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1 (2). (PDF) from the original on 27 April 2022.[page needed]
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  47. ^ "Product Categories", Supermarket News, accessed July 15, 2020
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Further reading

  • Greer, William R.; Logan, John A.; Willis, Paul S. (1986). America the Bountiful: How the Supermarket Came to Main Street : an Oral History. Washington, D.C.: Food Marketing Institute in cooperation with Beatrice Companies. OCLC 14357784.
  • Longstreth, R. W. (1999). The Drive-In, the Supermarket, and the Transformation of Commercial Space in Los Angeles, 1914-1941. The MIT Press.
  • Lorr, B. (2020). The Secret Life of Groceries: The Dark Miracle of the American Supermarket. Avery.
  • Newman, K. (2012). The Secret Financial Life of Food: From Commodities Markets to Supermarkets (Illustrated edition). Columbia University Press.
  • Petroski, Henry (November–December 2005). "Shopping by Design". American Scientist 93 (6): 491.
  • Sowell, Thomas. Basic Economics (Third Edition, 2007 Basic Books). Pages 92–94 describe the competition between the dominant grocery chains in the United States through the 20th century and beyond.
  • Yee, A. (2003). Shopping at Giant Foods: Chinese American Supermarkets in Northern California (Illustrated edition). University of Washington Press.

External links

  • Food Stories – Explore a century of revolutionary change in UK food culture on the British Library's Food Stories website
  • groceteria.com – supermarket history and architecture from the 1920s to the 1970s
  • Scrambling for customers, 4 August 2005, San Francisco Chronicle

supermarket, other, uses, disambiguation, supermercado, redirects, here, skinnee, album, supermercado, examples, perspective, this, article, represent, worldwide, view, subject, improve, this, article, discuss, issue, talk, page, create, article, appropriate, . For other uses see Supermarket disambiguation Supermercado redirects here For the 2 Skinnee J s album see SuperMercado The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject You may improve this article discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new article as appropriate July 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message A supermarket is a self service shop offering a wide variety of food beverages and household products organized into sections This kind of store is larger and has a wider selection than earlier grocery stores but is smaller and more limited in the range of merchandise than a hypermarket or big box market In everyday U S usage however grocery store is often used to mean supermarket 1 2 Lidl supermarket in Siilinjarvi Finland The supermarket typically has places for fresh meat fresh produce dairy deli items baked goods etc Shelf space is also reserved for canned and packaged goods and for various non food items such as kitchenware household cleaners pharmacy products and pet supplies Some supermarkets also sell other household products that are consumed regularly such as alcohol where permitted medicine and clothing and some sell a much wider range of non food products DVDs sporting equipment board games and seasonal items e g Christmas wrapping paper in December A larger full service supermarket combined with a department store is sometimes known as a hypermarket Other services may include those of banks cafes childcare centers creches insurance and other financial services mobile phone services photo processing video rentals pharmacies and gas stations If the eatery in a supermarket is substantial enough the facility may be called a grocerant a blend of grocery and restaurant 3 The traditional supermarket occupies a large amount of floor space usually on a single level It is usually situated near a residential area in order to be convenient to consumers The basic appeal is the availability of a broad selection of goods under a single roof at relatively low prices Other advantages include ease of parking and frequently the convenience of shopping hours that extend into the evening or even 24 hours of the day Supermarkets usually allocate large budgets to advertising typically through newspapers They also present elaborate in shop displays of products Supermarkets typically are chain stores supplied by the distribution centers of their parent companies thus increasing opportunities for economies of scale Supermarkets usually offer products at relatively low prices by using their buying power to buy goods from manufacturers at lower prices than smaller stores can They also minimise financing costs by paying for goods at least 30 days after receipt and some extract credit terms of 90 days or more from vendors Certain products typically staple foods such as bread milk and sugar are very occasionally sold as loss leaders so as to attract shoppers to their store Supermarkets make up for their low margins by a high volume of sales and with of higher margin items bought by the attracted shoppers Self service with shopping carts trolleys or baskets reduces labor costs and many supermarket chains are attempting further reduction by shifting to self service check out Contents 1 History 1 1 Online only supermarkets 21st century 2 Types 2 1 U S categorization 2 2 Organic and environmentally friendly supermarkets 3 Growth in developing countries 4 Typical supermarket merchandise 5 Layout strategies 6 Criticisms 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksHistory Edit Astor Market in New York one predecessor of the modern supermarket operated from 1915 to 1917 Piggly Wiggly store in Memphis Tennessee the first supermarket 1918 A supermarket in Sweden 1941 Consumers shopping for produce and fruit 2012 S market store with 24 7 service in Klaukkala Finland 2022 Historically the earliest retailers were peddlers who marketed their wares in the streets but by the 1920s retail food sales in the United States had mostly shifted to small corner grocery stores 4 In that era the standard retail grocery business model was for a clerk to fetch products from shelves behind the merchant s counter while customers waited in front of the counter indicating the items they wanted 4 Most foods and merchandise did not come in individually wrapped consumer sized packages so the clerk had to measure out and wrap the precise amount desired 4 Merchants did not post prices which forced customers to haggle and bargain with clerks to reach fair prices for their purchases 4 This business model had already been established in Europe for several centuries It offered extensive opportunities for social interaction many regarded this style of shopping as a social occasion and would often pause for conversations with the staff or other customers 5 These practices were by nature slow had high labor intensity and were quite expensive The number of customers who could be attended to at one time was limited by the number of staff employed in the store Shopping for groceries often also involved trips to multiple specialty shops such as a greengrocer butcher bakery fishmonger and dry goods store in addition to a general store Milk and other items of short shelf life were delivered by a milkman The concept of an inexpensive food market relying on economies of scale was developed by Vincent Astor He founded the Astor Market in 1915 investing 750 000 of his fortune into a 165 by 125 50 38 metre corner of 95th and Broadway Manhattan creating in effect an open air mini mall that sold meat fruit produce and flowers 6 The expectation was that customers would come from great distances miles around but in the end even attracting people from ten blocks away was difficult and the market folded in 1917 7 8 9 The Great Atlantic amp Pacific Tea Company A amp P which was established in 1859 was an early grocery store chain in Canada and the United States It became common in North American cities in the 1920s Early chains like A amp P did not sell fresh meats or produce During the 1920s to reduce the hassle of visiting multiple stores U S grocery store chains like A amp P introduced the combination store 10 This was a grocery store which combined several departments under one roof but generally maintained the traditional system of clerks pulling products from shelves on request 10 By 1929 only one in three U S grocery stores was a combination store 10 The concept of a self service grocery store predates the supermarket it was developed by entrepreneur Clarence Saunders at his Piggly Wiggly stores the first of which opened in 1916 11 Saunders was awarded several patents for the ideas he incorporated into his stores 12 13 14 15 The stores were a financial success and Saunders began to offer franchises The general trend since then has been to stock shelves at night so that customers the following day can obtain their own goods and bring them to the front of the store to pay for them Although there is a higher risk of shoplifting the costs of appropriate security measures ideally will be outweighed by reduced labor costs 16 unreliable source Historically there has been much debate about the origin of the supermarket For example Southern California grocery store chains Alpha Beta and Ralphs both have strong claims to the first supermarket 17 By 1930 both chains were already operating multiple 12 000 square foot 1 100 m2 self service grocery stores 17 However as of 1930 both chains were not yet true supermarkets in the modern sense because their prices remained quite high 17 one of the most important defining features of the supermarket is cheap food 18 Their main selling point was free parking 17 Other strong contenders in Texas included Weingarten s and Henke amp Pillot 19 To end the debate the Food Marketing Institute in conjunction with the Smithsonian Institution and with funding from H J Heinz researched the issue They defined the attributes of a supermarket as self service separate product departments discount pricing marketing and volume selling 20 They determined that the first true supermarket in the United States was opened by a former Kroger employee Michael J Cullen on 4 August 1930 inside a 6 000 square foot 560 m2 former garage in Jamaica Queens in New York City 20 The store King Kullen operated under the logic of pile it high and sell it cheap 18 Everything displayed for sale in the store had prices clearly marked meaning that consumers would no longer need to haggle over prices 18 Cullen described his store as the world s greatest price wrecker 18 21 At the time of his death in 1936 there were seventeen King Kullen stores in operation Although Saunders had brought the world self service uniform stores and nationwide marketing Cullen built on this idea by adding separate food departments selling large volumes of food at discount prices and adding a parking lot 20 Early supermarkets like King Kullen were called cheapy markets by industry experts at the time this was soon replaced by the phrase super market 18 The compound phrase was then closed up to become the modern term supermarket 11 A Safeway advertisement from the 1950s Other established American grocery chains in the 1930s such as Kroger and Safeway Inc at first resisted Cullen s idea but were eventually were forced to build their own supermarkets as the economy sank into the Great Depression American consumers became extraordinarily price sensitive at a level never experienced before 20 Kroger took the idea one step further and pioneered the first supermarket surrounded on all four sides by a parking lot 20 Once the large chains joined the supermarket trend the new retail format swept across the nation like a wildfire The number of American supermarkets almost tripled from 1 200 in 32 states in 1936 to over 3 000 in 47 states in 1937 18 One sign of the supermarket format s success in slashing labor costs overhead and food prices was that the percentage of disposable income spent by American consumers on food plunged from 21 percent in 1930 to 16 percent in 1940 18 The modern era of cheap food had begun 18 As large chain stores began to dominate the American grocery landscape with their low overhead and low prices while crushing numerous independent small stores along the way a backlash to this radical alteration of food distribution infrastructure appeared in the form of numerous anti chain campaigns The idea of monopsony proposed by Cambridge economist Joan Robinson in 1933 that a single buyer could outmaneuver a market of multiple sellers became a strong anti chain rhetorical device With public backlash came political pressure to even the playing field for smaller vendors lacking the luxury of economies of scale In 1936 the Robinson Patman Act was implemented as a way of preventing such large chains from using their buying power to reap advantages over small stores although the act was not well enforced and did not have much impact on such chains 22 Supermarkets rapidly proliferated across both Canada and the United States with the growth of automobile ownership and suburban development after World War II Most North American supermarkets are located in suburban strip shopping centers as an anchor store along with other smaller retailers They are generally regional rather than national in their company branding Kroger is the most nationally oriented supermarket chain in the United States but it has preserved most of its regional brands including Ralphs City Market King Soopers Fry s Smith s and QFC citation needed In Canada the largest such company is Loblaw which operates stores under a variety of banners targeted to different segments and regions including Fortinos Zehrs No Frills the Real Canadian Superstore and Loblaws the foundation of the company Sobeys is Canada s second largest supermarket with locations across the country operating under many banners Sobeys IGA in Quebec citation needed Quebec s first supermarket opened in 1934 in Montreal under the banner Steinberg s 23 In the United Kingdom self service shopping took longer to become established Even in 1947 there were just ten self service shops in the country 24 In 1951 ex US Navy sailor Patrick Galvani son in law of Express Dairies chairman made a pitch to the board to open a chain of supermarkets across the country The UK s first supermarket under the new Premier Supermarkets brand opened in Streatham South London 25 taking ten times as much per week as the average British general store of the time Other chains caught on and after Galvani lost out to Tesco s Jack Cohen in 1960 to buy the 212 Irwin s chain the sector underwent a large amount of consolidation resulting in the big four dominant UK of today Tesco Asda Sainsbury s and Morrisons In the 1950s supermarkets frequently issued trading stamps as incentives to customers Today most chains issue store specific membership cards club cards or loyalty cards These typically enable the cardholder to receive special members only discounts on certain items when the credit card like device is scanned at check out 26 Sales of selected data generated by club cards is becoming a significant revenue stream for some supermarkets Traditional supermarkets in many countries face intense competition from discounters such as Wal Mart Aldi and Lidl which typically is non union and operates with better buying power Other competition exists from warehouse clubs such as Costco that offer savings to customers buying in bulk quantities Superstores such as those operated by Wal Mart and Asda often offer a wide range of goods and services in addition to foods In Australia Aldi Woolworths and Coles are the major players running the industry with fierce competition among all the three The rising market share of Aldi has forced the other two to cut prices and increase their private label product ranges 27 The proliferation of such warehouse and superstores has contributed to the continuing disappearance of smaller local grocery stores increased dependence on the automobile suburban sprawl because of the necessity for large floor space and increased vehicular traffic For example in 2009 51 of Wal Mart s 251 billion domestic sales were recorded from grocery goods 28 Some critics consider the chains common practice of selling loss leaders to be anti competitive They are also wary of the negotiating power that large often multinationals have with suppliers around the world 29 Online only supermarkets 21st century Edit Main article Online grocer Further information Online food ordering During the dot com boom Webvan an online only supermarket was formed and went bankrupt after three years and was acquired by Amazon The British online supermarket Ocado which uses a high degree of automation in its warehouses 30 was the first successful online only supermarket Ocado expanded into providing services to other supermarket firms such as Waitrose and Morrisons Grocery stores such as Walmart employ food delivery services offered by third parties such as DoorDash 31 Other online food delivery services such as Deliveroo in the United Kingdom have begun to pay specific attention to supermarket delivery 32 Delivery robots are offered by various companies partnering with supermarkets Micro fulfillment centers MFC are relatively small warehouses with sophisticated automated rack and tote systems which prepare orders for pickup and delivery 33 Once the order is complete the customer will pick it up i e click and collect or have it fulfilled via home delivery 34 Supermarkets are investing in micro fulfillment centers with the hope that automation can help reduce the costs of online commerce and ecommerce by shortening the distances from store to home and speeding up deliveries In short MFCs are said by many to be the key to profitably fulfilling online orders 35 Types EditSee also Grocery store Types U S categorization Edit The U S FMI food industry association drawing on research by Willard Bishop defines the following formats store types that sell groceries 36 Store type Definition as per the U S FMI Food Industry Association BishopTraditional GroceryTraditional supermarket Stores offering a full line of groceries meat and produce with at least US 2 million in annual sales and up to 15 of their sales in general merchandise GM and health amp beauty care HBC These stores typically carry anywhere from 15 000 to 60 000 SKUs depending on the size of the store and may offer a service deli a service bakery and or a pharmacy e g Albertsons Safeway Kroger amp Prime Supermarket Fresh format Different from traditional supermarkets and traditional natural food stores fresh stores emphasize perishables and offer center store assortments that differ from those of traditional retailers especially in the areas of ethnic natural and organic e g Whole Foods The Fresh Market and some independents Limited assortment discount format A low priced value for money grocery store that offers a limited assortment of center store and perishable items fewer than 2 000 SKUs e g Aldi Lidl Trader Joe s and Save A Lot Super warehouse A high volume hybrid of a large traditional supermarket and a warehouse store Super warehouse stores typically offer a full range of service departments quality perishables and reduced prices e g Cub Foods Food 4 Less and Smart amp Final Other Small Convenience Grocery The small corner grocery store that carries a limited selection of staples and other convenience goods These to go stores generate approximately 1 million in business annually e g 7 Eleven FamilyMart AlfamartNon Traditional GroceryWholesale club A membership retail wholesale hybrid with a varied selection and limited variety of products presented in a warehouse type environment These approximately 120 000 square foot stores have 60 to 70 GM HBC and a grocery line dedicated to large sizes and bulk sales Memberships include both business accounts and consumer groups e g Sam s Club Costco and BJ s Supercenters A hybrid of a large traditional supermarket and a mass merchandiser Supercenters offer a wide variety of food as well as non food merchandise These stores average more than 170 000 square feet and typically devote as much as 40 of the space to grocery items e g Walmart Supercenters Super Target Meijer and The Kroger Marketplace stores Variety store A small store format that traditionally sold staples and knickknacks but now sales of food and consumable items at aggressive price points that account for at least 20 and up to 66 of their volume e g Dollar General Dollar Tree Action Pepco Poundland and Family Dollar Drug store A prescription based drug store that generates 20 or more of its total sales from consumables general merchandise and seasonal items This channel includes major chain drug stores such as Walgreens DM AS Watson and CVS Mass merchandiser A large store selling primarily hardlines clothing electronics and sporting goods but also carries grocery and non edible grocery items This channel includes traditional Walmart Kmart and Target Military commissaries A format that looks like a conventional grocery store carrying groceries and consumables but is restricted to use by active or retired military personnel Civilians usually are not allowed to shop at these stores referred to as commissaries E Commerce food and consumables Food and consumable products ordered using the internet via any devices regardless of the method of payment or fulfillment This channel includes Amazon and Peapod as well as the E Commerce business generated by traditional brick amp mortar retailers e g Coborns Coborns Delivers and ShopRite ShopRite from Home and ShopRite Delivers The other non traditional retail segments above include their E Commerce business Organic and environmentally friendly supermarkets Edit Some supermarkets are focusing on selling more or even exclusively organically certified produce 37 38 Others are trying to differentiate themselves by selling fewer or no products containing palm oil 39 This as the demand of palm oil is a main driver for the destruction of rainforests As a response to the growing concern on the heavy use of petroleum based plastics for food packaging so called zero waste and plastic free supermarkets and groceries are on the rise 40 41 42 Growth in developing countries Edit Outside of a La Anonima supermarket in Argentina Beginning in the 1990s the food sector in developing countries has rapidly transformed particularly in Latin America South East Asia India China and South Africa With growth has come considerable competition and some amount of consolidation 43 The growth has been driven by increasing affluence and the rise of a middle class the entry of women into the workforce with a consequent incentive to seek out easy to prepare foods the growth in the use of refrigerators making it possible to shop weekly instead of daily and the growth in car ownership facilitating journeys to distant stores and purchases of large quantities of goods The opportunities presented by this potential have encouraged several European companies to invest in these markets mainly in Asia and American companies to invest in Latin America and China Local companies also entered the market 44 Initial development of supermarkets has now been followed by hypermarket growth In addition there were investments by companies such as Makro and Metro Cash and Carry in large scale Cash and Carry operations While the growth in sales of processed foods in these countries has been much more rapid than the growth in fresh food sales the imperative nature of supermarkets to achieve economies of scale in purchasing means that the expansion of supermarkets in these countries has important repercussions for small farmers particularly those growing perishable crops New supply chains have developed involving cluster formation development of specialized wholesalers leading farmers organizing supply and farmer associations or cooperatives 45 In some cases supermarkets have organized their own procurement from small farmers in others wholesale markets have adapted to meet supermarket needs 46 Typical supermarket merchandise EditLarger supermarkets in North America and in Europe typically sell many items among many brands sizes and varieties U S publisher Supermarket News lists the following categories for example 47 Hypermarkets have a larger range of non food categories such as clothing electronics household decoration and appliances Bakery packaged and sometimes a service bakery and or onsite bakery Beverages non alcoholic packaged sometimes also alcoholic if laws permit Nonfood amp Pharmacy e g cigarettes lottery tickets and over the counter medications as laws permit DVD rentals books and magazines including supermarket tabloids greeting cards toys small selection of home goods like light bulbs housewares typically limited Personal care e g cosmetics soap shampoo Produce fresh fruits and vegetables Floral flowers and plants Deli sliced meats cheeses etc Prepared Foods packaged and frozen foods Meat fresh packaged frozen sometimes with a butcher service counter Seafood fresh packaged frozen sometimes with a butcher service counter Dairy milk products and eggs Center store e g detergent paper products household cleaning supplies Multicultural ethnic foods Bulk dried foods Animal foods toys and products Inside an Asda supermarket in Keighley West Yorkshire UK s Sainsbury s supermarket checkouts Fruit on display in a supermarket in JapanLayout strategies Edit A Kroger store Kroger of the Villages in Hedwig Village Texas Greater Houston Most merchandise is already packaged when it arrives at the supermarket Packages are placed on shelves arranged in aisles and sections according to type of item Some items such as fresh produce are stored in bins Those requiring an intact cold chain are in temperature controlled display cases While branding and store advertising will differ from company to company the layout of a supermarket remains virtually unchanged Although big companies spend time giving consumers a pleasant shopping experience the design of a supermarket is directly connected to the in store marketing that supermarkets must conduct to get shoppers to spend more money while there Every aspect of the store is mapped out and attention is paid to color wording and even surface texture The overall layout of a supermarket is a visual merchandising project that plays a major role Stores can creatively use a layout to alter customers perceptions of the atmosphere Alternatively they can enhance the store s atmospherics through visual communications signs and graphics lighting colors and even scents 48 For example to give a sense of the supermarket being healthy fresh produce is deliberately located at the front of the store In terms of bakery items supermarkets usually dedicate 30 to 40 feet of store space to the bread aisle 49 Supermarkets are designed to give each product section a sense of individual difference and this is evident in the design of what is called the anchor departments fresh produce dairy delicatessen meat and the bakery Each section has different floor coverings style lighting and sometimes even individual services counters to allow shoppers to feel as if there are a number of markets within this one supermarket 50 Exterior of a supermarket in Kulim Kedah Malaysia Marketers use well researched techniques to try to control purchasing behavior The layout of a supermarket is considered by some to consist of a few rules of thumb and three layout principles 51 The high draw products are placed in separate areas of the store to keep drawing the consumer through the store High impulse and high margin products are placed in the most predominant areas to grab attention Power products are placed on both sides of the aisle to create increased product awareness and end caps are used to receive a high exposure of a certain product whether on special promotion or in a campaign or a new line The first principle of the layout is circulation Circulation is created by arranging product so the supermarket can control the traffic flow of the consumer Along with this path there will be high draw high impulse items that will influence the consumer to make purchases which they did not originally intend Service areas such as restrooms are placed in a location which draws the consumer past certain products to create extra buys Necessity items such as bread and milk are found at the rear of the store to increase the start of circulation Cashiers desks are placed in a position to promote circulation In most supermarkets the entrance will be on the right hand side because some research suggests that consumers who travel in a counter clockwise direction spend more 50 However other researchers have argued that consumers moving in a clockwise direction can form better mental maps of the store leading to higher sales in turn 52 The second principle of the layout is coordination Coordination is the organized arrangement of product that promotes sales Products such as fast selling and slow selling lines are placed in strategic positions in aid of the overall sales plan Managers sometimes place different items in fast selling places to increase turnover or to promote a new line K Supermarket in Tarmola Porvoo Finland The third principle is consumer convenience The layout of a supermarket is designed to create a high degree of convenience to the consumer to make the shopping experience pleasant and increase customer spending 53 This is done through the character of merchandising and product placement There are many different ideas and theories in relation to layout and how product layout can influence the purchases made One theory suggests that certain products are placed together or near one another that are of a similar or complementary nature to increase the average customer spend 54 This strategy is used to create cross category sales similarity In other words the toothpaste is next to or adjacent the toothbrushes and the tea and coffee are down the same aisle as the sweet biscuits These products complement one another and placing them near is one way marketers try to increase purchases 54 For vertical placement cheap generic brands tend to be on the lowest shelves products appealing to children are placed at the mid thigh level and the most profitable brands are placed at eye level 53 The fourth principle is the use of color psychology and the locations of the food 55 similar to its use in fast food branding Consumer psychologists suggest that most buyers tend to enter the store and shop to their right first 50 Some supermarkets therefore choose to place the entrance to the left hand side as the consumer will likely turn right upon entry and this allows the consumer to do a full anticlockwise circle around the store before returning to the checkouts This suggests that supermarket marketers should use this theory to their advantage by placing their temporary displays of products on the right hand side to entice you to make an unplanned purchase Furthermore aisle ends are extremely popular with product manufacturers who pay top dollar to have their products located there 56 These aisle ends are used to lure customers into making a snap purchase and to also entice them to shop down the aisle The most obvious place supermarket layout influences consumers are at the checkout Small displays of chocolates magazines and drinks are located at each checkout to tempt shoppers while they wait to be served 50 Criticisms EditThe large scale of supermarkets while often improving cost and efficiency for customers can place significant economic pressure on suppliers and smaller shopkeepers 57 58 59 60 61 Supermarkets often generate considerable food waste although modern technologies such as biomethanation units may be able to process the waste into an economical source of energy 62 63 64 Also purchases tracking may help as supermarkets then become better able to size their stock of perishable goods reducing food spoilage See also Edit Business and economics portal Supermarkets portal Companies portalHypermarket List of grocers Short food supply chains Farmers markets Types of retail outlets Effects of the car on societiesReferences Edit Grocery store Merriam Webster Dictionary Retrieved 13 July 2020 Grocery Oxford Learner s Dictionary Retrieved 13 July 2020 Meyer Zlati 5 April 2017 Why Grocerants are the new trend taking bite out of restaurants USA Today Retrieved 6 April 2017 The phenomenon is growing fast enough both in prevalence and sophistication that the food industry has coined a name for these combination grocery stores and eateries the grocerant a b c d Murphy Wendy Wiedenhoft 2017 Consumer Culture and Society Thousand Oaks California SAGE Publications p 95 ISBN 9781483358147 Retrieved 8 January 2023 Vadini Ettore 28 February 2018 Public Space and an Interdisciplinary Approach to Design Rome Edizioni Nuova Cultura p 77 ISBN 9788868129958 Opening of the Astor market New York City 1915 Library of Congress 1915 The Retailer The Western Fruit Jobber Vol IV no 3 July 1917 Gray Christopher 10 September 2006 The Astor Legacy in Brick and Stone The New York Times Gray Christopher 5 July 1987 Streetscapes Thalia Theater a closed revival house that may itself be revived The New York Times a b c Deener Andrew 2020 The Problem with Feeding Cities The Social Transformation of Infrastructure Abundance and Inequality in America Chicago University of Chicago Press p 72 ISBN 9780226703077 Retrieved 8 January 2023 a b Deener Andrew 2020 The Problem with Feeding Cities The Social Transformation of Infrastructure Abundance and Inequality in America Chicago University of Chicago Press p 73 ISBN 9780226703077 Retrieved 8 January 2023 Self serving store Lighting system for self serving stores Self serving store Arrangement and construction of store fixtures September 6 1916 The first supermarket opens for business Knappily 6 September 2018 Archived from the original on 25 October 2020 Retrieved 27 April 2022 a b c d Levinson Marc 2011 The Great A amp P and the Struggle for Small Business in America New York Hill and Wang p 128 ISBN 9781429969024 Retrieved 8 January 2023 a b c d e f g h Deener Andrew 2020 The Problem with Feeding Cities The Social Transformation of Infrastructure Abundance and Inequality in America Chicago University of Chicago Press p 74 ISBN 9780226703077 Retrieved 8 January 2023 Burke Dana 1 May 2020 Old timey Houston grocery stores Did you shop at any of these Houston Chronicle a b c d e Ryan Mathews 1926 1936 Entrepreneurs and Enterprise A Look at Industry Pioneers like King Kullen and J Frank Grimes and the Institution They Created Special Report Social Change amp the Supermarket Progressive Grocer 75 no 12 December 1996 39 43 Levinson Marc 2011 The Great A amp P and the Struggle for Small Business in America New York Hill and Wang p 129 ISBN 9781429969024 Retrieved 8 January 2023 Hamilton Shane Supermarkets Free Markets and the Problem of Buying Power in the Postwar United States in What s Good For Business Business and Politics Since World War II eds Julian Zelizer and Kim Phillips Fein Oxford University Press 2012 Steinberg Inc permanent dead link The Canadian Encyclopedia Hamlett Jane April 2008 Regulating UK supermarkets an oral history perspective United Kingdom History amp Policy Archived from the original on 7 August 2011 Retrieved 9 December 2010 Helen Gregory 3 November 2001 It s a super anniversary it s 50 years since the first full size self service supermarket was unveiled in the UK The Grocer Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 Retrieved 30 June 2010 Mauri Chiara 2003 Card loyalty A new emerging issue in grocery retailing Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 10 1 13 25 doi 10 1016 S0969 6989 02 00036 X Supermarkets and Grocery Stores Australia Market Research Report Csipak James J Rohit Rampal and Laurent Josien The Effect of a Wal Mart Supercenter on Supermarket Food Prices The Case of the City of Plattsburgh in Upstate New York Academy of Marketing Studies Journal 2 2014 251 Academic OneFile Web 5 November 2015 Moulds Josephine 25 June 2015 Supermarkets behaving badly how suppliers can get a fairer deal The Guardian On Demand Supermarket Secrets Series 3 Episode 2 30 April 2019 BBC BBC One DoorDash and Walmart join forces DELIVEROO LAUNCHES HOP A NEW RAPID GROCERY SERVICE FROM DELIVERY ONLY STORES Abel Carol 9 August 2019 The Small But Mighty Micro fulfillment Center Food Marketing Institute Retrieved 11 May 2020 Dudlicek Jim 17 March 2020 Digital First Grocery A Look Inside Micro Fulfillment at Albertsons Progressive Grocer Archived from the original on 14 April 2020 Retrieved 11 May 2020 Smith Jennifer 27 January 2020 Grocery Delivery Goes Small With 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retailing in Asia Archived 10 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine Andrew W Shepherd and Eva Galvez The response of traditional marketing channels to the growth of supermarkets and to the demand for safer and higher quality fruit and vegetables with particular reference to Asia Proceedings of the International Symposium on Fresh Produce Supply Chain Management Chiang Mai 2006 pp 304 313 FAO Bangkok 1 Product Categories Supermarket News accessed July 15 2020 Gajanayake R Gajanayake S Surangi H 2011 The impact of selected visual merchandising techniques on patronage intentions in supermarkets International Conference on Business and Economic Research p 1130 1165 NACS Magazine Category Close Up Take Bread to the Bank nacsonline com Archived from the original on 23 February 2012 Retrieved 6 December 2011 a b c d Browne Karen April 2010 Trolley Psychology Choice unlocks the psychological secrets of the supermarket and shows you how to avoid spending more than you mean to Australian Consumer s 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Senate takes look at slotting fees Associated Press 15 September 1999 Unfair trading practices supply chain European Economic and Social Committee 11 July 2013 Ten Reasons Supermarket Mergers Are Bad for Consumers Press release Friends of the Earth 13 January 2003 Archived from the original on 5 April 2004 a href Template Cite press release html title Template Cite press release cite press release a CS1 maint unfit URL link Growers demand inquiry ombudsman sought TVNZ 5 July 2010 Archived from the original on 8 July 2010 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint unfit URL link Mukherjee SN Kumar S December 2007 Leachate from market refuse and biomethanation study Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 135 1 49 53 doi 10 1007 s10661 007 9703 5 PMID 17505906 S2CID 11008308 Methanisatie 2009 het jaar van de biomethanisering energymag be 15 September 2014 Archived from the original on 15 September 2014 Biomethanation Asia Biomass Handbook Japan Institute of Energy 2008 Archived from the original PDF on 2 June 2015 Retrieved 11 August 2017 Further reading EditGreer William R Logan John A Willis Paul S 1986 America the Bountiful How the Supermarket Came to Main Street an Oral History Washington D C Food Marketing Institute in cooperation with Beatrice Companies OCLC 14357784 Longstreth R W 1999 The Drive In the Supermarket and the Transformation of Commercial Space in Los Angeles 1914 1941 The MIT Press Lorr B 2020 The Secret Life of Groceries The Dark Miracle of the American Supermarket Avery Newman K 2012 The Secret Financial Life of Food From Commodities Markets to Supermarkets Illustrated edition Columbia University Press Petroski Henry November December 2005 Shopping by Design American Scientist 93 6 491 Sowell Thomas Basic Economics Third Edition 2007 Basic Books Pages 92 94 describe the competition between the dominant grocery chains in the United States through the 20th century and beyond Yee A 2003 Shopping at Giant Foods Chinese American Supermarkets in Northern California Illustrated edition University of Washington Press External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Supermarkets Food Stories Explore a century of revolutionary change in UK food culture on the British Library s Food Stories website groceteria com supermarket history and architecture from the 1920s to the 1970s Scrambling for customers 4 August 2005 San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Supermarket amp oldid 1145577632, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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