fbpx
Wikipedia

York

June 23, 2023

This article is about the city in the United Kingdom. For other uses, see York (disambiguation).

York is a cathedral city in North Yorkshire, England, with Roman origins, sited at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss. It is the historic county town of Yorkshire. The city has many historic buildings and other structures, such as a minster, castle, and city walls. It is the largest settlement and the administrative centre of the wider City of York district.

York
City
Clockwise from the top left: Micklegate Bar; St Peter's Minster from the city walls; Lendal Bridge; an aerial view of the city; and the castle
York
Location within North Yorkshire
Area33.7 km2 (13.0 sq mi)
Population156,135 (2021 census) [1]
• Density4,633/km2 (12,000/sq mi)
Unitary authority population202,871 (2021 census)
Unitary authority
Ceremonial county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townYORK
Postcode districtYO1, YO10, YO19, YO23-24, YO26, YO30-32, YO41
Dialling code01904
PoliceNorth Yorkshire
FireNorth Yorkshire
AmbulanceYorkshire
Websiteyork.gov.uk
List of places
UK
England
Yorkshire
53°57′36″N 1°04′41″W / 53.960106°N 1.078017°W / 53.960106; -1.078017

The city was founded under the name of Eboracum in 71 AD. It then became the capital of the Roman province of Britannia Inferior, and later of the kingdoms of Deira, Northumbria, and Scandinavian York. In the Middle Ages, it became the northern England ecclesiastical province's centre, and grew as a wool-trading centre.[2] In the 19th century, it became a major railway network hub and confectionery manufacturing centre. During the Second World War, part of the Baedeker Blitz bombed the city; it was less affected by the war than other northern cities, with several historic buildings being gutted and restored up to the 1960s.[3]

The city is one of 15 in England to have a lord mayor, and one of three to have "The Right Honourable" title affixed, the others being London's and Bristol's. Historic governance of the city was as a county corporate, not included in the county's riding system. The city has since been covered by a municipal borough, county borough, and since 1996 a non-metropolitan district (the City of York), which also includes surrounding villages and rural areas, and the town of Haxby. The current district's local council is responsible for providing all local services and facilities throughout this area. The city had a population of 153,717 in the 2011 census;[4] the wider district had a population of 198,100. According to 2021 census data, the wider district has a population of 202,800, a 2.4% increase compared to the 2011 census.[5]

Toponymy

The name York (Old Norse: Jórvík) is derived from the Brittonic name Eburākon (Latinised as Eboracum or Eburacum), a combination of eburos "yew tree" (compare Old Irish ibar, Irish iobhar, iubhar, and iúr, and Scottish Gaelic iubhar; compare also Welsh efwr and Breton evor, both meaning "alder buckthorn") and a suffix of appurtenance *-āko(n), meaning "belonging to," or "place of" (compare Welsh -og).[6] Put together, these old words meant "place of the yew trees". (In Welsh, efrog; in Old Irish, iubrach; in Irish Gaelic, iúrach; and in Scottish Gaelic, iùbhrach). The city is called Eabhrac in Irish and Eabhraig in Scottish Gaelic—names derived from the Latin word Eboracum. A proposed alternative meaning is "the settlement of (a man named) Eburos," a Celtic personal name spelled variously in different documents as Eβουρος, Eburus and Eburius: when combined with the Celtic possessive suffix *-āko(n), the word could be used to denote the property of a man with this name.[7][6]

The name Eboracum became the Anglian Eoforwic in the 7th century: a compound of Eofor-, from the old name, and -wic, meaning "village," probably by conflation of the element Ebor- with a Germanic root *eburaz ('boar'); by the 7th century, the Old English for 'boar' had become eofor. When the Danish army conquered the city in 866, it was renamed Jórvík.[8]

The Old French and Norman name of the city following the Norman Conquest was recorded as Everwic (modern Norman Évèroui) in works such as Wace's Roman de Rou.[9] Jórvík, meanwhile, gradually reduced to York in the centuries after the Conquest, moving from the Middle English Yerk in the 14th century through Yourke in the 16th century to Yarke in the 17th century. The form York was first recorded in the 13th century.[2][10] Many company and place names, such as the Ebor race meeting, refer to the Latinised Brittonic, Roman name.[11]

The 12th‑century chronicler Geoffrey of Monmouth, in his fictional account of the prehistoric kings of Britain, Historia Regum Britanniae, suggests the name derives from that of a pre-Roman city founded by the legendary king Ebraucus.[12]

The Archbishop of York uses Ebor as his surname in his signature.[13]

History

Main article: History of York
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of York.

Early history

 
Roman wall and the west corner tower of Eboracum. The top half is medieval.

Archaeological evidence suggests that Mesolithic people settled in the region of York between 8000 and 7000 BC, although it is not known whether their settlements were permanent or temporary. By the time of the Roman conquest of Britain, the area was occupied by a tribe known to the Romans as the Brigantes. The Brigantian tribal area initially became a Roman client state, but later its leaders became more hostile and the Roman Ninth Legion was sent north of the Humber into Brigantian territory.[14]

The city was founded in 71 AD, when the Ninth Legion conquered the Brigantes and constructed a wooden military fortress on flat ground above the River Ouse close to its confluence with the River Foss. The fortress, whose walls were rebuilt in stone by the VI legion based there subsequent to the IX legion, covered an area of 50 acres (20 ha) and was inhabited by 6,000 legionary soldiers. The site of the principia (HQ) of the fortress lies under the foundations of York Minster, and excavations in the undercroft have revealed part of the Roman structure and columns.[8][15]

The Emperors Hadrian, Septimius Severus, and Constantius I all held court in York during their various campaigns. During his stay 207–211 AD, the Emperor Severus proclaimed York capital of the province of Britannia Inferior, and it is likely that it was he who granted York the privileges of a 'colonia' or city. Constantius I died in 306 AD during his stay in York, and his son Constantine the Great was proclaimed Emperor by the troops based in the fortress.[15][16] In 314 AD a bishop from York attended the Council at Arles to represent Christians from the province.[17]

While the Roman colonia and fortress were on high ground, by 400 AD the town was victim to occasional flooding from the Rivers Ouse and Foss, and the population reduced.[18] York declined in the post-Roman era, and was taken and settled by the Angles in the 5th century.[19]

Reclamation of parts of the town was initiated in the 7th century under King Edwin of Northumbria, and York became his chief city.[20] The first wooden minster church was built in York for the baptism of Edwin in 627, according to the Venerable Bede.[21] Edwin ordered the small wooden church be rebuilt in stone; however, he was killed in 633, and the task of completing the stone minster fell to his successor Oswald.[8][22] In the following century, Alcuin of York came to the cathedral school of York. He had a long career as a teacher and scholar, first at the school at York now known as St Peter's School, founded in 627 AD, and later as Charlemagne's leading advisor on ecclesiastical and educational affairs.[23]

In 866, Northumbria was in the midst of internecine struggles when the Vikings raided and captured York. As a thriving Anglo-Saxon metropolis and prosperous economic hub, York was a clear target for the Vikings. Led by Ivar the Boneless and Halfdan, Scandinavian forces attacked the town on All Saints' Day. Launching the assault on a holy day proved an effective tactical move – most of York's leaders were in the cathedral, leaving the town vulnerable to attack and unprepared for battle. After it was conquered, the city was renamed from the Saxon Eoforwic to Jorvik. It became the capital of Viking territory in Britain, and at its peak boasted more than 10,000 inhabitants. This was a population second only to London within Great Britain. Jorvik proved an important economic and trade centre for the Vikings. Norse coinage was created at the Jorvik mint, while archaeologists have found evidence of a variety of craft workshops around the town's central Coppergate area. These demonstrate that textile production, metalwork, carving, glasswork and jewellery-making were all practised in Jorvik. Materials from as far afield as the Persian Gulf have also been discovered, suggesting that the town was part of an international trading network.[24] Under Viking rule the city became a major river port, part of the extensive Viking trading routes throughout northern Europe. The last ruler of an independent Jórvík, Eric Bloodaxe, was driven from the city in 954 AD by King Eadred in his successful attempt to complete the unification of England.[25]

After the conquest

 
A panorama of 15th-century York by E. Ridsdale Tate; York Castle is on the right hand side of the river, opposite the abandoned motte of Baile Hill.

In 1068, two years after the Norman conquest of England, the people of York rebelled. Initially they succeeded, but upon the arrival of William the Conqueror the rebellion was put down. William at once built a wooden fortress on a motte. In 1069, after another rebellion, the king built another timbered castle across the River Ouse. These were destroyed in 1069 and rebuilt by William about the time of his ravaging Northumbria in what is called the "Harrying of the North" where he destroyed everything from York to Durham. The remains of the rebuilt castles, now in stone, are visible on either side of the River Ouse.[26][27]

The first stone minster church was badly damaged by fire in the uprising, and the Normans built a minster on a new site. Around the year 1080, Archbishop Thomas started building the cathedral that in time became the current Minster.[22]

 
Clifford's Tower, part of York Castle

In the 12th century York started to prosper. In 1190, York Castle was the site of an infamous massacre of its Jewish inhabitants, in which at least 150 were murdered, although some authorities put the figure as high as 500.[28][29]

The city, through its location on the River Ouse and its proximity to the Great North Road, became a major trading centre. King John granted the city's first charter in 1212,[30] confirming trading rights in England and Europe.[22][31] During the later Middle Ages, York merchants imported wine from France, cloth, wax, canvas, and oats from the Low Countries, timber and furs from the Baltic and exported grain to Gascony and grain and wool to the Low Countries.[32]

York became a major cloth manufacturing and trading centre. Edward I further stimulated the city's economy by using the city as a base for his war in Scotland. The city was the location of significant unrest during the so-called Peasants' Revolt in 1381. The city acquired an increasing degree of autonomy from central government including the privileges granted by a charter of Richard II in 1396.

16th to 18th centuries

 
St Mary's Abbey was founded in 1155 and destroyed during the Dissolution, c. 1539.

The city underwent a period of economic decline during Tudor times. Under King Henry VIII, the Dissolution of the Monasteries saw the end of York's many monastic houses, including several orders of friars, the hospitals of St Nicholas and of St Leonard, the largest such institution in the north of England. This led to the Pilgrimage of Grace, an uprising of northern Catholics in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire opposed to religious reform. Henry VIII restored his authority by establishing the Council of the North in York in the dissolved St Mary's Abbey. The city became a trading and service centre during this period.[33][34]

Anne of Denmark came to York with her children Prince Henry and Princess Elizabeth on 11 June 1603. The Mayor gave her a tour and offered her spiced wine, but she preferred beer.[35] Guy Fawkes, who was born and educated in York, was a member of a group of Roman Catholic restorationists that planned the Gunpowder Plot.[36] Its aim was to displace Protestant rule by blowing up the Houses of Parliament while King James I, the entire Protestant, and even most of the Catholic aristocracy and nobility were inside.

 
A map of York, 1611

In 1644, during the Civil War, the Parliamentarians besieged York, and many medieval houses outside the city walls were lost. The barbican at Walmgate Bar was undermined and explosives laid, but the plot was discovered. On the arrival of Prince Rupert, with an army of 15,000 men, the siege was lifted. The Parliamentarians retreated some 6 miles (10 km) from York with Rupert in pursuit, before turning on his army and soundly defeating it at the Battle of Marston Moor. Of Rupert's 15,000 troops, 4,000 were killed and 1,500 captured. The siege was renewed and the city surrendered to Sir Thomas Fairfax[33] on 15 July.

Following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, and the removal of the garrison from York in 1688, the city was dominated by the gentry and merchants, although the clergy were still important. Competition from Leeds and Hull, together with silting of the River Ouse, resulted in York losing its pre-eminent position as a trading centre, but its role as the social and cultural centre for wealthy northerners was rising. York's many elegant townhouses, such as the Lord Mayor's Mansion House and Fairfax House date from this period, as do the Assembly Rooms, the Theatre Royal, and the racecourse.[34][37]

Modern history

 
The Great Hall at the National Railway Museum

The railway promoter George Hudson was responsible for bringing the railway to York in 1839. Although Hudson's career as a railway entrepreneur ended in disgrace and bankruptcy, his promotion of York over Leeds, and of his own railway company (the York and North Midland Railway), helped establish York as a major railway centre by the late 19th century.[38]

The introduction of the railways established engineering in the city.[39][40] At the turn of the 20th century, the railway accommodated the headquarters and works of the North Eastern Railway, which employed more than 5,500 people. The railway was instrumental in the expansion of Rowntree's Cocoa Works. It was founded in 1862 by Henry Isaac Rowntree, who was joined in 1869 by his brother the philanthropist Joseph.[41] Another chocolate manufacturer, Terry's of York, was a major employer.[34][42] By 1900, the railways and confectionery had become the city's two major industries.[40]

 
Low Petergate with the minster in the background

York was a centre of early photography, as described by Hugh Murray in his 1986 book Photographs and Photographers of York: The Early Years, 1844–79. Photographers who had studios in York included William Hayes, William Pumphrey, and Augustus Mahalski who operated on Davygate and Low Petergate in the 19th century, having come to England as a refugee after serving as a Polish lancer in the Austro-Hungarian war.[43][44]

In 1942, the city was bombed during the Second World War (part of the Baedeker Blitz) by the German Luftwaffe and 92 people were killed and hundreds injured.[45] Buildings damaged in the raid included the Railway Station, Rowntree's Factory, Poppleton Road Primary School, St Martin-le-Grand Church, the Bar Convent and the Guildhall which was left in total disrepair until 1960.

 
Bench with Kit Kat advertising in York (where the bar was created by the confectionery company Rowntree's) to mark National Chocolate Week in 2018

With the emergence of tourism, the historic core of York became one of the city's major assets, and in 1968 it was designated a conservation area.[46] The existing tourist attractions were supplemented by the establishment of the National Railway Museum in York in 1975,[47] the Jorvik Viking Centre in 1984[48] and the York Dungeon in 1986.[49] The opening of the University of York in 1963 added to the prosperity of the city.[50] In March 2012, York's Chocolate Story opened.[51]

York was voted European Tourism City of the Year by European Cities Marketing in June 2007, beating 130 other European cities to gain first place, surpassing Gothenburg in Sweden (second) and Valencia in Spain (third).[52] York was also voted safest place to visit in the 2010 Condé Nast Traveller Readers' Choice Awards.[53] In 2018, The Sunday Times deemed York to be its overall 'Best Place to Live' in Britain, highlighting the city's "perfect mix of heritage and hi-tech" and as a "mini-metropolis with cool cafes, destination restaurants, innovative companies – plus the fastest internet in Britain".[54][55] The result was confirmed in a YouGov survey, reported in August 2018, with 92% of respondents saying that they liked the city, more than any of 56 other British cities.[56]

Governance

Local

For detailed history on local government in the City of York, see City of York Council.
 
York Guildhall is the seat of local government.

The City of York is governed by the City of York Council. It is a unitary authority that operates on a leader and cabinet style of governance, having the powers of a non-metropolitan county and district council combined. It provides a full range of local government services including Council Tax billing, libraries, social services, processing planning applications, waste collection and disposal, and it is a local education authority. The city council consists of 47 councillors[57][58] representing 21 wards, with one, two or three per ward serving four-year terms. Its headquarters are at the Guildhall and West Offices in the city centre.

York is divided into 21 administrative wards: Acomb, Bishopthorpe, Clifton, Copmanthorpe, Dringhouses and Woodthorpe, Fishergate, Fulford and Heslington, Guildhall, Haxby and Wigginton, Heworth, Heworth Without, Holgate, Hull Road, Huntington and New Earswick, Micklegate, Osbaldwick and Derwent, Rawcliffe and Clifton Without, Rural West York, Strensall, Westfield, and Wheldrake.[59]

The members of the cabinet, led by the Council Leader, makes decisions on their portfolio areas individually.[60][61] Following the Local Government Act 2000, the Council Leader commands the confidence of the city council; the leader of the largest political group and head of the City of York Council. The Leader of the council and the cabinet (consisting of all the executive councillors) are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the city council. The current Council Leader, Liberal Democrats' Cllr Keith Aspden, was appointed on 22 May 2019, following the 2019 City of York Council election.

 
The Mansion House is home to the Lord Mayor of York.

York's first citizen and civic head is the Lord Mayor, who is the chairman of the City of York Council. The appointment is made by the city council each year in May, at the same time appointing the Sheriff, the city's other civic head. The offices of Lord Mayor and Sheriff are purely ceremonial. The Lord Mayor carries out civic and ceremonial duties in addition to chairing full council meetings.[58] The incumbent Lord Mayor since 26 May 2022 is Councillor David Carr, and the Sheriff is Suzie Mercer.[62]

York Youth Council consists of several young people who negotiate with the councillors to get better facilities for York's young people, and who also elect York's Member of Youth Parliament.[63][64]

As a result of the 2019 City of York Council election the Conservative Party was reduced to two seats. The Liberal Democrats had 21 councillors. The Labour Party had 17 councillors and the Green Party had four with three Independents.[65] Due to no overall control, the Liberal Democrats and the Green Party agreed to form a coalition on 14 May 2019.[66]

Party Seats City of York Council (2019 election)
Liberal Democrats 21                                            
Labour 17                                    
Green 4          
Conservative 2      
Independent 3        

York is the traditional county town of Yorkshire, and therefore did not form part of any of its three historic ridings, or divisions. Its Mayor has had the status of Lord Mayor since 1370. York is an ancient borough, and was reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 to form a municipal borough. It gained the status of a county borough in 1889, under the Local Government Act 1888, and existed so until 1974, when, under the Local Government Act 1972, it became a non-metropolitan district in the county of North Yorkshire, whilst retaining its Lord Mayor and its Sheriff.[67][68] As a result of 1990s UK local government reform, York regained unitary status and saw a substantial alteration in its borders, taking in parts of Selby and Harrogate districts, and about half the population of the Ryedale district.[69] The new boundary was imposed after central government rejected the former city council's own proposal.

Parliament

 
Rachael Maskell (L), Member of Parliament (MP)
for York Central since 2015
 
Julian Sturdy (C), MP
for York Outer since 2010

From 1997 to 2010, the central part of the district was covered by the City of York constituency, while the remainder was split between the constituencies of Ryedale, Selby, and Vale of York.[70] These constituencies were represented by Hugh Bayley, John Greenway, John Grogan, and Anne McIntosh respectively.

Following their review in 2003 of parliamentary representation in North Yorkshire, the Boundary Commission for England recommended the creation of two new seats for the City of York, in time for the general election in 2010. These are York Central, which covers the inner urban area, and is entirely surrounded by the York Outer constituency.[71]

Ceremonial

York is within the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire and, until 1974, was within the jurisdiction of the Lord Lieutenant of the County of York, West Riding and the County of The City of York. The city does retain the right to appoint its own Sheriff. The holder of the Royal dukedom of York has no responsibilities either ceremonially or administratively as regards to the city.

Geography

Further information: Areas of the City of York

Location

Place Distance Direction Relation
London 174 miles (280 km)[72] South-east Capital
Lincoln 55 miles (89 km)[73] South-east Next nearest historic county town
Middlesbrough 43 miles (69 km)[74] North Largest place in the county
Ripon 22 miles (35 km)[75] North-west Next nearest city
Leeds 22 miles (35 km)[76] South-west Next nearest city

York lies in the Vale of York, a flat area of fertile arable land bordered by the Pennines, the North York Moors and the Yorkshire Wolds. The city was built at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss on a terminal moraine left by the last ice age.[77]

 
Tour boats on the Ouse
 
The River Foss

During Roman times, the land surrounding the Ouse and Foss was marshy, making the site easy to defend. The city is prone to flooding from the River Ouse, and has an extensive network of flood defences with walls along the river, and a liftable barrier across the Foss where it joins the Ouse at the "Blue Bridge". In October and November 2000, York experienced the worst flooding in 375 years; more than 300 homes were flooded.[78] In December 2015 the flooding was more extensive and caused major disruption.[79] The extreme impact led to a personal visit by Prime Minister David Cameron.[80] Much land in and around the city is on flood plains too flood-prone for development other than agriculture. The ings are flood meadows along the Ouse, while the strays are open common grassland in various locations around the city.

Climate

York has a temperate climate (Cfb) with four distinct seasons. As with the rest of the Vale of York, the city's climate is drier and warmer than the rest of the Yorkshire and the Humber region. Owing to its lowland location, York is prone to frosts, fog, and cold winds during winter, spring, and very early summer.[81] Snow can fall in winter from December onwards to as late as April but quickly melts. As with much of the British Isles, the weather is changeable. York experiences most sunshine from May to July, an average of six hours per day.[82] With its inland location, summers are often warmer than the Yorkshire coast with temperatures of 27 °C or more. Extremes recorded at the University of York campus between 1998 and 2010 include a highest temperature of 34.5 °C (94.1 °F)[when?] and a lowest temperature of −16.3 °C (2.7 °F) on 6 December 2010. The most rainfall in one day was 88.4 millimetres (3.5 in).[83]

Climate data for RAF Linton-on-Ouse, 15 km north-west of York
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16
(61) 		17
(63) 		22
(72) 		25
(77) 		30
(86) 		32
(90) 		40.2
(104.4) 		34
(93) 		32
(90) 		29
(84) 		20
(68) 		17
(63) 		40.2
(104.4)
Average high °C (°F) 7.0
(44.6) 		7.5
(45.5) 		10.0
(50.0) 		13.0
(55.4) 		16.6
(61.9) 		19.5
(67.1) 		22.0
(71.6) 		22.0
(71.6) 		18.4
(65.1) 		13.9
(57.0) 		9.7
(49.5) 		7.0
(44.6) 		14.0
(57.2)
Average low °C (°F) 2.0
(35.6) 		1.0
(33.8) 		2.4
(36.3) 		4.0
(39.2) 		6.7
(44.1) 		9.7
(49.5) 		11.8
(53.2) 		11.6
(52.9) 		9.5
(49.1) 		7.0
(44.6) 		4.0
(39.2) 		2.0
(35.6) 		6.0
(42.8)
Record low °C (°F) −16
(3) 		−10
(14) 		−13
(9) 		−3
(27) 		1
(34) 		2
(36) 		5
(41) 		5
(41) 		−1
(30) 		−4
(25) 		−8
(18) 		−16
(3) 		−16
(3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 52.7
(2.07) 		39.9
(1.57) 		44.9
(1.77) 		50.1
(1.97) 		43.8
(1.72) 		58.0
(2.28) 		53.2
(2.09) 		62.4
(2.46) 		46.9
(1.85) 		57.7
(2.27) 		57.8
(2.28) 		55.8
(2.20) 		626.0
(24.65)
Average precipitation days 11.1 9.1 9.5 9.3 9.1 9.3 8.9 10.0 8.6 10.4 11.3 10.7 117.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 40 60 100 141 190 220 230 205 156 105 65 47 1,550
Source 1: Met Office[84]
Source 2: BBC Weather[85]

Green belt

Main article: York Green Belt

York's urbanised areas are surrounded by a green belt that restricts development in the rural areas and parts of surrounding villages,[86] to preserve the setting and historic character of the city.[87] The green belt surrounds nearly all of the city and its outer villages, extending out into North Yorkshire.

Demography

 
Population pyramid of York (local authority) in 2021
 
Terraced housing in Southbank
 
Apartment blocks in Holgate

The York urban area (built-up area) had a population of 153,717 at the time of the 2011 UK census,[4] compared with 137,505 in 2001.[88] The population of the City of York (Local Authority) was 198,051 and its ethnic composition was 94.3% White, 1.2% Mixed, 3.4% Asian and 0.6% Black. York's elderly population (those 65 and over) was 16.9%, however only 13.2% were listed as retired.[89]

Also at the time of the 2001 UK census, the City of York had a total population of 181,094 of whom 93,957 were female and 87,137 were male. Of the 76,920 households in York, 36.0% were married couples living together, 31.3% were one-person households, 8.7% were co-habiting couples and 8.0% were lone parents. The figures for lone parent households were below the national average of 9.5%, and the percentage of married couples was also close to the national average of 36.5%; the proportion of one person households was slightly higher than the national average of 30.1%.[90]

In 2001, the population density was 4,368/km2 (11,310/sq mi).[88] Of those aged 16–74 in York, 24.6% had no academic qualifications, a little lower than 28.9% in all of England. Of York's residents, 5.1% were born outside the United Kingdom, significantly lower than the national average of 9.2%. White British form 95% of the population; the largest single minority group was recorded as Asian, at 1.9% of the population.

The number of theft-from-a-vehicle offences and theft of a vehicle per 1,000 of the population was 8.8 and 2.7, compared to the English national average of 6.9 and 2.7 respectively.[91] The number of sexual offences was 0.9, in line with the national average.[91] The national average of violence against another person was 16.2 compared to the York average of 17.5.[91] The figures for crime statistics were all recorded during the 2006–07 financial year.

The city's estimated population in 2019 was 210,620.[92]

Population change

Population growth in York since 1801
Year 1801 1811 1821 1831 1841 1851 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941[a] 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001[b] 2011
Population 24,080 27,486 30,913 36,340 40,337 49,899 58,632 67,364 76,097 81,802 90,665 100,487 106,278 112,402 123,227 135,093 144,585 154,749 158,170 172,847 181,131 198,051
Source: Vision of Britain[93]

Ethnicity

Ethnic Group Year
1991[94] 2001[95] 2011[96] 2021[97]
Number % Number % Number % Number %
White: Total 165,118 99% 177,191 97.8% 186,731 94.2% 188,167 92.8%
White: British – – 172,237 95.1% 178,613 90.1% 176,963 87.3%
White: Irish – – 1,217 1,103 1,317 0.6%
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller – – 269 368 0.2%
White: Roma 222 0.1%
White: Other – – 3,737 6,746 9,297 4.6%
Asian or Asian British: Total 952 0.6% 2,027 1.1% 6,740 3.4% 7,634 3.8%
Asian or Asian British: Indian 237 542 1,531 1,853 0.9%
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani 68 201 417 545 0.3%
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi 133 364 370 413 0.2%
Asian or Asian British: Chinese 318 642 2,449 2,889 1.4%
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian 196 278 1,973 1,934 1.0%
Black or Black British: Total 304 0.2% 341 0.2% 1,194 0.6% 1,325 0.7%
Black or Black British: African 113 164 903 978 0.5%
Black or Black British: Caribbean 104 143 205 208 0.1%
Black or Black British: Other Black 87 34 86 139 0.1%
Mixed or British Mixed: Total – – 1,144 0.6% 2,410 1.2% 3,741 1.8%
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean – – 248 529 631 0.3%
Mixed: White and Black African – – 114 305 494 0.2%
Mixed: White and Asian – – 456 873 1,579 0.8%
Mixed: Other Mixed – – 326 703 1,037 0.5%
Other: Total 439 0.2% 973 1,954 1%
Other: Arab – – 498 623 0.3%
Other: Any other ethnic group 439 0.2% 391 475 1,331 0.7%
Total 166,813 100% 181,094 100% 198,051 100% 202,821 100%

Religion

Main article: Religion in York

Percentages in York following non-Christian religion were below England's national average. Classified as having "No Religion" is higher than the national average. Christianity has the largest religious following in York, 59.5% residents reported as Christian in the 2011 census.

 
Nave of York Minster
 
Stained glass at York Minster
 
St William's College facade

York has multiple churches, most present churches in York are from the medieval period. St William's College behind the Minster, and Bedern Hall, off Goodramgate, are former dwelling places of the canons of the York Minster.[98]

There are 33 active Anglican churches in York, which is home to the Archbishop of York and York Minster, the Mother Church and administrative centre of the northern province of the Church of England and the Diocese of York.[99] York is in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough, has eight Roman Catholic churches and a number of different Catholic religious orders.[100]

Leaders of different Christian denominations work together across the city, forming a network of churches known as One Voice York.[101] Other Christian denominations active in York include the Religious Society of Friends who have three meeting houses,[102] Methodists (the York Circuit of The Methodist Church York and Hull District),[103] and Unitarians. St Columba's United Reformed Church in Priory Street, originally built for the Presbyterians, dates from 1879.[104] York's only Mosque is located in the Layerthorpe area, and the city also has a UK Islamic Mission centre.[105] Various Buddhist traditions are represented in the city and around York.[106] There is also an active Jewish community.[107]

Religion 2001[108] 2011[109] 2021[110]
Number % Number % Number %
No religion 30,003 16.6 59,646 30.1 93,577 46.1
Holds religious beliefs 137,377 75.9 123,009 62.1 95,314 47.0
  Christian 134,771 74.4 117,856 59.5 89,019 43.9
  Buddhist 388 0.2 1,016 0.5 1,045 0.5
  Hindu 347 0.2 983 0.5 1,043 0.5
  Jewish 191 0.1 202 0.1 273 0.1
  Muslim 1,047 0.6 2,072 1.0 2,488 1.2
  Sikh 95 0.1 133 0.1 179 0.1
Other religion 538 0.3 747 0.4 1,266 0.6
Religion not stated 13,714 7.6 15,396 7.8 13,930 6.9
Total population 181,094 100.0 198,051 100.0 202,821 100.0

Economy

Overview

See also: List of companies based in York

A July 2020 report by Council stated that York is worth "£5.2 billion to the UK economy ... with 9,000 businesses and 110,000 people employed across the city".[111] According to Make It York, the city benefits from features that include a well-educated workforce, "excellent transport links to both national and international markets, pronounced strengths in a range of high value sectors, a pioneering digital infrastructure, outstanding business support networks ...".[112]

York's economy is based on the service industry, which in 2000 was responsible for 88.7% of employment in the city.[113]

Statistics based on 2019 data indicated that tourism was worth over £765 million to the city, supported 24,000 jobs and attracted 8.4 million visitors each year.[114]

The Employment Rate in 2018 was 78.8%. The private sector accounted for 77,000 jobs in 2019 while 34,500 jobs were in the public sector.[92]

The service industries include public sector employment, health, education, finance, information technology (IT) and tourism that accounted for 10.7% of employment as of 2016. Tourism has become an important element of the economy, with the city offering a wealth of historic attractions, of which York Minster is the most prominent, and a variety of cultural activities. As a holiday destination York was the 6th most visited English city by UK residents (2014–16)[115] and the 13th most visited by overseas visitors (2016).[116]

A 2014 report, based on 2012 data,[117] stated that the city receives 6.9 million visitors annually; they contribute £564 million to the economy and support over 19,000 jobs.[118] In the 2017 Condé Nast Traveller survey of readers, York rated 12th among The 15 Best Cities in the UK for visitors.[119] In a 2020 Condé Nast Traveller report, York rated as the sixth best among ten "urban destinations [in the UK] that scored the highest marks when it comes to ... nightlife, restaurants, and friendliness".[120]

 
Spark:York, opened in 2018 as part of the Piccadilly regeneration scheme, offers a range of street food, drinks and live music.

Unemployment in York was low at 4.2% in 2008 compared to the United Kingdom national average of 5.3%.[113] The biggest employer in York is the City of York Council, with over 7,500 employees. Employers with more than 2,000 staff include Aviva (formerly Norwich Union Life), Network Rail, Northern Trains, York Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of York. Other major employers include BT Group, CPP Group, Nestlé, NFU Mutual and a number of railway companies.[121][122]

A 2007 report stated that the economic position at that time very different from the 1950s, when its prosperity was based on chocolate manufacturing and the railways. This position continued until the early 1980s when 30% of the workforce were employed by just five employers and 75% of manufacturing jobs were in four companies.[123] Most industry around the railway has gone, including the York Carriage Works, which at its height in the 1880s employed 5,500 people, but closed in the mid-1990s.[123][124] York is the headquarters of the confectionery manufacturer Nestlé York (formerly Nestlé Rowntrees) and home to the KitKat and eponymous Yorkie bar chocolate brands. Terry's chocolate factory, makers of the Chocolate Orange, was located in the city; but it closed on 30 September 2005, when production was moved by its owners, Kraft Foods, to Poland. The historic factory building is situated next to the Knavesmire racecourse.

On 20 September 2006, Nestlé announced that it would cut 645 jobs at the Rowntree's chocolate factory in York.[125] This came after a number of other job losses in the city at Aviva, British Sugar, and Terry's chocolate factory.[126] Despite this, the employment situation in York remained fairly buoyant until the effects of the late 2000s recession began to be felt.[127]

Since the closure of the carriage works, the site has been developed into offices. York's economy has been developing in the areas of science, technology and the creative industries. The city became a founding National Science City with the creation of a science park near the University of York.[128] Between 1998 and 2008 York gained 80 new technology companies and 2,800 new jobs in the sector.[129][130]

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached England after cases were discovered in York on 31 January 2020.[131][132] The pandemic caused an economic slowdown because of restrictions imposed on businesses and on travel in the UK; by January 2021, many cities were in their third lockdown and the country's unemployment rate had reached its highest level in over four years.[133][134] The retail, hospitality, and tourism sectors were especially hard hit in York.[135] In August 2020, the campaign "Make It York" and the city council embarked on a six-month tourism marketing plan "to reenergise the city while building resident and visitor confidence".[114]

A report in June 2020 stated that unemployment had risen 114% over the previous year because of restrictions imposed as a result of the pandemic.[136] In addition to high unemployment during lockdown periods, one analysis by the York and North Yorkshire Local Enterprise Partnership predicted in August 2020 that "as many as 13,835 jobs in York will be lost in the scenario considered most likely, taking the city's unemployment rate to 14.5%". Some critics claimed that part of the problem was caused by "over-reliance on the booming tourism industry at the expense of a long-term economic plan".[135] Other analyses suggested that "York is well-placed for the high street to recover and evolve from the pandemic if new businesses focus on creating an attraction or experience rather than traditional retail". The North Yorkshire Local Enterprise Partnership also "predicted a significant rise in staycation trips to York in 2021".[137]

Public services

 
York Hospital is the city's primary medical facility.

Under the requirements of the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, York City Council appointed a watch committee which established a police force and appointed a chief constable.[138] On 1 June 1968 the York City, East Riding of Yorkshire, and North Riding of Yorkshire police forces were amalgamated to form the York and North East Yorkshire Police. Since 1974, Home Office policing in York has been provided by the North Yorkshire Police. The force's central headquarters for policing York and nearby Selby are in Fulford.[139]Statutory emergency fire and rescue service is provided by the North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service, based in Northallerton.[140]

The city's first hospital, York County Hospital, opened in 1740 in Monkgate[141] funded by public subscription. It closed in 1976 when it was replaced by York Hospital, which opened the same year and gained Foundation status in April 2007. It has 524 adult inpatient beds and 127 special purpose beds providing general healthcare and some specialist inpatient, daycase, and outpatient services.[142] It is also known as York District Hospital and YDH.[142]

 
York Magistrates Court

The Yorkshire Ambulance Service NHS Trust was formed on 1 July 2006 bringing together South Yorkshire Ambulance Service, West Yorkshire Metropolitan Ambulance Service and the North and East Yorkshire parts of Tees, East and North Yorkshire Ambulance Service to provide patient transport.[143] Other forms of health care are provided for locally by clinics and surgeries.

Since 1998 waste management has been co-ordinated via the York and North Yorkshire Waste Partnership.[144] York's distribution network operator for electricity is CE Electric UK;[145] there are no power stations in the city. Yorkshire Water, which has a local water extraction plant on the River Derwent at Elvington, manages York's drinking and waste water.[146]

 
York Crown Court

The city has a magistrates' court,[147] and venues for the Crown Court[148] and the County Court.[149] York Crown Court was designed by the architect John Carr, and built next to the then prison (including execution area).[150]

Between 1773 and 1777, the Grand Jury House was replaced by John Carr's elegant Court House for the Assizes of the whole county. The Female Prison was built opposite and mirrors the court building positioned around a circular lawn which became known as the "Eye of the Ridings", or the "Eye of York".

1776 saw the last recorded instance of a wife hanged and burnt for poisoning her husband. Horse theft was a capital offence. The culprits of lesser crimes were brought to court by the city constables and would face a fine. The corporation employed a "common informer" whose task was to bring criminals to justice.[151]

The former prison is now the Castle Museum but still contains the cells.

Transport

Water

York's location on the River Ouse, and in the centre of the Vale of York, means that it has always had a significant position in the nation's transport system.[32] The city grew up as a river port at the confluence of the Ouse and the Foss. The Ouse was originally a tidal river, accessible to seagoing ships of the time. Today, both of these rivers remain navigable, although the Foss is only navigable for a short distance above the confluence. A lock at Naburn on the Ouse to the south of York means that the river in York is no longer tidal.[152]

Until the end of the 20th century, the Ouse was used by barges to carry freight between York and the port of Hull. The last significant such traffic was the supply of newsprint to the local newspaper's Foss-side print works, which continued until 1997. Today, navigation is almost exclusively leisure-oriented.

 
Panorama of the River Ouse looking south from Lendal Bridge

Roads

 
Stonegate is pedestrianised during the day.

Like most cities founded by the Romans, York is well served by long-distance trunk roads. The city lies at the intersection of the A19 road from Doncaster to Tyneside, the A59 road from Liverpool to York, the A64 road from Leeds to Scarborough and the A1079 road from York to Hull. The A64 road provides the principal link to the motorway network, linking York to both the A1(M) and the M1 motorways at a distance of about 10 miles (15 km) from the city. The trans-Pennine M62 motorway is less than 20 miles (30 km) away providing links to Manchester and Liverpool. The city is surrounded on all sides by an outer ring road, at a distance of some 3 miles (5 km) from the centre of the city, which allows through traffic to by-pass the city. The street plan of the historic core of the city dates from medieval times and is not suitable for modern traffic. As a consequence, many of the routes inside the city walls are designated as car-free during business hours or restrict traffic entirely. To alleviate this situation, six bus-based park and ride sites operate in York. The sites are located towards the edge of the urban area, with easy access from the ring road and allow out of town visitors to complete their journey into the city centre by bus.[153]

 
First York Mercedes-Benz Citaro articulated bus on Rougier Street

Public transport within the city is largely bus-based. First York operates the majority of the city's local bus services, as well as the York park and ride services. York was the location of the first implementation of FirstGroup's experimental and controversial FTR bus concept, which sought to confer the advantages of a modern tramway system at a lower cost.[154] The service was withdrawn following an election manifesto pledge by the Labour Group at the 2011 local government election.[155] Transdev York also operates a large number of local bus services. Open-top tourist and sightseeing buses are operated by Transdev York, on behalf of City Sightseeing and York Pullman on behalf of Golden Tours.

Rural services, linking local towns and villages with York, are provided by a number of companies with Transdev York & Country, East Yorkshire and Reliance Motor Services operating most of them.[156] Longer-distance bus services are provided by a number of operators, including Arriva Yorkshire services to Selby, East Yorkshire services to Hull, Beverley, Market Weighton and Pocklington, and Transdev York & Country services to Boroughbridge, Knaresborough, Harrogate, Castle Howard and Malton. Yorkshire Coastliner links Leeds & York with Scarborough, Malton, Pickering and Whitby.[157]

Railway

 
York railway station, viewed from Queen Street

York has been a major railway centre since the first line arrived in 1839, at the beginning of the railway age. For many years, the city hosted the headquarters and works of the North Eastern Railway.[42]

 
York railway station interior
Point A Via Point B Via
London North Eastern Railway
London King's Cross (under two hours from York, around 25 direct trains each weekday) Peterborough & Doncaster Edinburgh Waverley Durham & Newcastle
Sunderland
Middlesbrough Thornaby
CrossCountry
Plymouth Bristol Temple Meads, Birmingham New Street, Derby, Sheffield & Wakefield Westgate Glasgow Central & or Edinburgh Waverley Darlington, Durham & Newcastle
Newcastle Durham & Darlington Southampton Central & or Reading Birmingham International, Birmingham New Street & Oxford[158]
TransPennine Express
Newcastle Darlington Liverpool Lime Street Leeds, Dewsbury, Huddersfield & Manchester Victoria
Redcar Central Middlesbrough Manchester Airport Huddersfield, Manchester Oxford Road & Manchester Piccadilly
York Terminus Scarborough Malton & Seamer
Northern
York (the provider's headquarters) Terminus Leeds Harrogate
Hull Paragon & or Sheffield Rotherham Central
Blackpool North Bradford Interchange, Halifax, Hebden Bridge, Burnley Manchester Road, Blackburn & Preston[158]

Air

The closest international airports are Leeds Bradford at 30 miles (48 km), Teesside 47 miles (76 km), Doncaster Sheffield 49 miles (79 km), Humberside 54 miles (87 km). Further afield are Manchester 84 miles (135 km) and Newcastle 95 miles (153 km).

Manchester Airport – with connections to Europe, North America, Africa and Asia – has direct rail links by TransPennine Express with its namesake station.[158] By road its accessible by the A64 to the M60 via the A1(M) motorway, M1 and M62.

 
Yorkshire Air Museum

Teesside Airport has one connection via Darlington and Eaglescliffe with a limited service with a bus from its station to the airport. By road, it is accessible by the A19 north to the A67. Newcastle Airport has one connection via Newcastle with the metro to Newcastle Airport, it is accessible by the A1(M) north to the A1 then the A696.

Leeds Bradford and Humberside have no direct station with buses from the nearest stations. Leeds Bradford serves most major European and North African airports, as well as Pakistan and New York City.[159] Humberside is accessible by the A1079 to the A15 via the A63; Leeds Bradford by the A59 to the A658 via the A661.[160]

York has an airfield at the former RAF Elvington, 7 miles (11 km) south-east of the city centre, which is the home of the Yorkshire Air Museum and used for private aviation. In 2003, plans were drafted to expand the site for business aviation or a full commercial service.[161] Former RAF Church Fenton is also near the city and private, it is now called Leeds East.

Education

See also: List of schools in York

Museums and libraries

 
York Castle Museum, an 18th century building

York Castle, a complex of buildings ranging from the medieval Clifford's Tower to the 20th-century entrance to the York Castle Museum (formerly a prison) has had a chequered history. As well as the Castle Museum, the city contains numerous other museums and historic buildings such as the Yorkshire Museum and its Museum Gardens, Jorvik Viking Centre, York Art Gallery, Merchant Adventurers' Hall, the reconstructed medieval house Barley Hall (owned by the York Archaeological Trust), the 18th-century Fairfax House, the Mansion House (the historic home of the Lord Mayor) and the so-called Treasurer's House (owned by the National Trust).[162] The National Railway Museum is situated just beyond the station, and is home to a vast range of transport material and the largest collection of railway locomotives in the world. Included in this collection are the world's fastest steam locomotive LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard and the world-famous LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman, which has been overhauled in the Museum.[163] Although noted for its Medieval history, visitors can also gain an understanding of the Cold War through visiting the York Cold War Bunker, former headquarters of No 20 Group of the Royal Observer Corps.[164]

 
York Library

The city's first subscription library opened in 1794.[165] The first free public library, the York Library, was built on Clifford Street in 1893, to mark Queen Victoria's jubilee. A new building was erected on Museum Street in 1927, and this is still the library today; it was extended in 1934 and 1938.[166]

Higher and further education

 
University of York, view across the lake to Central Hall

The University of York's main campus is on the southern edge of the city at Heslington. The Department of Archaeology and the graduate Centres for Eighteenth Century Studies and Medieval Studies are located in the historic King's Manor in the city centre.[167]

It was York's only institution with university status until 2006, when the more centrally located York St John University, formerly an autonomous college of the University of Leeds, attained full university status. The city formerly hosted a branch of the University of Law before it moved to Leeds. The University of York also has a medical school, Hull York Medical School.[168]

The city has two major further education institutions. York College is an amalgamation of York Technical College and York Sixth Form College. Students there study a very wide range of academic and vocational courses, and range from school leavers and sixth formers to people training to make career moves.[169] Askham Bryan College offers further education courses, foundation and honours degrees, specialising in more vocational subjects such as horticulture, agriculture, animal management and even golf course management.[170]

Secondary and primary education

 
St Peter’s School, the city’s oldest school founded in the 7th century AD

There are 70 local council schools with over 24,000 pupils in the City of York Council area.[171] The City of York Council manages most primary and secondary schools within the city.

Primary schools cover education from ages 5–11, with some offering early years education from age 3. From 11 to 16 education is provided by 10 secondary schools, four of which offer additional education up to the age of 18.[172] In 2007 Oaklands Sports College and Lowfield Comprehensive School merged to become one school known as York High School.[173]

There is one "outstanding"[174] Roman Catholic secondary school in the city, All Saints School, which was founded in 1665, the school is split-site meaning that the education of lower years (years 7–9) happens on the Lower Site attached to the oldest running convent in the country, Bar Convent. And the upper years including sixth form are taught on the Upper Site which is on Mill Mount, the former site of Mill Mount County Grammar School for Girls. The Sixth form is the largest sixth form in the city. As a school it plays an essential role in York's Catholic community being the only secondary institution dedicated to the denomination. It was the first Catholic school in the country to admit girls for education in the 1660s.

York also has several private schools. St Peter's School was founded in 627. The scholar Alcuin, who went on to serve Charlemagne, taught there.[175] It was also the school attended by Guy Fawkes.[176]

Two schools have Quaker origins: Bootham School is co-educational[177] and The Mount School is all-girls.[178] Another all-girls school is Queen Margaret's School, which was established under the Woodard Foundation.

Culture

The city is part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network as a city of Media Arts. An unsuccessful 2010 bid by York city council and a number of heritage organisations to make a UNESCO World Heritage Site indirectly led to the city making a successful bid for its title.[179][180][181]

Theatre

 
York Theatre Royal

The Theatre Royal, which was established in 1744, produces an annual pantomime which attracts loyal audiences from around the country. The theatre's veteran star, Berwick Kaler, often played the dame, before he retired from acting in the pantomime in 2019,[182] and officially parted ways with the theatre after the so-called "Panto Wars".[183] The Theatre Royal continues to produce an annual pantomime without Kaler, who came out of retirement in 2021 to star in a new panto at The Grand Opera House.[184] Both the Grand Opera House and Joseph Rowntree Theatre also offer a variety of productions.[185][186] The city is home to the Riding Lights Theatre Company, which as well as operating a busy national touring department, also operates a busy youth theatre and educational departments. York is also home to a number of amateur dramatic groups.[187] The Department of Theatre, Film and Television and Student Societies of the University of York put on public drama performances.[188]

 
Interior of York's Grand Opera House

The York Mystery Plays are performed in public at intervals, using texts based on the original medieval plays of this type that were performed by the guilds – often with specific connections to the subject matter of each play. (For instance the Shipwrights' Play is the Building of Noah's Ark and the fish-sellers and mariners the Landing of Noah's Ark).[189] The York Cycle of Mystery Plays or Pageants is the most complete in England. Originally performed from wagons at various locations around the city from the 14th century until 1570, they were revived in 1951 during the Festival of Britain, when York was one of the cities with a regional festival.[190] They became part of the York City Festival every three years and later four years. They were mostly produced in a temporary open-air theatre within the ruins of St Mary's Abbey, using some professional but mostly amateur actors. Lead actors have included Christopher Timothy and Robson Green (in the role of Christ) and Dame Judi Dench as a school girl, in 1951, 1954 and 1957. (She remains a Patron of the plays). The cycle was presented in the Theatre Royal in 1992 and 1996, within York Minster in 2000 and in 2002, 2006 and 2010 by Guild groups from wagons in the squares, in the Dean's Park, or at the Eye of York.[191] They go around the streets, recreating the original productions. In 2012, the York Mystery Plays were performed between 2 and 27 August at St Mary's Abbey in the York Museum Gardens.[192]

Music

The Academy of St Olave's, a chamber orchestra which gives concerts in St Olave's Church, Marygate, is one of the music groups that perform regularly in York.[193] A former church, St Margaret's, Walmgate, is the National Centre for Early Music, which hosts concerts, broadcasts, competitions and events including the York Early Music Festival.[194][195] Students, staff and visiting artists of York St John University music department regularly perform lunchtime concerts in the university chapel. The staff and students of the University of York also perform in the city.[196]

Food and drink

Each September since 1997, York has held an annual Festival of Food and Drink. The aim of the festival is to spotlight food culture in York and North Yorkshire by promoting local food production. The Festival attracts up to 150,000 visitors over 10 days from all over the country.[197]

The Assize of Ale is an annual event in the city where people in medieval costume take part in a pub crawl to raise money for local charities. It has its origins in the 13th century, when an Assize of Bread and Ale was used to regulate the quality of goods. The current version was resurrected in 1990/91 by the then Sheriff of York, Peter Brown, and is led by the Guild of Scriveners.[198]

 
York ham

The Knavesmire, home of York Racecourse, plays host to Yorkshire's largest beer festival every September run by York CAMRA – York Beer & Cider Festival.[199] It is housed in a marquee opposite the grandstand of the racecourse in the enclosure and in 2016 offered over 450 real ales and over 100 ciders.[200]

A product claimed to be local is York ham,[201] a mild-flavoured ham with delicate pink colouring. It is traditionally served with Madeira Sauce.[202][203] The ham has been described as a lightly smoked, dry-cured ham that is saltier but milder in flavour than other European dry-cured hams.[204] Folklore has it that the oak construction for York Minster provided the sawdust for smoking the ham.[205] A likely apocryphal story attributes Robert Burrow Atkinson's butchery shop, in Blossom Street, to be the birthplace of the original "York Ham", or at least to have made it famous.[206]

Attractions

Architecture

See also: York sites of interest and Medieval parish churches of York

York Minster, a large Gothic cathedral, dominates the city.

York's centre is enclosed by the city's medieval walls, which are a popular walk.[207][208] These defences are the most complete in England. They have the only walls set on high ramparts and they retain all their principal gateways.[209] They incorporate part of the walls of the Roman fortress and some Norman and medieval work, as well as 19th- and 20th-century renovations.[210]

The entire circuit is approximately 2.5 miles (4 km), and encloses an area of 263 acres (106 ha).[211] The north-east section includes a part where walls never existed, because the Norman moat of York Castle, formed by damming the River Foss, also created a lake which acted as a city defence. This lake was later called the King's Fishpond, as the rights to fish belonged to the Crown. A feature of central York is the Snickelways, narrow pedestrian routes, many of which led towards the former market-places in Pavement and St Sampson's Square.[212] The Shambles is a narrow medieval street, lined with shops, boutiques and tea rooms. Its unusual name comes from an old English term for an open-air slaughterhouse or meat market.[213] Most of these premises were once butchers' shops, and the hooks from which carcasses were hung and the shelves on which meat was laid out can still be seen outside some of them. The street also contains the Shrine of Margaret Clitherow, although it is not located in the house where she lived.[214] Goodramgate has many medieval houses including the early-14th‑century Lady Row built to finance a Chantry, at the edge of the churchyard of Holy Trinity church.

  •  

    The southern entrance to York, Micklegate Bar, is a 12th–14th century structure.

  •  

    The Shambles is a medieval shopping street; most of the buildings date from between c. 1350 and 1475.

  •  

    The Art Deco style Odeon Cinema on Blossom Street

  •  

    The 1960s Brutalist-style Stonebow House

Pubs

 
The Kings Arms

In June 2015 York CAMRA listed 101 pubs on its map of the city centre, some of which are hundreds of years old.[215] These include the Golden Fleece, Ye Olde Starre Inne, noted for its sign which has spanned the street since 1733,[216] and The Kings Arms, often photographed during floods.[217] On 18 June 2016, York CAMRA undertook a "Beer Census" and found 328 unique real ales being served in over 200 pubs in York, reinforcing the city's reputation as a top UK beer destination.[218]

Tea Rooms

 
Bettys Café Tea Rooms

In the centre of York, in St Helen's Square, there is the York branch of Bettys Café Tea Rooms. Bettys' founder, Frederick Belmont, travelled on the maiden voyage of the Queen Mary in 1936. He was so impressed by the splendour of the ship that he employed the Queen Mary's designers and craftsmen to turn a dilapidated furniture store in York into an elegant café in St Helen's Square. A few years after Bettys opened in York war broke out, and the basement 'Bettys Bar' became a favourite haunt of the thousands of airmen stationed around York. 'Bettys Mirror', on which many of them engraved their signatures with a diamond pen, remains on display today as a tribute to them.[219]

Media

 
The Press on Walmgate

The York area is served by a local newspaper, The Press (known as the Evening Press until April 2006), The York Advertiser newspaper (based at The Press on Walmgate), and four local radio stations: BBC Radio York, YorkMix Radio, YO1 Radio and Jorvik Radio. A local commercial radio station, Minster FM, broadcast until 2020 when it was replaced by Greatest Hits Radio York and North Yorkshire.[220][221][222][223][224][225] Another digital news and radio website is YorkMix run by former print journalists, that incorporates Local News; What's On; Food & Drink; Things To Do and Business sections with articles written by residents and local journalists.[226] In August 2016 YorkMix was nominated in two categories in the O2 Media Awards for Yorkshire and The Humber.[227]

Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC Yorkshire and BBC North East and Cumbria on BBC One and ITV Yorkshire and ITV Tyne Tees on ITV. Television signals come from Emley Moor or Bilsdale transmitters.

On 27 November 2013, Ofcom awarded the 12-year local TV licence for the York area to a consortium entitled The York Channel, with the channel due to be on air in spring 2015.[228] This service is now on air as That's TV North Yorkshire.[229]

York St John University has a Film and Television Production department with links to many major industrial partners. The department hosts an annual festival of student work and a showcase of other regional films.[230]

The University of York has its own television station York Student Television (YSTV) and two campus newspapers Nouse and York Vision.[231] Its radio station URY is the longest running legal independent radio station in the UK, and was voted Student Radio Station of the Year 2020 at the Student Radio Awards.[232]

Sport

Football codes

 
York Community Stadium

The city's association football team is York City who are competing in the National League as of the 2023–24 season. York have played as high as the old Second Division but are best known for their 'giant killing' status in cup competitions, having reached the FA Cup semi-final in 1955 and beaten Manchester United 3–0 during the 1995–96 League Cup. Their matches are played at the York Community Stadium as of 2021,[233] having previously played at Bootham Crescent since 1932. The most notable footballers to come from York in recent years are Lucy Staniforth,[234] Under-20 World Cup winning captain Lewis Cook[235] and former England manager Steve McClaren.[236]

York also has a strong rugby league history. York FC, later known as York Wasps, formed in 1868, were one of the oldest rugby league clubs in the country but the effects of a move to the out of town Huntington Stadium, poor results and falling attendances led to their bankruptcy in 2002.[237] The supporters formed a new club, York City Knights, who played at the same stadium until 2015 when they moved to Bootham Crescent. In 2021, they moved to York Community Stadium.[238] As of 2022 the men's team play in The Championship[239] and the women's team (York Valkyrie) play in the Super League.[240] There are three amateur rugby league teams in York; New Earswick All Blacks (in New Earswick), York Acorn and Heworth. York International 9s was an annual rugby league nines tournament which took place in York between 2002 and 2009.[241] Amateur side York Lokomotive compete in the Rugby League Conference.[citation needed]

Rugby union has been played in York since the 1860s, with multiple teams currently playing within the city. York RUFC was formed in 1928, and amalgamated with the York Cricket Club in 1966. The teams' home ground is at York sports ground at Clifton Park. The men's 1st team play in North 1 East, with the women's team in RFUW Women's NC1 North East championship.[242] York Railway Institute (RI) RUFC home ground is at the York RI sports club on newlane, York. The men's team currently compete in Yorkshire Division 4 South East (Yorkshire 4), and the ladies team play in the RFUW Women's NC1 North East championship.[243] Based at the York site of chocolate and confectionery maker Nestle Rowntree's, Nestle Rowntree RUFC was founded originally in 1894 and re-founded in 1954. They currently play their home games at York St. John University Sports Field and they compete in Yorkshire Division 4 South East (Yorkshire 4).[244]

Racing

 
York Racecourse

York Racecourse was established in 1731 and from 1990 has been awarded Northern Racecourse of the Year for 17 years running. This major horseracing venue is located on the Knavesmire and sees thousands flocking to the city every year for the 15 race meetings. The Knavesmire Racecourse also hosted Royal Ascot in 2005.[245] In August racing takes place over the four-day Ebor Festival that includes the Ebor Handicap dating from 1843.[246]

On 6 July 2014, York hosted the start of Stage 2 of the 2014 Tour de France. Starting the Départ Fictif from York Racecourse, the riders travelled through the city centre to the Départ Actuel on the A59 just beyond the junction with the Outer Ring Road heading towards Knaresborough.[247] In 2015, the inaugural Tour de Yorkshire was held as a legacy event to build on the popularity of the previous year, with the Day 2 stage finishing in York.[248]

Motorbike speedway once took place at York. The track in the Burnholme Estate was completed in 1930 and a demonstration event staged. In 1931 the track staged team and open events and the York team took part in the National Trophy.[249]

Other

An open rowing club York City Rowing Club is located underneath Lendal Bridge.[250] The rowing clubs of The University of York, York St John University Rowing Club and Leeds University Boat Club as well as York City RC use the Ouse for training. There are two sailing clubs close to York, both of which sail dinghies on the River Ouse. The York RI (Railway Institute) Sailing Club has a club house and boat park on the outskirts of Bishopthorpe, a village3 miles (4.8 km) to the south of York. The Yorkshire Ouse Sailing Club has a club house in the village of Naburn,5 miles (8.0 km) south of York.

York hosts the UK Snooker Championship, which is the second biggest ranking tournament in the sport, at the York Barbican.

Garrison

 
Imphal Barracks

York Garrison is a garrison of the British army, which administers a number of units based in and around the city of York.[251][252][253][254] The garrison's current units are:[255]

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom

York is twinned with:

In 2016 York became sister cities with the Chinese city of Nanjing, in line with an agreement signed by the Lord Mayor of York, focusing on building links in tourism, education, science, technology and culture.[262][263][264][265]

On 22 October 2014 it announced the first 'temporal twinning' with Jórvík, the Viking city on the site of York from 866 to 1066.[266] In 2017 York became UK's first human rights city, which formalised the city's aim to use human rights in decision making.[267]

Freedom of the City

The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of York.

Individuals

Military units

See also

Explanatory notes

a There was no census in 1941: figures are from National Register. United Kingdom and Isle of Man. Statistics of Population on 29 September 1939 by Sex, Age, and Marital Condition.
b There is a discrepancy of 37 between Office for National Statistics figures (quoted before) and those on the Vision of Britain website (quoted here).

References

  1. ^ "York (Built-up Area, United Kingdom) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". www.citypopulation.de. from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
  2. ^ a b . York Tourism Bureau. 2005. Archived from the original on 8 January 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
  3. ^ "When sparks flew across the sky". The Press. Newsquest Media Group. 28 April 2012. from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  4. ^ a b "2011 Census – Built-up areas". ONS. from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  5. ^ "How the population changed in York, Census 2021 - ONS". www.ons.gov.uk. from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  6. ^ a b Xavier Delamarre, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, éditions errance 2003, p. 159.
  7. ^ Pierre-Yves Lambert, La langue gauloise, éditions errance 1994, p. 39.
  8. ^ a b c . City of York Council. 20 December 2006. Archived from the original on 31 October 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2007.
  9. ^ Wace, Robert. "Le Roman de Rou et des ducs de Normandie". BnF Gallica. p. 362. from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2016. Li Barunz de Everwic Schire (the barons of Yorkshire)
  10. ^ Willis, Ronald (1988). The illustrated portrait of York (4th ed.). Robert Hale Limited. p. 35. ISBN 0-7090-3468-7.
  11. ^ . York City of Festivals. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
  12. ^ Geoffrey of Monmouth (1136). Historia Regum Britanniae. Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2016 – via Wikisource.
  13. ^ . Debretts.com. Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  14. ^ Willis, Ronald (1988). The illustrated portrait of York (4th ed.). Robert Hale Limited. pp. 26–27. ISBN 0-7090-3468-7.
  15. ^ a b Shannon, John; Tilbrook, Richard (1990). York – the second city. Jarrold Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 0-7117-0507-0.
  16. ^ "Lower (Britannia Inferior) and Upper Britain (Britannia Superior)". Vanderbilt University. from the original on 2 March 2008. Retrieved 24 October 2007.
  17. ^ Tillott, P. M., ed. (1961). "Before the Norman Conquest". A History of the County of York: the City of York. London. pp. 2–24. from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019 – via British History Online.
  18. ^ Russo, Daniel G. (1998). Town Origins and Development in Early England, c. 400–950 A.D. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 119–120. ISBN 978-0-313-30079-0.
  19. ^ Jones, Barri; Mattingly, David (1990). An Atlas of Roman Britain. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers (published 2007). p. 317. ISBN 978-1-84217-067-0. Cemeteries that are identifiably Anglian date from this period; some graves are within the Roman cemetery on The Mount.
  20. ^ . YorkHistory.com. 2007. Archived from the original on 14 March 2007. Retrieved 4 October 2007.
  21. ^ . History of York. York Museums Trust. Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  22. ^ a b c "York Minster: a very brief history". York Minster. Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  23. ^ Ritchie, Dr Anna (1 July 2001). "Alcuin of York". BBC History Online. BBC. from the original on 31 August 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  24. ^ "From the raid on Lindisfarne to Harald Hardrada's defeat: 8 Viking dates you need to know". History Extra. BBC. from the original on 16 June 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  25. ^ . City of York Council. 20 December 2006. Archived from the original on 13 September 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2007.
  26. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "York" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 927–929.
  27. ^ "The Old Baile". An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in City of York, Volume 2, the Defences. London. 1972. pp. 87–89. from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2020 – via British History Online.
  28. ^ . History Of York. York Museums Trust. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  29. ^ "Death in York". BBC. 28 September 2006. from the original on 14 December 2008. Retrieved 10 October 2007.
  30. ^ "BBC News – Charter Day celebrations for York announced". BBC News. 8 July 2011. from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  31. ^ . City of York Council. 20 December 2006. Archived from the original on 15 September 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2007.
  32. ^ a b Tillott, P. M., ed. (1961). A History of the County of York: the City of York: The later middle ages – Communications, markets and merchants. British History Online. pp. 97–106. from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  33. ^ a b . City of York Council. 20 December 2006. Archived from the original on 4 February 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2007.
  34. ^ a b c . Secrets Beneath Your Feet. York Archaeological Trust. 1998. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  35. ^ Ethel Carleton Williams, Anne of Denmark (London, 1970), p. 77.
  36. ^ . ThisWeek Online. ThisWeek Newspapers. 24 October 2007. Archived from the original on 15 December 2005.
  37. ^ . City of York Council. 22 July 2008. Archived from the original on 4 February 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2007.
  38. ^ Sources:
    • Unwin, R. W. (1980). "V. Leeds becomes a transport centre". In Fraser, Derek (ed.). A History of modern Leeds. Manchester University Press. pp. 132–133. ISBN 0-7190-0747-X. from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
    • Armstrong, Alan (2005) [1974]. Stability And Change in an English County Town: A Social Study of York 1801–51. Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–43. ISBN 9780521019873. from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
    • Lewis, Stephen (3 July 2009). . York Press. Archived from the original on 18 April 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
    • . SchoolNet. Spartacus Educational. Archived from the original on 1 April 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
  39. ^ Rennison, Robert William (1996). Civil engineering heritage: Northern England. Thomas Telford. 5. York and North Yorkshire, pp.133.134. ISBN 9780727725189. from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  40. ^ a b . www.historyofyork.org.uk. Archived from the original on 25 October 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
  41. ^ . Nestlé UK Ltd. 2008. Archived from the original on 4 January 2008. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  42. ^ a b . City of York Council. 20 December 2006. Archived from the original on 16 May 2012.
  43. ^ Murray, Jill. "KNO/3/8: Transcript of 'Yorkshire Artists' by J W Knowles". explore York libraries and archives. pp. 112x, 113. from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  44. ^ . Archives Hub. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  45. ^ "Luftwaffe pilot says sorry for bombing York". The Press. Newsquest Media Group. 17 April 2007. from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
  46. ^ "York Central Historic Core: Conservation Area Appraisal" (PDF). City of York Council. (PDF) from the original on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  47. ^ . National Railway Museum. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  48. ^ Renfrew, Colin; Bahn, Paul G. (2008). Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice (5 ed.). Thames & Hudson. p. 542. ISBN 9780500287194.
  49. ^ . York Press. 4 November 2016. Archived from the original on 19 January 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  50. ^ . University of York. 7 October 2003. Archived from the original on 9 November 2005. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  51. ^ . York Press. 27 March 2012. Archived from the original on 19 January 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  52. ^ "York voted top city for tourists". BBC News Online. BBC. 14 June 2007. from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2008.
  53. ^ . Conde Nast Traveller. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  54. ^ "York — the best place to live in the UK 2018". The Sunday Times. 18 March 2018. from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  55. ^ "This is the best place to live in the UK, according to a prestigious list". The Standard. from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  56. ^ "YouGov – York is Britain's most popular city". YouGov: What the world thinks. from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
  57. ^ . City of York Council. Archived from the original on 11 July 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  58. ^ a b (PDF). City of York Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  59. ^ . City of York Council. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  60. ^ . City of York Council. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
  61. ^ . City of York Council. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
  62. ^ Cooper, Joe (26 May 2022). . YorkMix. Archived from the original on 27 May 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  63. ^ . York Youth Council. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  64. ^ . York Press. 13 February 2016. Archived from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  65. ^ "City of York local elections 2019". City of York Council. 2 May 2019. from the original on 16 May 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
  66. ^ . YorkMix. 14 May 2019. Archived from the original on 16 May 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
  67. ^ Bartholomew, John (1887). "Gazetteer of the British Isles entry for York". A Vision of Britain Through Time. Great Britain Historical GIS Project. from the original on 5 October 2007. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  68. ^ . Association of British Counties. 10 September 2006. Archived from the original on 22 July 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
  69. ^ The North Yorkshire (District of York) (Structural and Boundary Changes) Order. Stationery Office Books. 6 April 1995. ISBN 978-0-11-052605-8. from the original on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
  70. ^ . City of York Council. Archived from the original on 9 May 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  71. ^ "Final recommendations for Parliamentary constituencies in the County of North Yorkshire and the City of York". Boundary Commission for England. 5 November 2003. Archived from the original (Microsoft Word document) on 2 November 2009. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
  72. ^ "Distance from City of London to York". Distance Calculator. from the original on 20 July 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  73. ^ "Distance from York to Lincoln". Distance Calculator. from the original on 20 July 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  74. ^ "Distance from York to Middlesbrough". Distance Calculator. from the original on 20 July 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  75. ^ "Distance from York to Ripon". Distance Calculator. from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
  76. ^ "Distance from Leeds to York". Distance Calculator. from the original on 26 July 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
  77. ^ Hall, Richard (1996). English Heritage: Book of York (1st ed.). B.T.Batsford Ltd. p. 25. ISBN 0-7134-7720-2.
  78. ^ Dennis, Ian A.; Macklin, Mark G.; Coulthard, Tom J.; Brewer, Paul A. (2002). (PDF). Wiley InterScience. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 November 2007. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  79. ^ "York floods: Hundreds evacuated and swathes of historic city underwater as rivers reach record levels". The Independent. 27 December 2015. from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  80. ^ . The Telegraph. 31 December 2015. Archived from the original on 28 December 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  81. ^ "England Rural Development Programme: Appendix A3 – Yorkshire and The Humber Region – Section 1 Description Of Current Situation In The Yorkshire And The Humber Region" (PDF). East Yorkshire Coastal Observatory. pp. 2–3. (PDF) from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  82. ^ . BBC Weather. BBC. Archived from the original on 28 December 2008. Retrieved 24 July 2008.
  83. ^ "Weather Pages". Department of Electronics, University of York. from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
  84. ^ "York climate". metoffice.gov.uk. from the original on 25 March 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  85. ^ . BBC Weather. BBC. Archived from the original on 12 August 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
  86. ^ Fawcett, Tony. . Archived from the original on 27 June 2018.
  87. ^ "City of York Council download – The Development Control Local Plan (2005) and proposals maps| Planning and building – Planning policy". www.york.gov.uk. City of York Council. from the original on 28 January 2018.
  88. ^ a b "KS01 Usual resident population: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas". Office for National Statistics. 17 June 2004. from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
  89. ^ UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – York Local Authority (1946157112)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
  90. ^ . Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
  91. ^ a b c . UpMyStreet. Archived from the original on 25 March 2010. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
  92. ^ a b "York". from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  93. ^ "York UA/City: Total Population". A Vision of Britain Through Time. Great Britain Historical GIS Project. from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  94. ^ Data is taken from United Kingdom Casweb Data services 15 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine of the United Kingdom 1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England, Scotland and Wales 5 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine (Table 6)
  95. ^ "Office of National Statistics; 2001 Census Key Statistics". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  96. ^ "2011 Census: Ethnic Group, local authorities in England and Wales". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. from the original on 8 August 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  97. ^ "Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  98. ^ Sheahan, James Joseph; Whellan, T. (1857). History and Topography of the City of York, the East Riding of Yorkshire and a Portion of the West Riding. Vol. 1. p. 501. from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
  99. ^ Diocese of York Directory 2011/12. Diocese of York. 2011. pp. 187–200.
  100. ^ . Middlesbrough Diocese. 2007. Archived from the original on 24 June 2008. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  101. ^ . York Press. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  102. ^ . yorkquakers.org.uk. Archived from the original on 8 September 2008. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  103. ^ . The Methodist Church York and Hull District. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  104. ^ . St Columba's York, United Reformed Church. yolasite.com. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  105. ^ . York Mosque. Archived from the original on 18 August 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  106. ^ . CommuniGate. This is Bradford. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  107. ^ Sherwood, Harriet. "Eight centuries after the pogrom, pride flickers again in York's Jewish community". The Guardian. from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  108. ^ "KS007 - Religion - Nomis - 2001". www.nomisweb.co.uk. from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  109. ^ "KS209EW (Religion) - Nomis - 2011". www.nomisweb.co.uk. from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  110. ^ "Religion - Office for National Statistics". from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  111. ^ . City of York Council. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
  112. ^ . Make It York. Archived from the original on 19 February 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  113. ^ a b . Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
  114. ^ a b (PDF). 13 August 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  115. ^ . Visit Britain. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  116. ^ . Visit Britain. Archived from the original on 23 December 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  117. ^ "Tourists spend more than £600m". BBC. 11 February 2014. from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  118. ^ (PDF). VisitYork. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  119. ^ Traveller, Condé Nast. . www.cntraveller.com. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  120. ^ "The best cities in the UK 2020". Condé Nast Traveller. 7 October 2020. from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  121. ^ . City of York Council. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  122. ^ (PDF). University of York. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
  123. ^ a b (PDF). The Future York Group Report. June 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
  124. ^ "Yet more railway jobs axed in York". The Press. Newsquest Media Group. 13 September 2006. from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  125. ^ "More jobs lost at chocolate firm". BBC News Online. BBC. 20 September 2006. from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  126. ^ "Job losses 'bitter blow' for city". BBC News Online. BBC. 14 September 2006. from the original on 13 March 2007. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  127. ^ "York reels from Norwich Union job cuts shock". York Press. Newsquest Media Group. 3 April 2009. Archived from the original on 14 January 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2009.
  128. ^ . Science City York. Archived from the original on 31 May 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  129. ^ . Science City York. 2006. Archived from the original on 4 August 2007. Retrieved 19 January 2008.
  130. ^ (PDF). Office for National Statistics. 2005. pp. 240–253. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  131. ^ Ball, Tom; Wace, Charlotte (31 January 2020). "Hunt for contacts of coronavirus-stricken pair in York". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  132. ^ Moss, Peter; Barlow, Gavin; Easom, Nicholas; Lillie, Patrick; Samson, Anda (14 March 2020). "Lessons for managing high-consequence infections from first COVID-19 cases in the UK". The Lancet. 395 (10227): e46. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30463-3. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 7133597. PMID 32113507. from the original on 31 March 2020.
  133. ^ "Labour market update: what does the third lockdown mean for the largest cities and towns?". 25 February 2021. from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  134. ^ "Unemployment rate soars to highest level for more than four years". The Yorkshire Post. from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  135. ^ a b Halliday, Josh (2 August 2020). "'No one expected this': York at crossroads as coronavirus takes toll". The Guardian. from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  136. ^ "'Toughest time in living memory' – unemployment up 141 in York". York Press. from the original on 1 August 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  137. ^ "'Good news' for York as empty shops in city centre are being bought by local investors". The Yorkshire Post. from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  138. ^ Tillott, P. M., ed. (1961). A History of the County of York: the City of York: Public services. British History Online. pp. 460–472. from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
  139. ^ "North Yorkshire Police : Central Area Commander – Chief Superintendent Ali Higgins". North Yorkshire Police. Retrieved 20 July 2009.[dead link]
  140. ^ . North Yorkshire fire and Rescue Service. Archived from the original on 15 June 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
  141. ^ . York History. Archived from the original on 24 August 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  142. ^ a b "York Hospital – About our hospital". National Health Service. from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
  143. ^ . Yorkshire Ambulance Service. Archived from the original on 18 May 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
  144. ^ "History". The York and North Yorkshire Waste Partnership. Archived from the original on 20 May 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
  145. ^ . CE Electric UK. Archived from the original on 8 July 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
  146. ^ . Yorkshire Water. Archived from the original on 15 May 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
  147. ^ . Her Majesty's Courts Service. Archived from the original on 10 June 2007. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
  148. ^ . CourtServe Legal Information Centre. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  149. ^ . CourtServe Legal Information Centre. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  150. ^ . York Museums Trust. Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
  151. ^ . York Museums Trust. Archived from the original on 17 April 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
  152. ^ . Canal & River Trust. Archived from the original on 8 September 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  153. ^ . City of York Council. 31 August 2007. Archived from the original on 14 October 2007. Retrieved 9 October 2007.
  154. ^ . City of York Council. 22 May 2008. Archived from the original on 28 June 2008. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
  155. ^ . York Press. 13 March 2012. Archived from the original on 20 May 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  156. ^ . City of York Council. 9 June 2009. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
  157. ^ . Yorkshire Coastliner. Archived from the original on 31 March 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
  158. ^ a b c . City of York Council. 31 August 2007. Archived from the original on 19 October 2007. Retrieved 9 October 2007.
  159. ^ . First York. Archived from the original on 27 August 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
  160. ^ "York Airports". 19 August 2016. from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  161. ^ . The Press. Newsquest Media Group. 9 October 2003. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  162. ^ . Tourist Net UK Ltd. Archived from the original on 6 September 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
  163. ^ . National Railway Museum. Archived from the original on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2007.
  164. ^ "York Cold War Bunker". English Heritage. from the original on 15 January 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  165. ^ . York History. Archived from the original on 11 April 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  166. ^ . History of York. 23 September 1927. Archived from the original on 24 December 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  167. ^ "The University of York". University of York. from the original on 26 April 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
  168. ^ "Guardian Medical school ranking tables". Guardian Education. London: Guardian News and Media Limited. 2009. from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
  169. ^ . York College. Archived from the original on 3 April 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
  170. ^ "Welcome to Askham Bryan College". Askham Bryan College. from the original on 22 March 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
  171. ^ . City of York Council. 4 February 2009. Archived from the original on 19 September 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
  172. ^ . City of York Council. 1 February 2007. Archived from the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
  173. ^ "£10m merger unveiled as 'York High School'". The Press. Newsquest Media Group. 28 September 2006. from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
  174. ^ Ofsted Communications Team (25 July 2022). "Find an inspection report and registered childcare". reports.ofsted.gov.uk. from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  175. ^ "Catholic Encyclopedia: Alcuin". New Advent. from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
  176. ^ . St Peter's School Archives. Archived from the original on 19 April 2008. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
  177. ^ . Bootham School York. Archived from the original on 18 April 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
  178. ^ . The Mount School York. Archived from the original on 23 March 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
  179. ^ "York submits bid for World Heritage status". BBC News. BBC. 11 June 2010. from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  180. ^ "York World Heritage Site bid fails". BBC News. BBC. 22 March 2011. from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  181. ^ "City bids for Unesco Media Arts recognition". Yorkshire Post. Yorkshire Post. 22 November 2013. from the original on 5 June 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
    . UNESCO. UK National Commission for UNESCO. 1 December 2014. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  182. ^ ""If the theatre needs me, I'll be back like a shot," says departing dame Berwick". York Press. 3 February 2019. from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  183. ^ "Axed after 41 years: 'Devastated' panto stars told they won't be back at York Theatre Royal". YorkMix. 12 January 2020. from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  184. ^ "This is what Berwick Kaler told the audience at the last night of the panto". YorkMix. 10 January 2022. from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  185. ^ . Grand Opera House York. Archived from the original on 2 March 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  186. ^ . Joseph Rowntree Theatre Limited. Archived from the original on 2 March 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  187. ^ . Riding Lights Theatre Company. Archived from the original on 2 July 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  188. ^ . Department of Theatre, Film and Television, University of York. Archived from the original on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  189. ^ J S Purvis, The York Cycle of Mystery Plays, London S.P.C.K. 1957 repr.1962
  190. ^ . Archived from the original on 1 July 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
  191. ^ . Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
  192. ^ . Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
  193. ^ . Academy of St Olave's. 2008. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
  194. ^ "The National Centre for Early Music, York: Welcome". The National Centre for Early Music. from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
  195. ^ . The National Centre for Early Music. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
  196. ^ . University of York. Archived from the original on 30 April 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
  197. ^ . York Food Festival Ltd. Archived from the original on 24 October 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  198. ^ . York Press. 13 August 2010. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
  199. ^ . York Beer & Cider Festival. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  200. ^ . The Press. 23 July 2016. Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  201. ^ . Information Britain. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
  202. ^ . About.com. The New York Times Company. 16 September 2008. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2008.
  203. ^ "Recipe Favourites York ham and other recipes related to York ham". Recipe Tips. from the original on 13 January 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2008.
  204. ^ Alden, Lori. "Cook's Thesaurus: Ham". Food Subs. from the original on 16 October 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2008.
  205. ^ "Hooray for Festive Ham". Country Life. 25 November 2008. from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  206. ^ . Oliver's of the Mount. Archived from the original on 8 November 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2008.
  207. ^ . City of York Council. 19 March 2012. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
  208. ^ . Walks in Yorkshire. Archived from the original on 26 September 2017.
  209. ^ Wilson, Barbara; Mee, Frances (2005). The City Walls and Castles of York: The Pictorial Evidence. York Archaeological Trust. p. ix. ISBN 978-1-874454-36-6.
  210. ^ Pevsner, Nikolaus; Neave, David (1995) [1972]. Yorkshire: York and the East Riding (2nd ed.). London: Penguin Books. p. 192. ISBN 0-14-071061-2.
  211. ^ Wilson & Mee 2005, p. 1
  212. ^ Jones, Mark W.; et al. (31 January 2004). A Walk Around the Snickelways of York. Dales Court Press. ISBN 978-1-871125-72-6.
  213. ^ "The Most Romantic Things to Do in York for Couples". Backpacking Bella. 5 April 2021. from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  214. ^ . Inside York. Archived from the original on 30 January 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
  215. ^ (PDF). yorkcamra.org.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
  216. ^ "'Houses: Stonegate', in An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in City of York, Volume 5, Central (London, 1981), pp. 220–235". www.britishhistory.ac.uk. from the original on 19 June 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
  217. ^ . www.yorkshirefilmarchive.com. Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
  218. ^ . York Campaign for Real Ale. 18 June 2016. Archived from the original on 5 August 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  219. ^ . Bettys & Taylors of Harrogate Limited. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
  220. ^ "Most of acquired Bauer stations to become Greatest Hits Radio". 27 May 2020. from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  221. ^ . The Press. Newsquest Media Group. Archived from the original on 29 June 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
  222. ^ . Oneandother.com. 26 November 2011. Archived from the original on 1 December 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  223. ^ . Minster FM. The Local Radio Company. Archived from the original on 30 June 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
  224. ^ . The Press. 11 July 2016. Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  225. ^ "BBC Radio York". BBC Local – York & North Yorkshire. BBC. from the original on 3 July 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
  226. ^ . YorkMix. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  227. ^ . YorkMix. 2 August 2016. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  228. ^ . Local Television – York & North Yorkshire. The York Channel. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
  229. ^ "North Yorkshire – That's TV". 2 October 2020. from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
  230. ^ . York St John University. 2006. Archived from the original on 11 May 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
  231. ^ . York Student Television. Archived from the original on 18 March 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
  232. ^ "URY – About Us". University Radio York. from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  233. ^ "Visit Us". York City Football Club. from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  234. ^ "Lucy Staniforth: Bristol Academy midfielder wants new deal". BBC Sport. 11 July 2013. from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  235. ^ . York Press. 14 June 2017. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  236. ^

June 23, 2023
york, this, article, about, city, united, kingdom, other, uses, disambiguation, cathedral, city, north, shire, england, with, roman, origins, sited, confluence, rivers, ouse, foss, historic, county, town, shire, city, many, historic, buildings, other, structur. This article is about the city in the United Kingdom For other uses see York disambiguation York is a cathedral city in North Yorkshire England with Roman origins sited at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss It is the historic county town of Yorkshire The city has many historic buildings and other structures such as a minster castle and city walls It is the largest settlement and the administrative centre of the wider City of York district YorkCityClockwise from the top left Micklegate Bar St Peter s Minster from the city walls Lendal Bridge an aerial view of the city and the castleWhite Rose of YorkYorkLocation within North YorkshireArea33 7 km2 13 0 sq mi Population156 135 2021 census 1 Density4 633 km2 12 000 sq mi Unitary authority population202 871 2021 census Unitary authorityYorkCeremonial countyNorth YorkshireRegionYorkshire and the HumberCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townYORKPostcode districtYO1 YO10 YO19 YO23 24 YO26 YO30 32 YO41Dialling code01904PoliceNorth YorkshireFireNorth YorkshireAmbulanceYorkshireWebsiteyork gov ukList of places UK England Yorkshire 53 57 36 N 1 04 41 W 53 960106 N 1 078017 W 53 960106 1 078017The city was founded under the name of Eboracum in 71 AD It then became the capital of the Roman province of Britannia Inferior and later of the kingdoms of Deira Northumbria and Scandinavian York In the Middle Ages it became the northern England ecclesiastical province s centre and grew as a wool trading centre 2 In the 19th century it became a major railway network hub and confectionery manufacturing centre During the Second World War part of the Baedeker Blitz bombed the city it was less affected by the war than other northern cities with several historic buildings being gutted and restored up to the 1960s 3 The city is one of 15 in England to have a lord mayor and one of three to have The Right Honourable title affixed the others being London s and Bristol s Historic governance of the city was as a county corporate not included in the county s riding system The city has since been covered by a municipal borough county borough and since 1996 a non metropolitan district the City of York which also includes surrounding villages and rural areas and the town of Haxby The current district s local council is responsible for providing all local services and facilities throughout this area The city had a population of 153 717 in the 2011 census 4 the wider district had a population of 198 100 According to 2021 update census data the wider district has a population of 202 800 a 2 4 increase compared to the 2011 census 5 Contents 1 Toponymy 2 History 2 1 Early history 2 2 After the conquest 2 3 16th to 18th centuries 2 4 Modern history 3 Governance 3 1 Local 3 2 Parliament 3 3 Ceremonial 4 Geography 4 1 Location 4 2 Climate 4 3 Green belt 5 Demography 5 1 Population change 5 2 Ethnicity 5 3 Religion 6 Economy 6 1 Overview 6 2 Effects of the COVID 19 pandemic 7 Public services 8 Transport 8 1 Water 8 2 Roads 8 3 Railway 8 4 Air 9 Education 9 1 Museums and libraries 9 2 Higher and further education 9 3 Secondary and primary education 10 Culture 10 1 Theatre 10 2 Music 10 3 Food and drink 11 Attractions 11 1 Architecture 11 2 Pubs 11 3 Tea Rooms 12 Media 13 Sport 13 1 Football codes 13 2 Racing 13 3 Other 14 Garrison 15 International relations 15 1 Twin towns sister cities 16 Freedom of the City 16 1 Individuals 16 2 Military units 17 See also 18 Explanatory notes 19 References 20 External links 20 1 Photos and images 20 2 Historical and genealogical sourcesToponymy EditThe name York Old Norse Jorvik is derived from the Brittonic name Eburakon Latinised as Eboracum or Eburacum a combination of eburos yew tree compare Old Irish ibar Irish iobhar iubhar and iur and Scottish Gaelic iubhar compare also Welsh efwr and Breton evor both meaning alder buckthorn and a suffix of appurtenance ako n meaning belonging to or place of compare Welsh og 6 Put together these old words meant place of the yew trees In Welsh efrog in Old Irish iubrach in Irish Gaelic iurach and in Scottish Gaelic iubhrach The city is called Eabhrac in Irish and Eabhraig in Scottish Gaelic names derived from the Latin word Eboracum A proposed alternative meaning is the settlement of a man named Eburos a Celtic personal name spelled variously in different documents as Eboyros Eburus and Eburius when combined with the Celtic possessive suffix ako n the word could be used to denote the property of a man with this name 7 6 The name Eboracum became the Anglian Eoforwic in the 7th century a compound of Eofor from the old name and wic meaning village probably by conflation of the element Ebor with a Germanic root eburaz boar by the 7th century the Old English for boar had become eofor When the Danish army conquered the city in 866 it was renamed Jorvik 8 The Old French and Norman name of the city following the Norman Conquest was recorded as Everwic modern Norman Everoui in works such as Wace s Roman de Rou 9 Jorvik meanwhile gradually reduced to York in the centuries after the Conquest moving from the Middle English Yerk in the 14th century through Yourke in the 16th century to Yarke in the 17th century The form York was first recorded in the 13th century 2 10 Many company and place names such as the Ebor race meeting refer to the Latinised Brittonic Roman name 11 The 12th century chronicler Geoffrey of Monmouth in his fictional account of the prehistoric kings of Britain Historia Regum Britanniae suggests the name derives from that of a pre Roman city founded by the legendary king Ebraucus 12 The Archbishop of York uses Ebor as his surname in his signature 13 History EditMain article History of York For a chronological guide see Timeline of York Early history Edit Roman wall and the west corner tower of Eboracum The top half is medieval Archaeological evidence suggests that Mesolithic people settled in the region of York between 8000 and 7000 BC although it is not known whether their settlements were permanent or temporary By the time of the Roman conquest of Britain the area was occupied by a tribe known to the Romans as the Brigantes The Brigantian tribal area initially became a Roman client state but later its leaders became more hostile and the Roman Ninth Legion was sent north of the Humber into Brigantian territory 14 The city was founded in 71 AD when the Ninth Legion conquered the Brigantes and constructed a wooden military fortress on flat ground above the River Ouse close to its confluence with the River Foss The fortress whose walls were rebuilt in stone by the VI legion based there subsequent to the IX legion covered an area of 50 acres 20 ha and was inhabited by 6 000 legionary soldiers The site of the principia HQ of the fortress lies under the foundations of York Minster and excavations in the undercroft have revealed part of the Roman structure and columns 8 15 Roman Emperor Constantine the Great proclaimed Emperor at York in 306 AD The Emperors Hadrian Septimius Severus and Constantius I all held court in York during their various campaigns During his stay 207 211 AD the Emperor Severus proclaimed York capital of the province of Britannia Inferior and it is likely that it was he who granted York the privileges of a colonia or city Constantius I died in 306 AD during his stay in York and his son Constantine the Great was proclaimed Emperor by the troops based in the fortress 15 16 In 314 AD a bishop from York attended the Council at Arles to represent Christians from the province 17 While the Roman colonia and fortress were on high ground by 400 AD the town was victim to occasional flooding from the Rivers Ouse and Foss and the population reduced 18 York declined in the post Roman era and was taken and settled by the Angles in the 5th century 19 Reclamation of parts of the town was initiated in the 7th century under King Edwin of Northumbria and York became his chief city 20 The first wooden minster church was built in York for the baptism of Edwin in 627 according to the Venerable Bede 21 Edwin ordered the small wooden church be rebuilt in stone however he was killed in 633 and the task of completing the stone minster fell to his successor Oswald 8 22 In the following century Alcuin of York came to the cathedral school of York He had a long career as a teacher and scholar first at the school at York now known as St Peter s School founded in 627 AD and later as Charlemagne s leading advisor on ecclesiastical and educational affairs 23 In 866 Northumbria was in the midst of internecine struggles when the Vikings raided and captured York As a thriving Anglo Saxon metropolis and prosperous economic hub York was a clear target for the Vikings Led by Ivar the Boneless and Halfdan Scandinavian forces attacked the town on All Saints Day Launching the assault on a holy day proved an effective tactical move most of York s leaders were in the cathedral leaving the town vulnerable to attack and unprepared for battle After it was conquered the city was renamed from the Saxon Eoforwic to Jorvik It became the capital of Viking territory in Britain and at its peak boasted more than 10 000 inhabitants This was a population second only to London within Great Britain Jorvik proved an important economic and trade centre for the Vikings Norse coinage was created at the Jorvik mint while archaeologists have found evidence of a variety of craft workshops around the town s central Coppergate area These demonstrate that textile production metalwork carving glasswork and jewellery making were all practised in Jorvik Materials from as far afield as the Persian Gulf have also been discovered suggesting that the town was part of an international trading network 24 Under Viking rule the city became a major river port part of the extensive Viking trading routes throughout northern Europe The last ruler of an independent Jorvik Eric Bloodaxe was driven from the city in 954 AD by King Eadred in his successful attempt to complete the unification of England 25 After the conquest Edit A panorama of 15th century York by E Ridsdale Tate York Castle is on the right hand side of the river opposite the abandoned motte of Baile Hill In 1068 two years after the Norman conquest of England the people of York rebelled Initially they succeeded but upon the arrival of William the Conqueror the rebellion was put down William at once built a wooden fortress on a motte In 1069 after another rebellion the king built another timbered castle across the River Ouse These were destroyed in 1069 and rebuilt by William about the time of his ravaging Northumbria in what is called the Harrying of the North where he destroyed everything from York to Durham The remains of the rebuilt castles now in stone are visible on either side of the River Ouse 26 27 The first stone minster church was badly damaged by fire in the uprising and the Normans built a minster on a new site Around the year 1080 Archbishop Thomas started building the cathedral that in time became the current Minster 22 Clifford s Tower part of York Castle In the 12th century York started to prosper In 1190 York Castle was the site of an infamous massacre of its Jewish inhabitants in which at least 150 were murdered although some authorities put the figure as high as 500 28 29 The city through its location on the River Ouse and its proximity to the Great North Road became a major trading centre King John granted the city s first charter in 1212 30 confirming trading rights in England and Europe 22 31 During the later Middle Ages York merchants imported wine from France cloth wax canvas and oats from the Low Countries timber and furs from the Baltic and exported grain to Gascony and grain and wool to the Low Countries 32 York became a major cloth manufacturing and trading centre Edward I further stimulated the city s economy by using the city as a base for his war in Scotland The city was the location of significant unrest during the so called Peasants Revolt in 1381 The city acquired an increasing degree of autonomy from central government including the privileges granted by a charter of Richard II in 1396 16th to 18th centuries Edit St Mary s Abbey was founded in 1155 and destroyed during the Dissolution c 1539 The city underwent a period of economic decline during Tudor times Under King Henry VIII the Dissolution of the Monasteries saw the end of York s many monastic houses including several orders of friars the hospitals of St Nicholas and of St Leonard the largest such institution in the north of England This led to the Pilgrimage of Grace an uprising of northern Catholics in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire opposed to religious reform Henry VIII restored his authority by establishing the Council of the North in York in the dissolved St Mary s Abbey The city became a trading and service centre during this period 33 34 Anne of Denmark came to York with her children Prince Henry and Princess Elizabeth on 11 June 1603 The Mayor gave her a tour and offered her spiced wine but she preferred beer 35 Guy Fawkes who was born and educated in York was a member of a group of Roman Catholic restorationists that planned the Gunpowder Plot 36 Its aim was to displace Protestant rule by blowing up the Houses of Parliament while King James I the entire Protestant and even most of the Catholic aristocracy and nobility were inside A map of York 1611 In 1644 during the Civil War the Parliamentarians besieged York and many medieval houses outside the city walls were lost The barbican at Walmgate Bar was undermined and explosives laid but the plot was discovered On the arrival of Prince Rupert with an army of 15 000 men the siege was lifted The Parliamentarians retreated some 6 miles 10 km from York with Rupert in pursuit before turning on his army and soundly defeating it at the Battle of Marston Moor Of Rupert s 15 000 troops 4 000 were killed and 1 500 captured The siege was renewed and the city surrendered to Sir Thomas Fairfax 33 on 15 July Following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 and the removal of the garrison from York in 1688 the city was dominated by the gentry and merchants although the clergy were still important Competition from Leeds and Hull together with silting of the River Ouse resulted in York losing its pre eminent position as a trading centre but its role as the social and cultural centre for wealthy northerners was rising York s many elegant townhouses such as the Lord Mayor s Mansion House and Fairfax House date from this period as do the Assembly Rooms the Theatre Royal and the racecourse 34 37 Modern history Edit The Great Hall at the National Railway Museum The railway promoter George Hudson was responsible for bringing the railway to York in 1839 Although Hudson s career as a railway entrepreneur ended in disgrace and bankruptcy his promotion of York over Leeds and of his own railway company the York and North Midland Railway helped establish York as a major railway centre by the late 19th century 38 The introduction of the railways established engineering in the city 39 40 At the turn of the 20th century the railway accommodated the headquarters and works of the North Eastern Railway which employed more than 5 500 people The railway was instrumental in the expansion of Rowntree s Cocoa Works It was founded in 1862 by Henry Isaac Rowntree who was joined in 1869 by his brother the philanthropist Joseph 41 Another chocolate manufacturer Terry s of York was a major employer 34 42 By 1900 the railways and confectionery had become the city s two major industries 40 Low Petergate with the minster in the background York was a centre of early photography as described by Hugh Murray in his 1986 book Photographs and Photographers of York The Early Years 1844 79 Photographers who had studios in York included William Hayes William Pumphrey and Augustus Mahalski who operated on Davygate and Low Petergate in the 19th century having come to England as a refugee after serving as a Polish lancer in the Austro Hungarian war 43 44 In 1942 the city was bombed during the Second World War part of the Baedeker Blitz by the German Luftwaffe and 92 people were killed and hundreds injured 45 Buildings damaged in the raid included the Railway Station Rowntree s Factory Poppleton Road Primary School St Martin le Grand Church the Bar Convent and the Guildhall which was left in total disrepair until 1960 Bench with Kit Kat advertising in York where the bar was created by the confectionery company Rowntree s to mark National Chocolate Week in 2018 With the emergence of tourism the historic core of York became one of the city s major assets and in 1968 it was designated a conservation area 46 The existing tourist attractions were supplemented by the establishment of the National Railway Museum in York in 1975 47 the Jorvik Viking Centre in 1984 48 and the York Dungeon in 1986 49 The opening of the University of York in 1963 added to the prosperity of the city 50 In March 2012 York s Chocolate Story opened 51 York was voted European Tourism City of the Year by European Cities Marketing in June 2007 beating 130 other European cities to gain first place surpassing Gothenburg in Sweden second and Valencia in Spain third 52 York was also voted safest place to visit in the 2010 Conde Nast Traveller Readers Choice Awards 53 In 2018 The Sunday Times deemed York to be its overall Best Place to Live in Britain highlighting the city s perfect mix of heritage and hi tech and as a mini metropolis with cool cafes destination restaurants innovative companies plus the fastest internet in Britain 54 55 The result was confirmed in a YouGov survey reported in August 2018 with 92 of respondents saying that they liked the city more than any of 56 other British cities 56 Governance EditLocal Edit For detailed history on local government in the City of York see City of York Council York Guildhall is the seat of local government The City of York is governed by the City of York Council It is a unitary authority that operates on a leader and cabinet style of governance having the powers of a non metropolitan county and district council combined It provides a full range of local government services including Council Tax billing libraries social services processing planning applications waste collection and disposal and it is a local education authority The city council consists of 47 councillors 57 58 representing 21 wards with one two or three per ward serving four year terms Its headquarters are at the Guildhall and West Offices in the city centre York is divided into 21 administrative wards Acomb Bishopthorpe Clifton Copmanthorpe Dringhouses and Woodthorpe Fishergate Fulford and Heslington Guildhall Haxby and Wigginton Heworth Heworth Without Holgate Hull Road Huntington and New Earswick Micklegate Osbaldwick and Derwent Rawcliffe and Clifton Without Rural West York Strensall Westfield and Wheldrake 59 The members of the cabinet led by the Council Leader makes decisions on their portfolio areas individually 60 61 Following the Local Government Act 2000 the Council Leader commands the confidence of the city council the leader of the largest political group and head of the City of York Council The Leader of the council and the cabinet consisting of all the executive councillors are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the city council The current Council Leader Liberal Democrats Cllr Keith Aspden was appointed on 22 May 2019 following the 2019 City of York Council election The Mansion House is home to the Lord Mayor of York York s first citizen and civic head is the Lord Mayor who is the chairman of the City of York Council The appointment is made by the city council each year in May at the same time appointing the Sheriff the city s other civic head The offices of Lord Mayor and Sheriff are purely ceremonial The Lord Mayor carries out civic and ceremonial duties in addition to chairing full council meetings 58 The incumbent Lord Mayor since 26 May 2022 is Councillor David Carr and the Sheriff is Suzie Mercer 62 York Youth Council consists of several young people who negotiate with the councillors to get better facilities for York s young people and who also elect York s Member of Youth Parliament 63 64 As a result of the 2019 City of York Council election the Conservative Party was reduced to two seats The Liberal Democrats had 21 councillors The Labour Party had 17 councillors and the Green Party had four with three Independents 65 Due to no overall control the Liberal Democrats and the Green Party agreed to form a coalition on 14 May 2019 66 Party Seats City of York Council 2019 election Liberal Democrats 21 Labour 17 Green 4 Conservative 2 Independent 3 York is the traditional county town of Yorkshire and therefore did not form part of any of its three historic ridings or divisions Its Mayor has had the status of Lord Mayor since 1370 York is an ancient borough and was reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 to form a municipal borough It gained the status of a county borough in 1889 under the Local Government Act 1888 and existed so until 1974 when under the Local Government Act 1972 it became a non metropolitan district in the county of North Yorkshire whilst retaining its Lord Mayor and its Sheriff 67 68 As a result of 1990s UK local government reform York regained unitary status and saw a substantial alteration in its borders taking in parts of Selby and Harrogate districts and about half the population of the Ryedale district 69 The new boundary was imposed after central government rejected the former city council s own proposal Parliament Edit Rachael Maskell L Member of Parliament MP for York Central since 2015 Julian Sturdy C MPfor York Outer since 2010 From 1997 to 2010 the central part of the district was covered by the City of York constituency while the remainder was split between the constituencies of Ryedale Selby and Vale of York 70 These constituencies were represented by Hugh Bayley John Greenway John Grogan and Anne McIntosh respectively Following their review in 2003 of parliamentary representation in North Yorkshire the Boundary Commission for England recommended the creation of two new seats for the City of York in time for the general election in 2010 These are York Central which covers the inner urban area and is entirely surrounded by the York Outer constituency 71 Ceremonial Edit York is within the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire and until 1974 was within the jurisdiction of the Lord Lieutenant of the County of York West Riding and the County of The City of York The city does retain the right to appoint its own Sheriff The holder of the Royal dukedom of York has no responsibilities either ceremonially or administratively as regards to the city Geography EditFurther information Areas of the City of York Location Edit Place Distance Direction RelationLondon 174 miles 280 km 72 South east CapitalLincoln 55 miles 89 km 73 South east Next nearest historic county townMiddlesbrough 43 miles 69 km 74 North Largest place in the countyRipon 22 miles 35 km 75 North west Next nearest cityLeeds 22 miles 35 km 76 South west Next nearest city York lies in the Vale of York a flat area of fertile arable land bordered by the Pennines the North York Moors and the Yorkshire Wolds The city was built at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss on a terminal moraine left by the last ice age 77 Tour boats on the Ouse The River Foss During Roman times the land surrounding the Ouse and Foss was marshy making the site easy to defend The city is prone to flooding from the River Ouse and has an extensive network of flood defences with walls along the river and a liftable barrier across the Foss where it joins the Ouse at the Blue Bridge In October and November 2000 York experienced the worst flooding in 375 years more than 300 homes were flooded 78 In December 2015 the flooding was more extensive and caused major disruption 79 The extreme impact led to a personal visit by Prime Minister David Cameron 80 Much land in and around the city is on flood plains too flood prone for development other than agriculture The ings are flood meadows along the Ouse while the strays are open common grassland in various locations around the city Climate Edit York has a temperate climate Cfb with four distinct seasons As with the rest of the Vale of York the city s climate is drier and warmer than the rest of the Yorkshire and the Humber region Owing to its lowland location York is prone to frosts fog and cold winds during winter spring and very early summer 81 Snow can fall in winter from December onwards to as late as April but quickly melts As with much of the British Isles the weather is changeable York experiences most sunshine from May to July an average of six hours per day 82 With its inland location summers are often warmer than the Yorkshire coast with temperatures of 27 C or more Extremes recorded at the University of York campus between 1998 and 2010 include a highest temperature of 34 5 C 94 1 F when and a lowest temperature of 16 3 C 2 7 F on 6 December 2010 The most rainfall in one day was 88 4 millimetres 3 5 in 83 Climate data for RAF Linton on Ouse 15 km north west of YorkMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 16 61 17 63 22 72 25 77 30 86 32 90 40 2 104 4 34 93 32 90 29 84 20 68 17 63 40 2 104 4 Average high C F 7 0 44 6 7 5 45 5 10 0 50 0 13 0 55 4 16 6 61 9 19 5 67 1 22 0 71 6 22 0 71 6 18 4 65 1 13 9 57 0 9 7 49 5 7 0 44 6 14 0 57 2 Average low C F 2 0 35 6 1 0 33 8 2 4 36 3 4 0 39 2 6 7 44 1 9 7 49 5 11 8 53 2 11 6 52 9 9 5 49 1 7 0 44 6 4 0 39 2 2 0 35 6 6 0 42 8 Record low C F 16 3 10 14 13 9 3 27 1 34 2 36 5 41 5 41 1 30 4 25 8 18 16 3 16 3 Average precipitation mm inches 52 7 2 07 39 9 1 57 44 9 1 77 50 1 1 97 43 8 1 72 58 0 2 28 53 2 2 09 62 4 2 46 46 9 1 85 57 7 2 27 57 8 2 28 55 8 2 20 626 0 24 65 Average precipitation days 11 1 9 1 9 5 9 3 9 1 9 3 8 9 10 0 8 6 10 4 11 3 10 7 117 2Mean monthly sunshine hours 40 60 100 141 190 220 230 205 156 105 65 47 1 550Source 1 Met Office 84 Source 2 BBC Weather 85 Green belt Edit Main article York Green Belt York s urbanised areas are surrounded by a green belt that restricts development in the rural areas and parts of surrounding villages 86 to preserve the setting and historic character of the city 87 The green belt surrounds nearly all of the city and its outer villages extending out into North Yorkshire Demography Edit Population pyramid of York local authority in 2021 Terraced housing in Southbank Apartment blocks in Holgate The York urban area built up area had a population of 153 717 at the time of the 2011 UK census 4 compared with 137 505 in 2001 88 The population of the City of York Local Authority was 198 051 and its ethnic composition was 94 3 White 1 2 Mixed 3 4 Asian and 0 6 Black York s elderly population those 65 and over was 16 9 however only 13 2 were listed as retired 89 This section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information November 2018 Also at the time of the 2001 UK census the City of York had a total population of 181 094 of whom 93 957 were female and 87 137 were male Of the 76 920 households in York 36 0 were married couples living together 31 3 were one person households 8 7 were co habiting couples and 8 0 were lone parents The figures for lone parent households were below the national average of 9 5 and the percentage of married couples was also close to the national average of 36 5 the proportion of one person households was slightly higher than the national average of 30 1 90 In 2001 the population density was 4 368 km2 11 310 sq mi 88 Of those aged 16 74 in York 24 6 had no academic qualifications a little lower than 28 9 in all of England Of York s residents 5 1 were born outside the United Kingdom significantly lower than the national average of 9 2 White British form 95 of the population the largest single minority group was recorded as Asian at 1 9 of the population The number of theft from a vehicle offences and theft of a vehicle per 1 000 of the population was 8 8 and 2 7 compared to the English national average of 6 9 and 2 7 respectively 91 The number of sexual offences was 0 9 in line with the national average 91 The national average of violence against another person was 16 2 compared to the York average of 17 5 91 The figures for crime statistics were all recorded during the 2006 07 financial year The city s estimated population in 2019 was 210 620 92 Population change Edit Population growth in York since 1801Year 1801 1811 1821 1831 1841 1851 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 a 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 b 2011Population 24 080 27 486 30 913 36 340 40 337 49 899 58 632 67 364 76 097 81 802 90 665 100 487 106 278 112 402 123 227 135 093 144 585 154 749 158 170 172 847 181 131 198 051Source Vision of Britain 93 Ethnicity Edit Ethnic Group Year1991 94 2001 95 2011 96 2021 97 Number Number Number Number White Total 165 118 99 177 191 97 8 186 731 94 2 188 167 92 8 White British 172 237 95 1 178 613 90 1 176 963 87 3 White Irish 1 217 1 103 1 317 0 6 White Gypsy or Irish Traveller 269 368 0 2 White Roma 222 0 1 White Other 3 737 6 746 9 297 4 6 Asian or Asian British Total 952 0 6 2 027 1 1 6 740 3 4 7 634 3 8 Asian or Asian British Indian 237 542 1 531 1 853 0 9 Asian or Asian British Pakistani 68 201 417 545 0 3 Asian or Asian British Bangladeshi 133 364 370 413 0 2 Asian or Asian British Chinese 318 642 2 449 2 889 1 4 Asian or Asian British Other Asian 196 278 1 973 1 934 1 0 Black or Black British Total 304 0 2 341 0 2 1 194 0 6 1 325 0 7 Black or Black British African 113 164 903 978 0 5 Black or Black British Caribbean 104 143 205 208 0 1 Black or Black British Other Black 87 34 86 139 0 1 Mixed or British Mixed Total 1 144 0 6 2 410 1 2 3 741 1 8 Mixed White and Black Caribbean 248 529 631 0 3 Mixed White and Black African 114 305 494 0 2 Mixed White and Asian 456 873 1 579 0 8 Mixed Other Mixed 326 703 1 037 0 5 Other Total 439 0 2 973 1 954 1 Other Arab 498 623 0 3 Other Any other ethnic group 439 0 2 391 475 1 331 0 7 Total 166 813 100 181 094 100 198 051 100 202 821 100 Religion Edit Main article Religion in York Percentages in York following non Christian religion were below England s national average Classified as having No Religion is higher than the national average Christianity has the largest religious following in York 59 5 residents reported as Christian in the 2011 census Nave of York Minster Stained glass at York Minster St William s College facade York has multiple churches most present churches in York are from the medieval period St William s College behind the Minster and Bedern Hall off Goodramgate are former dwelling places of the canons of the York Minster 98 There are 33 active Anglican churches in York which is home to the Archbishop of York and York Minster the Mother Church and administrative centre of the northern province of the Church of England and the Diocese of York 99 York is in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough has eight Roman Catholic churches and a number of different Catholic religious orders 100 Leaders of different Christian denominations work together across the city forming a network of churches known as One Voice York 101 Other Christian denominations active in York include the Religious Society of Friends who have three meeting houses 102 Methodists the York Circuit of The Methodist Church York and Hull District 103 and Unitarians St Columba s United Reformed Church in Priory Street originally built for the Presbyterians dates from 1879 104 York s only Mosque is located in the Layerthorpe area and the city also has a UK Islamic Mission centre 105 Various Buddhist traditions are represented in the city and around York 106 There is also an active Jewish community 107 Religion 2001 108 2011 109 2021 110 Number Number Number No religion 30 003 16 6 59 646 30 1 93 577 46 1Holds religious beliefs 137 377 75 9 123 009 62 1 95 314 47 0 Christian 134 771 74 4 117 856 59 5 89 019 43 9 Buddhist 388 0 2 1 016 0 5 1 045 0 5 Hindu 347 0 2 983 0 5 1 043 0 5 Jewish 191 0 1 202 0 1 273 0 1 Muslim 1 047 0 6 2 072 1 0 2 488 1 2 Sikh 95 0 1 133 0 1 179 0 1Other religion 538 0 3 747 0 4 1 266 0 6Religion not stated 13 714 7 6 15 396 7 8 13 930 6 9Total population 181 094 100 0 198 051 100 0 202 821 100 0Economy EditOverview Edit See also List of companies based in York Yorkshire MuseumA July 2020 report by Council stated that York is worth 5 2 billion to the UK economy with 9 000 businesses and 110 000 people employed across the city 111 According to Make It York the city benefits from features that include a well educated workforce excellent transport links to both national and international markets pronounced strengths in a range of high value sectors a pioneering digital infrastructure outstanding business support networks 112 York s economy is based on the service industry which in 2000 was responsible for 88 7 of employment in the city 113 Statistics based on 2019 data indicated that tourism was worth over 765 million to the city supported 24 000 jobs and attracted 8 4 million visitors each year 114 York Designer OutletThe Employment Rate in 2018 was 78 8 The private sector accounted for 77 000 jobs in 2019 while 34 500 jobs were in the public sector 92 The service industries include public sector employment health education finance information technology IT and tourism that accounted for 10 7 of employment as of 2016 Tourism has become an important element of the economy with the city offering a wealth of historic attractions of which York Minster is the most prominent and a variety of cultural activities As a holiday destination York was the 6th most visited English city by UK residents 2014 16 115 and the 13th most visited by overseas visitors 2016 116 A 2014 report based on 2012 data 117 stated that the city receives 6 9 million visitors annually they contribute 564 million to the economy and support over 19 000 jobs 118 In the 2017 Conde Nast Traveller survey of readers York rated 12th among The 15 Best Cities in the UK for visitors 119 In a 2020 Conde Nast Traveller report York rated as the sixth best among ten urban destinations in the UK that scored the highest marks when it comes to nightlife restaurants and friendliness 120 Spark York opened in 2018 as part of the Piccadilly regeneration scheme offers a range of street food drinks and live music Unemployment in York was low at 4 2 in 2008 compared to the United Kingdom national average of 5 3 113 The biggest employer in York is the City of York Council with over 7 500 employees Employers with more than 2 000 staff include Aviva formerly Norwich Union Life Network Rail Northern Trains York Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of York Other major employers include BT Group CPP Group Nestle NFU Mutual and a number of railway companies 121 122 A 2007 report stated that the economic position at that time very different from the 1950s when its prosperity was based on chocolate manufacturing and the railways This position continued until the early 1980s when 30 of the workforce were employed by just five employers and 75 of manufacturing jobs were in four companies 123 Most industry around the railway has gone including the York Carriage Works which at its height in the 1880s employed 5 500 people but closed in the mid 1990s 123 124 York is the headquarters of the confectionery manufacturer Nestle York formerly Nestle Rowntrees and home to the KitKat and eponymous Yorkie bar chocolate brands Terry s chocolate factory makers of the Chocolate Orange was located in the city but it closed on 30 September 2005 when production was moved by its owners Kraft Foods to Poland The historic factory building is situated next to the Knavesmire racecourse The Aviva BuildingOn 20 September 2006 Nestle announced that it would cut 645 jobs at the Rowntree s chocolate factory in York 125 This came after a number of other job losses in the city at Aviva British Sugar and Terry s chocolate factory 126 Despite this the employment situation in York remained fairly buoyant until the effects of the late 2000s recession began to be felt 127 Since the closure of the carriage works the site has been developed into offices York s economy has been developing in the areas of science technology and the creative industries The city became a founding National Science City with the creation of a science park near the University of York 128 Between 1998 and 2008 York gained 80 new technology companies and 2 800 new jobs in the sector 129 130 Effects of the COVID 19 pandemic Edit The COVID 19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached England after cases were discovered in York on 31 January 2020 131 132 The pandemic caused an economic slowdown because of restrictions imposed on businesses and on travel in the UK by January 2021 many cities were in their third lockdown and the country s unemployment rate had reached its highest level in over four years 133 134 The retail hospitality and tourism sectors were especially hard hit in York 135 In August 2020 the campaign Make It York and the city council embarked on a six month tourism marketing plan to reenergise the city while building resident and visitor confidence 114 A report in June 2020 stated that unemployment had risen 114 over the previous year because of restrictions imposed as a result of the pandemic 136 In addition to high unemployment during lockdown periods one analysis by the York and North Yorkshire Local Enterprise Partnership predicted in August 2020 that as many as 13 835 jobs in York will be lost in the scenario considered most likely taking the city s unemployment rate to 14 5 Some critics claimed that part of the problem was caused by over reliance on the booming tourism industry at the expense of a long term economic plan 135 Other analyses suggested that York is well placed for the high street to recover and evolve from the pandemic if new businesses focus on creating an attraction or experience rather than traditional retail The North Yorkshire Local Enterprise Partnership also predicted a significant rise in staycation trips to York in 2021 137 Public services Edit York Hospital is the city s primary medical facility Under the requirements of the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 York City Council appointed a watch committee which established a police force and appointed a chief constable 138 On 1 June 1968 the York City East Riding of Yorkshire and North Riding of Yorkshire police forces were amalgamated to form the York and North East Yorkshire Police Since 1974 Home Office policing in York has been provided by the North Yorkshire Police The force s central headquarters for policing York and nearby Selby are in Fulford 139 Statutory emergency fire and rescue service is provided by the North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service based in Northallerton 140 The city s first hospital York County Hospital opened in 1740 in Monkgate 141 funded by public subscription It closed in 1976 when it was replaced by York Hospital which opened the same year and gained Foundation status in April 2007 It has 524 adult inpatient beds and 127 special purpose beds providing general healthcare and some specialist inpatient daycase and outpatient services 142 It is also known as York District Hospital and YDH 142 York Magistrates CourtThe Yorkshire Ambulance Service NHS Trust was formed on 1 July 2006 bringing together South Yorkshire Ambulance Service West Yorkshire Metropolitan Ambulance Service and the North and East Yorkshire parts of Tees East and North Yorkshire Ambulance Service to provide patient transport 143 Other forms of health care are provided for locally by clinics and surgeries Since 1998 waste management has been co ordinated via the York and North Yorkshire Waste Partnership 144 York s distribution network operator for electricity is CE Electric UK 145 there are no power stations in the city Yorkshire Water which has a local water extraction plant on the River Derwent at Elvington manages York s drinking and waste water 146 York Crown Court The city has a magistrates court 147 and venues for the Crown Court 148 and the County Court 149 York Crown Court was designed by the architect John Carr and built next to the then prison including execution area 150 Between 1773 and 1777 the Grand Jury House was replaced by John Carr s elegant Court House for the Assizes of the whole county The Female Prison was built opposite and mirrors the court building positioned around a circular lawn which became known as the Eye of the Ridings or the Eye of York 1776 saw the last recorded instance of a wife hanged and burnt for poisoning her husband Horse theft was a capital offence The culprits of lesser crimes were brought to court by the city constables and would face a fine The corporation employed a common informer whose task was to bring criminals to justice 151 The former prison is now the Castle Museum but still contains the cells Transport EditWater Edit York s location on the River Ouse and in the centre of the Vale of York means that it has always had a significant position in the nation s transport system 32 The city grew up as a river port at the confluence of the Ouse and the Foss The Ouse was originally a tidal river accessible to seagoing ships of the time Today both of these rivers remain navigable although the Foss is only navigable for a short distance above the confluence A lock at Naburn on the Ouse to the south of York means that the river in York is no longer tidal 152 Until the end of the 20th century the Ouse was used by barges to carry freight between York and the port of Hull The last significant such traffic was the supply of newsprint to the local newspaper s Foss side print works which continued until 1997 Today navigation is almost exclusively leisure oriented Panorama of the River Ouse looking south from Lendal Bridge Roads Edit Stonegate is pedestrianised during the day Like most cities founded by the Romans York is well served by long distance trunk roads The city lies at the intersection of the A19 road from Doncaster to Tyneside the A59 road from Liverpool to York the A64 road from Leeds to Scarborough and the A1079 road from York to Hull The A64 road provides the principal link to the motorway network linking York to both the A1 M and the M1 motorways at a distance of about 10 miles 15 km from the city The trans Pennine M62 motorway is less than 20 miles 30 km away providing links to Manchester and Liverpool The city is surrounded on all sides by an outer ring road at a distance of some 3 miles 5 km from the centre of the city which allows through traffic to by pass the city The street plan of the historic core of the city dates from medieval times and is not suitable for modern traffic As a consequence many of the routes inside the city walls are designated as car free during business hours or restrict traffic entirely To alleviate this situation six bus based park and ride sites operate in York The sites are located towards the edge of the urban area with easy access from the ring road and allow out of town visitors to complete their journey into the city centre by bus 153 First York Mercedes Benz Citaro articulated bus on Rougier Street Public transport within the city is largely bus based First York operates the majority of the city s local bus services as well as the York park and ride services York was the location of the first implementation of FirstGroup s experimental and controversial FTR bus concept which sought to confer the advantages of a modern tramway system at a lower cost 154 The service was withdrawn following an election manifesto pledge by the Labour Group at the 2011 local government election 155 Transdev York also operates a large number of local bus services Open top tourist and sightseeing buses are operated by Transdev York on behalf of City Sightseeing and York Pullman on behalf of Golden Tours Rural services linking local towns and villages with York are provided by a number of companies with Transdev York amp Country East Yorkshire and Reliance Motor Services operating most of them 156 Longer distance bus services are provided by a number of operators including Arriva Yorkshire services to Selby East Yorkshire services to Hull Beverley Market Weighton and Pocklington and Transdev York amp Country services to Boroughbridge Knaresborough Harrogate Castle Howard and Malton Yorkshire Coastliner links Leeds amp York with Scarborough Malton Pickering and Whitby 157 Railway Edit York railway station viewed from Queen StreetYork has been a major railway centre since the first line arrived in 1839 at the beginning of the railway age For many years the city hosted the headquarters and works of the North Eastern Railway 42 York railway station interior Point A Via Point B ViaLondon North Eastern RailwayLondon King s Cross under two hours from York around 25 direct trains each weekday Peterborough amp Doncaster Edinburgh Waverley Durham amp NewcastleSunderlandMiddlesbrough ThornabyCrossCountryPlymouth Bristol Temple Meads Birmingham New Street Derby Sheffield amp Wakefield Westgate Glasgow Central amp or Edinburgh Waverley Darlington Durham amp NewcastleNewcastle Durham amp Darlington Southampton Central amp or Reading Birmingham International Birmingham New Street amp Oxford 158 TransPennine ExpressNewcastle Darlington Liverpool Lime Street Leeds Dewsbury Huddersfield amp Manchester VictoriaRedcar Central Middlesbrough Manchester Airport Huddersfield Manchester Oxford Road amp Manchester PiccadillyYork Terminus Scarborough Malton amp SeamerNorthernYork the provider s headquarters Terminus Leeds HarrogateHull Paragon amp or Sheffield Rotherham CentralBlackpool North Bradford Interchange Halifax Hebden Bridge Burnley Manchester Road Blackburn amp Preston 158 Air Edit The closest international airports are Leeds Bradford at 30 miles 48 km Teesside 47 miles 76 km Doncaster Sheffield 49 miles 79 km Humberside 54 miles 87 km Further afield are Manchester 84 miles 135 km and Newcastle 95 miles 153 km Manchester Airport with connections to Europe North America Africa and Asia has direct rail links by TransPennine Express with its namesake station 158 By road its accessible by the A64 to the M60 via the A1 M motorway M1 and M62 Yorkshire Air Museum Teesside Airport has one connection via Darlington and Eaglescliffe with a limited service with a bus from its station to the airport By road it is accessible by the A19 north to the A67 Newcastle Airport has one connection via Newcastle with the metro to Newcastle Airport it is accessible by the A1 M north to the A1 then the A696 Leeds Bradford and Humberside have no direct station with buses from the nearest stations Leeds Bradford serves most major European and North African airports as well as Pakistan and New York City 159 Humberside is accessible by the A1079 to the A15 via the A63 Leeds Bradford by the A59 to the A658 via the A661 160 York has an airfield at the former RAF Elvington 7 miles 11 km south east of the city centre which is the home of the Yorkshire Air Museum and used for private aviation In 2003 plans were drafted to expand the site for business aviation or a full commercial service 161 Former RAF Church Fenton is also near the city and private it is now called Leeds East Education EditSee also List of schools in York Museums and libraries Edit York Castle Museum an 18th century building York Castle a complex of buildings ranging from the medieval Clifford s Tower to the 20th century entrance to the York Castle Museum formerly a prison has had a chequered history As well as the Castle Museum the city contains numerous other museums and historic buildings such as the Yorkshire Museum and its Museum Gardens Jorvik Viking Centre York Art Gallery Merchant Adventurers Hall the reconstructed medieval house Barley Hall owned by the York Archaeological Trust the 18th century Fairfax House the Mansion House the historic home of the Lord Mayor and the so called Treasurer s House owned by the National Trust 162 The National Railway Museum is situated just beyond the station and is home to a vast range of transport material and the largest collection of railway locomotives in the world Included in this collection are the world s fastest steam locomotive LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard and the world famous LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman which has been overhauled in the Museum 163 Although noted for its Medieval history visitors can also gain an understanding of the Cold War through visiting the York Cold War Bunker former headquarters of No 20 Group of the Royal Observer Corps 164 York Library The city s first subscription library opened in 1794 165 The first free public library the York Library was built on Clifford Street in 1893 to mark Queen Victoria s jubilee A new building was erected on Museum Street in 1927 and this is still the library today it was extended in 1934 and 1938 166 Higher and further education Edit University of York view across the lake to Central Hall The University of York s main campus is on the southern edge of the city at Heslington The Department of Archaeology and the graduate Centres for Eighteenth Century Studies and Medieval Studies are located in the historic King s Manor in the city centre 167 It was York s only institution with university status until 2006 when the more centrally located York St John University formerly an autonomous college of the University of Leeds attained full university status The city formerly hosted a branch of the University of Law before it moved to Leeds The University of York also has a medical school Hull York Medical School 168 The city has two major further education institutions York College is an amalgamation of York Technical College and York Sixth Form College Students there study a very wide range of academic and vocational courses and range from school leavers and sixth formers to people training to make career moves 169 Askham Bryan College offers further education courses foundation and honours degrees specialising in more vocational subjects such as horticulture agriculture animal management and even golf course management 170 Secondary and primary education Edit St Peter s School the city s oldest school founded in the 7th century ADThere are 70 local council schools with over 24 000 pupils in the City of York Council area 171 The City of York Council manages most primary and secondary schools within the city This article needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information July 2022 Primary schools cover education from ages 5 11 with some offering early years education from age 3 From 11 to 16 education is provided by 10 secondary schools four of which offer additional education up to the age of 18 172 In 2007 Oaklands Sports College and Lowfield Comprehensive School merged to become one school known as York High School 173 There is one outstanding 174 Roman Catholic secondary school in the city All Saints School which was founded in 1665 the school is split site meaning that the education of lower years years 7 9 happens on the Lower Site attached to the oldest running convent in the country Bar Convent And the upper years including sixth form are taught on the Upper Site which is on Mill Mount the former site of Mill Mount County Grammar School for Girls The Sixth form is the largest sixth form in the city As a school it plays an essential role in York s Catholic community being the only secondary institution dedicated to the denomination It was the first Catholic school in the country to admit girls for education in the 1660s York also has several private schools St Peter s School was founded in 627 The scholar Alcuin who went on to serve Charlemagne taught there 175 It was also the school attended by Guy Fawkes 176 Two schools have Quaker origins Bootham School is co educational 177 and The Mount School is all girls 178 Another all girls school is Queen Margaret s School which was established under the Woodard Foundation Culture EditThe city is part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network as a city of Media Arts An unsuccessful 2010 bid by York city council and a number of heritage organisations to make a UNESCO World Heritage Site indirectly led to the city making a successful bid for its title 179 180 181 Theatre Edit York Theatre Royal The Theatre Royal which was established in 1744 produces an annual pantomime which attracts loyal audiences from around the country The theatre s veteran star Berwick Kaler often played the dame before he retired from acting in the pantomime in 2019 182 and officially parted ways with the theatre after the so called Panto Wars 183 The Theatre Royal continues to produce an annual pantomime without Kaler who came out of retirement in 2021 to star in a new panto at The Grand Opera House 184 Both the Grand Opera House and Joseph Rowntree Theatre also offer a variety of productions 185 186 The city is home to the Riding Lights Theatre Company which as well as operating a busy national touring department also operates a busy youth theatre and educational departments York is also home to a number of amateur dramatic groups 187 The Department of Theatre Film and Television and Student Societies of the University of York put on public drama performances 188 Interior of York s Grand Opera House The York Mystery Plays are performed in public at intervals using texts based on the original medieval plays of this type that were performed by the guilds often with specific connections to the subject matter of each play For instance the Shipwrights Play is the Building of Noah s Ark and the fish sellers and mariners the Landing of Noah s Ark 189 The York Cycle of Mystery Plays or Pageants is the most complete in England Originally performed from wagons at various locations around the city from the 14th century until 1570 they were revived in 1951 during the Festival of Britain when York was one of the cities with a regional festival 190 They became part of the York City Festival every three years and later four years They were mostly produced in a temporary open air theatre within the ruins of St Mary s Abbey using some professional but mostly amateur actors Lead actors have included Christopher Timothy and Robson Green in the role of Christ and Dame Judi Dench as a school girl in 1951 1954 and 1957 She remains a Patron of the plays The cycle was presented in the Theatre Royal in 1992 and 1996 within York Minster in 2000 and in 2002 2006 and 2010 by Guild groups from wagons in the squares in the Dean s Park or at the Eye of York 191 They go around the streets recreating the original productions In 2012 the York Mystery Plays were performed between 2 and 27 August at St Mary s Abbey in the York Museum Gardens 192 Music Edit The Academy of St Olave s a chamber orchestra which gives concerts in St Olave s Church Marygate is one of the music groups that perform regularly in York 193 A former church St Margaret s Walmgate is the National Centre for Early Music which hosts concerts broadcasts competitions and events including the York Early Music Festival 194 195 Students staff and visiting artists of York St John University music department regularly perform lunchtime concerts in the university chapel The staff and students of the University of York also perform in the city 196 Food and drink Edit Each September since 1997 York has held an annual Festival of Food and Drink The aim of the festival is to spotlight food culture in York and North Yorkshire by promoting local food production The Festival attracts up to 150 000 visitors over 10 days from all over the country 197 The Assize of Ale is an annual event in the city where people in medieval costume take part in a pub crawl to raise money for local charities It has its origins in the 13th century when an Assize of Bread and Ale was used to regulate the quality of goods The current version was resurrected in 1990 91 by the then Sheriff of York Peter Brown and is led by the Guild of Scriveners 198 York hamThe Knavesmire home of York Racecourse plays host to Yorkshire s largest beer festival every September run by York CAMRA York Beer amp Cider Festival 199 It is housed in a marquee opposite the grandstand of the racecourse in the enclosure and in 2016 offered over 450 real ales and over 100 ciders 200 A product claimed to be local is York ham 201 a mild flavoured ham with delicate pink colouring It is traditionally served with Madeira Sauce 202 203 The ham has been described as a lightly smoked dry cured ham that is saltier but milder in flavour than other European dry cured hams 204 Folklore has it that the oak construction for York Minster provided the sawdust for smoking the ham 205 A likely apocryphal story attributes Robert Burrow Atkinson s butchery shop in Blossom Street to be the birthplace of the original York Ham or at least to have made it famous 206 Attractions EditArchitecture Edit See also York sites of interest and Medieval parish churches of York York Minster a large Gothic cathedral dominates the city York s centre is enclosed by the city s medieval walls which are a popular walk 207 208 These defences are the most complete in England They have the only walls set on high ramparts and they retain all their principal gateways 209 They incorporate part of the walls of the Roman fortress and some Norman and medieval work as well as 19th and 20th century renovations 210 The entire circuit is approximately 2 5 miles 4 km and encloses an area of 263 acres 106 ha 211 The north east section includes a part where walls never existed because the Norman moat of York Castle formed by damming the River Foss also created a lake which acted as a city defence This lake was later called the King s Fishpond as the rights to fish belonged to the Crown A feature of central York is the Snickelways narrow pedestrian routes many of which led towards the former market places in Pavement and St Sampson s Square 212 The Shambles is a narrow medieval street lined with shops boutiques and tea rooms Its unusual name comes from an old English term for an open air slaughterhouse or meat market 213 Most of these premises were once butchers shops and the hooks from which carcasses were hung and the shelves on which meat was laid out can still be seen outside some of them The street also contains the Shrine of Margaret Clitherow although it is not located in the house where she lived 214 Goodramgate has many medieval houses including the early 14th century Lady Row built to finance a Chantry at the edge of the churchyard of Holy Trinity church The southern entrance to York Micklegate Bar is a 12th 14th century structure The Shambles is a medieval shopping street most of the buildings date from between c 1350 and 1475 The Art Deco style Odeon Cinema on Blossom Street The 1960s Brutalist style Stonebow HousePubs Edit The Kings Arms In June 2015 York CAMRA listed 101 pubs on its map of the city centre some of which are hundreds of years old 215 These include the Golden Fleece Ye Olde Starre Inne noted for its sign which has spanned the street since 1733 216 and The Kings Arms often photographed during floods 217 On 18 June 2016 York CAMRA undertook a Beer Census and found 328 unique real ales being served in over 200 pubs in York reinforcing the city s reputation as a top UK beer destination 218 Tea Rooms Edit Bettys Cafe Tea Rooms In the centre of York in St Helen s Square there is the York branch of Bettys Cafe Tea Rooms Bettys founder Frederick Belmont travelled on the maiden voyage of the Queen Mary in 1936 He was so impressed by the splendour of the ship that he employed the Queen Mary s designers and craftsmen to turn a dilapidated furniture store in York into an elegant cafe in St Helen s Square A few years after Bettys opened in York war broke out and the basement Bettys Bar became a favourite haunt of the thousands of airmen stationed around York Bettys Mirror on which many of them engraved their signatures with a diamond pen remains on display today as a tribute to them 219 Media Edit The Press on Walmgate The York area is served by a local newspaper The Press known as the Evening Press until April 2006 The York Advertiser newspaper based at The Press on Walmgate and four local radio stations BBC Radio York YorkMix Radio YO1 Radio and Jorvik Radio A local commercial radio station Minster FM broadcast until 2020 when it was replaced by Greatest Hits Radio York and North Yorkshire 220 221 222 223 224 225 Another digital news and radio website is YorkMix run by former print journalists that incorporates Local News What s On Food amp Drink Things To Do and Business sections with articles written by residents and local journalists 226 In August 2016 YorkMix was nominated in two categories in the O2 Media Awards for Yorkshire and The Humber 227 Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC Yorkshire and BBC North East and Cumbria on BBC One and ITV Yorkshire and ITV Tyne Tees on ITV Television signals come from Emley Moor or Bilsdale transmitters On 27 November 2013 Ofcom awarded the 12 year local TV licence for the York area to a consortium entitled The York Channel with the channel due to be on air in spring 2015 228 This service is now on air as That s TV North Yorkshire 229 York St John University has a Film and Television Production department with links to many major industrial partners The department hosts an annual festival of student work and a showcase of other regional films 230 The University of York has its own television station York Student Television YSTV and two campus newspapers Nouse and York Vision 231 Its radio station URY is the longest running legal independent radio station in the UK and was voted Student Radio Station of the Year 2020 at the Student Radio Awards 232 Sport EditFootball codes Edit York Community Stadium The city s association football team is York City who are competing in the National League as of the 2023 24 season York have played as high as the old Second Division but are best known for their giant killing status in cup competitions having reached the FA Cup semi final in 1955 and beaten Manchester United 3 0 during the 1995 96 League Cup Their matches are played at the York Community Stadium as of 2021 233 having previously played at Bootham Crescent since 1932 The most notable footballers to come from York in recent years are Lucy Staniforth 234 Under 20 World Cup winning captain Lewis Cook 235 and former England manager Steve McClaren 236 York also has a strong rugby league history York FC later known as York Wasps formed in 1868 were one of the oldest rugby league clubs in the country but the effects of a move to the out of town Huntington Stadium poor results and falling attendances led to their bankruptcy in 2002 237 The supporters formed a new club York City Knights who played at the same stadium until 2015 when they moved to Bootham Crescent In 2021 they moved to York Community Stadium 238 As of 2022 update the men s team play in The Championship 239 and the women s team York Valkyrie play in the Super League 240 There are three amateur rugby league teams in York New Earswick All Blacks in New Earswick York Acorn and Heworth York International 9s was an annual rugby league nines tournament which took place in York between 2002 and 2009 241 Amateur side York Lokomotive compete in the Rugby League Conference citation needed Rugby union has been played in York since the 1860s with multiple teams currently playing within the city York RUFC was formed in 1928 and amalgamated with the York Cricket Club in 1966 The teams home ground is at York sports ground at Clifton Park The men s 1st team play in North 1 East with the women s team in RFUW Women s NC1 North East championship 242 York Railway Institute RI RUFC home ground is at the York RI sports club on newlane York The men s team currently compete in Yorkshire Division 4 South East Yorkshire 4 and the ladies team play in the RFUW Women s NC1 North East championship 243 Based at the York site of chocolate and confectionery maker Nestle Rowntree s Nestle Rowntree RUFC was founded originally in 1894 and re founded in 1954 They currently play their home games at York St John University Sports Field and they compete in Yorkshire Division 4 South East Yorkshire 4 244 Racing Edit York Racecourse York Racecourse was established in 1731 and from 1990 has been awarded Northern Racecourse of the Year for 17 years running This major horseracing venue is located on the Knavesmire and sees thousands flocking to the city every year for the 15 race meetings The Knavesmire Racecourse also hosted Royal Ascot in 2005 245 In August racing takes place over the four day Ebor Festival that includes the Ebor Handicap dating from 1843 246 On 6 July 2014 York hosted the start of Stage 2 of the 2014 Tour de France Starting the Depart Fictif from York Racecourse the riders travelled through the city centre to the Depart Actuel on the A59 just beyond the junction with the Outer Ring Road heading towards Knaresborough 247 In 2015 the inaugural Tour de Yorkshire was held as a legacy event to build on the popularity of the previous year with the Day 2 stage finishing in York 248 Motorbike speedway once took place at York The track in the Burnholme Estate was completed in 1930 and a demonstration event staged In 1931 the track staged team and open events and the York team took part in the National Trophy 249 Other Edit An open rowing club York City Rowing Club is located underneath Lendal Bridge 250 The rowing clubs of The University of York York St John University Rowing Club and Leeds University Boat Club as well as York City RC use the Ouse for training There are two sailing clubs close to York both of which sail dinghies on the River Ouse The York RI Railway Institute Sailing Club has a club house and boat park on the outskirts of Bishopthorpe a village3 miles 4 8 km to the south of York The Yorkshire Ouse Sailing Club has a club house in the village of Naburn 5 miles 8 0 km south of York York hosts the UK Snooker Championship which is the second biggest ranking tournament in the sport at the York Barbican Garrison Edit Imphal Barracks York Garrison is a garrison of the British army which administers a number of units based in and around the city of York 251 252 253 254 The garrison s current units are 255 York Station Imphal Barracks Headquarters 1st United Kingdom Division 2 Signal Regiment Royal Corps of Signals 12 Military Intelligence Company 1 Military Intelligence Battalion 1 Investigation Company Special Investigation Branch Regiment Kohima Troop 50 Northern Signal Squadron 37 Signal Regiment 256 3 Army Education Centre Educational and Training Services Branch Worsley Barracks 257 Helmand Company 4th Battalion Royal Yorkshire Regiment York Detachment Leeds University Officers Training Corps Yeomanry Barracks 258 A Yorkshire Yeomanry Squadron Queen s Own Yeomanry Strensall Station Queen Elizabeth Barracks Headquarters 2nd Medical Brigade 34 Field Hospital Royal Army Medical Corps Headquarters Army Training Unit North 4th Infantry Brigade Cadet Training Team 1st United Kingdom Division Operational Shooting Training Team Towthorpe Lines Army Medical Services Training Centre 259 International relations EditTwin towns sister cities Edit See also List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom York is twinned with Dijon Bourgogne Franche Comte France since 1953 260 Munster North Rhine Westphalia Germany since 1957 260 261 Nanjing Jiangsu China since 2016 262 263 In 2016 York became sister cities with the Chinese city of Nanjing in line with an agreement signed by the Lord Mayor of York focusing on building links in tourism education science technology and culture 262 263 264 265 On 22 October 2014 it announced the first temporal twinning with Jorvik the Viking city on the site of York from 866 to 1066 266 In 2017 York became UK s first human rights city which formalised the city s aim to use human rights in decision making 267 Freedom of the City EditThe following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of York This list is incomplete you can help by adding missing items July 2020 Individuals Edit John Kendal 1482 268 John Moore 29 September 1687 268 Cosmo Gordon Lang 1928 269 HRH Princess Royal 1952 268 Edna Annie Crichton 1955 268 Prince Andrew Duke of York 23 February 1987 270 revoked by a Unanimous vote of the City of York Council on 27 April 2022 271 Sarah Duchess of York 23 February 1987 272 Katharine Duchess of Kent April 1989 268 John Barry 2002 268 Dame Judi Dench 13 July 2002 268 273 Berwick Kaler 2003 268 Professor Sir Ronald Cooke 2006 268 Neal Guppy 2010 274 Military units Edit The Royal Dragoon Guards 24 April 1999 275 2 Signals Regiment January 2001 276 A Squadron The Queen s Own Yeomanry 3 December 2009 277 RAF Linton on Ouse 19 September 2010 278 279 280 The Queen s Gurkha Signals 8 September 2015 281 282 See also Edit Yorkshire portalBig Blue Ocean Cleanup CityConnect WIFI The Evelyn collection of pictures of York from the early 20th century List of people from York Southlands Methodist Church White Rose Theatre York Festival of Ideas York Shakespeare Project Goddards House and Garden Rollits LLP Rowntree ParkExplanatory notes Edita There was no census in 1941 figures are from National Register United Kingdom and Isle of Man Statistics of Population on 29 September 1939 by Sex Age and Marital Condition b There is a discrepancy of 37 between Office for National Statistics figures quoted before and those on the Vision of Britain website quoted here References Edit York Built up Area United Kingdom Population Statistics Charts Map and Location www citypopulation de Archived from the original on 20 December 2022 Retrieved 19 November 2022 a b Timeline York Tourism Bureau 2005 Archived from the original on 8 January 2008 Retrieved 25 October 2007 When sparks flew across the sky The Press Newsquest Media Group 28 April 2012 Archived from the original on 20 April 2019 Retrieved 20 April 2019 a b 2011 Census Built up areas ONS Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 Retrieved 15 August 2013 How the population changed in York Census 2021 ONS www ons gov uk Archived from the original on 13 December 2022 Retrieved 13 November 2022 a b Xavier Delamarre Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise editions errance 2003 p 159 Pierre Yves Lambert La langue gauloise editions errance 1994 p 39 a b c York s history City of York Council 20 December 2006 Archived from the original on 31 October 2007 Retrieved 1 October 2007 Wace Robert Le Roman de Rou et des ducs de Normandie BnF Gallica p 362 Archived from the original on 9 November 2016 Retrieved 15 September 2016 Li Barunz de Everwic Schire the barons of Yorkshire Willis Ronald 1988 The illustrated portrait of York 4th ed Robert Hale Limited p 35 ISBN 0 7090 3468 7 Ebor Festival York City of Festivals Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 Retrieved 17 May 2009 Geoffrey of Monmouth 1136 Historia Regum Britanniae Archived from the original on 14 April 2016 Retrieved 9 June 2016 via Wikisource How to address the Archbishops of Canterbury and York Forms of Address Church of England Religion Debretts com Archived from the original on 21 January 2012 Retrieved 4 December 2011 Willis Ronald 1988 The illustrated portrait of York 4th ed Robert Hale Limited pp 26 27 ISBN 0 7090 3468 7 a b Shannon John Tilbrook Richard 1990 York the second city Jarrold Publishing p 2 ISBN 0 7117 0507 0 Lower Britannia Inferior and Upper Britain Britannia Superior Vanderbilt University Archived from the original on 2 March 2008 Retrieved 24 October 2007 Tillott P M ed 1961 Before the Norman Conquest A History of the County of York the City of York London pp 2 24 Archived from the original on 19 April 2019 Retrieved 19 April 2019 via British History Online Russo Daniel G 1998 Town Origins and Development in Early England c 400 950 A D Greenwood Publishing Group pp 119 120 ISBN 978 0 313 30079 0 Jones Barri Mattingly David 1990 An Atlas of Roman Britain Cambridge Blackwell Publishers published 2007 p 317 ISBN 978 1 84217 067 0 Cemeteries that are identifiably Anglian date from this period some graves are within the Roman cemetery on The Mount York history timeline YorkHistory com 2007 Archived from the original on 14 March 2007 Retrieved 4 October 2007 The First Minster History of York History of York York Museums Trust Archived from the original on 4 October 2011 Retrieved 18 July 2009 a b c York Minster a very brief history York Minster Archived from the original on 9 December 2012 Retrieved 15 June 2009 Ritchie Dr Anna 1 July 2001 Alcuin of York BBC History Online BBC Archived from the original on 31 August 2009 Retrieved 18 July 2009 From the raid on Lindisfarne to Harald Hardrada s defeat 8 Viking dates you need to know History Extra BBC Archived from the original on 16 June 2020 Retrieved 16 June 2020 Jorvik Viking York City of York Council 20 December 2006 Archived from the original on 13 September 2007 Retrieved 5 October 2007 Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 York Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 28 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 927 929 The Old Baile An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in City of York Volume 2 the Defences London 1972 pp 87 89 Archived from the original on 27 February 2021 Retrieved 16 June 2020 via British History Online The 1190 Massacre History Of York York Museums Trust Archived from the original on 3 January 2013 Retrieved 13 April 2015 Death in York BBC 28 September 2006 Archived from the original on 14 December 2008 Retrieved 10 October 2007 BBC News Charter Day celebrations for York announced BBC News 8 July 2011 Archived from the original on 16 October 2015 Retrieved 29 January 2015 Norman and Medieval York City of York Council 20 December 2006 Archived from the original on 15 September 2007 Retrieved 1 October 2007 a b Tillott P M ed 1961 A History of the County of York the City of York The later middle ages Communications markets and merchants British History Online pp 97 106 Archived from the original on 12 January 2012 Retrieved 18 July 2009 a b The Age of Decline City of York Council 20 December 2006 Archived from the original on 4 February 2008 Retrieved 5 October 2007 a b c Post medieval York Secrets Beneath Your Feet York Archaeological Trust 1998 Archived from the original on 17 May 2008 Retrieved 18 July 2009 Ethel Carleton Williams Anne of Denmark London 1970 p 77 Transplanted Englishman brings country s Guy Fawkes party tradition to Burnsville ThisWeek Online ThisWeek Newspapers 24 October 2007 Archived from the original on 15 December 2005 Georgian York social capital of the North City of York Council 22 July 2008 Archived from the original on 4 February 2008 Retrieved 5 October 2007 Sources Unwin R W 1980 V Leeds becomes a transport centre In Fraser Derek ed A History of modern Leeds Manchester University Press pp 132 133 ISBN 0 7190 0747 X Archived from the original on 3 February 2016 Retrieved 8 January 2016 Armstrong Alan 2005 1974 Stability And Change in an English County Town A Social Study of York 1801 51 Cambridge University Press pp 37 43 ISBN 9780521019873 Archived from the original on 3 February 2016 Retrieved 8 January 2016 Lewis Stephen 3 July 2009 East Coast Main Line York s part in the history of the railways York Press Archived from the original on 18 April 2012 Retrieved 20 March 2012 George Hudson SchoolNet Spartacus Educational Archived from the original on 1 April 2009 Retrieved 12 June 2009 Rennison Robert William 1996 Civil engineering heritage Northern England Thomas Telford 5 York and North Yorkshire pp 133 134 ISBN 9780727725189 Archived from the original on 3 February 2016 Retrieved 8 January 2016 a b Industrialisation www historyofyork org uk Archived from the original on 25 October 2013 Retrieved 30 November 2013 History of Nestle Rowntree Nestle UK Ltd 2008 Archived from the original on 4 January 2008 Retrieved 19 July 2009 a b The Railway Age to the present day City of York Council 20 December 2006 Archived from the original on 16 May 2012 Murray Jill KNO 3 8 Transcript of Yorkshire Artists by J W Knowles explore York libraries and archives pp 112x 113 Archived from the original on 25 February 2021 Retrieved 19 September 2016 Records of Augustus Mahalski Photographer Archives Hub Archived from the original on 19 September 2016 Retrieved 19 September 2016 Luftwaffe pilot says sorry for bombing York The Press Newsquest Media Group 17 April 2007 Archived from the original on 12 January 2023 Retrieved 21 July 2009 York Central Historic Core Conservation Area Appraisal PDF City of York Council Archived PDF from the original on 18 November 2016 Retrieved 17 November 2016 History of the NRM National Railway Museum Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 Retrieved 15 June 2009 Renfrew Colin Bahn Paul G 2008 Archaeology Theories Methods and Practice 5 ed Thames amp Hudson p 542 ISBN 9780500287194 York Dungeon celebrates 30th anniversary York Press 4 November 2016 Archived from the original on 19 January 2018 Retrieved 19 January 2018 Founding students return to York 40 years on University of York 7 October 2003 Archived from the original on 9 November 2005 Retrieved 15 June 2009 Inside York s new chocolate museum York Press 27 March 2012 Archived from the original on 19 January 2018 Retrieved 19 January 2018 York voted top city for tourists BBC News Online BBC 14 June 2007 Archived from the original on 7 January 2009 Retrieved 28 July 2008 Conde Nast Traveller Conde Nast Traveller Archived from the original on 17 October 2013 Retrieved 22 May 2014 York the best place to live in the UK 2018 The Sunday Times 18 March 2018 Archived from the original on 27 June 2018 Retrieved 27 June 2018 This is the best place to live in the UK according to a prestigious list The Standard Archived from the original on 6 July 2018 Retrieved 5 July 2018 YouGov York is Britain s most popular city YouGov What the world thinks Archived from the original on 27 August 2018 Retrieved 27 August 2018 Your councillors City of York Council Archived from the original on 11 July 2009 Retrieved 19 July 2009 a b The Constitution Part 1 Summary and explanation PDF City of York Council Archived from the original PDF on 26 July 2011 Retrieved 19 July 2009 City of York Council wards City of York Council Archived from the original on 21 November 2018 Retrieved 20 November 2018 committee details leisure culture and social inclusion City of York Council Archived from the original on 26 July 2011 Retrieved 10 May 2010 committee details city strategy City of York Council Archived from the original on 26 July 2011 Retrieved 10 May 2010 Cooper Joe 26 May 2022 New Lord Mayor of York David Carr pledges to help over cost of living YorkMix Archived from the original on 27 May 2022 Retrieved 27 May 2022 York Youth Council York Youth Council Archived from the original on 15 February 2017 Retrieved 15 February 2017 York teenagers to help improve bus services York Press 13 February 2016 Archived from the original on 17 February 2017 Retrieved 15 February 2017 City of York local elections 2019 City of York Council 2 May 2019 Archived from the original on 16 May 2019 Retrieved 16 May 2019 Lib Dems and the Green Party join forces to run City of York Council YorkMix 14 May 2019 Archived from the original on 16 May 2019 Retrieved 16 May 2019 Bartholomew John 1887 Gazetteer of the British Isles entry for York A Vision of Britain Through Time Great Britain Historical GIS Project Archived from the original on 5 October 2007 Retrieved 19 July 2009 Gazetteer of British Place Names Map 2 Administrative counties and unitary authority areas Association of British Counties 10 September 2006 Archived from the original on 22 July 2009 Retrieved 17 May 2009 The North Yorkshire District of York Structural and Boundary Changes Order Stationery Office Books 6 April 1995 ISBN 978 0 11 052605 8 Archived from the original on 19 April 2009 Retrieved 17 May 2009 Your MPs City of York Council Archived from the original on 9 May 2009 Retrieved 19 July 2009 Final recommendations for Parliamentary constituencies in the County of North Yorkshire and the City of York Boundary Commission for England 5 November 2003 Archived from the original Microsoft Word document on 2 November 2009 Retrieved 20 April 2010 Distance from City of London to York Distance Calculator Archived from the original on 20 July 2022 Retrieved 20 July 2022 Distance from York to Lincoln Distance Calculator Archived from the original on 20 July 2022 Retrieved 20 July 2022 Distance from York to Middlesbrough Distance Calculator Archived from the original on 20 July 2022 Retrieved 20 July 2022 Distance from York to Ripon Distance Calculator Archived from the original on 12 January 2023 Retrieved 8 May 2022 Distance from Leeds to York Distance Calculator Archived from the original on 26 July 2022 Retrieved 8 May 2022 Hall Richard 1996 English Heritage Book of York 1st ed B T Batsford Ltd p 25 ISBN 0 7134 7720 2 Dennis Ian A Macklin Mark G Coulthard Tom J Brewer Paul A 2002 The impact of the October November 2000 floods on contaminant metal dispersal in the River Swale catchment North Yorkshire UK PDF Wiley InterScience p 1 Archived from the original PDF on 29 November 2007 Retrieved 20 April 2019 York floods Hundreds evacuated and swathes of historic city underwater as rivers reach record levels The Independent 27 December 2015 Archived from the original on 20 August 2016 Retrieved 19 August 2016 Storm Frank Jeremy Corbyn explains why he has only just turned up in the North I didn t want to get in the way live The Telegraph 31 December 2015 Archived from the original on 28 December 2015 Retrieved 19 August 2016 England Rural Development Programme Appendix A3 Yorkshire and The Humber Region Section 1 Description Of Current Situation In The Yorkshire And The Humber Region PDF East Yorkshire Coastal Observatory pp 2 3 Archived PDF from the original on 6 June 2011 Retrieved 15 June 2009 Average Conditions York United Kingdom BBC Weather BBC Archived from the original on 28 December 2008 Retrieved 24 July 2008 Weather Pages Department of Electronics University of York Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 Retrieved 27 May 2011 York climate metoffice gov uk Archived from the original on 25 March 2015 Retrieved 29 January 2015 Average Conditions York United Kingdom BBC Weather BBC Archived from the original on 12 August 2010 Retrieved 8 March 2010 Fawcett Tony Green Belts A greener future Campaign to Protect Rural England Archived from the original on 27 June 2018 City of York Council download The Development Control Local Plan 2005 and proposals maps Planning and building Planning policy www york gov uk City of York Council Archived from the original on 28 January 2018 a b KS01 Usual resident population Census 2001 Key Statistics for urban areas Office for National Statistics 17 June 2004 Archived from the original on 16 March 2012 Retrieved 11 March 2012 UK Census 2011 Local Area Report York Local Authority 1946157112 Nomis Office for National Statistics Retrieved 7 February 2018 2001 Census Key Statistics Household Composition KS20 Area York Local Authority Neighbourhood Statistics Office for National Statistics Archived from the original on 13 June 2011 Retrieved 19 May 2009 a b c Crime figures for 2007 08 in York UpMyStreet Archived from the original on 25 March 2010 Retrieved 19 May 2009 a b York Archived from the original on 21 January 2021 Retrieved 2 March 2021 York UA City Total Population A Vision of Britain Through Time Great Britain Historical GIS Project Archived from the original on 23 February 2012 Retrieved 19 July 2009 Data is taken from United Kingdom Casweb Data services Archived 15 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine of the United Kingdom 1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England Scotland and Wales Archived 5 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine Table 6 Office of National Statistics 2001 Census Key Statistics webarchive nationalarchives gov uk Archived from the original on 2 June 2022 Retrieved 7 September 2021 2011 Census Ethnic Group local authorities in England and Wales webarchive nationalarchives gov uk Archived from the original on 8 August 2021 Retrieved 15 December 2021 Ethnic group Office for National Statistics www ons gov uk Archived from the original on 7 December 2022 Retrieved 29 November 2022 Sheahan James Joseph Whellan T 1857 History and Topography of the City of York the East Riding of Yorkshire and a Portion of the West Riding Vol 1 p 501 Archived from the original on 12 January 2023 Retrieved 12 June 2009 Diocese of York Directory 2011 12 Diocese of York 2011 pp 187 200 Parishes Middlesbrough Diocese 2007 Archived from the original on 24 June 2008 Retrieved 19 July 2009 Archbishop of York to maintain Easter baptisms tradition York Press Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 Retrieved 21 April 2017 Quakers in the York area yorkquakers org uk Archived from the original on 8 September 2008 Retrieved 19 July 2009 Circuits amp Churches The Methodist Church York and Hull District Archived from the original on 2 October 2011 Retrieved 6 March 2011 St Columba s with New Lendal URC York St Columba s York United Reformed Church yolasite com Archived from the original on 9 March 2015 Retrieved 29 January 2015 York Mosque and Islamic Centre About Us York Mosque Archived from the original on 18 August 2009 Retrieved 15 June 2009 Buddhist organisations in York NY North East areas CommuniGate This is Bradford Archived from the original on 10 December 2008 Retrieved 19 July 2009 Sherwood Harriet Eight centuries after the pogrom pride flickers again in York s Jewish community The Guardian Archived from the original on 12 April 2020 Retrieved 12 April 2020 KS007 Religion Nomis 2001 www nomisweb co uk Archived from the original on 18 October 2022 Retrieved 18 October 2022 KS209EW Religion Nomis 2011 www nomisweb co uk Archived from the original on 18 October 2022 Retrieved 18 October 2022 Religion Office for National Statistics Archived from the original on 30 November 2022 Retrieved 20 December 2022 Back York City of York Council Archived from the original on 31 July 2021 Retrieved 1 March 2021 A Place To Do Business Make It York Archived from the original on 19 February 2021 Retrieved 2 March 2021 a b Labour Market ProfileYork Nomis Office for National Statistics Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 Retrieved 17 July 2009 a b York Marketing Strategy PDF 13 August 2020 Archived from the original PDF on 20 October 2020 Retrieved 2 March 2021 Most Visited Towns by Trip Purpose 2014 16 Excel 32KB Visit Britain Archived from the original on 4 January 2018 Retrieved 4 January 2018 Inbound Town Data Visit Britain Archived from the original on 23 December 2017 Retrieved 4 January 2018 Tourists spend more than 600m BBC 11 February 2014 Archived from the original on 12 July 2018 Retrieved 27 June 2018 Report PDF VisitYork Archived from the original PDF on 27 June 2018 Retrieved 27 June 2018 Traveller Conde Nast The best cities in the UK www cntraveller com Archived from the original on 27 June 2018 Retrieved 27 June 2018 The best cities in the UK 2020 Conde Nast Traveller 7 October 2020 Archived from the original on 7 March 2021 Retrieved 2 March 2021 The Major Employers in the City of York Council area City of York Council 2011 Archived from the original PDF on 5 November 2013 Retrieved 5 November 2013 University of York Profile 2009 PDF University of York 2009 Archived from the original PDF on 17 January 2012 Retrieved 3 August 2009 a b The Future York Group Report An Independent Strategic Review of the York Economy PDF The Future York Group Report June 2007 Archived from the original PDF on 1 October 2011 Retrieved 22 January 2008 Yet more railway jobs axed in York The Press Newsquest Media Group 13 September 2006 Archived from the original on 12 January 2023 Retrieved 19 July 2009 More jobs lost at chocolate firm BBC News Online BBC 20 September 2006 Archived from the original on 15 February 2008 Retrieved 19 July 2009 Job losses bitter blow for city BBC News Online BBC 14 September 2006 Archived from the original on 13 March 2007 Retrieved 19 July 2009 York reels from Norwich Union job cuts shock York Press Newsquest Media Group 3 April 2009 Archived from the original on 14 January 2013 Retrieved 8 April 2009 Welcome to Science City York 10 Years Promoting Innovation and Creativity Science City York Archived from the original on 31 May 2009 Retrieved 15 June 2009 About Science City York Science City York 2006 Archived from the original on 4 August 2007 Retrieved 19 January 2008 Regional Gross Value Added PDF Office for National Statistics 2005 pp 240 253 Archived from the original PDF on 28 July 2011 Retrieved 19 July 2009 Ball Tom Wace Charlotte 31 January 2020 Hunt for contacts of coronavirus stricken pair in York The Times ISSN 0140 0460 Archived from the original on 4 February 2020 Retrieved 6 March 2020 Moss Peter Barlow Gavin Easom Nicholas Lillie Patrick Samson Anda 14 March 2020 Lessons for managing high consequence infections from first COVID 19 cases in the UK The Lancet 395 10227 e46 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 20 30463 3 ISSN 0140 6736 PMC 7133597 PMID 32113507 Archived from the original on 31 March 2020 Labour market update what does the third lockdown mean for the largest cities and towns 25 February 2021 Archived from the original on 10 March 2021 Retrieved 2 March 2021 Unemployment rate soars to highest level for more than four years The Yorkshire Post Archived from the original on 26 January 2021 Retrieved 2 March 2021 a b Halliday Josh 2 August 2020 No one expected this York at crossroads as coronavirus takes toll The Guardian Archived from the original on 28 December 2020 Retrieved 2 March 2021 Toughest time in living memory unemployment up 141 in York York Press Archived from the original on 1 August 2021 Retrieved 2 March 2021 Good news for York as empty shops in city centre are being bought by local investors The Yorkshire Post Archived from the original on 7 January 2021 Retrieved 2 March 2021 Tillott P M ed 1961 A History of the County of York the City of York Public services British History Online pp 460 472 Archived from the original on 13 February 2009 Retrieved 20 September 2009 North Yorkshire Police Central Area Commander Chief Superintendent Ali Higgins North Yorkshire Police Retrieved 20 July 2009 dead link Welcome to the website of North Yorkshire Fire amp Rescue Service North Yorkshire fire and Rescue Service Archived from the original on 15 June 2009 Retrieved 18 May 2009 York County Hospital York History Archived from the original on 24 August 2010 Retrieved 16 March 2016 a b York Hospital About our hospital National Health Service Archived from the original on 4 May 2009 Retrieved 18 May 2009 About Us Yorkshire Ambulance Service NHS Trust Yorkshire Ambulance Service Archived from the original on 18 May 2009 Retrieved 18 May 2009 History The York and North Yorkshire Waste Partnership Archived from the original on 20 May 2009 Retrieved 18 May 2009 Welcome CE Electric UK CE Electric UK Archived from the original on 8 July 2009 Retrieved 18 May 2009 Your water services Yorkshire Water Archived from the original on 15 May 2009 Retrieved 18 May 2009 Her Majesty s Courts Service York Magistrates Court Her Majesty s Courts Service Archived from the original on 10 June 2007 Retrieved 17 May 2009 Crown Court Directory York CourtServe Legal Information Centre Archived from the original on 25 May 2013 Retrieved 24 April 2012 County Court Directory York CourtServe Legal Information Centre Archived from the original on 25 May 2013 Retrieved 24 April 2012 John Carr Architect History of York York Museums Trust Archived from the original on 4 October 2011 Retrieved 17 May 2009 The County Court House York Museums Trust Archived from the original on 17 April 2014 Retrieved 30 June 2013 River Ouse Canal amp River Trust Archived from the original on 8 September 2013 Retrieved 23 July 2013 Park amp Ride City of York Council 31 August 2007 Archived from the original on 14 October 2007 Retrieved 9 October 2007 ftr York s new public transport scheme City of York Council 22 May 2008 Archived from the original on 28 June 2008 Retrieved 20 July 2009 Controversial ftr buses make their final journey in York York Press 13 March 2012 Archived from the original on 20 May 2012 Retrieved 12 December 2012 Bus companies operating in York City of York Council 9 June 2009 Archived from the original on 7 December 2008 Retrieved 20 July 2009 History of the Yorkshire Coastliner Linking Leeds and York with the Coast Yorkshire Coastliner Archived from the original on 31 March 2009 Retrieved 17 May 2009 a b c Trains City of York Council 31 August 2007 Archived from the original on 19 October 2007 Retrieved 9 October 2007 Welcome to YorkAirLink com First York Archived from the original on 27 August 2008 Retrieved 20 September 2009 York Airports 19 August 2016 Archived from the original on 26 January 2022 Retrieved 26 January 2022 Up in the air for Elvington The Press Newsquest Media Group 9 October 2003 Archived from the original on 22 January 2018 Retrieved 22 January 2018 York Museums amp Art Galleries Tourist Net UK Ltd Archived from the original on 6 September 2009 Retrieved 12 June 2009 About Flying Scotsman National Railway Museum Archived from the original on 25 February 2009 Retrieved 3 September 2007 York Cold War Bunker English Heritage Archived from the original on 15 January 2014 Retrieved 19 January 2014 York History York Public Library York History Archived from the original on 11 April 2011 Retrieved 24 January 2011 York Central Library History of York 23 September 1927 Archived from the original on 24 December 2015 Retrieved 23 December 2015 The University of York University of York Archived from the original on 26 April 2009 Retrieved 19 May 2009 Guardian Medical school ranking tables Guardian Education London Guardian News and Media Limited 2009 Archived from the original on 4 March 2009 Retrieved 17 July 2009 About the new college York College Archived from the original on 3 April 2009 Retrieved 19 May 2009 Welcome to Askham Bryan College Askham Bryan College Archived from the original on 22 March 2009 Retrieved 19 May 2009 Schools and colleges City of York Council 4 February 2009 Archived from the original on 19 September 2009 Retrieved 17 June 2009 Secondary schools in York City of York Council 1 February 2007 Archived from the original on 6 December 2008 Retrieved 17 June 2009 10m merger unveiled as York High School The Press Newsquest Media Group 28 September 2006 Archived from the original on 12 January 2023 Retrieved 19 May 2009 Ofsted Communications Team 25 July 2022 Find an inspection report and registered childcare reports ofsted gov uk Archived from the original on 13 September 2018 Retrieved 21 November 2022 Catholic Encyclopedia Alcuin New Advent Archived from the original on 17 March 2009 Retrieved 1 May 2009 Guy Fawkes History St Peter s School Archives Archived from the original on 19 April 2008 Retrieved 1 May 2009 The School and its Ethos Bootham School York Archived from the original on 18 April 2009 Retrieved 19 May 2009 Welcome to The Mount School York The Mount School York Archived from the original on 23 March 2009 Retrieved 19 May 2009 York submits bid for World Heritage status BBC News BBC 11 June 2010 Archived from the original on 25 September 2015 Retrieved 2 June 2014 York World Heritage Site bid fails BBC News BBC 22 March 2011 Archived from the original on 16 October 2015 Retrieved 2 June 2014 City bids for Unesco Media Arts recognition Yorkshire Post Yorkshire Post 22 November 2013 Archived from the original on 5 June 2014 Retrieved 2 June 2014 York celebrates securing UNESCO City of Media Arts accolade UNESCO UK National Commission for UNESCO 1 December 2014 Archived from the original on 12 May 2015 Retrieved 15 May 2015 If the theatre needs me I ll be back like a shot says departing dame Berwick York Press 3 February 2019 Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 Retrieved 25 January 2022 Axed after 41 years Devastated panto stars told they won t be back at York Theatre Royal YorkMix 12 January 2020 Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 Retrieved 25 January 2022 This is what Berwick Kaler told the audience at the last night of the panto YorkMix 10 January 2022 Archived from the original on 24 January 2022 Retrieved 25 January 2022 What s on Grand Opera House York Grand Opera House York Archived from the original on 2 March 2009 Retrieved 15 June 2009 About Joseph Rowntree Theatre Joseph Rowntree Theatre Limited Archived from the original on 2 March 2009 Retrieved 15 June 2009 About Riding Lights Riding Lights Theatre Company Archived from the original on 2 July 2009 Retrieved 15 June 2009 Department of Theatre Film and Television The University of York Department of Theatre Film and Television University of York Archived from the original on 19 April 2009 Retrieved 15 June 2009 J S Purvis The York Cycle of Mystery Plays London S P C K 1957 repr 1962 NCEM Archive Archived from the original on 1 July 2012 Retrieved 26 June 2012 Guilds of York Archived from the original on 29 February 2012 Retrieved 26 June 2012 York Mystery Plays 2012 Archived from the original on 15 March 2012 Retrieved 13 March 2012 Academy of St Olave s Orchestra Welcome Academy of St Olave s 2008 Archived from the original on 29 November 2010 Retrieved 17 June 2009 The National Centre for Early Music York Welcome The National Centre for Early Music Archived from the original on 6 November 2012 Retrieved 26 June 2012 York Early Music Festival Overview The National Centre for Early Music Archived from the original on 29 June 2012 Retrieved 26 June 2012 University of York Concerts University of York Archived from the original on 30 April 2009 Retrieved 17 June 2009 York Festival of Food and Drink Who we are and what we do York Food Festival Ltd Archived from the original on 24 October 2009 Retrieved 15 June 2009 Sheriff of York to test York s beers in traditional Assize of Ale York Press 13 August 2010 Archived from the original on 15 September 2016 Retrieved 30 June 2016 York Beer amp Cider Festival is back and in a new exciting location York Beer amp Cider Festival Archived from the original on 15 August 2016 Retrieved 19 August 2016 Tickets go on sale for York Beer and Cider Festival The Press 23 July 2016 Archived from the original on 23 September 2016 Retrieved 19 August 2016 Food Legends of the United Kingdom York Ham Information Britain Archived from the original on 13 June 2011 Retrieved 11 November 2009 Home Cooking Ham Varieties and Terminology About com The New York Times Company 16 September 2008 Archived from the original on 6 October 2008 Retrieved 5 October 2008 Recipe Favourites York ham and other recipes related to York ham Recipe Tips Archived from the original on 13 January 2009 Retrieved 5 October 2008 Alden Lori Cook s Thesaurus Ham Food Subs Archived from the original on 16 October 2008 Retrieved 5 October 2008 Hooray for Festive Ham Country Life 25 November 2008 Archived from the original on 22 October 2021 Retrieved 23 June 2021 History of 57 amp 59 Blossom Street Oliver s of the Mount Archived from the original on 8 November 2008 Retrieved 5 October 2008 The city walls City of York Council 19 March 2012 Archived from the original on 31 May 2012 Retrieved 19 March 2012 York City Walls Walk Map Walks in Yorkshire Archived from the original on 26 September 2017 Wilson Barbara Mee Frances 2005 The City Walls and Castles of York The Pictorial Evidence York Archaeological Trust p ix ISBN 978 1 874454 36 6 Pevsner Nikolaus Neave David 1995 1972 Yorkshire York and the East Riding 2nd ed London Penguin Books p 192 ISBN 0 14 071061 2 Wilson amp Mee 2005 p 1 Jones Mark W et al 31 January 2004 A Walk Around the Snickelways of York Dales Court Press ISBN 978 1 871125 72 6 The Most Romantic Things to Do in York for Couples Backpacking Bella 5 April 2021 Archived from the original on 18 October 2021 Retrieved 18 October 2021 The Shambles York UK Inside York Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 Retrieved 12 June 2009 York Real Ale Pub Map 2015 PDF yorkcamra org uk Archived from the original PDF on 29 April 2016 Retrieved 30 June 2016 Houses Stonegate in An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in City of York Volume 5 Central London 1981 pp 220 235 www britishhistory ac uk Archived from the original on 19 June 2016 Retrieved 30 June 2016 The January Floods in York 1982 www yorkshirefilmarchive com Archived from the original on 23 September 2016 Retrieved 30 June 2016 York Beer Census 18 June 2016 York Campaign for Real Ale 18 June 2016 Archived from the original on 5 August 2016 Retrieved 21 August 2016 Bettys Cafe Tea Rooms York Bettys amp Taylors of Harrogate Limited Archived from the original on 3 December 2017 Retrieved 2 December 2017 Most of acquired Bauer stations to become Greatest Hits Radio 27 May 2020 Archived from the original on 26 June 2022 Retrieved 2 July 2022 York news North Yorkshire news and information from The Press newspaper in York The Press Newsquest Media Group Archived from the original on 29 June 2009 Retrieved 12 June 2009 Events in York Visit York Local News Yorkshire Things to Do in York Oneandother com York Oneandother com 26 November 2011 Archived from the original on 1 December 2011 Retrieved 4 December 2011 Minster FM Welcome Minster FM The Local Radio Company Archived from the original on 30 June 2009 Retrieved 12 June 2009 On the air hear and now The Press 11 July 2016 Archived from the original on 23 September 2016 Retrieved 19 August 2016 BBC Radio York BBC Local York amp North Yorkshire BBC Archived from the original on 3 July 2009 Retrieved 12 June 2009 Home YorkMix Archived from the original on 17 August 2016 Retrieved 19 August 2016 YorkMix nominated for two awards YorkMix 2 August 2016 Archived from the original on 6 November 2018 Retrieved 19 August 2016 The York Channel Local Television York amp North Yorkshire The York Channel Archived from the original on 20 December 2013 Retrieved 9 May 2014 North Yorkshire That s TV 2 October 2020 Archived from the original on 17 September 2021 Retrieved 30 August 2021 Film amp Television Production BA Hons Entry Profile York St John University 2006 Archived from the original on 11 May 2009 Retrieved 12 June 2009 YSTV Watch TV Make TV YSTV York Student Television Archived from the original on 18 March 2009 Retrieved 12 June 2009 URY About Us University Radio York Archived from the original on 22 October 2021 Retrieved 18 June 2021 Visit Us York City Football Club Archived from the original on 23 September 2021 Retrieved 6 September 2021 Lucy Staniforth Bristol Academy midfielder wants new deal BBC Sport 11 July 2013 Archived from the original on 4 January 2018 Retrieved 4 January 2018 York s World Cup winning captain Lewis Cook has right ingredients to make it to the top says ex Minstermen mentor York Press 14 June 2017 Archived from the original on 14 November 2017 Retrieved 4 January 2018, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.