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Science park

February 16, 2024

For the railway station in Boston, Massachusetts, see Science Park (MBTA station). For the proposed rapid transit station in Hong Kong, see Science Park station (MTR).

A science park (also called a "university research park", "technology park", "technopark", "technopolis", "technopole", or a "science and technology park" [STP]) is defined as being a property-based development that accommodates and fosters the growth of tenant firms and that are affiliated with a university (or a government and private research bodies) based on proximity, ownership, and/or governance.[1] This is so that knowledge can be shared, innovation promoted, technology transferred, and research outcomes progressed to viable commercial products. Science parks are also often perceived as contributing to national economic development, stimulating the formation of new high-technology firms, attracting foreign investment and promoting exports.[2]

Cambridge Science Park in England
Hsinchu Biomedical Science Park in Taiwan
Kuopio Science Park in Finland
Science and technology park in Niš, Serbia
Congress center at Taguspark - Science and Technology Park, Lisbon Region, Portugal

Background edit

The world's first university research park, Stanford Research Park was launched in 1951 as a cooperative venture between Stanford University and the City of Palo Alto.[3][4] Another early university research park was Research Triangle Park in North Carolina, which was launched in 1959. In 1969, Pierre Laffitte founded the Sophia Antipolis Science Park in France. Laffitte had travelled widely and developed a theory of "cross-fertilisation" where individuals could benefit mutually by the exchange of thoughts in many fields including culture, science and the arts.

Science parks are elements of the infrastructure of the global "knowledge economy". They provide concentration that foster innovation and the development and commercialization of technology and where governments, universities and private companies may collaborate. The developers work in fields such as information technology, pharmaceuticals, science and engineering. Science parks may also offer a number of shared resources, such as incubators, programs and collaboration activities, uninterruptible power supply, telecommunications hubs, reception and security, management offices, bank offices, convention center, parking, and internal transportation.

Science parks also aim to bring together people who assist the developers of technology to bring their work to commercial fruition, for example, experts in intellectual property law. They can be attractive to university students who may interact with prospective employers and encourage students to remain in the local area.

Science parks may be designed to enhance the quality of life of the workers. For example, they might be built with sports facilities, restaurants, crèches or pleasant outdoor areas. Apart from tenants, science parks create jobs for the local community.[5]

Science parks are specific locations and differ from the wider area high-technology business districts in that they are more organized, planned, and managed. They differ from science centres in that they lead to commercialized products from research. They differ from industrial parks which focus on manufacturing and from business parks which focus on business office locations.

Science parks are found worldwide. They are most common in developed countries. In North America there are over 170 science parks.[citation needed] For example, in the 1980s, North Carolina State University, Raleigh lacked space. New possible sites included the state mental-health property and the Diocese of Raleigh property on 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) surrounding the Lake Raleigh Reservoir. The university's Centennial Campus was developed. Sandia Science and Technology Park, NASA Research Park at Ames and the East Tennessee Technology Park at Oak Ridge National Laboratory are examples of research parks that have been developed by or adjacent to US Federal government laboratories.

Science and technology park (STP) activity across the European Union has approximately doubled over the last 11–12 years,[when?] driven by the growth of the longer standing parks and the emergence of new parks. There are now[when?] an estimated 366 STPs in the EU member states that manage about 28 million m2 of completed building floor space, hosting circa 40,000 organisations that employ approximately 750,000 people, mostly in high value added jobs. In the period from 2000 – 2012, total capital investment into EU STPs was circa €11.7 billion (central estimate). During the same period, STPs spent circa €3 billion on the professional business support and innovation services they either deliver or finance to assist both their tenants and other similar knowledge based businesses in their locality.

Increasingly, the reasons why STPs are sound investments for public sector support are becoming better understood and articulated. The evidence base shows that better STPs are not simply the landlords of attractive and well specified office style buildings.[citation needed] Rather, they are complex organisations, often with multiple owners having objectives aligned with important elements of economic development public policy as well as an imperative to be financially self-sustaining in the longer term.[6]

Definitions edit

The Association of University Research Parks (AURP), is a non-profit association consisting of university-affiliated science parks, almost entirely based in North America.[7] It defines "university research and science parks" as "property-based ventures with certain characteristics, including master planned property and buildings designed primarily for private/public research and development facilities, high technology and science based companies and support services; contractual, formal or operational relationships with one or more science or research institutions of higher education; roles in promoting the university's research and development through industry partnerships, assisting in the growth of new ventures and promoting economic development; roles in aiding the transfer of technology and business skills between university and industry teams and roles in promoting technology-led economic development for the community or region."[8][9]

The International Association of Science Parks and Areas of Innovation (IASP), the worldwide network of science parks and areas of innovation, defines a science park as "an organisation managed by specialised professionals, whose main aim is to increase the wealth of its community by promoting the culture of innovation and the competitiveness of its associated businesses and knowledge-based institutions. To enable these goals to be met, a Science Park stimulates and manages the flow of knowledge and technology amongst universities, R&D institutions, companies and markets; it facilitates the creation and growth of innovation-based companies through incubation and spin-off processes; and provides other value-added services together with high quality space and facilities.".[10]

The Cabral-Dahab Science Park Management Paradigm, was first presented by Regis Cabral in ten points in 1990. According to this management paradigm, a science park must: "have access to qualified research and development personnel in the areas of knowledge in which the park has its identity; be able to market its high valued products and services; have the capability to provide marketing expertise and managerial skills to firms, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises, lacking such a resource; be inserted in a society that allows for the protection of product or process secrets, via patents, security or any other means; be able to select or reject which firms enter the park". A science park should: "have a clear identity, quite often expressed symbolically, as the park's name choice, its logo or the management discourse; have a management with established or recognized expertise in financial matters, and which has presented long-term economic development plans; have the backing of powerful, dynamic and stable economic actors, such as a funding agency, political institution or local university; include in its management an active person of vision, with the power of decision and with the high and visible profile, who is perceived by relevant actors in society as embodying the interface between academia and industry, long-term plans and good management; and include a prominent percentage of consultancy firms, as well as technical service firms, including laboratories and quality control firms".[11][12][13][14][15][16][17]

The World Intellectual Property Organization defines Science technology parks as territories usually affiliated with a university or a research institution, which accommodate and foster the growth of companies based therein through technology transfer and open innovation.[18]

List of science parks edit

Main article: List of research parks
See also: List of technology centers

Some science parks include:

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ McCarthy, Ian P.; Silvestre, Bruno S.; von Nordenflycht, Andrew; Breznitz, Shiri M. (2018). "A typology of university research park strategies: What parks do and why it matters". Journal of Engineering and Technology Management. 47: 110–122. doi:10.1016/j.jengtecman.2018.01.004. ISSN 0923-4748. S2CID 96429706.
  2. ^ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 584. ISBN 9780415252256.
  3. ^ Luger, Michael I.; Goldstein, Harvey A. (1991). Technology in the Garden: Research Parks and Regional Economic Development. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 122. ISBN 9780807843451.
  4. ^ Mozingo, Louise A. (2011). Pastoral Capitalism: A History of Suburban Corporate Landscapes. Cambridge: MIT Press. p. 166. ISBN 9780262338288. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
  5. ^ Battelle-AURP Report: Characteristics and trends in North American Research Parks 2008-12-03 at the Wayback Machine AURP
  6. ^ Rowe, David (October 2013). Setting up, managing and Evaluating EU Science and Technology Parks (PDF). European Union. ISBN 978-92-79-37274-2. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  7. ^ "Our Members". AURP. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  8. ^ "AURP: Creating Communities of Knowledge". innovation-america.org.
  9. ^ "AURP: What is a research park?".
  10. ^ "IASP Definitions". IASP. International Association of Science Parks and Areas of Innovation. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  11. ^ Cabral, Regis; Dahab, Sofia Sapolnik (1998). "Cabral, R. and Dahab, S. (1998) "Science parks in developing countries: the case of BIORIO in Brazil", Int. J. Technology Management vol 16 p. 726-739". International Journal of Technology Management. 16 (8): 726. doi:10.1504/IJTM.1998.002693.
  12. ^ Cabral, Regis (1998). "Cabral R. (1998) "Refining the Cabral-Dahab Science Park Management Paradigm", Int. J. Technology Management vol 16 p 813-818". International Journal of Technology Management. 16 (8): 813. doi:10.1504/IJTM.1998.002694.
  13. ^ "Galiyeva, N. and Fusci, D. L. (2018) "Research Proposal for Measuring the Effectiveness of Business Incubators", Journal of Organisational Studies and Innovation Vol 5, no 3, p 32-46" (PDF). mbacademy. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  14. ^ Zhang, Yuehua (2005). "Zhang, Y. (2005) "The science park phenomenon: development, evolution and typology", Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management vol 5 p 138-154". International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management. 5: 138. doi:10.1504/IJEIM.2005.006341.
  15. ^ Lindelof, Peter; Lofsten, Hans (2005). "Lindelof, P. and Lofsten, H. (2005) "Academic versus corporate new technology-based firms in Swedish science parks: an analysis of performance, business networks and financing" Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management vol 31 p 334-357". International Journal of Technology Management. 31 (3/4): 334. doi:10.1504/IJTM.2005.006638.
  16. ^ Albahari, Alberto; Barge-Gil, Andrés; Pérez-Canto, Salvador; Modrego, Aurelia (2018). "Albahari, A.; Barge-Gil, A.; Pérez-Canto, S.; Modrego, A. (2016) "The influence of Science and Technology Park characteristics on firms' innovation results" Papers in Regional Science vol 97 issue 2" (PDF). Papers in Regional Science. 97 (2): 253–279. doi:10.1111/pirs.12253.
  17. ^ Ortiz, Sara; Pedroza, Alvaro R. (2018-01-30). "Pedroza Zapata, A. R. and Ortiz Cantú, S. (2018) "Análisis comparativo de parques tecnológicos universitarios bajo el paradigma Cabral-Dahab" Revistas Espacios vol 39 issue 4". Revista Espacios. 39 (4). Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  18. ^ "Technology Transfer Organizations". www.wipo.int. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  19. ^ "Accra digital centre – Driving digital innovations and entrepreneurship".

See also edit

  • Battelle Technology Partnership Practice and Association of University Research Parks (2007) Characteristics and Trends in North American Research Parks. 21st Century Directions [1].
  • Cabral R. and Dahab S. S. (1993) "Science parks in developing countries: the case of BIORIO in Brazil" in Biotechnology Review, vol 1, p 165 - 178.
  • Cabral R. (1998) "Refining the Cabral-Dahab Science Park Management Paradigm" in Int. J. Technology Management vol 16 p 813 - 818.
  • Cabral R. (ed.) (2003) The Cabral-Dahab Science Park Management Paradigm in Asia-Pacific, Europe and the Americas Uminova Centre, Umeå, Sweden.
  • Echols A. E. and Meredith J. W. (1998) "A case study of the Virginia Tech Corporation Research Centre in the context of the Cabral-Dahab Paradigm, with comparison to other US research parks" in Int. J. Technology Management vol 16 p 761 - 777.
  • Flaghouse (2018) https://estateintel.com/development-flaghouse-abuja-technology-village-abuja/ retrieved 20/6/19.
  • Gregory, C. and Zoneveld, J. (2015) ULI Netherlands: Greg Clark discusses technology, real estate and the innovation economy [2].
  • Heilbron J. (ed.) and Cabral R. (2003) "Development, Science" in The Oxford Companion to The History of Modern Science Oxford University Press, New York, p 205 - 207.
  • National Research Council. (2009) Understanding Research, Science and Technology Parks: Global Best Practices: Report of a Symposium Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. [3].
  • Morisson A. (August 2005) Economic zones in the ASEAN. Industrial Parks, Special Economic Zones, Eco-Industrial Parks, Innovation Districts as Strategies for Industrial Competitiveness [4], UNIDO Country Office in Vietnam.
  • University Economic Development Association. (2019) Higher Education Engagement in Economic Development: Foundations for Strategy and Practice [5]

External links edit

  • International Association of Science Parks
  • Association of University Research Parks
  • UK Science Park Association
  • Cabral Dahab Science Park Management Paradigm
  • [6]

February 16, 2024
science, park, railway, station, boston, massachusetts, science, park, mbta, station, proposed, rapid, transit, station, hong, kong, science, park, station, science, park, also, called, university, research, park, technology, park, technopark, technopolis, tec. For the railway station in Boston Massachusetts see Science Park MBTA station For the proposed rapid transit station in Hong Kong see Science Park station MTR A science park also called a university research park technology park technopark technopolis technopole or a science and technology park STP is defined as being a property based development that accommodates and fosters the growth of tenant firms and that are affiliated with a university or a government and private research bodies based on proximity ownership and or governance 1 This is so that knowledge can be shared innovation promoted technology transferred and research outcomes progressed to viable commercial products Science parks are also often perceived as contributing to national economic development stimulating the formation of new high technology firms attracting foreign investment and promoting exports 2 Cambridge Science Park in EnglandHsinchu Biomedical Science Park in TaiwanKuopio Science Park in FinlandScience and technology park in Nis SerbiaCongress center at Taguspark Science and Technology Park Lisbon Region Portugal Contents 1 Background 2 Definitions 3 List of science parks 4 See also 5 References 6 See also 7 External linksBackground editThe world s first university research park Stanford Research Park was launched in 1951 as a cooperative venture between Stanford University and the City of Palo Alto 3 4 Another early university research park was Research Triangle Park in North Carolina which was launched in 1959 In 1969 Pierre Laffitte founded the Sophia Antipolis Science Park in France Laffitte had travelled widely and developed a theory of cross fertilisation where individuals could benefit mutually by the exchange of thoughts in many fields including culture science and the arts Science parks are elements of the infrastructure of the global knowledge economy They provide concentration that foster innovation and the development and commercialization of technology and where governments universities and private companies may collaborate The developers work in fields such as information technology pharmaceuticals science and engineering Science parks may also offer a number of shared resources such as incubators programs and collaboration activities uninterruptible power supply telecommunications hubs reception and security management offices bank offices convention center parking and internal transportation Science parks also aim to bring together people who assist the developers of technology to bring their work to commercial fruition for example experts in intellectual property law They can be attractive to university students who may interact with prospective employers and encourage students to remain in the local area Science parks may be designed to enhance the quality of life of the workers For example they might be built with sports facilities restaurants creches or pleasant outdoor areas Apart from tenants science parks create jobs for the local community 5 Science parks are specific locations and differ from the wider area high technology business districts in that they are more organized planned and managed They differ from science centres in that they lead to commercialized products from research They differ from industrial parks which focus on manufacturing and from business parks which focus on business office locations Science parks are found worldwide They are most common in developed countries In North America there are over 170 science parks citation needed For example in the 1980s North Carolina State University Raleigh lacked space New possible sites included the state mental health property and the Diocese of Raleigh property on 1 000 acres 4 0 km2 surrounding the Lake Raleigh Reservoir The university s Centennial Campus was developed Sandia Science and Technology Park NASA Research Park at Ames and the East Tennessee Technology Park at Oak Ridge National Laboratory are examples of research parks that have been developed by or adjacent to US Federal government laboratories Science and technology park STP activity across the European Union has approximately doubled over the last 11 12 years when driven by the growth of the longer standing parks and the emergence of new parks There are now when an estimated 366 STPs in the EU member states that manage about 28 million m2 of completed building floor space hosting circa 40 000 organisations that employ approximately 750 000 people mostly in high value added jobs In the period from 2000 2012 total capital investment into EU STPs was circa 11 7 billion central estimate During the same period STPs spent circa 3 billion on the professional business support and innovation services they either deliver or finance to assist both their tenants and other similar knowledge based businesses in their locality Increasingly the reasons why STPs are sound investments for public sector support are becoming better understood and articulated The evidence base shows that better STPs are not simply the landlords of attractive and well specified office style buildings citation needed Rather they are complex organisations often with multiple owners having objectives aligned with important elements of economic development public policy as well as an imperative to be financially self sustaining in the longer term 6 Definitions editThe Association of University Research Parks AURP is a non profit association consisting of university affiliated science parks almost entirely based in North America 7 It defines university research and science parks as property based ventures with certain characteristics including master planned property and buildings designed primarily for private public research and development facilities high technology and science based companies and support services contractual formal or operational relationships with one or more science or research institutions of higher education roles in promoting the university s research and development through industry partnerships assisting in the growth of new ventures and promoting economic development roles in aiding the transfer of technology and business skills between university and industry teams and roles in promoting technology led economic development for the community or region 8 9 The International Association of Science Parks and Areas of Innovation IASP the worldwide network of science parks and areas of innovation defines a science park as an organisation managed by specialised professionals whose main aim is to increase the wealth of its community by promoting the culture of innovation and the competitiveness of its associated businesses and knowledge based institutions To enable these goals to be met a Science Park stimulates and manages the flow of knowledge and technology amongst universities R amp D institutions companies and markets it facilitates the creation and growth of innovation based companies through incubation and spin off processes and provides other value added services together with high quality space and facilities 10 The Cabral Dahab Science Park Management Paradigm was first presented by Regis Cabral in ten points in 1990 According to this management paradigm a science park must have access to qualified research and development personnel in the areas of knowledge in which the park has its identity be able to market its high valued products and services have the capability to provide marketing expertise and managerial skills to firms particularly small and medium sized enterprises lacking such a resource be inserted in a society that allows for the protection of product or process secrets via patents security or any other means be able to select or reject which firms enter the park A science park should have a clear identity quite often expressed symbolically as the park s name choice its logo or the management discourse have a management with established or recognized expertise in financial matters and which has presented long term economic development plans have the backing of powerful dynamic and stable economic actors such as a funding agency political institution or local university include in its management an active person of vision with the power of decision and with the high and visible profile who is perceived by relevant actors in society as embodying the interface between academia and industry long term plans and good management and include a prominent percentage of consultancy firms as well as technical service firms including laboratories and quality control firms 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 The World Intellectual Property Organization defines Science technology parks as territories usually affiliated with a university or a research institution which accommodate and foster the growth of companies based therein through technology transfer and open innovation 18 List of science parks editMain article List of research parks See also List of technology centers Some science parks include NOVI Science Park Aalborg Denmark National Science and Technology Park NSTP Islamabad Pakistan Abuja Technology Village Abuja Nigeria Accra Digital Centre 19 Accra Ghana Birmingham Science Park Aston Birmingham England United Kingdom University of Warwick Science Park Coventry England United Kingdom Keele University Science amp Business Park Keele England United Kingdom York Science Park York England United Kingdom Catalyst Northern Ireland United Kingdom Plymouth Science Park Plymouth England United Kingdom Isfahan Science and Technology Town ISTT Isfahan Iran Haasrode Research Park Leuven Belgium Purdue Research Park West Lafayette Indiana United States Johanneberg Science Park Gothenburg Sweden Lindholmen Science Park Gothenburg Sweden Sahlgrenska Science Park Gothenburg Sweden Linkoping Science Park Linkoping Sweden Turku Science Park Turku Finland Hong Kong Science Park Pak Shek Kok Hong Kong Hsinchu Science Park Hsinchu Taiwan Research Triangle Park North Carolina NanKang Software Park Advanced Manufacturing Park in Sheffield Cambridge Science Park NETPark County Durham England Skolkovo Innovation Center Moscow Russia Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System ABC Science Park in Nur Sultan Kazakhstan Innopolis Kazan Russia Daedeok Innopolis South Korea Technology Centre Teknia Kuopio Finland Technopark Stellenbosch South Africa Bandung Techno Park Bandung West Java Indonesia Cimahi Techno Park Cimahi West Java Indonesia Solo Techno Park Surakarta Central Java Indonesia Sophia Antipolis Cote d Azur France Technopark Zurich Zurich Switzerland Bagmane Tech Park BangaloreKarnataka India Genome Valley Hyderabad Telangana India Arfa Software Technology Park Pakistan Cummings Research Park Huntsville Alabama University of Wisconsin Research Park Madison Wisconsin Gateway University Research Park Greensboro North Carolina Amsterdam Science Park Amsterdam Netherlands Utrecht Science Park Utrecht Netherlands WISTA Science and Technology Park Berlin Germany Singapore Science Park Singapore ESADE Creapolis https www esadecreapolis com Barcelona Spain Sofia Tech Park Regional Science Centre and Science Park Jaipur RajasthanSee also editBusiness cluster Business incubator Cluster development Mega SiteReferences edit McCarthy Ian P Silvestre Bruno S von Nordenflycht Andrew Breznitz Shiri M 2018 A typology of university research park strategies What parks do and why it matters Journal of Engineering and Technology Management 47 110 122 doi 10 1016 j jengtecman 2018 01 004 ISSN 0923 4748 S2CID 96429706 Caves R W 2004 Encyclopedia of the City Routledge p 584 ISBN 9780415252256 Luger Michael I Goldstein Harvey A 1991 Technology in the Garden Research Parks and Regional Economic Development Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press p 122 ISBN 9780807843451 Mozingo Louise A 2011 Pastoral Capitalism A History of Suburban Corporate Landscapes Cambridge MIT Press p 166 ISBN 9780262338288 Retrieved February 27 2023 Battelle AURP Report Characteristics and trends in North American Research Parks Archived 2008 12 03 at the Wayback Machine AURP Rowe David October 2013 Setting up managing and Evaluating EU Science and Technology Parks PDF European Union ISBN 978 92 79 37274 2 Retrieved 26 October 2018 Our Members AURP Retrieved 19 September 2023 AURP Creating Communities of Knowledge innovation america org AURP What is a research park IASP Definitions IASP International Association of Science Parks and Areas of Innovation Retrieved 26 October 2018 Cabral Regis Dahab Sofia Sapolnik 1998 Cabral R and Dahab S 1998 Science parks in developing countries the case of BIORIO in Brazil Int J Technology Management vol 16 p 726 739 International Journal of Technology Management 16 8 726 doi 10 1504 IJTM 1998 002693 Cabral Regis 1998 Cabral R 1998 Refining the Cabral Dahab Science Park Management Paradigm Int J Technology Management vol 16 p 813 818 International Journal of Technology Management 16 8 813 doi 10 1504 IJTM 1998 002694 Galiyeva N and Fusci D L 2018 Research Proposal for Measuring the Effectiveness of Business Incubators Journal of Organisational Studies and Innovation Vol 5 no 3 p 32 46 PDF mbacademy Retrieved 5 January 2019 Zhang Yuehua 2005 Zhang Y 2005 The science park phenomenon development evolution and typology Int J of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management vol 5 p 138 154 International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management 5 138 doi 10 1504 IJEIM 2005 006341 Lindelof Peter Lofsten Hans 2005 Lindelof P and Lofsten H 2005 Academic versus corporate new technology based firms in Swedish science parks an analysis of performance business networks and financing Int J of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management vol 31 p 334 357 International Journal of Technology Management 31 3 4 334 doi 10 1504 IJTM 2005 006638 Albahari Alberto Barge Gil Andres Perez Canto Salvador Modrego Aurelia 2018 Albahari A Barge Gil A Perez Canto S Modrego A 2016 The influence of Science and Technology Park characteristics on firms innovation results Papers in Regional Science vol 97 issue 2 PDF Papers in Regional Science 97 2 253 279 doi 10 1111 pirs 12253 Ortiz Sara Pedroza Alvaro R 2018 01 30 Pedroza Zapata A R and Ortiz Cantu S 2018 Analisis comparativo de parques tecnologicos universitarios bajo el paradigma Cabral Dahab Revistas Espacios vol 39 issue 4 Revista Espacios 39 4 Retrieved 5 January 2019 Technology Transfer Organizations www wipo int Retrieved 2022 05 05 Accra digital centre Driving digital innovations and entrepreneurship See also editBattelle Technology Partnership Practice and Association of University Research Parks 2007 Characteristics and Trends in North American Research Parks 21st Century Directions 1 Cabral R and Dahab S S 1993 Science parks in developing countries the case of BIORIO in Brazil in Biotechnology Review vol 1 p 165 178 Cabral R 1998 Refining the Cabral Dahab Science Park Management Paradigm in Int J Technology Management vol 16 p 813 818 Cabral R ed 2003 The Cabral Dahab Science Park Management Paradigm in Asia Pacific Europe and the Americas Uminova Centre Umea Sweden Echols A E and Meredith J W 1998 A case study of the Virginia Tech Corporation Research Centre in the context of the Cabral Dahab Paradigm with comparison to other US research parks in Int J Technology Management vol 16 p 761 777 Flaghouse 2018 https estateintel com development flaghouse abuja technology village abuja retrieved 20 6 19 Gregory C and Zoneveld J 2015 ULI Netherlands Greg Clark discusses technology real estate and the innovation economy 2 Heilbron J ed and Cabral R 2003 Development Science in The Oxford Companion to The History of Modern Science Oxford University Press New York p 205 207 National Research Council 2009 Understanding Research Science and Technology Parks Global Best Practices Report of a Symposium Washington DC The National Academies Press 3 Morisson A August 2005 Economic zones in the ASEAN Industrial Parks Special Economic Zones Eco Industrial Parks Innovation Districts as Strategies for Industrial Competitiveness 4 UNIDO Country Office in Vietnam University Economic Development Association 2019 Higher Education Engagement in Economic Development Foundations for Strategy and Practice 5 External links editInternational Association of Science Parks Association of University Research Parks UK Science Park Association Cabral Dahab Science Park Management Paradigm 6 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Science park amp oldid 1205792814, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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