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Xong language

February 27, 2023

For the Western Pearic language of Cambodia and Thailand, see Chong language. For the Limbu of Nepal, who are also called Xong, see Limbu people.

The Xong language (Dut Xonb [tu53 ɕõ35])[2] is the northernmost Hmongic language, spoken in south-central China by around 0.9 million people. It is called Xiangxi Miaoyu (湘西苗语, "Western Hunan Miao") in Chinese, as well as Eastern Miao (东部苗语). Western sources, it has been called Meo, Red Miao, and North Hmongic (Ratliff 2010[3]). An official alphabet was adopted in 1956.

Xong
Xiangxi Miao
Xonb
Pronunciation[ɕõ˧˥]
Native toChina
RegionHunan, Guizhou, Hubei, Guangxi and Chongqing
EthnicityQo Xiong
Native speakers
~900,000 (2005)[1]
Hmong–Mien
Dialects
  • Western (Xong proper)
  • Eastern (Suang)
Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
mmr – Western Xiangxi Miao
muq – Eastern Xiangxi Miao
Glottolognort2748

Distribution

Xong is spoken mainly in Hunan province, but also in a few areas of Guizhou, Guangdong and Hubei provinces, the Guangxi autonomous region and Chongqing municipality in China. Xong-speaking communities, by county, are,[4]

Classification

Xong was classified in its own branch of the Hmongic family in Strecker (1987). Xiang (1999)[4] divided Xong into western and eastern dialects. Matisoff (2001) considered these to be two distinct languages, but Matisoff (2006) consolidated them into one. Yang (2004)[6] divides each of these dialects into three subdialects, as listed below. Speaker populations and locations are from Li and Li (2012).[7]

  • Western (includes standardized Xong)
    • Lect 1 (autonym: qo35 ɕoŋ35): Jiwei 吉卫, Huayuan County; 769,000 speakers in the counties of Fenghuang (except Baren 叭仁乡), most of Huayuan, southern Jishou, Xinhuang, Mayang, Songtao, parts of Rongjiang, parts of Ziyun, Xiushan, parts of Nandan, parts of Hechi, and parts of Du'an.
    • Lect 2 (autonym: qo54 ɕoŋ54): Yangmeng 阳孟, Jishou; 120,000 speakers in the counties of eastern Huayuan, western and northern Jishou, eastern Baojing, southwestern Guzhang, Fenghuang (in Baren 叭仁乡), and Xuan'en.
    • Lect 3 (autonym: o55 ɕaŋ55): Zhongxin 中心, Baojing County; 30,000 speakers in southeastern Baojing County.
  • Eastern
    • Lect 4 (autonym: te53 suɑŋ53): Xiaozhang 小章, Luxi County; 6,000 speakers in and around Xiaozhang, Luxi County
    • Lect 5 (autonym: ɡɔ35 sɤ53): Danqing 丹青, Jishou; 48,000 speakers in the counties of northwestern Luxi, eastern Jishou, and southeastern Guzhang.
    • Lect 6 (autonym: bja22 sã44 nɤ44): Dengshang 蹬上, Longshan County; 300 speakers in southern Longshan County and Yongshun County (in Shouche 首车乡).

He Fuling (2009) describes a western Qo Xiong dialect of Gouliang Ethnic Miao Village, Ala Township, Fenghuang County (凤凰县阿拉镇勾良苗寨).

Chen (2009)[8] describes a western Qo Xiong dialect of Daxing Town 大兴镇, Songtao County, Guizhou.

Phonology and script

A written standard based on the Western dialect in Làyǐpíng village and Jíwèi town, Huāyuán county, Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture was established in 1956.

Xong Vowel Phonemes
Front Central Back
Close i ɯ u
Mid e ɤ o
Open-mid ɛ ɔ
Open a ɑ
Xong Consonant Orthography
p ⟨b⟩ pʰ ⟨p⟩ ᵐp ⟨nb⟩ mpʰ ⟨np⟩ m ⟨m⟩ m̥ʰ ⟨hm⟩
pʴ ⟨bl⟩ pɹʰ ⟨pl⟩ mpɹʰ ⟨npl⟩ mʴ ⟨ml⟩
t ⟨d⟩ tʰ ⟨t⟩ ⁿt ⟨nd⟩ ntʰ ⟨nt⟩ l̥ʰ ⟨hl⟩ n ⟨n⟩ n̥ʰ ⟨hn⟩
ts ⟨z⟩ tsʰ ⟨c⟩ ⁿts ⟨nz⟩ ntsʰ ⟨nc⟩ s ⟨s⟩ f ⟨f⟩
tɕ ⟨j⟩ tɕʰ ⟨q⟩ ᶮtɕ ⟨nj⟩ ntɕʰ ⟨nq⟩ ɕ ⟨x⟩ ʑ ⟨y⟩
ʈ ⟨zh⟩ ʈʰ ⟨ch⟩ ᶯʈ ⟨nzh⟩ ɳʈʰ ⟨nch⟩ ʂ ⟨sh⟩ ʐ ⟨r⟩ ɳ ⟨nh⟩
k ⟨g⟩ kʰ ⟨k⟩ ᵑk ⟨ngg⟩ ŋkʰ ⟨nk⟩
q ⟨gh⟩ qʰ ⟨kh⟩ ᶰq ⟨ngh⟩ ɴqʰ ⟨nkh⟩
w ⟨w⟩ h ⟨h⟩

[dubious – discuss]

Xong Vowel Orthography
i ⟨i⟩ u ⟨u⟩
iu ⟨iu⟩
ɑ ⟨a⟩ iɑ ⟨ia⟩ uɑ ⟨ua⟩
o ⟨o⟩ io ⟨io⟩
e ⟨e⟩ ie ⟨ie⟩ ue ⟨ue⟩
ei ⟨ei⟩ uei ⟨ui⟩
a ⟨ea⟩ ia ⟨iea⟩ ua ⟨uea⟩
ɔ ⟨ao⟩ iɔ ⟨iao⟩
ɤ ⟨eu⟩ iɤ ⟨ieu⟩ uɤ ⟨ueu⟩
ɯ ⟨ou⟩ iɯ ⟨iou⟩ uɯ ⟨uou⟩
ɛ ⟨an⟩ iɛ ⟨ian⟩ uɛ ⟨uan⟩
en ⟨en⟩ ien ⟨in⟩ uen ⟨un⟩
ɑŋ ⟨ang⟩ iɑŋ ⟨iang⟩ uɑŋ ⟨uang⟩
oŋ ⟨ong⟩ ioŋ ⟨iong⟩
Tones
Tone IPA Letter
high rising, 45 ˦˥ ⟨b⟩
low falling, 21 ˨˩ ⟨x⟩
high, 4 ˦ ⟨d⟩
low, 2 ˨ ⟨l⟩
high falling, 53 ˥˧ ⟨t⟩
falling, 42 ˦˨ ⟨s⟩

References

  1. ^ Western Xiangxi Miao at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Eastern Xiangxi Miao at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Sposato, Adam (2015). A Grammar of Xong (PhD thesis). University at Buffalo.
  3. ^ Ratliff, Martha (2010). Hmong–Mien language history. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics. hdl:1885/146760. ISBN 978-0-85883-615-0.
  4. ^ a b Xiang, Rizheng 向日征 (1999). Jíwèi Miáoyǔ yánjiū 吉卫苗语硏究 [A Study of Jiwei Miao] (in Chinese). Chengdu: Sichuan renmin chubanshe.
  5. ^ Guangxi Zhuangzu zizhiqu shaoshu minzu yuyan wenzi gongzuo weiyuanhui [Guangxi Minority Languages Orthography Committee] (2008). Guǎngxī mínzú yǔyán fāngyīn cíhuì 广西民族语言方音词汇 [Vocabularies of Guangxi Ethnic Languages] (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
  6. ^ Yang, Zaibiao 杨再彪 (2004). Miáoyǔ dōngbù fāngyán tǔyǔ bǐjiào 苗语东部方言土语比较 (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
  7. ^ Li, Jinping 李锦平; Li, Tianyi 李天翼 (2012). Miáoyǔ fāngyán bǐjiào yánjiū 苗语方言比较研究 [A Comparative Study of Miao Dialects] (in Chinese). Chengdu: Xinan jiaotong daxue chubanshe.
  8. ^ Chen, Hong 陈宏 (2009). Guìzhōu Sōngtáo Dàxīngzhèn Miáoyǔ yánjiū 贵州松桃大兴镇苗语研究 (Ph.D. thesis) (in Chinese). Nankai daxue.

Further reading

External links

 
Standard Xong test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
  • Xong comparative vocabulary list on Wiktionary (6 dialects compared)
  • Xong basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database

February 27, 2023
xong, language, western, pearic, language, cambodia, thailand, chong, language, limbu, nepal, also, called, xong, limbu, people, xonb, tu53, ɕõ35, northernmost, hmongic, language, spoken, south, central, china, around, million, people, called, xiangxi, miaoyu,. For the Western Pearic language of Cambodia and Thailand see Chong language For the Limbu of Nepal who are also called Xong see Limbu people The Xong language Dut Xonb tu53 ɕo35 2 is the northernmost Hmongic language spoken in south central China by around 0 9 million people It is called Xiangxi Miaoyu 湘西苗语 Western Hunan Miao in Chinese as well as Eastern Miao 东部苗语 Western sources it has been called Meo Red Miao and North Hmongic Ratliff 2010 3 An official alphabet was adopted in 1956 XongXiangxi MiaoXonbPronunciation ɕo Native toChinaRegionHunan Guizhou Hubei Guangxi and ChongqingEthnicityQo XiongNative speakers 900 000 2005 1 Language familyHmong Mien HmongicCore HmongicXongDialectsWestern Xong proper Eastern Suang Writing systemLatinLanguage codesISO 639 3Either a href https iso639 3 sil org code mmr class extiw title iso639 3 mmr mmr a Western Xiangxi Miao a href https iso639 3 sil org code muq class extiw title iso639 3 muq muq a Eastern Xiangxi MiaoGlottolognort2748 Contents 1 Distribution 2 Classification 3 Phonology and script 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksDistribution EditXong is spoken mainly in Hunan province but also in a few areas of Guizhou Guangdong and Hubei provinces the Guangxi autonomous region and Chongqing municipality in China Xong speaking communities by county are 4 Western Xong 800 000 speakers autonym qɔ35 ɕoŋ35 Hunan Huayuan County Xiangxi Jishou Xiangxi Fenghuang County Xiangxi Baojing County Xiangxi Longshan County Xiangxi Xinhuang Dong Autonomous County Huaihua Mayang Miao Autonomous County Huaihua Guizhou Songtao Miao Autonomous County Tongren County Hubei Xuan en County Chongqing Xiushan Tujia and Miao Autonomous County Qianjiang Youyang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County Qianjiang Guangxi Hechi including Beiya 坝牙村 of Xia ao 下坳乡 Yong an 永安乡 and Banling 板岭乡 of Du an County 5 Nandan County Eastern Suang 80 000 speakers Hunan Jishou Xiangxi e g in Xiaozhangzhai 小章寨 with autonym qɯ suɑŋ Longshan County Xiangxi e g in Wujiazhai 吴家寨 Guzhang County Xiangxi Luxi County Xiangxi e g in Dongtouzhai 洞头寨 with autonym tei sou Classification EditXong was classified in its own branch of the Hmongic family in Strecker 1987 Xiang 1999 4 divided Xong into western and eastern dialects Matisoff 2001 considered these to be two distinct languages but Matisoff 2006 consolidated them into one Yang 2004 6 divides each of these dialects into three subdialects as listed below Speaker populations and locations are from Li and Li 2012 7 Western includes standardized Xong Lect 1 autonym qo35 ɕoŋ35 Jiwei 吉卫 Huayuan County 769 000 speakers in the counties of Fenghuang except Baren 叭仁乡 most of Huayuan southern Jishou Xinhuang Mayang Songtao parts of Rongjiang parts of Ziyun Xiushan parts of Nandan parts of Hechi and parts of Du an Lect 2 autonym qo54 ɕoŋ54 Yangmeng 阳孟 Jishou 120 000 speakers in the counties of eastern Huayuan western and northern Jishou eastern Baojing southwestern Guzhang Fenghuang in Baren 叭仁乡 and Xuan en Lect 3 autonym o55 ɕaŋ55 Zhongxin 中心 Baojing County 30 000 speakers in southeastern Baojing County Eastern Lect 4 autonym te53 suɑŋ53 Xiaozhang 小章 Luxi County 6 000 speakers in and around Xiaozhang Luxi County Lect 5 autonym ɡɔ35 sɤ53 Danqing 丹青 Jishou 48 000 speakers in the counties of northwestern Luxi eastern Jishou and southeastern Guzhang Lect 6 autonym bja22 sa44 nɤ44 Dengshang 蹬上 Longshan County 300 speakers in southern Longshan County and Yongshun County in Shouche 首车乡 He Fuling 2009 describes a western Qo Xiong dialect of Gouliang Ethnic Miao Village Ala Township Fenghuang County 凤凰县阿拉镇勾良苗寨 Chen 2009 8 describes a western Qo Xiong dialect of Daxing Town 大兴镇 Songtao County Guizhou Phonology and script EditA written standard based on the Western dialect in Layǐping village and Jiwei town Huayuan county Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture was established in 1956 Xong Consonant Phonemes Labial Alveolar Retroflex Alveolo palatal Velar Uvular Glottalplain pal app plain pal aff plain aff plain lab plain lab plain lab Nasal voiced m mʲ mʴ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ŋʷaspirated m ʰ n ʰStop Affricate voiceless p pʲ pʴ t ts ʈ c tɕ k kʷ q qʷaspirated pʰ pʲʰ pʴʰ tʰ tsʰ ʈʰ cʰ tɕʰ kʰ kʷʰ qʰ qʷʰprenasal ᵐp ⁿt ⁿts ᶯʈ ᶮc ᶮtɕ ᵑk ᵑkʷ ᶰq ᶰqʷprenasal asp ᵐpʰ ᵐpʴʰ ⁿtʰ ⁿtsʰ ᶯʈʰ ᶮcʰ ᶮtɕʰ ᵑkʰ ᵑkʷʰ ᶰqʰ ᶰqʷʰFricative voiceless f s ʂ ɕ h hʷvoiced ʐ ʑApproximant voiced w l lʲaspirated l ʰ l ʲʰXong Vowel Phonemes Front Central BackClose i ɯ uMid e ɤ oOpen mid ɛ ɔOpen a ɑXong Consonant Orthography p b pʰ p ᵐp nb mpʰ np m m m ʰ hm pʴ bl pɹʰ pl mpɹʰ npl mʴ ml t d tʰ t ⁿt nd ntʰ nt l ʰ hl n n n ʰ hn ts z tsʰ c ⁿts nz ntsʰ nc s s f f tɕ j tɕʰ q ᶮtɕ nj ntɕʰ nq ɕ x ʑ y ʈ zh ʈʰ ch ᶯʈ nzh ɳʈʰ nch ʂ sh ʐ r ɳ nh k g kʰ k ᵑk ngg ŋkʰ nk q gh qʰ kh ᶰq ngh ɴqʰ nkh w w h h dubious discuss Xong Vowel Orthography i i u u iu iu ɑ a iɑ ia uɑ ua o o io io e e ie ie ue ue ei ei uei ui a ea ia iea ua uea ɔ ao iɔ iao ɤ eu iɤ ieu uɤ ueu ɯ ou iɯ iou uɯ uou ɛ an iɛ ian uɛ uan en en ien in uen un ɑŋ ang iɑŋ iang uɑŋ uang oŋ ong ioŋ iong Tones Tone IPA Letterhigh rising 45 b low falling 21 x high 4 d low 2 l high falling 53 t falling 42 s References Edit Western Xiangxi Miao at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Eastern Xiangxi Miao at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Sposato Adam 2015 A Grammar of Xong PhD thesis University at Buffalo Ratliff Martha 2010 Hmong Mien language history Canberra Australia Pacific Linguistics hdl 1885 146760 ISBN 978 0 85883 615 0 a b Xiang Rizheng 向日征 1999 Jiwei Miaoyǔ yanjiu 吉卫苗语硏究 A Study of Jiwei Miao in Chinese Chengdu Sichuan renmin chubanshe Guangxi Zhuangzu zizhiqu shaoshu minzu yuyan wenzi gongzuo weiyuanhui Guangxi Minority Languages Orthography Committee 2008 Guǎngxi minzu yǔyan fangyin cihui 广西民族语言方音词汇 Vocabularies of Guangxi Ethnic Languages in Chinese Beijing Minzu chubanshe Yang Zaibiao 杨再彪 2004 Miaoyǔ dōngbu fangyan tǔyǔ bǐjiao 苗语东部方言土语比较 in Chinese Beijing Minzu chubanshe Li Jinping 李锦平 Li Tianyi 李天翼 2012 Miaoyǔ fangyan bǐjiao yanjiu 苗语方言比较研究 A Comparative Study of Miao Dialects in Chinese Chengdu Xinan jiaotong daxue chubanshe Chen Hong 陈宏 2009 Guizhōu Sōngtao Daxingzhen Miaoyǔ yanjiu 贵州松桃大兴镇苗语研究 Ph D thesis in Chinese Nankai daxue Further reading EditSposato Adam 2021 A Grammar of Xong Berlin Walter de Gruyter ISBN 978 3 11 076493 2 External links Edit Standard Xong test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Xong comparative vocabulary list on Wiktionary 6 dialects compared Xong basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Xong language amp oldid 1141653922, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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