Western India
Western India is a loosely defined region of India consisting of its western part. The Ministry of Home Affairs in its Western Zonal Council Administrative division includes the states of Goa, Gujarat, and Maharashtra along with the Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu,[1] while the Ministry of Culture and some historians also include the state of Rajasthan.[2][3] The Geological Survey of India includes Maharashtra but excludes Rajasthan[4] whereas Ministry of Minority Affairs includes Karnataka but excludes Rajasthan.[5]
Western India | |
|---|---|
| Country | India |
| States and territories | |
| Other states sometimes included | |
| Largest city | Mumbai |
| Most populous cities (2011) | |
| Area | |
| • Total | 508,032 km2 (196,152 sq mi) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 173,343,821 |
| • Density | 340/km2 (880/sq mi) |
| Time zone | IST (UTC+5:30) |
| Official languages | |
Madhya Pradesh is also often included[6][7][8] and Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh and southern Punjab are sometimes included.[9] Western India may also refer to the western half of India, i.e. all the states west of Delhi and Chennai, thus also including Punjab, Kerala and surrounding states.[10] The region is highly industrialised, with a large urban population.[11] Roughly, western India is bounded by the Thar Desert in the north, the Vindhya Range in the east and north and the Arabian Sea in the west. A major portion of Western India shares the Thar Desert with North India and Pakistan and the Deccan Plateau with South and Central India.
In ancient history, Western India was divided into three great states according to Hwen Thsang, namely Sindh (which comprised the whole valley of the Indus from the Punjab to the sea, including the Delta and the island of Kutch), Gurjara (which comprised Western Rajputana and the Indian Desert), and Balabhi (which comprised the peninsula of Gujarat, with a small portion of the adjacent coast).[12] Before the partition of India, the now-Pakistani territories of Sindh and Balochistan were also included in this region. In art history, the term normally covers just Gujarat and Rajasthan, which tend to move together in terms of style.[13] Western India has the second-largest gross domestic product than any other region in India.
History
Parts of Gujarat were the site of Indus Valley civilization. Places have been uncovered in Gujarat at Lothal, Surkotada, and around Ghaggar river in Rajasthan. The Western Indian region was ruled by the Rashtrakuta Empire, the Maurya Empire, the Gupta Empire, Rajputs, Satavahanas, Western Satraps, Indo Greeks, Kadambas etc. in the ancients times. During the medieval age, the area was under the rule of the Vaghela dynasty, the Gujarat Sultanate, and the Delhi Sultanate. Thereafter, the area was under Mughal rule. Later, the Maratha Empire which arose in western Maharashtra came to dominate a major portion of the Indian sub-continent. However, its defeat by the British in the Anglo-Maratha wars left most of India under colonial rule. The region then experienced great upheavals during the struggle for Indian Independence. Gandhi's Dandi March took place in Gujarat. The region became part of independent India in 1947, and the present state boundaries were drawn based on linguistic considerations in 1956.[14]
Geography
The region consists of the predominantly arid to semi-arid region of Saurashtra and Kutch in the North. The region South of that of Cambay and Southern Gujarat makes the northern semi arid region and the southern humid region submerge. The Western Ghats lie along the coast of South Gujarat, Maharashtra and Goa. The Deccan plains of the Vidarbha, Marathwada in central and eastern Maharashtra define the rest of the region. The vegetation varies from tropical rainforests along the Konkan coast to thorny bushes and shrubs in northern Gujarat. The rivers in this region are the Mahi, Narmada, Tapi, Godavari, Zuari, Mandovi, Krishna, Ghaggar, Chambal and many other smaller tributaries of other rivers.
Climate
The climate varies between tropical wet, tropical wet and dry, and semi arid. The coastal regions experience little seasonal variations although the temperatures range between 20 °C to 38 °C. Mumbai and northern Konkan regions experience cooler winters with minimum temperatures hovering around 12 °C. Interior Maharashtra experiences hot summers with maximum temperatures averaging 40 °C and mild winters with minimum temperatures averaging about 10 °C. Pune, a city in the western region experiences temperatures around 35-40 °C in summers and 7-12 °C on winters. Gujarat also has a warm climate with hot summers and cool winters.
Demographics
The majority follow Hinduism and there are significant minority who follow Islam and smaller number who follow Christianity. There are also a few indigenous Jews called the Bene Israel who speak Marathi. The Parsees who settled in Gujarat made Mumbai and Surat their home. Significant percentages of Jains and Buddhists can be found too. Most Christians live in the state of Goa. Overall, 83.66% of the population is Hindu, 10.12% Muslim, 4% Buddhist with Christians in Goa and Maharashtra making up the majority of the remainder.
Religion
The majority follow Hinduism and there are significant minority who follow Islam and smaller number who follow Christianity. There are also a few indigenous Jews called the Bene Israel who speak Marathi. The Parsees who settled in Gujarat made Mumbai and Surat their home. Significant percentages of Jains and Buddhists can be found too. Most Christians live in the state of Goa. Overall, 83.66% of the population is Hindu, 10.12% Muslim, 4% Buddhist with Christians in Goa and Maharashtra making up the majority of the remainder
Language
Marathi, is the most widely spoken language in Western India with about 73 million speakers, followed by Gujarati with about 46 million speakers and Konkani 2.5 million speakers, all of which are Indo-Aryan languages.[15] As in other parts of India, a high level of multilingualism is seen with English and Hindi being spoken as additional languages in urban areas.[16]
Literacy
The average literacy rate of West India is around 76%, higher than the national average of 70.5%.[17] The population density is around 290 per square km. The average fertility rate is about 2.2, while the average household size is about 4.7.[17]
Culture
The states of Maharashtra, Gujarat and Goa are culturally varied and distinct.
Maharashtrian culture derives from the ancient Hindu Vedic culture influenced deeply by the Maratha Empire. Maharashtrians take great pride in the Maratha Empire, and many places in Maharashtra are named after the founder of the Empire, Shivaji. Marathi literature and cinema are popular in the state as well as across India. Bollywood has had a huge impact on the lifestyle and culture of this part of India as the industry is primarily located in Mumbai.
Gujarati culture is a blend of Indian culture and foreign influence. It has been influenced by the Parsis, who migrated to Gujarat from Persia about a 1000 years ago. Gujarat also saw Turkic and Mughal conquests, as well as a constant stream of back and forth migrations to and from Sindh and Rajasthan, which helped shape the unique cultural landscape of the state. Cultural Events like Rann Utsav, International Kite Festival and Global Garba festivals have been started in Gujarat to showcase its culture internationally.
Goa's culture is a unique blend of Indian and Portuguese cultures, as a result of it formerly being part of Portuguese India for 450 years. The state is popular amongst tourists for its beaches, Goan cuisine, temples, churches and architecture. The Churches and Convents of Goa have been declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
Cuisine
The cuisine of Western India is diverse. Maharashtrian cuisine is diverse and ranges from bland to fiery hot. Pohay, Shrikhand, Pav bhaji and Vada pav are good examples of Maharashtrian cuisine. Goan cuisine is dominated by the use of rice, coconut, seafood, Kokum, cashew-nuts. With its distinct spices and medium of cooking as coconut oil, both vegetarian as well as non-vegetarian cuisine is equally popular.
Gujarati cuisine is almost exclusively vegetarian. Gujarat is one of three states in India, with prohibition on alcohol, along with Mizoram and Manipur.[18] In contrast, Maharashtra has some of the best vineyards in India, with Nashik and Sangli districts being the country's biggest grape-producing districts.[19]
Economy
The region generates 24.00% of the national GDP of the country, with an annual growth rate of 14.5% as of 2006.[20] The states generate about 23% of the tax revenues of the country. More than 85% of the households have access to electricity with about 55% owning a television. Agriculture employs most people in the region, while services have largest share in the total GDP.
| Economic and demographic indicators[21] | ||
|---|---|---|
| Parameter | West India | National |
| Per capita net state domestic product (SDP) | ₹122,569 (US$1,500) | ₹73,500 (US$920) |
| Percentage share in total | 24 | NA |
| Average annual growth of GDP | 13.66 | 8.5 |
| Percentage of population below poverty line | 8.66 | 26.10 |
| Percentage of urban population | 46.75 | 31.16 |
| Percentage of households with electricity | 93.6 | 67.3 |
| Literacy rate | 83.2 | 74.04[22] |
See also
References
- ^ "INTER-STATE COUNCIL SECRETARIAT, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India". Retrieved 13 February 2018.
- ^ "West Zone Cultural Centre". wzccindia.com. Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
- ^ Vidyarthi & Rai 1977.
- ^ "Geological Survey of India". Retrieved 13 February 2018.
- ^ (PDF). Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
- ^ Parthasarathy & Iyengar 2006, p. 85.
- ^ "West India - Madhya Pradesh". Asia-Planet.
- ^ Nilsen 2010, p. 205.
- ^ Pandeya & Lieth 2012, p. 219.
- ^ Rothermund 1993, pp. 190–193.
- ^ "Census GIS data". Retrieved 12 March 2008.
- ^ Cunningham 1871, p. 248.
- ^ Blurton, T. Richard, Hindu Art, p. 187, 1994, British Museum Press, ISBN 0 7141 1442 1; Michell, George (1990), The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, p.262, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu, 1990, Penguin Books, ISBN 0140081445
- ^ "States Reorganization Act". Retrieved 12 March 2008.
- ^ "2001 Census language data". Retrieved 11 March 2008.
- ^ "Indian and its languages" (PDF). Retrieved 11 March 2008.
- ^ a b (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2008. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
- ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 September 2007. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
- ^ "Wine Industry in Maharashtra: An Analysis" (PDF). Retrieved 11 March 2008.
- ^ "Statement : gross state domestic product at current prices". Retrieved 11 March 2008.
- ^ Also A Head For Numbers. Outlook India. 16 July 2007
- ^ India. World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 20 March 2008
Bibliography
- Cunningham, Alexandar (1871). The Ancient Geography of India. Vol. 1. Trübner & Company.[ISBN missing]
- Nilsen, Alf Gunvald (2010). Dispossession and Resistance in India: The River and the Rage. Routledge. ISBN 9781136994326. OCLC 1290098226.
- Pandeya, S.C.; Lieth, Helmut (6 December 2012). Ecology of Cenchrus grass complex: Environmental conditions and population differences in western India. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9789401129268.
- Parthasarathy, R.; Iyengar, Sudarshan (2006). New Development Paradigms and Challenges for Western and Central India. Vol. 1. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 9788180692802.
The four States in western India, viz. Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan
- Rothermund, Dietmar (1993). An Economic History of India: From Pre-colonial Times to 1991. Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415088718.
- Vidyarthi, Lalita Prasad; Rai, Binay Kumar (1977). The Tribal Culture of India. Concept Publishing Company.[ISBN missing]
External links
- Media related to West India at Wikimedia Commons
- Western India travel guide from Wikivoyage