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Ume Sámi

Ume Sámi (Ume Sami: Ubmejesámiengiälla, Norwegian: Umesamisk, Swedish: Umesamiska) is a Sámi language spoken in Sweden and formerly in Norway. It is a moribund language with an estimated 100 speakers. It was spoken mainly along the Ume River in the south of present-day Arjeplog, in Sorsele and in Arvidsjaur.[2][3]

Ume Sámi
ubmejesámiengiälla
Native toSweden
Native speakers
100 (2000)[1]
Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3sju
Glottologumes1235
ELPUme Saami
Ume Sami language area (red) within Sápmi (grey)
Ume Saami is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Dialects edit

The best-known variety of Ume Sami is that of one Lars Sjulsson (born 1871) from Setsele, close to Malå, whose idiolect was documented by W. Schlachter in a 1958 dictionary and subsequent work.[4] Dialect variation exists within the Ume Sami area, however. A main division is between more (north)western dialects such as those of Maskaure, Tärna and Ullisjaure (typically agreeing with Southern Sami), versus more (south)eastern dialects such as those of Malå, Malmesjaure and Mausjaure (typically agreeing with Pite Sami).[5]

Feature Western Ume Sami Eastern Ume Sami Notes
original *ðː /rː/ /ðː/
accusative singular ending -p -w from Proto-Samic *-m
word for 'eagle' (h)àrʰčə àrtnəs

Phonology edit

Consonants edit

[f, ʋ] and [θ] are allophones of /v/ and /ð/, respectively. When a /h/ sound occurs before a plosive or an affricate sound, they are then realized as preaspirated sounds. If an /l/ sound occurs before a /j/ sound, it is realized as a palatal lateral [ʎ] sound. Some western dialects of the language lack the /ð/ phoneme.

Vowels edit

Front Central Back
short long short long short long
Close i y ʉ ʉː u
Mid e o
Open a

Four diphthongs are included; /ie/, /yʉ/, /ʉi/, /uo/. A schwa sound /ə/ may exist as an allophone of various vowel sounds.[6]

Writing system edit

Until 2010, Ume Sámi did not have an official written standard, although it was the first Sámi language to be written extensively (because a private Christian school for Sámi children started in Lycksele 1632, where Ume Sámi was spoken). The New Testament was published in Ume Sámi in 1755 and the first Bible in Sámi was also published in Ume Sámi, in 1811.

The current official orthography is maintained by the Working Group for Ume Sámi, whose most recent recommendation was published in 2016.

Letter Phoneme(s)
A a /ʌ/
Á á /ɑː/
B b /p/
D d /t/
Đ đ /ð/
E e /e/, /eː/
F f /f/
G g /k/
H h /h/
I i /i/
Ï ï /ɨ/
J j /j/
K k /hk/, /k/
L l /l/
M m /m/
N n /n/
Ŋ ŋ /ŋ/
O o /o/ (only in diphthongs)
P p /hp/, /p/
R r /r/
S s /s/
T t /ht/, /t/
Ŧ ŧ /θ/
U u /u/, /uː/
Ü ü /ʉ/, /ʉː/
V v /v/
Y y /y/
Å å /o/, /ɔː/
Ä ä /ɛː/
Ö ö /œ/ (only in diphthongs)

Shortcomings:

  • Vowel length is ambiguous for the letters ⟨u⟩, ⟨ü⟩ and ⟨å⟩. In reference works, the length is indicated by a macron (⟨ū⟩, ⟨ǖ⟩, ⟨å̄⟩). In older orthographies, length could be indicated by writing a double vowel.
  • No distinction is made between long and overlong consonants, both being written with a double consonant letter. In reference works, the overlong stops are indicated with a vertical line (⟨bˈb⟩, ⟨dˈd⟩ etc.)

Grammar edit

Consonant gradation edit

Unlike its southern neighbor Southern Sámi, Ume Sámi has consonant gradation. However, gradation is more limited than it is in the more northern Sami languages, because it does not occur in the case of short vowels followed by a consonant that can gradate to quantity 1 (that is, Proto-Samic single consonants or geminates). In these cases, only quantity 3 appears. Consonant clusters can gradate regardless of the preceding vowel.

Cases edit

Ume Sámi has 8 cases:[7]

  1. Nominative
  2. Accusative
  3. Genitive
  4. Illative
  5. Inessive
  6. Elative
  7. Comitative
  8. Essive

Pronouns edit

Verbs edit

Persons and numbers edit

The verbs in Ume Sámi have three persons, first, second and third. There are three grammatical numbers: singular, dual and plural.

Mood edit

Ume Sámi has two grammatical moods: indicative and imperative

Tense edit

Negative verb edit

Ume Sámi, like Finnish, the other Sámi languages, and Estonian, has a negative verb. In Ume Sámi, the negative verb conjugates according to mood (indicative and imperative), person (1st, 2nd and 3rd) and number (singular, dual and plural).

Example edit

Transcription Swedish translation English translation
Båtsuoj-bieŋjuv galggá báddie-gietjiesna álggiet lieratit. De tjuavrrá jiehtja viegadit ráddiesta ráddáje jah nav ájaj livva-sijiesna, guh jiehtják súhph. Die galggá daina báddie-bieŋjijne viegadit bijrra ieluon, nav júhtie biegŋja galggá vuöjdniet gúktie almatjh gelggh dahkat. Lierruo-biegŋja daggár bälij vánatallá ieluon bijrra ja ij akttak bijgŋuolissa luöjtieh. Die måddie bálliena daggár biegŋja, juhka ij leäh ållást lieratuvvama, die butsijda válldá ja dulvada. De daggár bälij tjuavrrá suv báddáje válldiet jah slåvvat.

Renhunden ska man börja lära i koppel. Då måste man själv springa från den ena kanten till den andra (av renhjorden) och så också på (renarnas) viloplats, medan de andra äter. Då ska man med den där bandhunden springa runt hjorden, så att hunden ser, hur folket gör. Lärohunden springer en sådan gång runt hjorden och låter ingen undslippa. Så finns det ofta sådana hundar, som inte har lärt sig helt, som tar någon ren och jagar iväg den. Då måste man en sådan gång sätta band på den och slå den.

A reindeer herding dog must begin its training with a leash. Then one has to run from one side [of the herd] to the other and also on the area where they [the reindeer] rest, while others are eating. One must run around the herd with the dog [to be trained] on a leash, so that the dog sees how people do it. The trained dog then runs around the herd and does not allow any to slip away. Then there are often dogs that are not fully trained [and] who single out a reindeer and drive it away [i.e. to kill it]. Then one must put a leash on that [dog] and strike it.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Ume Sámi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Korhonen, Olavi (2005). "Ume Saami language". The Saami: a cultural encyclopaedia. Helsinki. pp. 421–422. ISBN 9789517465069.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^ Pekka Sammallahti, The Saami languages: an introduction, Kárášjohka, 1998
  4. ^ Schlachter, Wolfgang (1958). Wörterbuch des Waldlappendialekts von Malå und Texte zur Ethnographie. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
  5. ^ Larsson, Lars-Gunnar (2010). "Ume Saami language variation". Congressus XI Internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum. Piliscsaba 2010. Pars I. Orationes plenares. Piliscsaba. pp. 193–224.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. ^ von Gertten, Daniel (2015). Huvuddrag i umesamisk grammatik. University of Oslo.
  7. ^ Korhonen Olavi & Barruk Henrik, 2010, Kurs i umesamiska (2010‑02‑07)

External links edit

  • Sámi lottit Names of birds found in Sápmi in a number of languages, including Skolt Sámi and English. Search function only works with Finnish input though.

sámi, sami, ubmejesámiengiälla, norwegian, umesamisk, swedish, umesamiska, sámi, language, spoken, sweden, formerly, norway, moribund, language, with, estimated, speakers, spoken, mainly, along, river, south, present, arjeplog, sorsele, arvidsjaur, ubmejesámie. Ume Sami Ume Sami Ubmejesamiengialla Norwegian Umesamisk Swedish Umesamiska is a Sami language spoken in Sweden and formerly in Norway It is a moribund language with an estimated 100 speakers It was spoken mainly along the Ume River in the south of present day Arjeplog in Sorsele and in Arvidsjaur 2 3 Ume SamiubmejesamiengiallaNative toSwedenNative speakers100 2000 1 Language familyUralic SamiWesternUme SamiWriting systemLatinLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code sju class extiw title iso639 3 sju sju a Glottologumes1235ELPUme SaamiUme Sami language area red within Sapmi grey Ume Saami is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World s Languages in Danger Contents 1 Dialects 2 Phonology 2 1 Consonants 2 2 Vowels 3 Writing system 4 Grammar 4 1 Consonant gradation 4 2 Cases 4 3 Pronouns 4 4 Verbs 4 4 1 Persons and numbers 4 4 2 Mood 4 4 3 Tense 4 4 4 Negative verb 5 Example 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksDialects editThe best known variety of Ume Sami is that of one Lars Sjulsson born 1871 from Setsele close to Mala whose idiolect was documented by W Schlachter in a 1958 dictionary and subsequent work 4 Dialect variation exists within the Ume Sami area however A main division is between more north western dialects such as those of Maskaure Tarna and Ullisjaure typically agreeing with Southern Sami versus more south eastern dialects such as those of Mala Malmesjaure and Mausjaure typically agreeing with Pite Sami 5 Feature Western Ume Sami Eastern Ume Sami Notesoriginal dː rː dː accusative singular ending p w from Proto Samic mword for eagle h arʰce artnesPhonology editConsonants edit Labial Dental Alveolar Post alveolar Velar GlottalNasal m n ɲ ŋPlosive p t kAffricate t s t ʃFricative voiceless v s ʃ hvoiced dTrill rApproximant l j f ʋ and 8 are allophones of v and d respectively When a h sound occurs before a plosive or an affricate sound they are then realized as preaspirated sounds If an l sound occurs before a j sound it is realized as a palatal lateral ʎ sound Some western dialects of the language lack the d phoneme Vowels edit Front Central Backshort long short long short longClose i y iː ʉ ʉː u uːMid e eː o oːOpen a aːFour diphthongs are included ie yʉ ʉi uo A schwa sound e may exist as an allophone of various vowel sounds 6 Writing system editUntil 2010 Ume Sami did not have an official written standard although it was the first Sami language to be written extensively because a private Christian school for Sami children started in Lycksele 1632 where Ume Sami was spoken The New Testament was published in Ume Sami in 1755 and the first Bible in Sami was also published in Ume Sami in 1811 The current official orthography is maintained by the Working Group for Ume Sami whose most recent recommendation was published in 2016 Letter Phoneme s A a ʌ A a ɑː B b p D d t Đ đ d E e e eː F f f G g k H h h I i i I i ɨ J j j K k hk k L l l M m m N n n Ŋ ŋ ŋ O o o only in diphthongs P p hp p R r r S s s T t ht t Ŧ ŧ 8 U u u uː U u ʉ ʉː V v v Y y y A a o ɔː A a ɛː O o œ only in diphthongs Shortcomings Vowel length is ambiguous for the letters u u and a In reference works the length is indicated by a macron u ǖ a In older orthographies length could be indicated by writing a double vowel No distinction is made between long and overlong consonants both being written with a double consonant letter In reference works the overlong stops are indicated with a vertical line bˈb dˈd etc Grammar editConsonant gradation edit Unlike its southern neighbor Southern Sami Ume Sami has consonant gradation However gradation is more limited than it is in the more northern Sami languages because it does not occur in the case of short vowels followed by a consonant that can gradate to quantity 1 that is Proto Samic single consonants or geminates In these cases only quantity 3 appears Consonant clusters can gradate regardless of the preceding vowel Cases edit Ume Sami has 8 cases 7 Nominative Accusative Genitive Illative Inessive Elative Comitative EssivePronouns edit Verbs edit Persons and numbers edit The verbs in Ume Sami have three persons first second and third There are three grammatical numbers singular dual and plural Mood edit Ume Sami has two grammatical moods indicative and imperative Tense edit Negative verb edit Ume Sami like Finnish the other Sami languages and Estonian has a negative verb In Ume Sami the negative verb conjugates according to mood indicative and imperative person 1st 2nd and 3rd and number singular dual and plural Example editTranscription Swedish translation English translationBatsuoj bieŋjuv galgga baddie gietjiesna alggiet lieratit De tjuavrra jiehtja viegadit raddiesta raddaje jah nav ajaj livva sijiesna guh jiehtjak suhph Die galgga daina baddie bieŋjijne viegadit bijrra ieluon nav juhtie biegŋja galgga vuojdniet guktie almatjh gelggh dahkat Lierruo biegŋja daggar balij vanatalla ieluon bijrra ja ij akttak bijgŋuolissa luojtieh Die maddie balliena daggar biegŋja juhka ij leah allast lieratuvvama die butsijda vallda ja dulvada De daggar balij tjuavrra suv baddaje valldiet jah slavvat Renhunden ska man borja lara i koppel Da maste man sjalv springa fran den ena kanten till den andra av renhjorden och sa ocksa pa renarnas viloplats medan de andra ater Da ska man med den dar bandhunden springa runt hjorden sa att hunden ser hur folket gor Larohunden springer en sadan gang runt hjorden och later ingen undslippa Sa finns det ofta sadana hundar som inte har lart sig helt som tar nagon ren och jagar ivag den Da maste man en sadan gang satta band pa den och sla den A reindeer herding dog must begin its training with a leash Then one has to run from one side of the herd to the other and also on the area where they the reindeer rest while others are eating One must run around the herd with the dog to be trained on a leash so that the dog sees how people do it The trained dog then runs around the herd and does not allow any to slip away Then there are often dogs that are not fully trained and who single out a reindeer and drive it away i e to kill it Then one must put a leash on that dog and strike it See also editSami peopleReferences edit Ume Sami at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Korhonen Olavi 2005 Ume Saami language The Saami a cultural encyclopaedia Helsinki pp 421 422 ISBN 9789517465069 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Pekka Sammallahti The Saami languages an introduction Karasjohka 1998 Schlachter Wolfgang 1958 Worterbuch des Waldlappendialekts von Mala und Texte zur Ethnographie Helsinki Suomalais Ugrilainen Seura Larsson Lars Gunnar 2010 Ume Saami language variation Congressus XI Internationalis Fenno Ugristarum Piliscsaba 2010 Pars I Orationes plenares Piliscsaba pp 193 224 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link von Gertten Daniel 2015 Huvuddrag i umesamisk grammatik University of Oslo Korhonen Olavi amp Barruk Henrik 2010 Kurs i umesamiska 2010 02 07 External links edit nbsp Ume Sami test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ume Sami language Sami lottit Names of birds found in Sapmi in a number of languages including Skolt Sami and English Search function only works with Finnish input though Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ume Sami amp oldid 1156757338, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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