Hassanal Bolkiah
Hassanal Bolkiah ibni Omar Ali Saifuddien III[1] (Jawi: حسن البلقية; born 15 July 1946) is the 29th and current Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan of Brunei since 1967 and the Prime Minister of Brunei since independence from the United Kingdom in 1984. He is one of the last absolute monarchs in the world. The eldest son of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III and Raja Isteri (Queen) Pengiran Anak Damit, he succeeded to the throne as the sultan of Brunei following the abdication of his father on 5 October 1967.
| Hassanal Bolkiah | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hassanal Bolkiah in 2021 | |||||
| Sultan of Brunei | |||||
| Reign | 5 October 1967 – present | ||||
| Predecessor | Omar Ali Saifuddien III | ||||
| Crown Prince | Al-Muhtadee Billah | ||||
| Prime Minister of Brunei | |||||
| Tenure | 1 January 1984 – present | ||||
| Predecessor | Office established | ||||
| Deputy | Al-Muhtadee Billah | ||||
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | |||||
| Tenure | 22 October 2015 – present | ||||
| Predecessor | Mohamed Bolkiah | ||||
| Minister of Finance | |||||
| Tenure | 23 February 1997 – present | ||||
| Predecessor | Jefri Bolkiah | ||||
| Tenure | 1 January 1984 – 20 October 1986 | ||||
| Predecessor | Office established | ||||
| Successor | Jefri Bolkiah | ||||
| Minister of Defence Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Brunei Armed Forces | |||||
| Tenure | 7 September 1986 – present | ||||
| Predecessor | Omar Ali Saifuddien III | ||||
| Born | Hassanal Bolkiah Muiz'zaddin Wad'daulah 15 July 1946 Istana Darussalam, Brunei Town, British Protectorate of Brunei (now Brunei) | ||||
| Spouse | Hajah Mariam (m. 1982; div. 2003) | ||||
| Issue |
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| House | Bolkiah | ||||
| Father | Omar Ali Saifuddien III | ||||
| Mother | Pengiran Anak Damit | ||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||
Alma mater | Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, United Kingdom | ||||
| Signature | |||||
The sultan has been ranked among the wealthiest individuals in the world. In 2008, Forbes estimated the sultan's total peak net worth at US$20 billion. Following the death of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom in 2022, the Sultan is currently the world's longest-reigning current monarch,[2] as well as the longest-serving current head of state. On 5 October 2017, the Sultan celebrated his Golden Jubilee to mark the 50th year of his reign on the throne.[3]
Early life
The sultan was born on 15 July 1946, in Istana Darussalam, Brunei Town (now called Bandar Seri Begawan) as Pengiran Muda (Prince) Hassanal Bolkiah. The sultan received high school education at Victoria Institution in Kuala Lumpur, after which he attended the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in the United Kingdom, graduating in 1967.[4]
Reign
He became the Sultan of Brunei Darussalam on 5 October 1967, after his father abdicated. His coronation was held on 1 August 1968, and made him the Yang di-Pertuan (Head of State) of Brunei. Like his father, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, of which Brunei was a protectorate until 1984.[5][6]
Under Brunei's 1959 constitution, the sultan is the head of state with full executive authority, including emergency powers since 1962. On 9 March 2006, the Sultan was reported to have amended Brunei's constitution to make himself infallible under Bruneian law.[7] Bolkiah, as Prime Minister, is also the head of government. In addition, he currently holds the portfolios of Minister of Defence, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of Finance.[8] As Minister of Defence he is therefore the Supreme Commander of the Royal Brunei Armed Forces, as well as an Honorary General in the British and Indonesian armed forces and an Honorary Admiral in the Royal Navy. He appointed himself as Inspector General of Police (IGP) of the Royal Brunei Police Force.[citation needed]
Bolkiah addressed the United Nations General Assembly on Brunei Darussalam's admission to the United Nations in September 1984. In 1991, he introduced a conservative ideology to Brunei called Melayu Islam Beraja (Malay Islamic Monarchy, MIB), which presents the monarchy as the defender of the faith.[9] He has recently favoured Brunei government democratisation and declared himself Prime Minister and President. In 2004, the Legislative Council, which had been dissolved since 1962, was reopened.[10]
Hassanal Bolkiah established the Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Foundation (YSHHB).
Hassanal Bolkiah was chairman of Summit APEC Leaders in 2000 when Brunei Darussalam hosted the summit. Hassanal Bolkiah was also the chairman of ASEAN Summit in 2013 when Brunei Darussalam hosted the summit.
Hassanal Bolkiah is Head of Religion, and Islam is the official religion of the country. Mosques, prayer halls and stations were built across the country. The sultan decreed that Islamic celebrations such as Early Years Celebration Prophet's birthday, Isra and Miraj and Nuzul Al Quran are to be celebrated on a large scale. He often attends mosques and surau throughout the country for the obligatory Friday prayers.
In 2014, Hassanal Bolkiah also advocated the adoption of Islamic sharia penalties, including that adultery is to be punished with death by stoning.
Hassanal Bolkiah also banned public celebrations of Christmas in 2015, including wearing hats or clothes that resemble Santa Claus. The ban affects only local Muslims.[11] Christians are still allowed to celebrate Christmas. According to Bruneian Bishop and Cardinal Cornelius Sim, on 25 December 2015, there were around estimated 4,000 out of 18,000 Bruneian Catholics, mainly Chinese and expats living in the country, attending the mass on Christmas Eve and Christmas Day. While there was no absolute ban on celebrations, there was a ban affecting Christmas decorations in public places, especially shopping malls; the ban did not affect small stores or private residences including churches.[clarification needed][12]
Controversies
Shannon Marketic Incident
In 1997, Shannon Marketic sued Jefri Bolkiah, Prince of Brunei and younger brother of Hassanal Bolkiah, claiming that she and other women were hired for promotional work but instead held as a "virtual prisoner", drugged and sexually abused.[13][14][15][16] The sultan denied the claims.[15] Marketic's lawsuit named Miss USA 1997 Brandi Sherwood as also being a victim, however Sherwood declined to file her own lawsuit.[17] After 18 months of litigation, a judge at the US court dismissed the suit on the grounds that the sultan had sovereign immunity as head of state.[18][19]
AMEDEO crisis
He had open disagreements with his brother, Jefri Bolkiah, who owned a network of companies and investment vehicles under the name "Amedeo" run by his son, Prince Hakim, which was used to buy the luxury goods company Asprey and build an amusement park and other projects in Brunei.[20] In July 1998 the Amedeo group collapsed under US$10 billion in debt.[21] Between 1983 and mid-1998 some US$40 billion of what were called "special transfers" were made from the accounts of the Brunei Investment Agency (BIA).[22] An independent investigation was undertaken into the circumstances of these special transfers, concluding that in round figures, US$14.8 billion were paid to the accounts of Prince Jefri apart from the US$8 billion to accounts of the sultan and US$3.8 billion for Government purposes. The destination, purpose and recipients of the remaining transfers were not established.[22] Due to the secretive nature of the state and the blurred lines as to where the royal family's finances and the state finances began and ended, establishing the true course of events is very difficult.[20]
Prince Jefri was accused of misappropriating state funds to pay for his own personal investments, bought through BIA and Amedeo companies and removed from his position as head of BIA.[23][24] In February 2000, the Bruneian government attempted to obtain a freezing order on Prince Jefri's overseas assets, which led to him countersuing in New York.[23] Following protracted negotiations a settlement agreement was signed by the Prince in May 2000,[22] the terms of which were never made public.[21] However, Prince Jefri claimed assurances were made to him by the sultan with regards to keeping certain properties to maintain his lifestyle, which BIA denied.[21][22] In accordance with the settlement agreement signed in 2000, the prince began to return his assets to the state, including more than 500 properties, both in Brunei and abroad, about 2500 cars, 100 paintings, five boats, and nine aircraft.[21] In 2001 ten thousand lots of Prince Jefri's possessions went to auction.[25]
However, the BIA alleged that the Prince failed to uphold the agreement by failing to disclose all his accounts, and allowing money to be taken from frozen accounts,[26] and restarted legal proceedings to gain full control of the Prince's assets. After a number of appeals,[27] this finally reached the Privy Council in London, which can serve as Brunei's highest court of appeal as a result of Brunei's former protectorate status.[28] The Privy Council rejected Prince Jefri's evidence, describing his contention that the agreement allowed for him to retain a number of properties as "simply incredible",[29] and ruled in favour of the Government of Brunei and the BIA; consequently the Prince's appeal was dismissed and he was ordered to return the rest of his assets to Brunei.[22] The decision of the Privy Council did not end the litigation between Prince Jefri and the BIA. The BIA re-opened proceedings in Malaysia and the Cayman Islands, resulting in the BIA gaining control over the Hotel Bel-Air in Los Angeles and The New York Palace Hotel in Manhattan.[30]
The BIA also re-opened collateral litigation in the High Court of England and Wales. After winning before the Privy Council, the BIA asked the court to determine whether Prince Jefri should be held in contempt of court for allegedly making misstatements in his listing of assets. The contempt proceeding was scheduled for a hearing in June 2008, but the Prince did not attend, instead going to Paris.[26][31] Judge Peter Smith did not rule on whether Prince Jefri was in contempt, but did issue a warrant for his arrest.[32] As of November 2010, the warrant still appears to be in place, meaning the Prince will be arrested if he enters the UK.[33]
As of October, 2009, Prince Jefri appears to have been allowed back to Brunei. He is not back in any official government role but retains all his royal titles and decorations and remains in the royal protocol order. He is seen at major national functions like the national teachers day celebrations, the sultan's birthday and at the National Day Celebrations. His most recent appearance was at The Legco (Legislative Council) opening ceremony in March 2012.[citation needed]
Anti-LGBT and death by stoning legislation
As Prime Minister, Bolkiah has spearheaded legislation that would introduce the death penalty for homosexuality and adultery, by stoning, effective from 3 April 2019. This sparked international protests.[34] The policy resulted in calls for boycotts of numerous companies owned by the Brunei Royal Family, notably the Dorchester Collection, a group of well-known hotels owned by the sultan in the US and Europe.[35]
The sultan, via his Brunei Investment Agency (BIA) owning the Dorchester Collection hotels, raised concern abroad in April 2014 by implementing the Sharia law penal code that includes death by stoning, the severing of limbs, and flogging for crimes in Brunei such as abortions, adultery, and same-sex sexual acts. None are exempted from the Sharia law regardless of the classes they are in and the laws only apply within Brunei's border. When the sultan made this announcement, George Clooney, Elton John, and Ellen DeGeneres called again for a boycott of all hotels associated with him.[36][37][38]
In protest, a United States national LGBT advocacy organization, the Gill Action Fund, canceled its reservation to hold a conference of major donors at the Beverly Hills Hotel and demanded a refund of its deposit. The hotel management responded by issuing a statement asserting that it does not discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation.[39] Fashion designers Brian Atwood and Peter Som subsequently called for wider protests, urging the fashion industry to boycott all of the hotels owned by the Dorchester Collection.[40]
In January 2013, the Royal College of General Practitioners designated the sultan the first Companion of the college for services to healthcare in Brunei and abroad.[41] In April 2019, the RCGP withdrew this honour in light of new LGBT laws supported by the sultan which are not in concert with the organisation's values.[42]
Due to the international condemnation of the legislation, Bolkiah announced that he would extend a moratorium on capital punishment for homosexuality and ratify the United Nations Convention Against Torture.[43][44][45]
Car collection controversy
The sultan once owned one of the largest private car collections in the world with about 2,500 cars[46] which his brother Jefri Bolkiah bought for himself, the sultan and other members of the royal family to entertain their car passion. The car collection and Prince Jefri's other indulgences cost billions of US dollars, and ultimately landed him in trouble and the royal family in financial crisis. The car collection was left abandoned; most of the non-garaged cars were beyond saving, the rest were auctioned.[47]
Personal life
The sultan married his first cousin and first wife, Princess Pengiran Anak Saleha, who later became the Raja Isteri (Queen). His former second wife, Mariam Abdul Aziz (the former Pengiran Isteri), was a former flight attendant for the national carrier, Royal Brunei Airlines. He divorced her in 2003, stripping her of all her royal titles. In August 2005, her place was taken by a former Malaysian TV3 presenter, Azrinaz Mazhar Hakim, who is 33 years younger than the sultan. They divorced in 2010, and as with Mariam Abdul Aziz, the sultan stripped her of all titles, honours, and monthly allowance.[48]
Prince Al-Muhtadee Billah is the current Pengiran Muda Mahkota ("crown prince") and the sultan's heir, as the eldest son of the sultan and Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha. As of 2012, Hassanal Bolkiah has five sons and seven daughters with his three wives. As of 2020, he also has 18 grandchildren.[49]
Issue
| Name | Birth / Death | Marriage | Their Children | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak (Queen Consort) Hajah Saleha (m. 1965–present) | ||||||
| Pengiran Anak Puteri (Princess) Hajah Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah | 26 July 1969 | Y.A.M Pengiran Maharaja Setia Laila Di-Raja Sahibul Irshad Pengiran Anak Haji ‘Abdul Rahim bin Pengiran Indera Mahkota Pengiran Anak Dr. Kemaluddin Al-Haj | Pengiran Anak Raheemah Sanaul Bolkiah (b. 28 December 1997) | |||
| Pengiran Anak Hariisah Widadul Bolqiah | ||||||
| Pengiran Anak 'Abdul Raqiib (b. 14 May 2002) | ||||||
| Pengiran Anak 'Abdul Haseeb (b. 14 January 2006) | ||||||
| Pengiran Anak Raqeeqah Raayatul Bolqiah (b. 16 December 2009) | ||||||
| Pengiran Anak Puteri (Princess) Hajah Muta-Wakkilah Hayatul Bolkiah | 12 October 1971 | |||||
| Pengiran Muda Mahkota Pengiran Muda Haji (Crown Prince) Al-Muhtadee Billah | 17 February 1974 | Y.T.M Paduka Seri Pengiran Anak Isteri Pengiran Anak Sarah binti Pengiran Haji Salleh Ab-Rahaman | Pengiran Muda Abdul Muntaqim (b. 17 March 2007) | |||
| Pengiran Anak Muneerah Madhul Bolkiah (b. 2 January 2011) | ||||||
| Pengiran Muda Muhammad Aiman (b. 7 June 2015) | ||||||
| Pengiran Anak Faathimah Az-Zahraa Raihaanul Bolkiah (b. 1 December 2017) | ||||||
| Pengiran Anak Puteri (Princess) Hajah Majeedah Nuurul Bolkiah | 16 March 1976 | Y.A.M. Pengiran Anak Khairul Khalil bin Pengiran Syed Haji Jaafari | Pengiran Anak 'Abdul Hafeez (b. 18 March 2008) | |||
| Pengiran Anak Raihaanah Hanaa-Ul Bolqiah (b. 6 January 2010) | ||||||
| Pengiran Anak Puteri (Princess) Hajah Hafizah Sururul Bolkiah | 12 March 1980 | Y.A.M. Pengiran Anak Haji Mohammad Ruzaini bin Pengiran Dr. Haji Mohammad Yakub | Pengiran Anak Muhammad Za'eem (b. 3 August 2013) | |||
| Pengiran Anak Muhammad 'Aamir (b. 13 February 2015) | ||||||
| Pengiran Anak 'Abdul Hakeem (b. 19 February 2018) | ||||||
| Pengiran Anak 'Abdul Aleem (b. 16 June 2020) | ||||||
| Pengiran Muda (Prince) Abdul Malik | 30 June 1983 | Y.A.M Pengiran Anak Isteri Pengiran Raabiatul Adawiyyah Binti Pengiran Haji Bolkiah | Pengiran Anak Muthee'ah Raayatul Bolqiah (b. 2 March 2016) | |||
| Pengiran Anak Fathiyyah Rafaahul Bolqiah (b. 10 March 2018) | ||||||
| Pengiran Anak Khaalishah Mishbaahul Bolqiah (b. 5 January 2020) | ||||||
| Hajah Mariam (m. 1982–2003; divorced) | ||||||
| Pengiran Muda (Prince) Haji Abdul Azim | 29 July 1982 - 24 October 2020 (aged 38) | |||||
| Pengiran Anak Puteri (Princess) Azemah Ni'matul Bolkiah | 26 September 1984 | Y.A.M Pengiran Muda Bahar bin D.Y.T.M Paduka Seri Pengiran Digadong Sahibul Mal Pengiran Muda Haji Jefri Bolkiah | ||||
| Pengiran Anak Puteri (Princess) Fadzillah Lubabul Bolkiah | 23 August 1985 | Y.A.M Pengiran Suami Abdullah Nabil Mahmoud Al-Hashimi | ||||
| Pengiran Muda (Prince) Abdul Mateen | 10 August 1991 | |||||
| Azrinaz Mazhar (m. 2005–2010; divorced)[48] | ||||||
| Pengiran Muda (Prince) Abdul Wakeel | 1 June 2006 | |||||
| Pengiran Anak Puteri (Princess) Ameerah Wardatul Bolkiah | 28 January 2008 | |||||
Titles, styles and honours
| Styles of The Sultan of Brunei | |
|---|---|
| Reference style | His Majesty |
| Spoken style | Your Majesty |
| Alternative style | Kebawah Duli Tuan Patik |
Full title
English:
"His Majesty Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu’izzaddin Waddaulah ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Haji Omar ‘Ali Saifuddien Sa’adul Khairi Waddien, Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam."[50]
Malay:
(Rumi): "Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu’izzaddin Waddaulah ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Haji Omar ‘Ali Saifuddien Sa’adul Khairi Waddien, Sultan dan Yang Di-Pertuan Negara Brunei Darussalam."[51]
(Jawi): "کباوه دولي يڠ مها موليا ڤادوک سري بݢندا سلطان حاج حسن البلقية معز الدين والدولة ابن المرحوم سلطان حاج عمر علي سيف الدين سعد الخير والدين، سلطان دان يڠ دڤرتوان نݢارا بروني دارالسلام."
Academic honours
The sultan received an honorary doctorate at the Moscow State University for International Relations (MGIMO), 2005.[52] He previously held an Honorary Doctor of Law degree from the University of Oxford, England, which was returned on 6 May 2019 following a letter from the University (but not revoked),[53] and an Honorary Doctor of Letters degree from the University of Aberdeen, Scotland, which was revoked on 17 April 2019.[54] He received an Honorary Doctorate from the Chulalongkorn University of Thailand. In 2003, he received an Honorary Doctorate Degree in Humanities and Culture from Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Yogyakarta, Indonesia.[55] On 27 January 2005, he was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws by the National University of Singapore.[56] On 14 April 2011, he was conferred the Honorary Doctorate of Law by King's College London.[57] The scroll for the honorary doctorate was presented by Lord Duoro, the chairman of the Council of King's College London. This honorary doctorate was rescinded in 2019 by the Fellowships and Hororary Degrees Committee at King's College London upon recommendation of the Chairman of King's College Council, The Rt Hon the Lord Geidt, in light of the sultan's willingness to inflict death by stoning and other penalties upon homosexuals in Brunei. He was awarded with an honorary doctorate in philosophy and humanities on 21 April 2011 from Universitas Indonesia.[58] On 23 March 2019, he was conferred the Honorary Doctorate Islamic Leadership from Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia.[59]
Military honours
The sultan holds an honorary commission in the Royal Air Force of the United Kingdom as an Air Chief Marshal.[60] He is also an Honorary Admiral of the Royal Navy and Honorary General of the British Army,[61] a title given to him by Queen Elizabeth II when he took the salute at the passing out parade of the 2001 summer term at Britannia Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, the Royal Navy's officer-training school in the United Kingdom. He has an English residence at Binfield Manor in Berkshire.
In April 2008, he was made an honorary member of the Indonesian Satgas Atbara Special Operations Unit. He holds the rank of Honorary Colonel Commandant of Pakistan's Special Service Group (SSG), awarded to him during his visit to the Pakistan Army's SSG headquarters at Cherat with effect from 3 Apr 2005.[62] He possesses red beret and paratrooper wings of the Black Hawk paratroopers, presented to him by the Indian Army during his state visit to India.
See also
References
- ^ Full name: Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Haji Omar 'Ali Saifuddien Sa'adul Khairi Waddien (Jawi: سلطان حاج حسن البلقية معز الدين والدولة ابن المرحوم سلطان حاج عمر علي سيف الدين سعد الخير والدين)
- ^ "World's second-longest reigning monarch, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah, marks golden jubilee in style". Times Now. 5 October 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
- ^ "Sultan of Brunei's Golden Jubilee celebrated with chariot parade". CNN. 5 October 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
- ^ Leifer, Michael (13 May 2013). Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia. Routledge. p. 76. ISBN 9781135129453.
- ^ Severino, Rodolfo C.; Thomson, Elspeth; Hong, Mark (2010). Southeast Asia in a New Era: Ten Countries, One Region in ASEAN. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-981-230-957-0.
- ^ Macmillan, Palgrave (28 February 2017). The Statesman's Yearbook 2017: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-68398-7.
- ^ "Sultan of Brunei Declares Himself Infallible". Hello!. 9 March 2006.
- ^ . The Government of Brunei Darussalam Official Website. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
- ^ "Country profile: Brunei". BBC News. 21 January 2010. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
- ^ "Sultan of Brunei reopens parliament". BBC News. 25 September 2004. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
- ^ "Brunei did not ban Christians from celebrating Christmas". TheMalayOnline. 25 December 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
- ^ . The Brunei Times. 25 December 2015. Archived from the original on 29 December 2015. Retrieved 25 December 2015.
- ^ "Former Miss USA sues Sultan of Brunei over sex". The Nation. 9 March 1997.
- ^ "Former Miss USA wants court to have jurisdiction over Brunei prince". Gadsden Times. 17 December 1997.
- ^ a b "Sultan denies he kept girl as slave". The Free Lance-Star. 5 March 1997.
- ^ "Media frenzy follows suit of ex-Miss USA". The Nation. 6 March 1997.
- ^ "Miss USA won't sue Sultan of Brunei". Moscow-Pullman Daily News. 4 June 1997.
- ^ Graves, David (19 March 1998). "Of Sultans and Swinging". The Age.
- ^ "Profligate Prince Jefri". Newsweek. 10 April 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
- ^ a b Landler, Mark (27 August 1998). "The Royal Treatment; Ruling Family Feuds as Oil Income Drops in Brunei". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
- ^ a b c d "A Scandal's Sting Eases in Brunei". BW Online. 17 November 2000. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
- ^ a b c d e . 8 November 2007. Archived from the original (RTF) on 5 April 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
- ^ a b Temko, Ned (29 July 2007). "Battle royal for riches of the Sultan". The Observer. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
- ^ Mitton, Roger (10 March 2000). . Asiaweek. 26 (9). Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
- ^ Stephen, Ignatius; Spillius, Alex (12 August 2001). "Prince Jefri's shame goes under the hammer". The Telegraph. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
- ^ a b Alderson, Andrew (14 June 2008). "Prince Jefri blames brother Sultan of Brunei for family feud". The Telegraph. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
- ^ Pierce, Andrew (7 March 2006). "Sultan's brother told to repay billions". The Times. London. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
- ^ "Brunei Darussalam country brief". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australian Government. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
- ^ Bolkiah & Ors v. The State of Brunei Darussalam & Anor (Brunei Darussalam) [2007] UKPC 63 (8 November 2007), Privy Council (on appeal from The Court of Appeal of Brunei Darussalam) Retrieved 9 November 2010.
- ^ Walsh, Dominic (28 July 2008). "New York Palace joins Dorchester stable". The Times. London. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
- ^ "Arrest warrant for Brunei prince". BBC News. 12 June 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- ^ (PDF). thomsonreuters.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
- ^ Hosenball, Mark (4 November 2010). . reuters.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2010. Retrieved 9 November 2010.
- ^ Stapleton, AnneClaire (30 March 2019). "Brunei's new anti-gay law goes into effect this week. Here's how the world is reacting". CNN. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
- ^ Tan, Yvette (3 April 2019). "Brunei implements stoning to death under new anti-LGBT laws". BBC News. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
- ^ Clooney, George (28 March 2019). "George Clooney: Boycott Sultan Of Brunei's Hotels Over Cruel Anti-Gay Laws". Deadline. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
- ^ "Elton John joins call for boycott of Brunei-owned hotels". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 31 March 2019. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
- ^ "Brunei anti-gay laws: Ellen posts desperate plea on Facebook". www.news.com.au. 2 April 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
- ^ "Beverly Hills Hotel Boycotted by LGBT Group Over Sultan of Brunei Ownership (Report)". The Hollywood Reporter. 19 April 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
- ^ "How A Stay At This Iconic Los Angeles Hotel Supports The Stoning To Death Of Gays In Brunei". Queerty. 22 April 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
- ^ . 18 January 2013. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
- ^ "RCGP update on Sultan of Brunei and 'Companion of the College' honour". www.rcgp.org.uk.
- ^ Westcott, Ben; Wright, Rebecca (6 May 2019). "Brunei backs down on gay sex death penalty after international backlash". CNN. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
- ^ "Brunei says it won't enforce death penalty for gay sex". BBC. 6 May 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
- ^ Chappell, Bill (6 May 2019). "Brunei Won't Enforce Death-By-Stoning Law For Gay Sex, Sultan Says". NPR. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
- ^ Colyar, Brock (22 July 2019). "Who Was Jeffrey Epstein Calling?". New York Magazine. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
- ^ Michael Sheehan (14 March 2011). "The Sultan Of Brunei's Rotting Supercar Collection | Gizmodo Australia". Gizmodo.com.au. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
- ^ a b "Brunei's sultan divorces Malaysian wife of 5 years".
- ^ . Archived from the original on 15 August 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
- ^ "Prime Minister". Prime Minister's Office of Brunei. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
- ^ "Perdana Menteri". Prime Minister's Office of Brunei. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
- ^ "H. Bolkiah, Sultan of Brunei". Klosi News. 21 February 2010. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
- ^ "Sultan of Brunei hands back his honorary degree". The Oxford Student. 23 May 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
- ^ "Sultan's honour revoked over LGBT laws". BBC. 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
- ^ . Radio Television Brunei. 10 April 2003. Archived from the original on 21 November 2007.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 6 January 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2007.
- ^ "Honorary doctorate for Sultan". The Brunei Times. 15 April 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2011.[permanent dead link]
- ^ . The Brunei Times. 17 April 2011. Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
- ^ "His Majesty conferred Honorary Doctorate by UiTM". Borneo Bulletin. 24 March 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
- ^ The Air Force List. HMSO. 2006. ISBN 0-11-773038-6.
- ^ Navy List
- ^ "Sultan of Brunei made honorary colonel". DAWN.COM. 20 May 2004. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
External links
- Government of Brunei
- Leppard, David. "Sultan caught in property feud", Times Online, 30 July 2006
- Kennedy, Dominic. "The prince, the lawyer and his wife lose out in court", The Times, 26 January 2007. article regarding Thomas Derbyshire and Faith Zaman losing appeal against freezing of assets in multimillion-dollar fraud case
- , Forbes.com
- Brunei's Battle Royal, Business Week
- Usborne, David. "Brotherly love runs out", 11 February 2006, about the sultan's legal fight with his brother; linked 17 February 2006