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T-90

January 09, 2023

"T90" redirects here. For other uses, see T90 (disambiguation).

The T-90 is a third-generation Russian main battle tank developed from the T-72. It uses a 125 mm 2A46 smoothbore main gun, the 1A45T fire-control system, an upgraded engine, and gunner's thermal sight. Standard protective measures include a blend of steel and composite armour, smoke grenade dischargers, Kontakt-5 explosive reactive armour (ERA) and the Shtora infrared anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) jamming system.

T-90
A Russian Army T-90A tank on display during the 2013 Moscow Victory Day Parade.
TypeMain battle tank
Place of originRussia
Service history
In service
  • From 1992 (T-90)
  • From 2004 (T-90A)
  • From 2016 (T-90M)
  • From 2017 (T-90MS)
Used bySee Operators
WarsWar of Dagestan[a]
Syrian Civil War
War in Donbas
2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war[1][2]
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
Production history
DesignerKartsev-Venediktov
ManufacturerUralvagonzavod, Heavy Vehicles Factory
Unit costUSD 2.5 million in 1999,[3] USD 2.77 – 4.25 million in 2011 (varies by source)[4]
T-90SM: USD 4.5 Million in 2016
Produced1992–present
No. built750–1,000 [5]
1,000 units of T-90S built in India under license
100 units of T-90S delivered to Egypt
200+ delivered to other countries
Specifications
Mass46 tonnes (45 long tons; 51 short tons) (T-90)
46.5 tonnes (45.8 long tons; 51.3 short tons) (T-90A)
48 tonnes (47 long tons; 53 short tons) (T-90SM)[6]
Length9.63 m (31 ft 7 in) 6.86 m (22 ft 6 in) (hull)
Width3.78 m (12 ft 5 in)
Height2.22 m (7 ft 3 in)
Crew3
ArmorSteel-composite-reactive blend APFSDS: 550 mm + 250–280 mm with Kontakt-5 = 800–830 mm
HEAT: 650–850 mm + 500–700 mm with Kontakt-5 = 1,150–1,550 mm[7][8]
Main
armament
2A46M 125 mm smoothbore gun with 43 rounds (T-90)
2A46M-2 125 mm smoothbore gun with 42 rounds (T-90A)
2A46M-5 125 mm smoothbore gun with 43 rounds (T-90M)
Secondary
armament
12.7mm Kord Heavy machine gun, 7.62mm PKMT
EngineV-84MS 12-cyl. diesel (T-90)
V-92S2 12-cyl. diesel (T-90A)
V-92S2F
840 hp (617 kW) for V-84MS 12-cyl. diesel engine
1000 hp (736 kW) for V-92S2 12-cyl. diesel engine (T-90A and T-90S)
1130 hp (831 kW) for V-92S2F (T-90M and T-90MS)
Power/weight18.2 hp/tonne (13.3 kW/tonne) (T-90)
21.5hp/tonne (15 kW/tonne) (T-90A)
SuspensionTorsion bar
Operational
range
550 km (340 mi) (without fuel drums)
Maximum speed 60 km/h (37 mph)[9] (T-90A and T-90MS)

The T-90 was designed and built by Uralvagonzavod, in Nizhny Tagil, Russia. It entered service with the Russian Army in 1992.

Development

The T-90 has its origins in a Soviet-era program aimed at developing a single replacement for the T-64, T-72 and T-80 series of main battle tanks. The T-72 platform was selected as the basis for the new generation of tank owing to its cost-effectiveness, simplicity and automotive qualities. The Kartsev-Venediktov Design Bureau from Nizhny Tagil was responsible for the design work and prepared two parallel proposals—the Object 188, which was a relatively simple upgrade of the existing T-72B tank (Object 184), and the far more advanced Object 187—only vaguely related to the T-72 series and incorporating major improvements to the hull and turret design, armor, powerplant and armament. Development work was approved in 1986 and the first prototypes were completed by 1988. The vehicles resulting from the Object 187 program have not been declassified to this date.[10]

The Object 188 was engineered by a team under V.N. Venediktov. The biggest change was the integration of the 1A45 fire-control system of the T-80U. The Object 188 was initially designated as the T-72BM. The first four of these were delivered for trials in January 1989. An improved variant (called the T-72BU) was delivered beginning in June 1990. In March 1991, the Soviet Ministry of Defense recommended that the Army adopt the Object 188. Work on the Object 187 was simultaneously stopped for unknown reasons.[11]

Production and service history

 
An early series T-90 with cast turret during a military exercise in Russia, demonstrating deep fording

Russian tank production dwindled in the years before and after the breakup of the Soviet Union. The Kharkov tank plant belonged to the newly independent Ukraine, the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant ended production in 1989, and Kirov in Leningrad in 1990. In the two remaining tank plants at Omsk and Nizhni-Tagil, state orders all but ceased in 1992. Around the same time, the Russian Ministry of Defense decided it would commit to eventually producing just one tank type.[12]

During the 1980s, the Soviet military had ordered T-64s, T-72s and T-80s, then in simultaneous production from rival tank design firms. Though all three tanks had similar characteristics, they each required different components, which contributed to the Army's logistical burden.[12] Though both Nizhni-Tagil's T-90 and Omsk's T-80U had their merits, the T-80's gas turbine engine was notorious for its high fuel consumption and poor reliability. Additionally, Russian T-80s suffered heavy losses in their first combat use during the First Chechen War. T-90s, which were not deployed to Chechnya, were spared media criticism in spite of the similarly poor performance of the T-72 in the same conflict.[13]

In January 1996, Colonel General Aleksandr Galkin, chief of the Main Armor Directorate of the Russian Ministry of Defense, said the Russian Armed Forces would phase out T-80 production in favor of the T-90 (Galkin reversed his position later that year, claiming the T-80U was a superior tank). Production of the T-80 at Omsk persisted until 2001, mainly for the export market.[13]

The principal upgrade in the T-90 is the incorporation of a slightly modified form of the T-80U's more sophisticated 1A45T Irtysh fire control system and an upgraded V-84MS multi-fuel engine developing 840 hp (618 kW).[14] The T-90 was manufactured at the Uralvagonzavod factory in Nizhny Tagil, with low-level production being carried out since 1992 and virtually ceasing towards the end of the 1990s for the native market. Around 120 T-90 tanks were delivered to the Russian Ground Forces before production of an upgraded version was resumed in 2004.[15]

By September 1995, some 107 T-90 tanks had been produced, located in the Siberian Military District.[16]

Facing tapering domestic orders, Uralvagonzavod received government approval to export the T-90 in the mid-1990s. The designers at Uralvagonzavod created a new, welded turret that offered improvements in protection and internal space in the same period. In 1997, India signaled interest in the T-90 in response to Pakistan's acquisition of 320 Ukrainian T-80UD tanks. India's Heavy Vehicles Factory in Avadi was already license-manufacturing the T-72 under the name "Ajeya".[17]

The first 42 complete Indian tanks were delivered in 2001 and were designated T-90S (Object 188S), still equipped with the older cast turrets of the early series[18] (this exhausted the remaining stocks of cast turrets warehoused at Nizhny Tagil) and powered by the V-84 engine making 840 hp (618 kW).[citation needed] In 2002, 82 vehicles were delivered, now equipped with the new welded turrets and the V-92S2 engine, generating 1,000 hp (735 kW). The initial contract stipulated the following batch of 186 tanks, now officially called Bhishma, to be completed in India from Russian-supplied kits, and then gradually replaced with domestically manufactured parts. Delays in domestic production compelled the Indian authorities to place an additional order for 127 complete vehicles from Uralvagonzavod.[19]

 
A Russian specification T-90A. The new welded turret with its angular geometry is clearly visible.

In 2005 the Russian army resumed delivery of the T-90, requesting the "original" specification for the vehicle with a cast turret. But with the new order numbering a paltry 14 tanks, and the large capital investment required to set up production of new cast turrets, the Russian Ministry of Defence agreed on a new configuration very close to the Indian T-90S, which was expeditiously accepted into service without any trials as the Object 188A1 or T-90A.[20] 2005 saw delivery of 18 new tanks – enough to equip approximately five tank platoons. These new Russian tanks were powered by the V-92S2 engine, carried a T01-K05 Buran-M gunner's sight (passive-active night-vision channel with an EPM-59G Mirage-K matrix and a maximum observation distance of 1,800 m) and were protected by the most recent Kontakt-5 reactive armor with 4S22 explosive tiles.

The years 2006–2007 saw the delivery of 31 T-90A tanks each, now fitted with entirely passive ESSA main gunner's sights supplied by Peleng in Belarus and using the 2nd-generation thermal camera Catherine-FC from Thales, and improved 4S23 ERA tiles. The joint venture established on the basis of JSC Volzhsky Optical and Mechanical Plant" (VOMZ) and Thales Optronics, produced Catherine-FC thermal imaging devices, which were further used to develop "ESSA", "PLISA" and "SOSNA-U" sighting systems produced for the Russian armoured vehicles, including T-72B3 tanks and export versions of T-90S (exported to India, Algeria and Azerbaijan). Since 2012, Russia was able to produce 3rd-generation Catherine-XP cameras based on QWIP matrix technology.[21]

In 2012, the Russian-made commander combined sample supervisory-sighting system "T01-K04DT/Agat-MDT" was presented to the public at the International Forum Engineering Technologies 2012. According to Krasnogorsky Zavod plant, Agat-MDT has the ability to install (for further modernization) in the sight the newly developed domestic UPF format 640×512 by 15 microns, which makes possible in the future to extend the range of target identification at night to 3.5–4.0 km without modifications to the sight.[22]

In 2016, the Krasnogorsk plant finished testing the Irbis-K night-vision sighting system for the T-80U and T-90, with first deliveries planned for 2017. Completion of the Irbis-K, the first Russian-produced mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) matrix thermal sight, addressed a disadvantage of Russian tanks relative to their Western counterparts. The Irbis-K can identify targets at ranges up to 3,240 meters during day and night.[23]

The Russian-made thermal imaging device not only meant that Russian tanks would no longer need to be equipped with foreign parts, but it also meant that complete tank modernization was cheaper. The new tank gunner’s heat-vision sight Irbis-K and the commander’s combined sighting and observation system Agat-MDT can be supplied to T-90 upgraded version (T-90M), replacing ESSA system with Catherine-FC thermal imager from Thales.

In 2007, there were about 334 T-90 tanks of various types serving in the Russian Ground Forces' 5th Guards Tank Division, stationed in the Siberian Military District, and seven T-90 tanks assigned to the marines.[24] Since 2008, the Russian army has received 62 tanks annually, suspending orders in 2011.

After the cancellation of the T-95 in 2010, Uralvagonzavod began the OKR Armata (Armament) design study. The study resulted in the Object 148 based on the T-95 (itself based on the Object 187). The Russian Army curtailed T-90 orders beginning in 2012 to prepare for the arrival of the new tank.[25][26] In July 2021, Industry and Trade Minister Denis Manturov said the tank, designated the T-14 Armata, will enter serial production in 2022.[27]

Deliveries of upgraded T-90M tanks started in April 2020 to the Guards Tank Army of the RF Western Military District. The T-90M ‘Proryv’ has received a principally new turret, the 2A46M-5 gun, and a more powerful engine. The Proryv is outfitted with a new multi-channel sighting system that allows employing weapons at any time of day or night and it can exchange data with other vehicles in real time.[28] A new batch was delivered in March 2021.[29] According to Ukrainian intelligence sources manufacturing of T-90s has slowed because of the effect of International sanctions since the start of the invasion of Ukraine.[30] New batches of T-90M tanks were delivered to Russian troops in May, August and December 2022.[31][32][33]

Videos of 22 newly produced T-90M tanks that are being deployed to combat in Lugansk oblast of Ukraine were uploaded by Russian telegram channels.[2][3]

Combat use

Russian service

An early variant of the export-oriented T-90S allegedly saw combat action during the 1999 Chechen invasion of Dagestan instead of being delivered to India. The tank's survivability against rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs) is disputed. Gordon L. Rottman writes that T-90s were "frequently" knocked out by three or four hits from a RPG-7. He adds that Chechens found a way to compromise T-90s fitted with explosive reactive armor: they would fire an RPG-7 from close range (within 50m) to destroy the armor, and then re-attack the exposed point with two or more RPG hits, again from close range.[34]

On the other hand, Moscow Defense Brief gives the example of one T-90 that remained in action despite being hit by seven RPGs. The journal concluded that with regular equipment, the upgraded T-90 seems to be the best protected Russian tank, especially with the implementation of Shtora-1 and Arena defensive systems.[28]

The T-90A was deployed to Syria in 2015 to support the Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War.[35]

In September 2020, a Russian T-90 was accidentally hit by an anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) during exercises held in Russia's Astrakhan region causing serious damage to the vehicle.[36]

Russo-Ukrainian War

 
A T-90A destroyed in the Zaporizhzhia Oblast

During the war in Donbas stage of the Russo-Ukrainian War in the summer of 2014, elements of the Russian 136th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade equipped with T-90A tanks conducting operations in Luhansk Oblast of Ukraine were identified in social media posts, and locations of their photographs georeferenced by open-source investigators.[37][38]

Russia lost many T-90s during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. During this conflict, the T-90 faced thousands of anti-tank missiles, including modern "top attack" missiles such as the American-produced FGM-148 Javelin and the Anglo-Swedish NLAW, which have been known to be able to defeat these tanks.[39][40] Russia developed a modern defense system called Arena, which is an active protection system (APS) developed for the purpose of protecting T-90 from destruction by anti-tank weapons, anti-tank guided missiles, and missiles with top attack warheads. But Arena has not appeared in the Ukraine war.[41]

Russian forces attempted to counter these top-attack missiles by adding improvised steel grilles—sometimes referred to as "cope cages"[42] due to skepticism from military analysts over their effectiveness—to the top of the turret.[43][44][45][46][47][48] This improvised armour adds weight to the tank, increases its visual profile, and makes it more difficult for the crew to escape from the tank.[49] Analysts have speculated that they may be potentially used as a countermeasure against RPG-7s fired from above during urban combat, loitering munitions, or against drone attacks, as a response to lessons learned from the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war.[50][51] The lack of uniformity of the makeshift cages made from different meshes and iron fences suggest that they are largely improvised by the tank crews, and are not standard issue.[52]

On May 4, 2022 in Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine, a T-90M Proryv-3 was destroyed in action, the first confirmed destroyed in the war.[53][54] The tank, which appeared near Kharkiv on 25 April, was destroyed by soldiers of the 127th Territorial Defence Brigade.[55][56] The Ministry of Defence of the United Kingdom, in its Defence Intelligence Update of 7 May, noted the tank's destruction: "T-90M tanks are currently in service amongst Russia's best-equipped units", and despite the T-90M's advanced features: "remain vulnerable if unsupported by other force elements."[39][40] As of 20 December 2022, the open-source intelligence site, Oryx has visually confirmed the loss of 36 Russian T-90s (28 T-90A: 15 destroyed, 1 abandoned, 12 captured and 8 T-90M: 2 destroyed, 2 damaged, 2 abandoned, 2 captured).[57][58] On September 18 in Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine, a T-90M was captured - the first confirmed in the war.[59][60] As of 4 December a second T-90M had been captured by the Ukrainian Army.[61] As of the 5th of January 2023, at least one T-90S export variant had been lost whilst in Russian service.[62]

Syrian service

In early February 2016, Syrian Army forces began using T-90As in combat.[63] A video was leaked on the internet which showed a T-90 survive a direct frontal turret hit by a TOW missile in Aleppo.[64] The Kontakt-5 reactive armor discharged the TOW warhead before impact.[63] Two Syrian Army operated T-90 were captured by HTS militias while ISIS fighters captured a third in November 2017. A rebel operated T-90 was recaptured by Syrian government forces while the second was reportedly destroyed in combat by a T-72. Another 5 Syrian Army operated T-90 tanks were destroyed or heavily damaged and other 4 suffered hits according to recorded material.[63]

Azerbaijani service

Azerbaijan used their T-90S tanks during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. One T-90 was damaged and captured by Armenian forces.[65][66] At least two were confirmed destroyed in the initial phases of the war, being the first ever proven total loss of the combat vehicle.[1][2]

Export

India

 
Indian Army T-90 Bhishma tanks take part in a military training exercise in the Thar Desert, Rajasthan. The tanks have two different turret armor arrays.
 
A T-90 Bhisma during combat exercise

In 2001, India purchased 310 T-90S tanks from Russia, of which 124 were delivered complete (42 featured the early cast turrets seen on Russian tanks) and 186 were to be assembled from kits delivered in various stages of completion with an emphasis on shifting production to domestic means. The T-90 was selected because it is a direct development of the T-72 that India already manufactured, simplifying training and maintenance. India opted to acquire the T-90 to counter Pakistani deployment of the Ukrainian-made T-80 tank in 1995–97.[67] These T-90S tanks were made by Uralvagonzavod and the engines were delivered by Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant. The Indian tanks however omit the Shtora-1 passive electronic countermeasure system which was deemed obsolete.

A follow-on contract, worth US$800 million, was signed in October 2006, for another 330 T-90S "Bhishma" MBTs that were to be manufactured in India by Heavy Vehicles Factory at Avadi, Tamil Nadu.

The T-90S Bhishma (named after the guardian warrior in the Mahabharata) is a vehicle tailored for Indian service, improving upon the T-90S, and developed with assistance from Russia and France. The tanks are equipped with the French Thales-built Catherine-FC thermal sights.[68] They use Russian Kontakt-5 explosive reactive armour,[69] in addition to the primary armor, which consists of laminated plates and ceramic layers with high-tensile properties. The new welded turrets first developed for the Indian T-90S Bhishma have more advanced armour protection than the early cast turrets.[70]

In 2021 the Indian army was looking to upgrade its T-90 tank fleet with locally built modular Active Protection, with both soft kill and hard kill systems, to update the tanks to modern standards.[71][72]

A third contract, worth $1.23 billion, was signed in December 2007 for 347 upgraded T-90Ms, most to be licence-assembled by HVF. The Army hoped to field a force of over 21 regiments of T-90 tanks and 40 regiments of modified T-72s. The Indian Army began receiving its first T-90M main battle tank in completely knocked-down form from Russia's Nizhny Tagil-based Uralvagonzavod JSC at the end of 2009.[73][74]

The T-90M features the 'Kaktus K-6' bolted explosive reactive armour (ERA) package on its frontal hull and turret-top (the T-90S has 'Kontakt-5' ERA), is fitted with an enhanced environmental control system supplied by Israel's Kinetics Ltd for providing cooled air to the fighting compartment, has additional internal volume for housing the cryogenic cooling systems for new-generation thermal imagers like the THALES-built Catherine-FC thermal imager (operating in the 8–12 micrometre bandwidth).[73] In all, India plans to have 2,080 T-90 tanks in service by 2020.

The first batch of 10 T-90Ms built under licence was inducted into the Indian army in August 2009. These vehicles were built at the Heavy Vehicles Factory at Avadi, Tamil Nadu.[75]

A ₹10,000 crore (US$1.3 billion) purchase of 354 new T-90SM tanks for six tank regiments for the China border was approved in 2012,[76] taking the total number of T-90 tanks in the Indian Army to 2011 and making India, with a total of nearly 4,500 tanks (T-90 and variants, T-72 and Arjun MBT) in active service, the world's third-largest operator of tanks.

India planned to have 21 T-90 tank regiments by 2020, with 45 combat tanks and 17 training and replacement tanks per regiment.[77] In November 2019, India announced that Heavy Vehicles Factory would produce 464 T-90S MBTs.[78]

Other

In 2005, deliveries began for an initial order of 185 tanks for Algeria. These are known as the T-90SA ("A" is an acronym for Algeria).

The Cyprus House Defence Committee approved funds in January 2009 for the purchase of 41 Russian-built T-90 tanks. The money was included as part of the 2009 defence budget. Cyprus already operates the Russian-made T-80 tank.[79] In March 2010 it was reported that Cyprus had opted for 41 additional T-80s instead of purchasing T-90s.[80]

Anonymous Venezuelan defence sources said that president Hugo Chavez "wants to replace his army's obsolete AMX-30 main battle tanks with between 50 and 100 Russian-built T-90 main battle tanks," according to an October 2008 article by analyst Jack Sweeney.[81] In September, 2009 a deal was announced for 92 T-72s only.[82] Saudi Arabia was reported, in July 2008, by Russian daily Kommersant to be in negotiations to buy 150 T-90 tanks.[83] Lebanese Defence Minister Elias El Murr met with Russian Defence Minister Anatoly Serdyukov in December 2008, when they discussed the possibility of a transfer of military equipment including T-90 tanks.[84][85]

In February 2010, an arms deal was signed between Libya and Russia. Details of the sale were not immediately released, but a Russian diplomat stated that Libya had wanted 20 fighter planes, air defence systems, and may also be interested in purchasing "several dozen" T-90s, and modernising a further 140 T-72s. However, after Libya's crackdown on anti-government protesters in early 2011, the United Nations enacted an international arms embargo on Libya resulting in the cancellation of Russian arms deals.[86][87]

In April 2013, Rosoboronexport requested for the entry of the T-90S in an upcoming tender by the Peruvian Army for main battle tanks.[88] Peru sought to acquire between 120 and 170 tanks to replace its aging T-55 tanks. The T-90 was tested against the M1A1 Abrams from the United States, the Leopard 2A4 offered from the Spanish Army, Leopard 2A6s formerly operated by the Dutch Army, and T-64s and T-84s offered by Ukraine. By September 2013, only the T-90S, the Russian T-80, the Ukrainian T-84, and American M1A1 were still competing.[89]

Vietnam and Iraq signed contracts for at least 150 T-90S/SK tanks in 2016.[90]

Design

Armament

 
A T-90A tank firing its main gun at Engineering Technologies 2012
 
The T-90 tank's main tank gun, the 2A46M 125 mm smoothbore tank gun
External video
  Autoloader animation on YouTube

The T-90's main armament is the 2A46M 125mm smoothbore tank gun. This is a highly modified version of the Sprut anti-tank gun, and is the same gun used as the main armament on the T-80-series tanks. It can be replaced without dismantling the inner turret and can fire armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot (APFSDS), high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT-FS), and high-explosive fragmentation (HE-FRAG) ammunition, and 9M119M Refleks anti-tank guided missiles. The Refleks has semi-automatic command to line of sight (SACLOS) laser beam riding guidance and a tandem shaped charge HEAT warhead. It has an effective range of 100 m to 6 km, and takes 17.5 seconds to reach maximum range. Refleks can penetrate about 950 millimetres (37 in) of steel rolled homogeneous armour (RHA) and can also engage low-flying air targets such as helicopters.[91]

The NSV 12.7mm (12.7×108) remotely controlled anti-aircraft heavy machine gun can be operated from within the tank by the commander and has a range of 2 km and a cyclic rate of fire of 700–800 rounds per minute with 300 rounds available (the NSV was replaced by the Kord heavy machine gun in the late 1990s). The PKMT 7.62mm (7.62×54mmR) coaxial machine gun weighs about 10.5 kg while the ammunition box carries 250 rounds (7,000 rounds carried) and weighs an additional 9.5 kg.[91]

Like other modern Russian tanks the 2A46M in the T-90 is fed by an automatic loader which removes the need for a manual loader in the tank and reduces the crew to 3 (commander, gunner, and driver). The autoloader can carry 22 ready-to-fire rounds in its carousel and can load a round in 5–8 seconds.[91] It has been suggested that the automatic loaders on modern T-90 tanks have been modified to take advantage of newer ammunition such as the 3BM-44M APFSDS, which like the US M829A3 penetrates armour better than the previous shorter rounds. HEAT rounds that can be fired from the 2A46M includes the 3BK21B (with a depleted uranium liner), 3BK29 (with a credited penetration of 800mm RHA equivalency), and the 3BK29M (with a Triple-tandem charge warhead). Additionally the T-90 features the Ainet fuse setting system which allows the tank to detonate 3OF26 HE-FRAG rounds at a specific distance from the tank as determined by the gunners laser rangefinder, improving its performance against helicopters and infantry.[92] Accurate firing range of the HE-Frag-FS 10 km, APFSDS 4 km.[93]

Fire-control system of the T-90 showed the following features of combat shooting during state testing. Heavily armoured targets at ranges of up to 5 km were hit by tank T-90 on the move (up to 30 km/h) with a high probability of hit with the first shot. During state testing made 24 launches of missiles at ranges of 4–5 km and they all hit the target (all missile launches were made by inexperienced professionals). An experienced gunner at speeds of 25 km/h hit 7 real armoured targets located at ranges of 1,500–2,500 m and 54sec.[94][95]

Fire-control system on the T-90 includes the PNK-4S/SR AGAT day and night sighting system mounted at the commanders station which allows for night time detection of a tank sized target at ranges between 700 and 1100 metres depending on the version of the sight. Early models of the T-90 were equipped with the TO1-KO1 BURAN sight but later models (T-90S) were upgraded to use the ESSA thermal imaging sight, which allows for accurate firing to a range of 5,000–8,000m using the CATHERINE-FC thermal camera produced by Thales Optronique. The gunner is also provided with the 1G46 day sighting system which includes a laser range finder, missile guidance channel and allows tank-sized targets to be detected and engaged at 5 to 8 kilometres (3.1 to 5.0 mi). The driver uses a TVN-5 day and night sight.[91] In 2010, Russia started licensed production of Thales-developed Catherine FC thermal cameras for T-90M tanks, a Russian daily said.[96] These thermal imagers are also present on T-90M "Bhishma" built in India under licence.[73]

In 2012, the Russian-made combined sample of commander supervisory-sighting system T01-K04DT/Agat-MDT was presented to the public. According to Krasnogorsky Zavod (plant), Agat-MDT has the ability to be installed (for further modernization) in the sight of the newly developed domestic UPF format 640×512 by 15 microns, which is possible in the future to extend the range of target identification at night to 3.5–4.0 km without sight modifications.[22] In 2016, the Krasnogorsk plant finished testing the Irbis-K night-vision gunner's sighting system for the T-80U and T-90, with first deliveries in 2018.[97] Completion of the Irbis-K, the first Russian-produced mercury-cadmium-telluride (MCT) matrix thermal sight, will bridge a gap with the leading NATO countries in this area. The Irbis-K can identify targets at ranges up to 3,240 meters during day and night.[23]

The Russian-made thermal imaging device not only meant that Russian tanks would no longer need to be equipped with foreign parts, but it also meant that complete tank modernization was cheaper. Furthermore, there will be no decrease in demand for the T-72 and the T-90 in the next few years. The new tank gunner’s heat-vision sight Irbis-K and the commander’s combined sighting and observation system Agat-MDT can be supplied to T-72, T-80 and T-90 upgraded versions (T-72B3M, T-80BVM, T-90M...), replacing the Thales Catherine-FC thermal camera.

Mobility

 
The T-90's diesel engine

The prime mover is the V-92S diesel engine, built in the ChTZ. Different models of the T-90 tank are powered by various motors in its initial models, like the V-84MS 618 kW (840 hp) four-stroke V-12 piston engine, uprated 1,000 hp (750 kW) engines and 1,250 hp (930 kW) engines made by Uralvagonzavod and are delivered by Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant. The Т-90S with 1,000 hp (750 kW) engine can attain a top speed of 60 km/h on the road and up to 45 km/h on rough terrain. The T-90 tank has a typical drivetrain arrangement, with a rear placed engine and transmission. The 1,000 hp (750 kW) engines are V-92 four stroke, 12 cylinder, multi-fuel diesel while the 1,250 hp (930 kW) engine is V-96. The T-90 export version i.e. modified T-90S is fitted with an increased power multi-fuel 1,000 hp (750 kW) diesel engine with turbochargers. The tank has an air conditioning system for work in hot places.[73]

Protection

 
A T-90A fitted with second generation Kontakt-5 ERA
 
A T-90S Bhishma of the Indian Army is fitted with a "two-tiered" protection system: the first tier is the composite armour in the turret, second tier is third generation Kontakt-5 ERA.

The T-90 has a "three-tiered" protection system. The first tier is the composite armour in the turret, consisting of basic armour shell with an insert of alternating layers of aluminum and plastics and a controlled deformation section.[91]

The second tier is third generation Kontakt-5 explosive reactive armour (ERA) bricks which degrade the penetrating power of kinetic-energy APFSDS ammunition. These bricks give the turret a distinctive angled "clam shell" appearance. ERA bricks are also located on the turret roof to protect against attacks from above. The turret's forward armour package, in addition to the ERA and steel plating, includes Russian composite armour sandwiched between upper and lower steel plates. Composite armour offers lower weight and better protection than steel-only armour.[91]

The third tier is a Shtora-1 (Russian: Штора-1 or "curtain" in English) countermeasures suite, produced by Elektromashina of Russia. This system includes two electro-optical/IR "dazzlers" (i.e. active infrared jammer) on the front of the turret (which gives the distinctive "Red Eyes"), four laser warning receivers, two 3D6 'smoke' grenade discharging systems and a computerised control system. The Shtora-1 warns the tank's crew when the tank has been 'painted' by a weapon-guidance laser and allows the crew to slew the turret to face the threat. The infrared jammer, the TShU1-7 EOCMDAS, jams the semi-automatic command to line of sight (SACLOS) guidance system used by some anti-tank guided missiles. The smoke grenades are automatically launched after Shtora detects that it has been painted. The smoke grenades are used to mask a tank from laser rangefinders and designators, and the optics of other weapon systems. Indian T-90S tanks are not equipped with the Shtora-1 countermeasures suite.[91] They will be equipped with the Land Electronic Defence System LEDS-150.

In addition to the passive and active protection systems, the T-90 is also fitted with nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) protection equipment, KMT mine sweeps and an automatic fire suppression system.[91] The EMT-7 electromagnetic-counter mine system can also be installed on the T-90.[98] EMT-7 emits an electromagnetic pulse to disable magnetic mines and disrupt electronics before the tank reaches them. The Nakidka signature reduction suite is also available for the T-90. Nakidka is designed to reduce the probabilities of an object to be detected by infrared, thermal, radar-thermal, and radar bands.[99]

During a reported test conducted by the Russian military in 1999 the T-90 was exposed to a variety of RPG, ATGM, and APFSDS munitions. When equipped with Kontakt-5 ERA, the T-90 could not be penetrated by any of the APFSDS or ATGM used during the trial and outperformed a T-80U which also took part.[100][101][unreliable source?] During combat operations in Dagestan, there were witness accounts of one T-90 sustaining seven hits from RPGs, and remaining in action.[102]

T-90M and T-90MS mounts the more advanced "Relikt" ERA.[103] Relikt defends against tandem warheads, while reducing the penetration of APFSDS rounds by over 50 percent.[104] It can be installed instead of Kontakt-1 or Kontakt-5.[105]

Estimated protection level comparison

Model ERA vs APFSDS[citation needed] vs HEAT[citation needed]
T-72M None 335–380 450–490
T-72M1 None 380–400 490
T-72A Kontakt-1 360–400 490–500
T-72B/T-72S (produced after 1985) Kontakt-1 400–500 500–550
T-72B (produced after[106] 1988)[107][108][109] Kontakt-5 690–800 940–1180
T-90[110] Kontakt-5 800–830[110] 1150–1350[110]
T-90A/T90-S Kontakt-5 ~870–910 ~1250–1450
T-90M/T-90MS Relikt 1100–1200 ~1900

The T-90A / T-90S turret uses a stronger steel alloy, giving an approximately 10–15% increase in the protection level given from the steel elements of the armor array; as the array from many aspects is not wholly steel, the overall increase in protection is less than this margin over these areas.[111][112] Protection values will decrease somewhat against Tandem HEAT or penetrators with precursor tips. These measures are not as effective against heavier, newer generations of E.R.A. such as Relikt.

Variants

 
T-90A Main Battle Tank competing in the 2013 Tank Biathlon
 
T-90A on the streets of Moscow
 
T-90M tank in parade
 
T-90MS Main Battle Tank at the 2013 Russian Arms Expo
  • T-90 (Object 188) – The first production version. Object 188 (1989), production 1992.[110] Also known as T-72BU. 46 tons.[113][114]
    • T-90K – Commander's version of the T-90, with additional communication (R-163-50K station) and navigation equipment (TNA-4-3).[115][unreliable source?][116]
    • T-90A – Russian army version with welded turret, V-92S2 engine and ESSA thermal viewer. Sometimes called T-90 Vladimir, in honor of its chief designer Vladimir Potkin.[117]
    • T-90AK – Command version of the T-90A.[118]
    • T-90M / AM ("Proryv-2") – Upgrade of T-90A which was later developed into the T-90MS. Featured a new turret developed in the "Proryv-2" program. Revealed in 2011. 48 tons. Not in service.[114][119]
    • T-90M / AM ("Proryv-3") – Heavily upgraded version of the T-90 similar to the T-90MS.[120][114] The main features include the modernisation of the old turret design, which is equipped with the new advanced fire control system "Kalina" (with integrated combat information and control systems), improved armor on the ammunition carousel, a new upgraded gun 2A46M-5, and a remote-controlled anti-aircraft gun "UDP T05BV-1". The new version also includes the Relikt ERA bricks instead of the Kontakt-5 ERA bricks.[121] Other improvements include a new 1130 hp V-92S2F[122] engine, an enhanced environmental control system, and satellite navigation systems. It also features an upgraded autoloader AZ-185M2 which allows for longer (and thus more effective) APFSDS ammunition. Much of the ammunition stored outside the autoloader has been moved from around the hull to the rear of the turret.[123]
  • T-90S – Export version of the T-90, later adopted by the Russian Armed Forces as the T-90A. These tanks were made by Uralvagonzavod and were updated with 1,000 hp (750 kW) engines made by Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant. These tanks carry an export version of the Shtora-1 passive/active protection system which lacks the infra-red dazzlers carried on the turret, however this area was covered with more Kontakt-5. These were initially supplied with cast turrets of the early T-90, and when stocks were depleted, new, welded turrets were fabricated.
    • T-90SK – Commander's version of the T-90S, with additional communication and navigation equipment. It differs in radio and navigation equipment and Ainet remote-detonation system for HEF rounds.[115][116][117]
  • T-90MS / T-90SM – Export variant of T-90AM ("Proryv-2"),[114] first time showed in Abu Dhabi IDEX-2013.[124] It is equipped with a 1,130 hp engine, a PNM Sosna-U gunner sight,[125] a UDP T05BV-1 RWS with a 7.62 mm machine gun, GLONASS, inertial navigation systems, new Relikt explosive reactive armour (ERA) that covers more of the tank,[126] and a steering wheel.[citation needed] A new removable turret bustle is included, which provides storage for eight additional rounds. The T-90MS is ready for serial production.[127] Four video cameras provide a 360° view of the environment, while the tank is more connected to command.[128] The T-90SM has an upgraded thermal imager that can detect tanks over 3,300 meters away. The same autoloader as the T-90M "Proryv-3" is used.[123]
Variants
  • IMR-3M: Combat engineer vehicle.[citation needed]
  • MTU-90: Bridge layer tank with MLC50 bridge.
  • UBIM (Universal Armored Engineering Vehicle): It was unveiled at the Army-2018 international arms show.[129]

Operators

 
Map of T-90 operators in blue [needs update]
 
T-90S "Bhishma" of the Indian Army
 
Armenian T-90 in Yerevan
 
T-90SA and T-72UMG. Celebrating the 20th year of independence in Turkmenistan.

Current operators

  •   Algeria: Operates a total of 572 tanks T-90SA, the first deal: 185 tanks, the second deal: 187 tanks,[130] and the third deal, numbering over 200 tanks delivered in December 2016.[131]
  •   Armenia: One T-90S won in Tank Biathlon. Delivered in May 2016. Russia later sent 10-30 T-90S units to Armenia as part of a CSTO agreement.[132]
  •   Azerbaijan: 200 T-90S tanks in service.[133] Some were lost in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war.[1][2]
  •   India: Currently operates approximately 1100 T-90S 'Bhishma' tanks, both built locally and delivered by Russia.[134] A total of 2078 T-90S 'Bhishma' which were procured in three separate orders.[130] Two batches (124 Russian built tanks and 186 tanks to be built in India in 2001 and a further 124 Russian built tanks and 223 tanks to be built in India in 2007) were purchased from Russia. Heavy Vehicle Factory (HVF) at Avadi has delivered 24 tanks in 2009–10; 51 in 2010–11; another 50–100 were supposed to be delivered in 2012. A further 1,000 were to be produced locally by 2020 under a deal in 2004. Of those, the first batch of 10 were 8 delivered in August 2009.[135][136] A ₹13,448 crore (US$1.9 billion) purchase of 464 new T-90MS tanks for 8 tank regiments for the China border has been approved and reportedly signed as of early November 2019.[76][137][138] The Indian Army has announced plans to procure driver's night sights based on uncooled thermal imaging technology for 1,400 of its T-90S tanks in order to permit full night operations.[citation needed]
  •   Iraq: 73 T-90S/SK tanks ordered in 2016. The first batch was reportedly followed by another in 2017. The total sum of the contract may exceed one billion U.S. dollars confirmed by Russian presidential aide Vladimir Kozhin.[139][140][141][142] Deliveries reportedly began in November 2017.[143][144] The first deliveries were confirmed in February 2018.[145] 75 tanks delivered as of June 2018.[146] Two more parties were delivered as of April 2019.[147]
  •   Russia: 417 T-90/T-90A and T-90M in active service. 200 T-90/T-90A and T-90M in storage.[148] In 2010, Uralvagonzavod received 18 billion rubles (US$294 million) to deliver 261 units until the end of 2010.[citation needed] All existing T-90 variants were planned to be modernised to T-90M from 2020 to 2025.[149] Deliveries and orders of modernized T-90M continue through 2022 even despite economic sanctions due to the Invasion in Ukraine.[32][150]
  •   Syria: The Syrian Army's 4th Mechanized Division deployed several T-90 tanks (both early and late models have been observed in theater) given by Russia to the Southern Aleppo front in November 2015.[151] Three were captured during the Syrian Civil War, two by HTS rebels and one by ISIS fighters. Another 10 were hit but repairable.[63] In 2017 The Russian Armed Forces delivered 40 T-90A tanks to Syria.[152]
  •   Turkmenistan: Ordered 10 T-90S tanks in 2010 for approximately $30 million. A follow-up order for an additional 30 tanks was later placed.[153]
  •   Uganda: 44 T-90S.[154][155][156]
  •   Ukraine: At least 12 T-90As and two T-90Ms have been captured by Ukrainian forces during the 2022 Russian invasion,[157][61] a number of which have been put into service by the Armed Forces of Ukraine.[158]
  •   Vietnam: 64 T-90S/SK in service.[159][139] The first batch of tanks was reported to have been shipped from Russia in early November 2017.[160] The first and last T-90S arrived in Vietnam in January and February 2019 respectively.[161][162][163]

Non-state operators

Future operators

  •   Egypt: In June 2020, Egypt signed a deal with Russia to acquire 500 T-90MS tanks, under a deal that would include local assembly and manufacture.[166][167]
  •   Kuwait: Looking to acquire 146 T-90MS tanks as replacement for M-84. Contract could be signed after being approved by the National Assembly.[168] Russian Presidential aide confirmed that Kuwaiti contract could be signed by the end of 2017,[needs update][169] but the acquisition was postponed in 2019.[170]

Failed bids

  •   Malaysia: The tank was in the tender for Malaysia, but they selected the Polish tank PT-91M in 2002.
  •   Pakistan: Planned to acquire 600 battle tanks and considered the T-90 but instead opted for the Chinese VT-4.[171][172][173]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Alleged by a Russian newspaper
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  12. ^ a b Zaloga 2018, pp. 4–5
  13. ^ a b Zaloga 2018, pp. 16–17
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References

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  • Zaloga, Steven J. (2018). T-90 Standard Tank. Osprey Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4728-1822-5.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to T-90.
  • T-90 MBT Military Today
  • T-90S Third-Generation Main battle tank, uralvagonzavod 2015-07-29 at the Wayback Machine
  • T-90MS Tagil(Military Today)
  • —Bharat Rakshak
  • , manufacturer's English-language home page (, )
  • The T-90 tank by the Federation of American Scientists
  • T-90S Main Battle Tank at the Armor Site
  • Main battle tank T-90 at GlobalSecurity.org
  • T-90 Main Battle Tank

January 09, 2023
redirects, here, other, uses, disambiguation, third, generation, russian, main, battle, tank, developed, from, uses, 2a46, smoothbore, main, 1a45t, fire, control, system, upgraded, engine, gunner, thermal, sight, standard, protective, measures, include, blend,. T90 redirects here For other uses see T90 disambiguation The T 90 is a third generation Russian main battle tank developed from the T 72 It uses a 125 mm 2A46 smoothbore main gun the 1A45T fire control system an upgraded engine and gunner s thermal sight Standard protective measures include a blend of steel and composite armour smoke grenade dischargers Kontakt 5 explosive reactive armour ERA and the Shtora infrared anti tank guided missile ATGM jamming system T 90A Russian Army T 90A tank on display during the 2013 Moscow Victory Day Parade TypeMain battle tankPlace of originRussiaService historyIn serviceFrom 1992 T 90 From 2004 T 90A From 2016 T 90M From 2017 T 90MS Used bySee OperatorsWarsWar of Dagestan a Syrian Civil WarWar in Donbas2020 Nagorno Karabakh war 1 2 2022 Russian invasion of UkraineProduction historyDesignerKartsev VenediktovManufacturerUralvagonzavod Heavy Vehicles FactoryUnit costUSD 2 5 million in 1999 3 USD 2 77 4 25 million in 2011 varies by source 4 T 90SM USD 4 5 Million in 2016Produced1992 presentNo built750 1 000 5 1 000 units of T 90S built in India under license 100 units of T 90S delivered to Egypt200 delivered to other countriesSpecificationsMass46 tonnes 45 long tons 51 short tons T 90 46 5 tonnes 45 8 long tons 51 3 short tons T 90A 48 tonnes 47 long tons 53 short tons T 90SM 6 Length9 63 m 31 ft 7 in 6 86 m 22 ft 6 in hull Width3 78 m 12 ft 5 in Height2 22 m 7 ft 3 in Crew3ArmorSteel composite reactive blend APFSDS 550 mm 250 280 mm with Kontakt 5 800 830 mmHEAT 650 850 mm 500 700 mm with Kontakt 5 1 150 1 550 mm 7 8 Mainarmament2A46M 125 mm smoothbore gun with 43 rounds T 90 2A46M 2 125 mm smoothbore gun with 42 rounds T 90A 2A46M 5 125 mm smoothbore gun with 43 rounds T 90M Secondaryarmament12 7mm Kord Heavy machine gun 7 62mm PKMTEngineV 84MS 12 cyl diesel T 90 V 92S2 12 cyl diesel T 90A V 92S2F840 hp 617 kW for V 84MS 12 cyl diesel engine1000 hp 736 kW for V 92S2 12 cyl diesel engine T 90A and T 90S 1130 hp 831 kW for V 92S2F T 90M and T 90MS Power weight18 2 hp tonne 13 3 kW tonne T 90 21 5hp tonne 15 kW tonne T 90A SuspensionTorsion barOperationalrange550 km 340 mi without fuel drums Maximum speed60 km h 37 mph 9 T 90A and T 90MS The T 90 was designed and built by Uralvagonzavod in Nizhny Tagil Russia It entered service with the Russian Army in 1992 Contents 1 Development 2 Production and service history 3 Combat use 3 1 Russian service 3 1 1 Russo Ukrainian War 3 2 Syrian service 3 3 Azerbaijani service 4 Export 4 1 India 4 2 Other 5 Design 5 1 Armament 5 2 Mobility 5 3 Protection 5 3 1 Estimated protection level comparison 6 Variants 7 Operators 7 1 Current operators 7 1 1 Non state operators 7 2 Future operators 7 3 Failed bids 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External linksDevelopment EditThe T 90 has its origins in a Soviet era program aimed at developing a single replacement for the T 64 T 72 and T 80 series of main battle tanks The T 72 platform was selected as the basis for the new generation of tank owing to its cost effectiveness simplicity and automotive qualities The Kartsev Venediktov Design Bureau from Nizhny Tagil was responsible for the design work and prepared two parallel proposals the Object 188 which was a relatively simple upgrade of the existing T 72B tank Object 184 and the far more advanced Object 187 only vaguely related to the T 72 series and incorporating major improvements to the hull and turret design armor powerplant and armament Development work was approved in 1986 and the first prototypes were completed by 1988 The vehicles resulting from the Object 187 program have not been declassified to this date 10 The Object 188 was engineered by a team under V N Venediktov The biggest change was the integration of the 1A45 fire control system of the T 80U The Object 188 was initially designated as the T 72BM The first four of these were delivered for trials in January 1989 An improved variant called the T 72BU was delivered beginning in June 1990 In March 1991 the Soviet Ministry of Defense recommended that the Army adopt the Object 188 Work on the Object 187 was simultaneously stopped for unknown reasons 11 Production and service history Edit An early series T 90 with cast turret during a military exercise in Russia demonstrating deep fording Russian tank production dwindled in the years before and after the breakup of the Soviet Union The Kharkov tank plant belonged to the newly independent Ukraine the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant ended production in 1989 and Kirov in Leningrad in 1990 In the two remaining tank plants at Omsk and Nizhni Tagil state orders all but ceased in 1992 Around the same time the Russian Ministry of Defense decided it would commit to eventually producing just one tank type 12 During the 1980s the Soviet military had ordered T 64s T 72s and T 80s then in simultaneous production from rival tank design firms Though all three tanks had similar characteristics they each required different components which contributed to the Army s logistical burden 12 Though both Nizhni Tagil s T 90 and Omsk s T 80U had their merits the T 80 s gas turbine engine was notorious for its high fuel consumption and poor reliability Additionally Russian T 80s suffered heavy losses in their first combat use during the First Chechen War T 90s which were not deployed to Chechnya were spared media criticism in spite of the similarly poor performance of the T 72 in the same conflict 13 In January 1996 Colonel General Aleksandr Galkin chief of the Main Armor Directorate of the Russian Ministry of Defense said the Russian Armed Forces would phase out T 80 production in favor of the T 90 Galkin reversed his position later that year claiming the T 80U was a superior tank Production of the T 80 at Omsk persisted until 2001 mainly for the export market 13 The principal upgrade in the T 90 is the incorporation of a slightly modified form of the T 80U s more sophisticated 1A45T Irtysh fire control system and an upgraded V 84MS multi fuel engine developing 840 hp 618 kW 14 The T 90 was manufactured at the Uralvagonzavod factory in Nizhny Tagil with low level production being carried out since 1992 and virtually ceasing towards the end of the 1990s for the native market Around 120 T 90 tanks were delivered to the Russian Ground Forces before production of an upgraded version was resumed in 2004 15 By September 1995 some 107 T 90 tanks had been produced located in the Siberian Military District 16 Facing tapering domestic orders Uralvagonzavod received government approval to export the T 90 in the mid 1990s The designers at Uralvagonzavod created a new welded turret that offered improvements in protection and internal space in the same period In 1997 India signaled interest in the T 90 in response to Pakistan s acquisition of 320 Ukrainian T 80UD tanks India s Heavy Vehicles Factory in Avadi was already license manufacturing the T 72 under the name Ajeya 17 The first 42 complete Indian tanks were delivered in 2001 and were designated T 90S Object 188S still equipped with the older cast turrets of the early series 18 this exhausted the remaining stocks of cast turrets warehoused at Nizhny Tagil and powered by the V 84 engine making 840 hp 618 kW citation needed In 2002 82 vehicles were delivered now equipped with the new welded turrets and the V 92S2 engine generating 1 000 hp 735 kW The initial contract stipulated the following batch of 186 tanks now officially called Bhishma to be completed in India from Russian supplied kits and then gradually replaced with domestically manufactured parts Delays in domestic production compelled the Indian authorities to place an additional order for 127 complete vehicles from Uralvagonzavod 19 A Russian specification T 90A The new welded turret with its angular geometry is clearly visible In 2005 the Russian army resumed delivery of the T 90 requesting the original specification for the vehicle with a cast turret But with the new order numbering a paltry 14 tanks and the large capital investment required to set up production of new cast turrets the Russian Ministry of Defence agreed on a new configuration very close to the Indian T 90S which was expeditiously accepted into service without any trials as the Object 188A1 or T 90A 20 2005 saw delivery of 18 new tanks enough to equip approximately five tank platoons These new Russian tanks were powered by the V 92S2 engine carried a T01 K05 Buran M gunner s sight passive active night vision channel with an EPM 59G Mirage K matrix and a maximum observation distance of 1 800 m and were protected by the most recent Kontakt 5 reactive armor with 4S22 explosive tiles The years 2006 2007 saw the delivery of 31 T 90A tanks each now fitted with entirely passive ESSA main gunner s sights supplied by Peleng in Belarus and using the 2nd generation thermal camera Catherine FC from Thales and improved 4S23 ERA tiles The joint venture established on the basis of JSC Volzhsky Optical and Mechanical Plant VOMZ and Thales Optronics produced Catherine FC thermal imaging devices which were further used to develop ESSA PLISA and SOSNA U sighting systems produced for the Russian armoured vehicles including T 72B3 tanks and export versions of T 90S exported to India Algeria and Azerbaijan Since 2012 Russia was able to produce 3rd generation Catherine XP cameras based on QWIP matrix technology 21 In 2012 the Russian made commander combined sample supervisory sighting system T01 K04DT Agat MDT was presented to the public at the International Forum Engineering Technologies 2012 According to Krasnogorsky Zavod plant Agat MDT has the ability to install for further modernization in the sight the newly developed domestic UPF format 640 512 by 15 microns which makes possible in the future to extend the range of target identification at night to 3 5 4 0 km without modifications to the sight 22 In 2016 the Krasnogorsk plant finished testing the Irbis K night vision sighting system for the T 80U and T 90 with first deliveries planned for 2017 Completion of the Irbis K the first Russian produced mercury cadmium telluride MCT matrix thermal sight addressed a disadvantage of Russian tanks relative to their Western counterparts The Irbis K can identify targets at ranges up to 3 240 meters during day and night 23 The Russian made thermal imaging device not only meant that Russian tanks would no longer need to be equipped with foreign parts but it also meant that complete tank modernization was cheaper The new tank gunner s heat vision sight Irbis K and the commander s combined sighting and observation system Agat MDT can be supplied to T 90 upgraded version T 90M replacing ESSA system with Catherine FC thermal imager from Thales In 2007 there were about 334 T 90 tanks of various types serving in the Russian Ground Forces 5th Guards Tank Division stationed in the Siberian Military District and seven T 90 tanks assigned to the marines 24 Since 2008 the Russian army has received 62 tanks annually suspending orders in 2011 After the cancellation of the T 95 in 2010 Uralvagonzavod began the OKR Armata Armament design study The study resulted in the Object 148 based on the T 95 itself based on the Object 187 The Russian Army curtailed T 90 orders beginning in 2012 to prepare for the arrival of the new tank 25 26 In July 2021 Industry and Trade Minister Denis Manturov said the tank designated the T 14 Armata will enter serial production in 2022 27 Deliveries of upgraded T 90M tanks started in April 2020 to the Guards Tank Army of the RF Western Military District The T 90M Proryv has received a principally new turret the 2A46M 5 gun and a more powerful engine The Proryv is outfitted with a new multi channel sighting system that allows employing weapons at any time of day or night and it can exchange data with other vehicles in real time 28 A new batch was delivered in March 2021 29 According to Ukrainian intelligence sources manufacturing of T 90s has slowed because of the effect of International sanctions since the start of the invasion of Ukraine 30 New batches of T 90M tanks were delivered to Russian troops in May August and December 2022 31 32 33 Videos of 22 newly produced T 90M tanks that are being deployed to combat in Lugansk oblast of Ukraine were uploaded by Russian telegram channels 2 3 Combat use EditRussian service Edit An early variant of the export oriented T 90S allegedly saw combat action during the 1999 Chechen invasion of Dagestan instead of being delivered to India The tank s survivability against rocket propelled grenades RPGs is disputed Gordon L Rottman writes that T 90s were frequently knocked out by three or four hits from a RPG 7 He adds that Chechens found a way to compromise T 90s fitted with explosive reactive armor they would fire an RPG 7 from close range within 50m to destroy the armor and then re attack the exposed point with two or more RPG hits again from close range 34 On the other hand Moscow Defense Brief gives the example of one T 90 that remained in action despite being hit by seven RPGs The journal concluded that with regular equipment the upgraded T 90 seems to be the best protected Russian tank especially with the implementation of Shtora 1 and Arena defensive systems 28 The T 90A was deployed to Syria in 2015 to support the Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War 35 In September 2020 a Russian T 90 was accidentally hit by an anti tank guided missile ATGM during exercises held in Russia s Astrakhan region causing serious damage to the vehicle 36 Russo Ukrainian War Edit A T 90A destroyed in the Zaporizhzhia Oblast During the war in Donbas stage of the Russo Ukrainian War in the summer of 2014 elements of the Russian 136th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade equipped with T 90A tanks conducting operations in Luhansk Oblast of Ukraine were identified in social media posts and locations of their photographs georeferenced by open source investigators 37 38 Russia lost many T 90s during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine During this conflict the T 90 faced thousands of anti tank missiles including modern top attack missiles such as the American produced FGM 148 Javelin and the Anglo Swedish NLAW which have been known to be able to defeat these tanks 39 40 Russia developed a modern defense system called Arena which is an active protection system APS developed for the purpose of protecting T 90 from destruction by anti tank weapons anti tank guided missiles and missiles with top attack warheads But Arena has not appeared in the Ukraine war 41 Russian forces attempted to counter these top attack missiles by adding improvised steel grilles sometimes referred to as cope cages 42 due to skepticism from military analysts over their effectiveness to the top of the turret 43 44 45 46 47 48 This improvised armour adds weight to the tank increases its visual profile and makes it more difficult for the crew to escape from the tank 49 Analysts have speculated that they may be potentially used as a countermeasure against RPG 7s fired from above during urban combat loitering munitions or against drone attacks as a response to lessons learned from the 2020 Nagorno Karabakh war 50 51 The lack of uniformity of the makeshift cages made from different meshes and iron fences suggest that they are largely improvised by the tank crews and are not standard issue 52 On May 4 2022 in Kharkiv Oblast Ukraine a T 90M Proryv 3 was destroyed in action the first confirmed destroyed in the war 53 54 The tank which appeared near Kharkiv on 25 April was destroyed by soldiers of the 127th Territorial Defence Brigade 55 56 The Ministry of Defence of the United Kingdom in its Defence Intelligence Update of 7 May noted the tank s destruction T 90M tanks are currently in service amongst Russia s best equipped units and despite the T 90M s advanced features remain vulnerable if unsupported by other force elements 39 40 As of 20 December 2022 the open source intelligence site Oryx has visually confirmed the loss of 36 Russian T 90s 28 T 90A 15 destroyed 1 abandoned 12 captured and 8 T 90M 2 destroyed 2 damaged 2 abandoned 2 captured 57 58 On September 18 in Kharkiv Oblast Ukraine a T 90M was captured the first confirmed in the war 59 60 As of 4 December a second T 90M had been captured by the Ukrainian Army 61 As of the 5th of January 2023 at least one T 90S export variant had been lost whilst in Russian service 62 Syrian service Edit In early February 2016 Syrian Army forces began using T 90As in combat 63 A video was leaked on the internet which showed a T 90 survive a direct frontal turret hit by a TOW missile in Aleppo 64 The Kontakt 5 reactive armor discharged the TOW warhead before impact 63 Two Syrian Army operated T 90 were captured by HTS militias while ISIS fighters captured a third in November 2017 A rebel operated T 90 was recaptured by Syrian government forces while the second was reportedly destroyed in combat by a T 72 Another 5 Syrian Army operated T 90 tanks were destroyed or heavily damaged and other 4 suffered hits according to recorded material 63 Azerbaijani service Edit Azerbaijan used their T 90S tanks during the 2020 Nagorno Karabakh conflict One T 90 was damaged and captured by Armenian forces 65 66 At least two were confirmed destroyed in the initial phases of the war being the first ever proven total loss of the combat vehicle 1 2 Export EditIndia Edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed December 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message Indian Army T 90 Bhishma tanks take part in a military training exercise in the Thar Desert Rajasthan The tanks have two different turret armor arrays A T 90 Bhisma during combat exercise In 2001 India purchased 310 T 90S tanks from Russia of which 124 were delivered complete 42 featured the early cast turrets seen on Russian tanks and 186 were to be assembled from kits delivered in various stages of completion with an emphasis on shifting production to domestic means The T 90 was selected because it is a direct development of the T 72 that India already manufactured simplifying training and maintenance India opted to acquire the T 90 to counter Pakistani deployment of the Ukrainian made T 80 tank in 1995 97 67 These T 90S tanks were made by Uralvagonzavod and the engines were delivered by Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant The Indian tanks however omit the Shtora 1 passive electronic countermeasure system which was deemed obsolete A follow on contract worth US 800 million was signed in October 2006 for another 330 T 90S Bhishma MBTs that were to be manufactured in India by Heavy Vehicles Factory at Avadi Tamil Nadu The T 90S Bhishma named after the guardian warrior in the Mahabharata is a vehicle tailored for Indian service improving upon the T 90S and developed with assistance from Russia and France The tanks are equipped with the French Thales built Catherine FC thermal sights 68 They use Russian Kontakt 5 explosive reactive armour 69 in addition to the primary armor which consists of laminated plates and ceramic layers with high tensile properties The new welded turrets first developed for the Indian T 90S Bhishma have more advanced armour protection than the early cast turrets 70 In 2021 the Indian army was looking to upgrade its T 90 tank fleet with locally built modular Active Protection with both soft kill and hard kill systems to update the tanks to modern standards 71 72 A third contract worth 1 23 billion was signed in December 2007 for 347 upgraded T 90Ms most to be licence assembled by HVF The Army hoped to field a force of over 21 regiments of T 90 tanks and 40 regiments of modified T 72s The Indian Army began receiving its first T 90M main battle tank in completely knocked down form from Russia s Nizhny Tagil based Uralvagonzavod JSC at the end of 2009 73 74 The T 90M features the Kaktus K 6 bolted explosive reactive armour ERA package on its frontal hull and turret top the T 90S has Kontakt 5 ERA is fitted with an enhanced environmental control system supplied by Israel s Kinetics Ltd for providing cooled air to the fighting compartment has additional internal volume for housing the cryogenic cooling systems for new generation thermal imagers like the THALES built Catherine FC thermal imager operating in the 8 12 micrometre bandwidth 73 In all India plans to have 2 080 T 90 tanks in service by 2020 The first batch of 10 T 90Ms built under licence was inducted into the Indian army in August 2009 These vehicles were built at the Heavy Vehicles Factory at Avadi Tamil Nadu 75 A 10 000 crore US 1 3 billion purchase of 354 new T 90SM tanks for six tank regiments for the China border was approved in 2012 76 taking the total number of T 90 tanks in the Indian Army to 2011 and making India with a total of nearly 4 500 tanks T 90 and variants T 72 and Arjun MBT in active service the world s third largest operator of tanks India planned to have 21 T 90 tank regiments by 2020 with 45 combat tanks and 17 training and replacement tanks per regiment 77 In November 2019 India announced that Heavy Vehicles Factory would produce 464 T 90S MBTs 78 Other Edit In 2005 deliveries began for an initial order of 185 tanks for Algeria These are known as the T 90SA A is an acronym for Algeria The Cyprus House Defence Committee approved funds in January 2009 for the purchase of 41 Russian built T 90 tanks The money was included as part of the 2009 defence budget Cyprus already operates the Russian made T 80 tank 79 In March 2010 it was reported that Cyprus had opted for 41 additional T 80s instead of purchasing T 90s 80 Anonymous Venezuelan defence sources said that president Hugo Chavez wants to replace his army s obsolete AMX 30 main battle tanks with between 50 and 100 Russian built T 90 main battle tanks according to an October 2008 article by analyst Jack Sweeney 81 In September 2009 a deal was announced for 92 T 72s only 82 Saudi Arabia was reported in July 2008 by Russian daily Kommersant to be in negotiations to buy 150 T 90 tanks 83 Lebanese Defence Minister Elias El Murr met with Russian Defence Minister Anatoly Serdyukov in December 2008 when they discussed the possibility of a transfer of military equipment including T 90 tanks 84 85 In February 2010 an arms deal was signed between Libya and Russia Details of the sale were not immediately released but a Russian diplomat stated that Libya had wanted 20 fighter planes air defence systems and may also be interested in purchasing several dozen T 90s and modernising a further 140 T 72s However after Libya s crackdown on anti government protesters in early 2011 the United Nations enacted an international arms embargo on Libya resulting in the cancellation of Russian arms deals 86 87 In April 2013 Rosoboronexport requested for the entry of the T 90S in an upcoming tender by the Peruvian Army for main battle tanks 88 Peru sought to acquire between 120 and 170 tanks to replace its aging T 55 tanks The T 90 was tested against the M1A1 Abrams from the United States the Leopard 2A4 offered from the Spanish Army Leopard 2A6s formerly operated by the Dutch Army and T 64s and T 84s offered by Ukraine By September 2013 only the T 90S the Russian T 80 the Ukrainian T 84 and American M1A1 were still competing 89 Vietnam and Iraq signed contracts for at least 150 T 90S SK tanks in 2016 90 Design EditArmament Edit A T 90A tank firing its main gun at Engineering Technologies 2012 The T 90 tank s main tank gun the 2A46M 125 mm smoothbore tank gun External video Autoloader animation on YouTubeThe T 90 s main armament is the 2A46M 125mm smoothbore tank gun This is a highly modified version of the Sprut anti tank gun and is the same gun used as the main armament on the T 80 series tanks It can be replaced without dismantling the inner turret and can fire armour piercing fin stabilized discarding sabot APFSDS high explosive anti tank HEAT FS and high explosive fragmentation HE FRAG ammunition and 9M119M Refleks anti tank guided missiles The Refleks has semi automatic command to line of sight SACLOS laser beam riding guidance and a tandem shaped charge HEAT warhead It has an effective range of 100 m to 6 km and takes 17 5 seconds to reach maximum range Refleks can penetrate about 950 millimetres 37 in of steel rolled homogeneous armour RHA and can also engage low flying air targets such as helicopters 91 The NSV 12 7mm 12 7 108 remotely controlled anti aircraft heavy machine gun can be operated from within the tank by the commander and has a range of 2 km and a cyclic rate of fire of 700 800 rounds per minute with 300 rounds available the NSV was replaced by the Kord heavy machine gun in the late 1990s The PKMT 7 62mm 7 62 54mmR coaxial machine gun weighs about 10 5 kg while the ammunition box carries 250 rounds 7 000 rounds carried and weighs an additional 9 5 kg 91 Like other modern Russian tanks the 2A46M in the T 90 is fed by an automatic loader which removes the need for a manual loader in the tank and reduces the crew to 3 commander gunner and driver The autoloader can carry 22 ready to fire rounds in its carousel and can load a round in 5 8 seconds 91 It has been suggested that the automatic loaders on modern T 90 tanks have been modified to take advantage of newer ammunition such as the 3BM 44M APFSDS which like the US M829A3 penetrates armour better than the previous shorter rounds HEAT rounds that can be fired from the 2A46M includes the 3BK21B with a depleted uranium liner 3BK29 with a credited penetration of 800mm RHA equivalency and the 3BK29M with a Triple tandem charge warhead Additionally the T 90 features the Ainet fuse setting system which allows the tank to detonate 3OF26 HE FRAG rounds at a specific distance from the tank as determined by the gunners laser rangefinder improving its performance against helicopters and infantry 92 Accurate firing range of the HE Frag FS 10 km APFSDS 4 km 93 Fire control system of the T 90 showed the following features of combat shooting during state testing Heavily armoured targets at ranges of up to 5 km were hit by tank T 90 on the move up to 30 km h with a high probability of hit with the first shot During state testing made 24 launches of missiles at ranges of 4 5 km and they all hit the target all missile launches were made by inexperienced professionals An experienced gunner at speeds of 25 km h hit 7 real armoured targets located at ranges of 1 500 2 500 m and 54sec 94 95 Fire control system on the T 90 includes the PNK 4S SR AGAT day and night sighting system mounted at the commanders station which allows for night time detection of a tank sized target at ranges between 700 and 1100 metres depending on the version of the sight Early models of the T 90 were equipped with the TO1 KO1 BURAN sight but later models T 90S were upgraded to use the ESSA thermal imaging sight which allows for accurate firing to a range of 5 000 8 000m using the CATHERINE FC thermal camera produced by Thales Optronique The gunner is also provided with the 1G46 day sighting system which includes a laser range finder missile guidance channel and allows tank sized targets to be detected and engaged at 5 to 8 kilometres 3 1 to 5 0 mi The driver uses a TVN 5 day and night sight 91 In 2010 Russia started licensed production of Thales developed Catherine FC thermal cameras for T 90M tanks a Russian daily said 96 These thermal imagers are also present on T 90M Bhishma built in India under licence 73 In 2012 the Russian made combined sample of commander supervisory sighting system T01 K04DT Agat MDT was presented to the public According to Krasnogorsky Zavod plant Agat MDT has the ability to be installed for further modernization in the sight of the newly developed domestic UPF format 640 512 by 15 microns which is possible in the future to extend the range of target identification at night to 3 5 4 0 km without sight modifications 22 In 2016 the Krasnogorsk plant finished testing the Irbis K night vision gunner s sighting system for the T 80U and T 90 with first deliveries in 2018 97 Completion of the Irbis K the first Russian produced mercury cadmium telluride MCT matrix thermal sight will bridge a gap with the leading NATO countries in this area The Irbis K can identify targets at ranges up to 3 240 meters during day and night 23 The Russian made thermal imaging device not only meant that Russian tanks would no longer need to be equipped with foreign parts but it also meant that complete tank modernization was cheaper Furthermore there will be no decrease in demand for the T 72 and the T 90 in the next few years The new tank gunner s heat vision sight Irbis K and the commander s combined sighting and observation system Agat MDT can be supplied to T 72 T 80 and T 90 upgraded versions T 72B3M T 80BVM T 90M replacing the Thales Catherine FC thermal camera Mobility Edit The T 90 s diesel engine The prime mover is the V 92S diesel engine built in the ChTZ Different models of the T 90 tank are powered by various motors in its initial models like the V 84MS 618 kW 840 hp four stroke V 12 piston engine uprated 1 000 hp 750 kW engines and 1 250 hp 930 kW engines made by Uralvagonzavod and are delivered by Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant The T 90S with 1 000 hp 750 kW engine can attain a top speed of 60 km h on the road and up to 45 km h on rough terrain The T 90 tank has a typical drivetrain arrangement with a rear placed engine and transmission The 1 000 hp 750 kW engines are V 92 four stroke 12 cylinder multi fuel diesel while the 1 250 hp 930 kW engine is V 96 The T 90 export version i e modified T 90S is fitted with an increased power multi fuel 1 000 hp 750 kW diesel engine with turbochargers The tank has an air conditioning system for work in hot places 73 Protection Edit A T 90A fitted with second generation Kontakt 5 ERA A T 90S Bhishma of the Indian Army is fitted with a two tiered protection system the first tier is the composite armour in the turret second tier is third generation Kontakt 5 ERA The T 90 has a three tiered protection system The first tier is the composite armour in the turret consisting of basic armour shell with an insert of alternating layers of aluminum and plastics and a controlled deformation section 91 The second tier is third generation Kontakt 5 explosive reactive armour ERA bricks which degrade the penetrating power of kinetic energy APFSDS ammunition These bricks give the turret a distinctive angled clam shell appearance ERA bricks are also located on the turret roof to protect against attacks from above The turret s forward armour package in addition to the ERA and steel plating includes Russian composite armour sandwiched between upper and lower steel plates Composite armour offers lower weight and better protection than steel only armour 91 The third tier is a Shtora 1 Russian Shtora 1 or curtain in English countermeasures suite produced by Elektromashina of Russia This system includes two electro optical IR dazzlers i e active infrared jammer on the front of the turret which gives the distinctive Red Eyes four laser warning receivers two 3D6 smoke grenade discharging systems and a computerised control system The Shtora 1 warns the tank s crew when the tank has been painted by a weapon guidance laser and allows the crew to slew the turret to face the threat The infrared jammer the TShU1 7 EOCMDAS jams the semi automatic command to line of sight SACLOS guidance system used by some anti tank guided missiles The smoke grenades are automatically launched after Shtora detects that it has been painted The smoke grenades are used to mask a tank from laser rangefinders and designators and the optics of other weapon systems Indian T 90S tanks are not equipped with the Shtora 1 countermeasures suite 91 They will be equipped with the Land Electronic Defence System LEDS 150 In addition to the passive and active protection systems the T 90 is also fitted with nuclear biological and chemical NBC protection equipment KMT mine sweeps and an automatic fire suppression system 91 The EMT 7 electromagnetic counter mine system can also be installed on the T 90 98 EMT 7 emits an electromagnetic pulse to disable magnetic mines and disrupt electronics before the tank reaches them The Nakidka signature reduction suite is also available for the T 90 Nakidka is designed to reduce the probabilities of an object to be detected by infrared thermal radar thermal and radar bands 99 During a reported test conducted by the Russian military in 1999 the T 90 was exposed to a variety of RPG ATGM and APFSDS munitions When equipped with Kontakt 5 ERA the T 90 could not be penetrated by any of the APFSDS or ATGM used during the trial and outperformed a T 80U which also took part 100 101 unreliable source During combat operations in Dagestan there were witness accounts of one T 90 sustaining seven hits from RPGs and remaining in action 102 T 90M and T 90MS mounts the more advanced Relikt ERA 103 Relikt defends against tandem warheads while reducing the penetration of APFSDS rounds by over 50 percent 104 It can be installed instead of Kontakt 1 or Kontakt 5 105 Estimated protection level comparison Edit Model ERA vs APFSDS citation needed vs HEAT citation needed T 72M None 335 380 450 490T 72M1 None 380 400 490T 72A Kontakt 1 360 400 490 500T 72B T 72S produced after 1985 Kontakt 1 400 500 500 550T 72B produced after 106 1988 107 108 109 Kontakt 5 690 800 940 1180T 90 110 Kontakt 5 800 830 110 1150 1350 110 T 90A T90 S Kontakt 5 870 910 1250 1450T 90M T 90MS Relikt 1100 1200 1900The T 90A T 90S turret uses a stronger steel alloy giving an approximately 10 15 increase in the protection level given from the steel elements of the armor array as the array from many aspects is not wholly steel the overall increase in protection is less than this margin over these areas 111 112 Protection values will decrease somewhat against Tandem HEAT or penetrators with precursor tips These measures are not as effective against heavier newer generations of E R A such as Relikt Variants Edit T 90A Main Battle Tank competing in the 2013 Tank Biathlon T 90A on the streets of Moscow T 90M tank in parade T 90MS Main Battle Tank at the 2013 Russian Arms Expo T 90 Object 188 The first production version Object 188 1989 production 1992 110 Also known as T 72BU 46 tons 113 114 T 90K Commander s version of the T 90 with additional communication R 163 50K station and navigation equipment TNA 4 3 115 unreliable source 116 T 90A Russian army version with welded turret V 92S2 engine and ESSA thermal viewer Sometimes called T 90 Vladimir in honor of its chief designer Vladimir Potkin 117 T 90AK Command version of the T 90A 118 T 90M AM Proryv 2 Upgrade of T 90A which was later developed into the T 90MS Featured a new turret developed in the Proryv 2 program Revealed in 2011 48 tons Not in service 114 119 T 90M AM Proryv 3 Heavily upgraded version of the T 90 similar to the T 90MS 120 114 The main features include the modernisation of the old turret design which is equipped with the new advanced fire control system Kalina with integrated combat information and control systems improved armor on the ammunition carousel a new upgraded gun 2A46M 5 and a remote controlled anti aircraft gun UDP T05BV 1 The new version also includes the Relikt ERA bricks instead of the Kontakt 5 ERA bricks 121 Other improvements include a new 1130 hp V 92S2F 122 engine an enhanced environmental control system and satellite navigation systems It also features an upgraded autoloader AZ 185M2 which allows for longer and thus more effective APFSDS ammunition Much of the ammunition stored outside the autoloader has been moved from around the hull to the rear of the turret 123 T 90S Export version of the T 90 later adopted by the Russian Armed Forces as the T 90A These tanks were made by Uralvagonzavod and were updated with 1 000 hp 750 kW engines made by Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant These tanks carry an export version of the Shtora 1 passive active protection system which lacks the infra red dazzlers carried on the turret however this area was covered with more Kontakt 5 These were initially supplied with cast turrets of the early T 90 and when stocks were depleted new welded turrets were fabricated T 90SK Commander s version of the T 90S with additional communication and navigation equipment It differs in radio and navigation equipment and Ainet remote detonation system for HEF rounds 115 116 117 T 90MS T 90SM Export variant of T 90AM Proryv 2 114 first time showed in Abu Dhabi IDEX 2013 124 It is equipped with a 1 130 hp engine a PNM Sosna U gunner sight 125 a UDP T05BV 1 RWS with a 7 62 mm machine gun GLONASS inertial navigation systems new Relikt explosive reactive armour ERA that covers more of the tank 126 and a steering wheel citation needed A new removable turret bustle is included which provides storage for eight additional rounds The T 90MS is ready for serial production 127 Four video cameras provide a 360 view of the environment while the tank is more connected to command 128 The T 90SM has an upgraded thermal imager that can detect tanks over 3 300 meters away The same autoloader as the T 90M Proryv 3 is used 123 VariantsIMR 3M Combat engineer vehicle citation needed MTU 90 Bridge layer tank with MLC50 bridge UBIM Universal Armored Engineering Vehicle It was unveiled at the Army 2018 international arms show 129 Operators Edit Map of T 90 operators in blue needs update T 90S Bhishma of the Indian Army Armenian T 90 in Yerevan T 90SA and T 72UMG Celebrating the 20th year of independence in Turkmenistan Current operators Edit Algeria Operates a total of 572 tanks T 90SA the first deal 185 tanks the second deal 187 tanks 130 and the third deal numbering over 200 tanks delivered in December 2016 131 Armenia One T 90S won in Tank Biathlon Delivered in May 2016 Russia later sent 10 30 T 90S units to Armenia as part of a CSTO agreement 132 Azerbaijan 200 T 90S tanks in service 133 Some were lost in the 2020 Nagorno Karabakh war 1 2 India Currently operates approximately 1100 T 90S Bhishma tanks both built locally and delivered by Russia 134 A total of 2078 T 90S Bhishma which were procured in three separate orders 130 Two batches 124 Russian built tanks and 186 tanks to be built in India in 2001 and a further 124 Russian built tanks and 223 tanks to be built in India in 2007 were purchased from Russia Heavy Vehicle Factory HVF at Avadi has delivered 24 tanks in 2009 10 51 in 2010 11 another 50 100 were supposed to be delivered in 2012 A further 1 000 were to be produced locally by 2020 under a deal in 2004 Of those the first batch of 10 were 8 delivered in August 2009 135 136 A 13 448 crore US 1 9 billion purchase of 464 new T 90MS tanks for 8 tank regiments for the China border has been approved and reportedly signed as of early November 2019 76 137 138 The Indian Army has announced plans to procure driver s night sights based on uncooled thermal imaging technology for 1 400 of its T 90S tanks in order to permit full night operations citation needed Iraq 73 T 90S SK tanks ordered in 2016 The first batch was reportedly followed by another in 2017 The total sum of the contract may exceed one billion U S dollars confirmed by Russian presidential aide Vladimir Kozhin 139 140 141 142 Deliveries reportedly began in November 2017 143 144 The first deliveries were confirmed in February 2018 145 75 tanks delivered as of June 2018 146 Two more parties were delivered as of April 2019 147 Russia 417 T 90 T 90A and T 90M in active service 200 T 90 T 90A and T 90M in storage 148 In 2010 Uralvagonzavod received 18 billion rubles US 294 million to deliver 261 units until the end of 2010 citation needed All existing T 90 variants were planned to be modernised to T 90M from 2020 to 2025 149 Deliveries and orders of modernized T 90M continue through 2022 even despite economic sanctions due to the Invasion in Ukraine 32 150 Syria The Syrian Army s 4th Mechanized Division deployed several T 90 tanks both early and late models have been observed in theater given by Russia to the Southern Aleppo front in November 2015 151 Three were captured during the Syrian Civil War two by HTS rebels and one by ISIS fighters Another 10 were hit but repairable 63 In 2017 The Russian Armed Forces delivered 40 T 90A tanks to Syria 152 Turkmenistan Ordered 10 T 90S tanks in 2010 for approximately 30 million A follow up order for an additional 30 tanks was later placed 153 Uganda 44 T 90S 154 155 156 Ukraine At least 12 T 90As and two T 90Ms have been captured by Ukrainian forces during the 2022 Russian invasion 157 61 a number of which have been put into service by the Armed Forces of Ukraine 158 Vietnam 64 T 90S SK in service 159 139 The first batch of tanks was reported to have been shipped from Russia in early November 2017 160 The first and last T 90S arrived in Vietnam in January and February 2019 respectively 161 162 163 Non state operators Edit Tahrir al Sham At least one captured from the Syrian Army 164 better source needed Wagner Group 2022 in Ukraine 165 Future operators Edit Egypt In June 2020 Egypt signed a deal with Russia to acquire 500 T 90MS tanks under a deal that would include local assembly and manufacture 166 167 Kuwait Looking to acquire 146 T 90MS tanks as replacement for M 84 Contract could be signed after being approved by the National Assembly 168 Russian Presidential aide confirmed that Kuwaiti contract could be signed by the end of 2017 needs update 169 but the acquisition was postponed in 2019 170 Failed bids Edit Malaysia The tank was in the tender for Malaysia but they selected the Polish tank PT 91M in 2002 Pakistan Planned to acquire 600 battle tanks and considered the T 90 but instead opted for the Chinese VT 4 171 172 173 See also Edit Tanks portalList of main battle tanks by generationNotes Edit Alleged by a Russian newspaper a b c Pervyj sluchaj unichtozheniya tanka T 90 podbili v Karabahskom konflikte MK ru 18 January 2021 Azerbaijan This is the first reliable case of the destruction of the machine of this model Previously T 90S tanks an export version of the T 90 tank which is in service with the Russian army took part in the Syrian conflict but their destruction was not reported Several of these combat vehicles of the Syrian army were hit by militants but did not lose their combat capability a b c Roblin Sebastien 23 October 2020 What Open Source Evidence Tells Us About The Nagorno Karabakh War Forbes 300 1 Archived from the original on 13 October 2014 Retrieved 15 November 2014 Denial of Defense Procurement MBT T 90 is not connected with the qualitative characteristics of this sample of military equipment Ministry of Industry of the Russian Federation Arms Tass March 17 2011 Archived from the original on July 26 2011 Retrieved March 19 2011 T 90 Main Battle Tank Military Today com www military today com Retrieved 2022 08 08 T 90S Modernized UralVagonZavod Archived from the original on 2015 11 26 Retrieved 2016 10 29 T 90 btvt narod ru Archived from the original on April 10 2014 Retrieved April 11 2014 John Pike T 90 Archived from the original on 19 October 2014 Retrieved 15 November 2014 Tank Tank T 90C modernizirovannyj T 90MS uralvagonzavod ru Retrieved 5 February 2022 Szulc Tomasz August 2009 Ostatnie czolgi Zwiazku Radzieckiego Nowa Technika Wojskowa 9 24 30 Zaloga 2018 pp 7 8 a b Zaloga 2018 pp 4 5 a b Zaloga 2018 pp 16 17 Zaloga 2018 pp 13 14 Zaloga 2018 pp 8 21 24 Warford James M September October 1997 The Russian T 90S Coming into Focus PDF Armor US Army dead link quoting Russian newspaper sources Zaloga 2018 pp 17 18 20 Zaloga 2018 p 20 Zaloga 2018 pp 20 21 Szulc Tomasz September 2012 Nowe Czolgi Naszych Wschodnich Sasiadow T 90MS I Oplot M Nowa Technika Wojskowa 9 14 Paris Moscow A Thorny Path of Justified Sanctions Archived from the original on 2018 08 03 Retrieved 2018 08 03 a b Of KMZ complex produced the first tank with a domestic Encyclopedia of safety Archived from the original on 2018 08 03 Retrieved 2018 08 03 a b T 90 Tanks to Get MCT Matrix Heat Vision Sight Archived from the original on 2018 07 16 Retrieved 2018 07 16 T 90 S MBT Archived from the original on 2007 11 10 Retrieved 2008 10 19 Zaloga 2018 p 34 Russian army to start receiving new generation tanks in 2014 En rian ru September 11 2001 Archived from the original on October 12 2011 Retrieved September 11 2011 Cranny Evans Samuel 6 July 2021 T 14 Armata to enter series production in 2022 Janes Retrieved 27 December 2021 a b Pashin Alexander Russian Army Operations and Weaponry During Second Military Campaign in Chechnya Moscow Defense Brief Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies 3 2002 Archived from the original on May 1 2014 Retrieved May 29 2009 Defense firm delivers a batch of upgraded T 90M main battle tanks to Russian troops Russia Ukraine war Sanctions cripple Russia s tank production GUR 2022 04 17 Uralvagonzavod torzhestvenno otpravil tanki T 90M v Rossijskuyu armiyu rostec ru 17 May 2022 a b Russian army receives new batch of T 90M tanks amp BREM 1M recovery tanks despite economic sanctions armyrecognition com 5 August 2022 T 90M main battle tanks arrive for Russian troops in Ukraine special operation zone Rottman Gordon L 2010 The Rocket Propelled Grenade Weapon 2 Osprey Publishing p 65 ISBN 978 1 84908 153 5 Jeremy Bender 15 September 2015 The tanks Russia is sending to Syria Business Insider Archived from the original on 6 January 2016 Retrieved 29 December 2015 T 90 Tank Accidentally Hit by Missile During Russian Exercise 17 November 2020 Tankspotting T 90As in the Donbass bellingcat 2017 04 02 Retrieved 2018 06 03 Russian T 90 Tanks of the 136th Motorized Rifle Brigade in Luhansk Oblast InformNapalm org English 2014 10 22 Retrieved 2018 06 03 a b One Of Russia s Most Advanced Tanks Has Been Destroyed Just Days After Being Deployed 2022 05 06 a b Latest Defence Intelligence update on the situation in Ukraine 07 May 2022 2022 05 07 Russia s tanks in Ukraine are old obsolete and failing 7 June 2022 What to know about the role Javelin antitank missiles could play in Ukraine s fight against Russia Washington Post March 12 2022 Archived from the original on March 12 2022 Retrieved March 12 2022 Social media has been littered with photos of destroyed Russian tanks with cages The images have acquired a symbolic resonance so quickly that Internet users have coined the term cope cage earning a page on the Internet s primary meme directory Roblin Sebastien 2021 11 29 Russian Tanks Massing Near Ukraine Sport Mods Against Drones Javelin Missiles Forbes Archived from the original on 2022 03 11 Newdick Thomas 2021 11 24 Russian T 80 Tank With Improvised Anti Drone Armor Reportedly Appears In Crimea The Drive Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 Russian tanks in Ukraine are sprouting cages The Economist March 14 2022 Archived from the original on March 16 2022 They have indeed been mockingly dubbed by Western analysts as emotional support armour or cope cages Superficially they are an example of what is known in military circles as field expedient armour in other words stuff that has been added to vehicles after they have entered service Igazi tankszornyet zsakmanyoltak az ukranok Portfolio hu in Hungarian March 2 2022 Archived from the original on March 15 2022 Retrieved March 8 2022 From Hungarian the improvised armour on the tower referred to as cope cage to protect the combat vehicles from drone missiles or armor piercing rockets coming from above James Dwyer March 10 2022 How do anti tank missiles work and how helpful might they be for Ukraine s soldiers Australian Broadcasting Corporation Archived from the original on March 15 2022 These are colloquially termed cope cages by various communities on the internet Of course they will do little to minimise the impact from a missile but they do demonstrate that Russian soldiers are fearful of the threat the missiles present Speech by Defence Secretary on Russia s invasion of Ukraine gov uk 9 May 2022 Archived from the original on May 9 2022 Retrieved 2022 05 09 Russian soldiers futile use of pine logs as makeshift protection on logistical trucks and attaching overhead cope cages to their tanks it s nothing short of tragic But their commanders failures to adapt before entering them into such a conflict is criminal Alia Shoaib March 26 2022 Russian soldiers appear to be fixing makeshift cages to the turrets of their tanks in a crude effort to protect themselves against Ukraine s anti tank missiles Business Insider Archived from the original on March 26 2022 Retrieved March 27 2022 The advantage Russian tanks have is that they re super small and very low making them easy to hide When you start doubling the height you re getting rid of some of the advantages of the vehicle Crump said The cages also make it harder for the crew to get in and out of the vehicles according to Crump Russian tanks in Ukraine are sprouting cages The Economist March 14 2022 Archived from the original on March 16 2022 Another idea is that the cages are a response to the conflict in 2020 between Armenia and Azerbaijan over Nagorno Karabakh in which large numbers of Russian made Armenian tanks were destroyed from above by MAM Ls A third possibility is that the cages are meant as protection against RPGs which are being fired at tanks from above This is a preferred tactic in urban warfare where buildings offer shooters the necessary elevation Les cope cages protections bricolees et moquees des chars russes impuissants Slate fr in French March 23 2022 Archived from the original on March 23 2022 Retrieved March 27 2022 Ces structures approximatives sont ce qu il est devenu coutumier d appeler des cope cages en anglais Elles sont le resultat des observations par l armee russe du conflit opposant Azerbaidjan et Armenie dans le Haut Karabakh It has become customary to call these makeshift structures cope cages in English They are the result of observations made by the Russian army towards the conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia in Nagorno Karabakh Alia Shoaib March 26 2022 Russian soldiers appear to be fixing makeshift cages to the turrets of their tanks in a crude effort to protect themselves against Ukraine s anti tank missiles Business Insider Archived from the original on March 26 2022 Retrieved March 27 2022 The lack of uniformity of the cages and the fact that they are only seen on some tanks shows that Russian units are largely improvising them Rogoway Joseph Trevithick Oliver Parken Tyler 2022 05 04 Russia Just Lost Its Most Advanced Operational Tank In Ukraine The Drive Retrieved 2022 05 05 Cole Brendan 2022 05 05 Russia s best tank destroyed just days after rolling into Ukraine report Newsweek Retrieved 2022 05 05 Z yavilosya video znishennya najsuchasnishogo tanka ZS RF T 90M Proriv Focus in Ukrainian 2022 05 10 Retrieved 2022 05 12 Tank Deathmatch Russia s T 90M Vs Carl Gustav Rocket Launcher Who Wins 12 May 2022 Oryx Attack On Europe Documenting Russian Equipment Losses During The 2022 Russian Invasion Of Ukraine Oryx Retrieved 2022 05 15 The Evolving Political Military Aims in the War in Ukraine After 100 Days Foreign Policy Research Institute www fpri org Ukraine s Armed Forces captured the latest Russian T 90M Proryv tank in Kharkiv Region Russian T 90A Are Already Used by the Ukrainian Armed Forces en defence ua com a b The Ukrainian military captured the Russian T 90M Proryv tank Roscoe Matthew 2023 01 05 WATCH Russian T 90S export tank destroyed in Ukraine euroweeklynews com Retrieved 2023 01 07 a b c d Roblin Sebastien 7 April 2021 What Happened When Russia Sent Its T 90 Tank To Syria National Interest WATCH U S made missile goes up against one of Russia s most advanced tanks The Washington Post 26 February 2016 Archived from the 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Sarson Peter 1993 T 72 Main Battle Tank 1974 93 London Osprey Publishing ISBN 978 1855323384 Zaloga Steven J 2018 T 90 Standard Tank Osprey Publishing Ltd ISBN 978 1 4728 1822 5 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to T 90 T 90 MBT Military Today T 90S Third Generation Main battle tank uralvagonzavod Archived 2015 07 29 at the Wayback Machine T 90MS Tagil Military Today T 90S Main Battle Tank Bharat Rakshak Uralvagonzavod manufacturer s English language home page Russian T 90 English page The T 90 tank by the Federation of American Scientists T 90S Main Battle Tank at the Armor Site Main battle tank T 90 Firing sample Main battle tank T 90 at GlobalSecurity org T 90 Main Battle Tank Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title T 90 amp oldid 1132550238, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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