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Great Patriotic War (term)

The Great Patriotic War (Russian: Вели́кая Оте́чественная война́, romanizedVelikaya Otechestvennaya voyna)[a] is a term used in Russia and some other former republics of the Soviet Union[1] to describe the conflict fought during the period from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945 along the many fronts of the Eastern Front of World War II, primarily between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. For some legal purposes, this period may be extended to 11 May 1945 to include the end of the Prague offensive.[2]

1963 Soviet stamp commemorating the 20th anniversary of the Battle of Stalingrad, with caption reading Великая Отечественная война 1941-1945гг (The Great Patriotic War 1941-1945).
Ukrainian stamp commemorating the "60th anniversary of victory in the Great Patriotic War", 1945–2005 (Ukrainian: 60-річчя Перемоги у Великій Вітчизняній війні, lit.'60-richchia Peremohy u Velykii Vitchyznianii Viini').
Belarusian stamps for "70 years of victory in the Great Patriotic War 1945–2015" (Belarusian: 70 hadow Peramohi w Vyalikay Aychynnay vayne 1945–2015).

The end of the Great Patriotic War is commemorated on 9 May.

History

The term "Patriotic War" refers to the Russian resistance to the French invasion of Russia under Napoleon I, which became known as the Patriotic War of 1812. In Russian, the term отечественная война originally referred to a war on one's own territory (otechestvo means "the fatherland"), as opposed to a campaign abroad (заграничная война),[3] and later was reinterpreted as a war for the fatherland, i.e. a defensive war for one's homeland. Sometimes the Patriotic War of 1812 was also referred to as the Great Patriotic War (Великая отечественная война); the phrase first appeared in 1844[4] and became popular on the eve of the centenary of the Patriotic War of 1812.[5]

After 1914, the phrase was applied to World War I.[6] It was the name of a special war-time appendix to the magazine Theater and Life (Театр и жизнь) in Saint Petersburg, and referred to the Eastern Front of World War I, where Russia fought against the German Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[6] The phrases Second Patriotic War (Вторая отечественная война) and Great World Patriotic War (Великая всемирная отечественная война) were also used during World War I in Russia.[6]

The term Great Patriotic War re-appeared in the Soviet newspaper Pravda on 23 June 1941, just a day after Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union. It was found in the title of "The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet People" (Velikaya Otechestvennaya Voyna Sovetskogo Naroda), a long article by Yemelyan Yaroslavsky, a member of Pravda editors' collegium.[6] The phrase was intended to motivate the population to defend the Soviet fatherland and to expel the invader, and a reference to the Patriotic War of 1812 was seen as a great morale booster.

The term Отечественная война (Patriotic War or Fatherland War) was officially recognized by establishment of the Order of the Patriotic War on 20 May 1942, awarded for heroic deeds.

Usage

The term is not generally used outside the former Soviet Union, and the closest term is the Eastern Front of World War II (1941–1945). Neither term covers the initial phase of World War II in Eastern Europe, during which the USSR, then still in a "non-aggression pact" with Germany, invaded eastern Poland (1939), the Baltic states (1940), Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina (1940) and Finland (1939–1940).[2][7] The term also does not cover the Soviet–Japanese War (1945).[2]

In Russia and some other post-Soviet countries, the term is given great significance; it is accepted as a representation of the most important part of WWII. Until 2014, Uzbekistan was the only nation in the Commonwealth of Independent States that does not recognize the term, referring to it as World War II as well as the Victory Day on May 9 as the state holiday - the Day of Remembrance and Honour.[8]

On 9 April 2015, the Ukrainian parliament replaced the term "Great Patriotic War" (Velyka vitchyzniana viina) in the country's law with the "Second World War" (Druha svitova viina),[9] as part of a set of decommunization laws. Also in 2015, Ukraine's "Victory Day over Nazism in World War II" was established as a national holiday in accordance with the law of "On Perpetuation of Victory over Nazism in World War II 1939-1945". The new holiday is celebrated on May 8 and replaces the Soviet-Russian Victory Day, which is celebrated on May 9. These laws were adopted by parliament on April 9, 2015 within the package of laws on decommunization.[10]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Additional translations in languages of the former Soviet Union:
    Azerbaijani: Бөјүк Вәтән мүһарибәси, romanizedBöyük Vətən müharibəsi; Belarusian: Вялікая Айчынная вайна, Vialikaja Ajčynnaja vajna; Estonian: Suur Isamaasõda; Armenian: Հայրենական Մեծ պատերազմ, romanizedHajrenakan Mec paterazm; Georgian: დიდი სამამულო ომი; Kazakh: Ұлы Отан соғысы, romanized: Uly Otan soǵysy; Kyrgyz: Улуу Ата Мекендик согуш, romanizedUluu Ata Mekendik soghush; Lithuanian: Didysis Tėvynės karas; Latvian: Lielais Tēvijas karš; Romanian: Marele Război pentru apărarea Patriei (Moldovan Cyrillic: Мареле Рэзбой пентру апэраря Патрией); Tajik: Ҷанги Бузурги Ватанӣ, romanizedChangi Buzurgi Vatanī; Turkmen: Бейик Ватанчылык уршы, romanized: Beýik Watançylyk urşy; Tatar: Бөек Ватан сугышы, romanized: Böyek Watan suğışı; Ukrainian: Велика Вітчизняна війна, romanizedVelyka Vitchyzniana viyna; Uzbek: Улуғ Ватан уруши, romanizedUlug‘ Vatan urushi.

References

  1. ^ Україна, Віталій Червоненко ВВС (9 April 2015). Рада ухвалила "декомунізаційний пакет". BBC News Україна (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  2. ^ a b c Федеральный закон № 5-ФЗ от 12 января 1995, "О ветеранах" (in Russian)
  3. ^ For example, one of the books published shortly after the war was titled Письма русского офицера о Польше, Австрийских владениях, Пруссии и Франции, с подробным описанием похода Россиян противу Французов в 1805 и 1806 году, также отечественной и заграничной войны с 1812 по 1815 год..." (Fyodor Glinka, Moscow, 1815–1816; the title was translated as "Letters of a Russian Officer on Poland, the Austrian Domains, Prussia and France; with a detailed description of the Russian campaign against the French in 1805 and 1806, and also the Fatherland and foreign war from 1812 to 1815..." in: A. Herzen, Letters from France and Italy, 1847-1851, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1995, p. 272).
  4. ^ It can be found in Vissarion Belinsky's essay "Russian literature in 1843" first printed in magazine Otechestvennye Zapiski, vol. 32 (1844), see page 34 of section 5 "Critics" (each section has its own pagination).
  5. ^ For example, several books had the phrase in their titles, as: П. Ниве, Великая Отечественная война. 1812 годъ, М., 1912; И. Савостинъ, Великая Отечественная война. Къ 100-лѣтнему юбилею. 1812—1912 г., М., 1911; П. М. Андріановъ, Великая Отечественная война. (1812) По поводу 100-лѣтняго юбилея, Спб., 1912.
  6. ^ a b c d The dictionary of modern citations and catch phrases, by Konstantin Dushenko, 2006. (in Russian)
  7. ^ Davies, Norman (2006). "Phase 1, 1939-1941: the era of the Nazi-Soviet pact". Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory. London: Macmillan. pp. 153–155. ISBN 9780333692851. OCLC 70401618.
  8. ^ Saidazimova, Gulnoza (8 April 2008). "World War II -- 60 Years After: For Some Central Asians, 'Great Patriotic War' is More Controversial Than Ever". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
  9. ^ Ukraine Purges Symbols of Its Communist Past, Newsweek, (10 April 2015)
  10. ^ "Про увічнення Перемоги у Великій Вітчизняній війні 1941-1945 років". zakon.rada.gov.ua. Retrieved 1 February 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

External links

  • Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union 1941-1945. A General Outline, English-language book published in the Soviet Union in 1974.
  • Documentary films and newsreels about the Great Patriotic War 18 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  • Poems about the Great Patriotic War
  • Bryan Fugate, Operation Barbarossa: Strategy And Tactics On The Eastern Front, 1941

great, patriotic, term, great, patriotic, russian, Вели, кая, Оте, чественная, война, romanized, velikaya, otechestvennaya, voyna, term, used, russia, some, other, former, republics, soviet, union, describe, conflict, fought, during, period, from, june, 1941, . The Great Patriotic War Russian Veli kaya Ote chestvennaya vojna romanized Velikaya Otechestvennaya voyna a is a term used in Russia and some other former republics of the Soviet Union 1 to describe the conflict fought during the period from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945 along the many fronts of the Eastern Front of World War II primarily between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany For some legal purposes this period may be extended to 11 May 1945 to include the end of the Prague offensive 2 1963 Soviet stamp commemorating the 20th anniversary of the Battle of Stalingrad with caption reading Velikaya Otechestvennaya vojna 1941 1945gg The Great Patriotic War 1941 1945 Ukrainian stamp commemorating the 60th anniversary of victory in the Great Patriotic War 1945 2005 Ukrainian 60 richchya Peremogi u Velikij Vitchiznyanij vijni lit 60 richchia Peremohy u Velykii Vitchyznianii Viini Belarusian stamps for 70 years of victory in the Great Patriotic War 1945 2015 Belarusian 70 hadow Peramohi w Vyalikay Aychynnay vayne 1945 2015 The end of the Great Patriotic War is commemorated on 9 May Contents 1 History 2 Usage 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksHistory EditThe term Patriotic War refers to the Russian resistance to the French invasion of Russia under Napoleon I which became known as the Patriotic War of 1812 In Russian the term otechestvennaya vojna originally referred to a war on one s own territory otechestvo means the fatherland as opposed to a campaign abroad zagranichnaya vojna 3 and later was reinterpreted as a war for the fatherland i e a defensive war for one s homeland Sometimes the Patriotic War of 1812 was also referred to as the Great Patriotic War Velikaya otechestvennaya vojna the phrase first appeared in 1844 4 and became popular on the eve of the centenary of the Patriotic War of 1812 5 After 1914 the phrase was applied to World War I 6 It was the name of a special war time appendix to the magazine Theater and Life Teatr i zhizn in Saint Petersburg and referred to the Eastern Front of World War I where Russia fought against the German Empire and the Austro Hungarian Empire 6 The phrases Second Patriotic War Vtoraya otechestvennaya vojna and Great World Patriotic War Velikaya vsemirnaya otechestvennaya vojna were also used during World War I in Russia 6 The term Great Patriotic War re appeared in the Soviet newspaper Pravda on 23 June 1941 just a day after Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union It was found in the title of The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet People Velikaya Otechestvennaya Voyna Sovetskogo Naroda a long article by Yemelyan Yaroslavsky a member of Pravda editors collegium 6 The phrase was intended to motivate the population to defend the Soviet fatherland and to expel the invader and a reference to the Patriotic War of 1812 was seen as a great morale booster The term Otechestvennaya vojna Patriotic War or Fatherland War was officially recognized by establishment of the Order of the Patriotic War on 20 May 1942 awarded for heroic deeds Usage EditThe term is not generally used outside the former Soviet Union and the closest term is the Eastern Front of World War II 1941 1945 Neither term covers the initial phase of World War II in Eastern Europe during which the USSR then still in a non aggression pact with Germany invaded eastern Poland 1939 the Baltic states 1940 Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 1940 and Finland 1939 1940 2 7 The term also does not cover the Soviet Japanese War 1945 2 In Russia and some other post Soviet countries the term is given great significance it is accepted as a representation of the most important part of WWII Until 2014 Uzbekistan was the only nation in the Commonwealth of Independent States that does not recognize the term referring to it as World War II as well as the Victory Day on May 9 as the state holiday the Day of Remembrance and Honour 8 On 9 April 2015 the Ukrainian parliament replaced the term Great Patriotic War Velyka vitchyzniana viina in the country s law with the Second World War Druha svitova viina 9 as part of a set of decommunization laws Also in 2015 Ukraine s Victory Day over Nazism in World War II was established as a national holiday in accordance with the law of On Perpetuation of Victory over Nazism in World War II 1939 1945 The new holiday is celebrated on May 8 and replaces the Soviet Russian Victory Day which is celebrated on May 9 These laws were adopted by parliament on April 9 2015 within the package of laws on decommunization 10 See also Edit World War II portal Soviet Union portalOperation Barbarossa Pobediteli Pobedobesie Strategic operations of the Red Army in World War IINotes Edit Additional translations in languages of the former Soviet Union Azerbaijani Boјүk Vәtәn mүһaribәsi romanized Boyuk Veten muharibesi Belarusian Vyalikaya Ajchynnaya vajna Vialikaja Ajcynnaja vajna Estonian Suur Isamaasoda Armenian Հայրենական Մեծ պատերազմ romanized Hajrenakan Mec paterazm Georgian დიდი სამამულო ომი Kazakh Ұly Otan sogysy romanized Uly Otan soǵysy Kyrgyz Uluu Ata Mekendik sogush romanized Uluu Ata Mekendik soghush Lithuanian Didysis Tevynes karas Latvian Lielais Tevijas kars Romanian Marele Război pentru apărarea Patriei Moldovan Cyrillic Marele Rezboj pentru aperarya Patriej Tajik Ҷangi Buzurgi Vatanӣ romanized Changi Buzurgi Vatani Turkmen Bejik Vatanchylyk urshy romanized Beyik Watancylyk ursy Tatar Boek Vatan sugyshy romanized Boyek Watan sugisi Ukrainian Velika Vitchiznyana vijna romanized Velyka Vitchyzniana viyna Uzbek Ulug Vatan urushi romanized Ulug Vatan urushi References Edit Ukrayina Vitalij Chervonenko VVS 9 April 2015 Rada uhvalila dekomunizacijnij paket BBC News Ukrayina in Ukrainian Retrieved 13 January 2019 a b c Federalnyj zakon 5 FZ ot 12 yanvarya 1995 O veteranah in Russian For example one of the books published shortly after the war was titled Pisma russkogo oficera o Polshe Avstrijskih vladeniyah Prussii i Francii s podrobnym opisaniem pohoda Rossiyan protivu Francuzov v 1805 i 1806 godu takzhe otechestvennoj i zagranichnoj vojny s 1812 po 1815 god Fyodor Glinka Moscow 1815 1816 the title was translated as Letters of a Russian Officer on Poland the Austrian Domains Prussia and France with a detailed description of the Russian campaign against the French in 1805 and 1806 and also the Fatherland and foreign war from 1812 to 1815 in A Herzen Letters from France and Italy 1847 1851 University of Pittsburgh Press 1995 p 272 It can be found in Vissarion Belinsky s essay Russian literature in 1843 first printed in magazine Otechestvennye Zapiski vol 32 1844 see page 34 of section 5 Critics each section has its own pagination For example several books had the phrase in their titles as P Nive Velikaya Otechestvennaya vojna 1812 god M 1912 I Savostin Velikaya Otechestvennaya vojna K 100 lѣtnemu yubileyu 1812 1912 g M 1911 P M Andrianov Velikaya Otechestvennaya vojna 1812 Po povodu 100 lѣtnyago yubileya Spb 1912 a b c d The dictionary of modern citations and catch phrases by Konstantin Dushenko 2006 in Russian Davies Norman 2006 Phase 1 1939 1941 the era of the Nazi Soviet pact Europe at War 1939 1945 No Simple Victory London Macmillan pp 153 155 ISBN 9780333692851 OCLC 70401618 Saidazimova Gulnoza 8 April 2008 World War II 60 Years After For Some Central Asians Great Patriotic War is More Controversial Than Ever Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty Ukraine Purges Symbols of Its Communist Past Newsweek 10 April 2015 Pro uvichnennya Peremogi u Velikij Vitchiznyanij vijni 1941 1945 rokiv zakon rada gov ua Retrieved 1 February 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Patriotic War Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union 1941 1945 A General Outline English language book published in the Soviet Union in 1974 Documentary films and newsreels about the Great Patriotic War Archived 18 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine Poems about the Great Patriotic War Bryan Fugate Operation Barbarossa Strategy And Tactics On The Eastern Front 1941 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Great Patriotic War term amp oldid 1150037476, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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