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Wikipedia

Sam Harris

August 18, 2023

For other people with the same name, see Sam Harris (disambiguation).

Samuel Benjamin Harris (born April 9, 1967) is an American philosopher, neuroscientist, author, and podcast host. His work touches on a range of topics, including rationality, religion, ethics, free will, neuroscience, meditation, psychedelics, philosophy of mind, politics, terrorism, and artificial intelligence. Harris came to prominence for his criticism of religion, and Islam in particular,[2] and is known as one of the "Four Horsemen" of New Atheism, along with Richard Dawkins, Christopher Hitchens, and Daniel Dennett.[3][4][5]

Sam Harris
Harris in 2016
BornSamuel Benjamin Harris
(1967-04-09) April 9, 1967 (age 56)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupation
  • Author
  • podcaster
Education
GenreNonfiction
SubjectNeuroscience, philosophy,[1] religion, spirituality, ethics, politics
Notable awardsPEN/Martha Albrand Award, Webby Award
Spouse
​
(m. 2004)​
Children2
Parents
Signature
Philosophy career
EraContemporary philosophy
Region
ThesisThe moral landscape: How science could determine human values (2009)
Doctoral advisorMark Cohen
Influences
Influenced
Website
samharris.org

Harris's first book, The End of Faith (2004), won the PEN/Martha Albrand Award for First Nonfiction and remained on The New York Times Best Seller list for 33 weeks. Harris has since written six additional books: Letter to a Christian Nation in 2006, The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values in 2010, the long-form essay Lying in 2011, the short book Free Will in 2012, Waking Up: A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion in 2014, and (with British writer Maajid Nawaz) Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue in 2015. Harris's work has been translated into over 20 languages. Some critics have argued that Harris's writings are Islamophobic.[6] Harris and his supporters, however, reject this characterization,[7] adding that such a labeling is an attempt to silence criticism.[8]

Harris has debated with many prominent figures on the topics of God or religion, including William Lane Craig, Jordan Peterson, Rick Warren, Robert Wright, Andrew Sullivan, Reza Aslan, David Wolpe, Deepak Chopra, Ben Shapiro, and Jean Houston. Since September 2013, Harris has hosted the Making Sense podcast (originally titled Waking Up), which has a large listenership. In September 2018, Harris released a meditation app, Waking Up with Sam Harris.[a] He was one of the original core members of the so-called "intellectual dark web",[9] although Harris has stated that he does not identify as a part of that group.[10][11]

Early life and education

Samuel Benjamin Harris was born in Los Angeles, California, on April 9, 1967.[12][13] He is the son of the late actor Berkeley Harris, who appeared mainly in Western films, and TV writer and producer Susan Harris (née Spivak), who created Soap and The Golden Girls, among other series.[14][15] His father, born in North Carolina, came from a Quaker background, and his mother is Jewish but not religious.[16] He was raised by his mother following his parents' divorce when he was age two.[17] Harris has stated that his upbringing was entirely secular and that his parents rarely discussed religion, though he also stated that he was not raised as an atheist.[18]

While his original major was in English, Harris became interested in philosophical questions while at Stanford University after an experience with MDMA.[19][20][21] The experience interested him in the idea he might be able to achieve spiritual insights without the use of drugs.[22] Leaving Stanford in his second year, a quarter after his psychoactive experience, he visited India and Nepal, where he studied meditation with teachers of Buddhist and Hindu religions,[22][23] including Dilgo Khyentse.[24] For a few weeks in the early 1990s, he was a volunteer guard in the security detail of the Dalai Lama.[25][26]

In 1997, after eleven years overseas, Harris returned to Stanford, completing a B.A. degree in philosophy in 2000.[27][28][29] Harris began writing his first book, The End of Faith, immediately after the September 11 attacks.[27]

He received a Ph.D. in cognitive neuroscience in 2009 from the University of California, Los Angeles,[27][30][31] using functional magnetic resonance imaging to conduct research into the neural basis of belief, disbelief, and uncertainty.[27][31] His thesis was titled The Moral Landscape: How Science Could Determine Human Values. His advisor was Mark S. Cohen.[32]

Career

Writing

Harris's writing focuses on philosophy, neuroscience, and criticism of religion. He came to prominence for his criticism of religion (Islam in particular) and he is described as one of the Four Horsemen of Atheism, along with Richard Dawkins, Christopher Hitchens, and Daniel Dennett.[2][3] He has written for publications such as The New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, Economist, London Times, The Boston Globe, and The Atlantic.[33] Five of Harris's books have been New York Times bestsellers, and his writing has been translated into over 20 languages.[33] The End of Faith (2004) remained on The New York Times Best Seller list for 33 weeks.[34]

Harris has a chapter giving advice in Tim Ferriss's 2016 self-help book Tools of Titans.

Debates on religion

In September 2006 Harris debated Robert Wright on the rationality of religious belief.[35] In 2007, he engaged in a lengthy debate with conservative commentator Andrew Sullivan on the Internet forum Beliefnet.[36] In April 2007, Harris debated with evangelical pastor Rick Warren for Newsweek magazine.[37] Harris debated with Rabbi David Wolpe in 2007.[38] In 2010, Harris joined Michael Shermer to debate with Deepak Chopra and Jean Houston on the future of God in a debate hosted by ABC News Nightline.[39] Harris debated with Christian philosopher William Lane Craig in April 2011 on whether there can be an objective morality without God.[40] In June and July 2018, he met with Canadian psychologist Jordan Peterson for a series of debates on religion, particularly the relationship between religious values and scientific fact in defining truth.[41][42] Harris has debated with the scholar Reza Aslan.[43]

Podcast

In September 2013, Harris began releasing the Waking Up podcast (since re-titled Making Sense). Episodes vary in length but often last over two hours.[44] Releases do not follow a regular schedule.[45]

The podcast focuses on a wide array of topics related to science and spirituality, including philosophy, religion, morality, free will, neuroscience, meditation, psychedelics and artificial intelligence. Harris has interviewed a wide range of guests, including scientists, philosophers, spiritual teachers, and authors. Guests have included Jordan Peterson, Dan Dennett, Janna Levin, Sharon Salzberg, and David Chalmers.[45][46][14][47]

Meditation app

In September 2018, Harris released a meditation course app, Waking Up with Sam Harris. The app provides daily meditations; long guided meditations; daily "Moments" (brief meditations and reminders); conversations with thought leaders in psychology, meditation, philosophy, psychedelics, and other disciplines; a selection of lessons on various topics, such as Mind & Emotion, Free Will, and Doing Good; and more. Users of the app are introduced to several types of meditation, such as mindfulness meditation, vipassanā-style meditation, loving-kindness meditation, and Dzogchen.[48]

In September 2020, Harris announced his commitment to donate at least 10% of Waking Up's profits to highly effective charities,[49] thus becoming the first company to sign the Giving What We Can pledge for companies.[50] The pledge was retroactive, taking into account the profits since the day the app launched 2 years previously.[49]

Views

Religion

Harris is a critic of religion, and is a leading figure in the New Atheist movement. Harris is particularly opposed to what he refers to as dogmatic belief, and says that "Pretending to know things one doesn't know is a betrayal of science – and yet it is the lifeblood of religion."[51] While purportedly opposed to religion in general and the belief systems of them, Harris believes that all religions are not created equal.[52] Often invoking Jainism to contrast Islam as a whole, Harris highlights the difference in the specific doctrine and scripture as the main indicator of a religion's value, or lack thereof.[53][better source needed]

In 2006, Harris described Islam as "all fringe and no center",[54] and wrote in The End of Faith that "the doctrine of Islam [...] represents a unique danger to all of us", arguing that the war on terror is really a war against Islam.[55] In 2014, Harris said he considers Islam to be "especially belligerent and inimical to the norms of civil discourse", as it involves what Harris considers to be "bad ideas, held for bad reasons, leading to bad behavior."[56] In 2015 Harris and secular Islamic activist Maajid Nawaz cowrote Islam and the Future of Tolerance.[57] In this book, Harris argues that the word Islamophobia is a "pernicious meme", a label which prevents discussion about the threat of Islam.[55] Harris has been described in 2020 by Jonathan Matusitz, Associate Professor at the University of Central Florida, as "a champion of the counter-jihad left".[58]

Harris is critical of the Christian right in politics in the United States, blaming them for the political focus on "pseudo-problems like gay marriage".[59] He is also critical of liberal Christianity – as represented, for instance, by the theology of Paul Tillich – which he argues claims to base its beliefs on the Bible despite actually being influenced by secular modernity. He further states that in so doing liberal Christianity provides rhetorical cover to fundamentalists.[59]

Spirituality

Harris holds that there is "nothing irrational about seeking the states of mind that lie at the core of many religions. Compassion, awe, devotion, and feelings of oneness are surely among the most valuable experiences a person can have."[22]

Everything of value that people get from religion can be had more honestly, without presuming anything on insufficient evidence. The rest is self-deception, set to music.

— Sam Harris, [60]

Harris rejects the dichotomy between spirituality and rationality, favoring a middle path that preserves spirituality and science but does not involve religion.[61] He writes that spirituality should be understood in light of scientific disciplines like neuroscience and psychology.[61] Science, he contends, can show how to maximize human well-being, but may fail to answer certain questions about the nature of being, answers to some of which he says are discoverable directly through our experience.[61] His conception of spirituality does not involve a belief in any god.[62]

In Waking Up: A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion (2014), Harris describes his experience with Dzogchen, a Tibetan Buddhist meditation practice, and recommends it to his readers.[61] He writes that the purpose of spirituality (as he defines it – he concedes that the term's uses are diverse and sometimes indefensible) is to become aware that our sense of self is illusory, and says this realization brings both happiness and insight into the nature of consciousness, mirroring core Buddhist beliefs.[61][63] This process of realization, he argues, is based on experience and is not contingent on faith.[61] Harris especially recommends the "headless" meditation technique as written about by Douglas Harding.

Science and morality

In The Moral Landscape, Harris argues that science can answer moral problems and aid human well-being.[64]

Free will

See also: Neuroscience of free will

Harris says that the idea of free will "cannot be mapped on to any conceivable reality" and is incoherent.[1] Harris writes in Free Will that neuroscience "reveals you to be a biochemical puppet."[65]

Philosopher Daniel Dennett argued that Harris's book Free Will successfully refuted the common understanding of free will, but that he failed to respond adequately to the compatibilist understanding of free will. Dennett said the book was valuable because it expressed the views of many eminent scientists, but that it nonetheless contained a "veritable museum of mistakes" and that "Harris and others need to do their homework if they want to engage with the best thought on the topic."[66]

Artificial intelligence

Harris is a frequent critic of Artificial intelligence.[67][68] He has discussed existential risk from artificial general intelligence in depth.[69] He has given a TED talk on the topic, arguing it will be a major threat in the future and criticizing the paucity of human interest on the subject.[70] He argues the dangers from artificial intelligence (AI) follow from three premises: that intelligence is the result of physical information processing, that humans will continue innovation in AI, and that humans are nowhere near the maximum possible extent of intelligence.[70] Harris states that even if superintelligent AI is five to ten decades away, the scale of its implications for human civilization warrants discussion of the issue in the present.[70]

Political views

Harris describes himself as a liberal, is a registered Democrat[71] and has never voted Republican in presidential elections.[45] He supports same-sex marriage and decriminalizing drugs.[72] In an op-ed for the Los Angeles Times, Harris said that he supported most of the criticism against Bush administration's war in Iraq, and all criticism of fiscal policy and the administration's treatment of science. Harris also said that liberalism has grown "dangerously out of touch with the realities of our world" when it comes to threats allegedly posed by Islamic fundamentalism.[72]

Israel

Harris opposes Israel's right to exist as a Jewish state and Jewish claims of ownership made in the Bible. Despite this, Harris has said due to the hostility towards Jews, he has conceded that if there is one religious group which needs protections in the form of a state, it is Israel.[73][74]

With regard to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, he has criticized both Israel and Palestine for committing war crimes. He has indicated that he believes that Israel genuinely wants peace and that its neighbours are more devoted to the destruction of Israel.[75] Harris has also said that Palestine is more guilty, citing Palestine and Hamas's use of human shields and genocidal rhetoric towards the Jews as reasons Palestine is more morally culpable.[76] He names these as reasons why Israel has a right to defend itself against Palestine.[77]

Presidential elections

In the 2008 United States presidential election, he supported the candidacy of Barack Obama and opposed Republican John McCain's candidacy.[78][79] During the 2016 United States presidential election, Harris supported Hillary Clinton in the Democratic Party presidential primaries against Bernie Sanders,[80] and despite calling her "a terribly flawed candidate for the presidency", he favored her in the general election and came out strongly in opposition to Donald Trump's candidacy.[81][46] Harris has criticized Trump for lying, stating in 2018 that Trump "has assaulted truth more than anyone in human history."[46]

In the 2020 United States presidential election, Harris supported Andrew Yang in the Democratic primaries.[82] Harris also introduced Yang to podcaster Joe Rogan.[83] After the 2020 election, he said that he did not care what was on Hunter Biden's laptop, saying "Hunter Biden literally could have had the corpses of children in his basement – I would not have cared". He went on to say that nothing on the laptop would come close to even the "Trump University" scandal. He also said that Twitter's brief censoring of the laptop story on its platform was a "conspiracy" but that it was warranted. He has, however, walked back his comments about the laptop.[84][85]

Economics

Harris supports raising taxes on the wealthy, reducing government spending, and has criticized billionaires like Bill Gates and Warren Buffett for paying relatively little in tax. He has proposed taxing 10% for estates worth above 10 million, taxing 50% for estates worth over a billion dollars, and then using the money to fund an infrastructure bank.[86]

He has accused conservatives of perceiving raising taxes as a form of theft or punishment, and of believing that by being rich they create value for others. [87][88] He has regarded this view as ludicrous, saying "markets aren't perfectly reflective of the value of goods and services, and many wealthy people don't create much in the way of value for others. In fact, as our recent financial crisis has shown, it is possible for a few people to become extraordinarily rich by wrecking the global economy".[89]

Gun rights

Harris owns guns and wrote in 2015 that he understood people's hostility towards gun culture in the United States and the political influence of the National Rifle Association. However, he argued that there is a rational case for gun ownership due to the fact that the police can not always be relied on and that guns are a good alternative.[90][91]

Harris has stated that he disagrees with proposals by liberals and gun control advocates for restricting guns, such as the assault weapons ban, since more gun crimes are committed with handguns than the semi-automatic weapons which the ban would target. Harris has also said that the left-wing media gets many things wrong about guns. He has, however, offered support for certain regulations on gun ownership, such as mandatory training, licensure, and background checks before a gun can be legally purchased.[92]

COVID-19 pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic, he criticized commentators for pushing views on COVID-19 that he considered to be "patently insane". Harris accused these commentators of believing that COVID-19 policies were a way of implementing social control and to crackdown on people's freedom politically.[93] Harris has feuded with Bret Weinstein over his views on COVID-19.[94] In 2023, he said that if COVID-19 had killed more children, there would be no patience for vaccine skepticism.[95]

In March 2023, he hosted Matt Ridley and Alina Chan on his podcast to discuss the origins of COVID-19 and the potential that the COVID-19 virus was made in a lab.[96][97]

Intellectual dark web

Harris has been described, alongside others such as Joe Rogan, Bret Weinstein, and Jordan Peterson, as a member of the intellectual dark web, a group that opposes political correctness and identity politics.[98] New York Times journalist Bari Weiss described the group as "a collection of iconoclastic thinkers, academic renegades and media personalities who are having a rolling conversation – on podcasts, YouTube and Twitter, and in sold-out auditoriums – that sound unlike anything else happening, at least publicly, in the culture right now."[46] In November 2020, Harris stated that he does not identify as a part of that group.[10][11] In 2021 Harris stated that he had "turn[ed] in [his] imaginary membership card to this imaginary organization".[99]

Controversies

Race and IQ controversy

In April 2017, Harris hosted the social scientist Charles Murray on his podcast, discussing topics including the heritability of IQ and race and intelligence.[100] Harris stated the invitation was out of indignation at a violent protest against Murray at Middlebury College the month before and not out of particular interest in the material at hand.[100] The podcast episode garnered significant criticism, most notably from Vox[47][101] and Slate.[102] In the Vox article, scientists, including Eric Turkheimer, Kathryn Paige Harden, and Richard E. Nisbett, accused Harris of participating in "pseudoscientific racialist speculation" and peddling "junk science". Harris and Murray were defended by commentators Andrew Sullivan[103] and Kyle Smith.[104] Harris and Vox editor-at-large Ezra Klein later discussed the affair in a podcast interview in which Klein accused Harris of "thinking tribally" and Harris accused the Vox article of leading people to think he was racist.[105][106]

Accusations of Islamophobia

Harris has been accused of Islamophobia by journalist Glenn Greenwald and linguist and political commentator Noam Chomsky.[107][108] Greenwald characterized some of Harris's statements as Islamophobic, such as: "the people who speak most sensibly about the threat that Islam poses to Europe are actually fascists," and "[t]he only future devout Muslims can envisage – as Muslims – is one in which all infidels have been converted to Islam, politically subjugated, or killed."[107] After Harris and Chomsky exchanged a series of emails on terrorism and U.S. foreign policy in 2015, Chomsky said Harris had not prepared adequately for the exchange and that this revealed his work as unserious.[109] Kyle Schmidlin also wrote in Salon that he considered Chomsky the winner of the exchange because Harris's arguments relied excessively on thought experiments with little application to the real world.[109] In a 2016 interview with Al Jazeera English's UpFront, Chomsky further criticized Harris, saying he "specializes in hysterical, slanderous charges against people he doesn't like."[108]

Harris has countered that his views on this and other topics are frequently misrepresented by "unethical critics" who "deliberately" take his words out of context.[110] He has also criticized the validity of the term "Islamophobia".[111] "My criticism of Islam is a criticism of beliefs and their consequences, but my fellow liberals reflexively view it as an expression of intolerance toward people,"[112] he wrote following a disagreement with actor Ben Affleck in October 2014 on the show Real Time with Bill Maher. Affleck had described Harris's and host Bill Maher's views on Muslims as "gross" and "racist", and Harris's statement that "Islam is the mother lode of bad ideas" as an "ugly thing to say". Affleck also compared Harris's and Maher's rhetoric to that of people who use antisemitic canards or define African-Americans in terms of intraracial crime.[113] Several conservative American media pundits in turn criticized Affleck and praised Harris and Maher for broaching the topic, saying that discussing it had become taboo.[114]

Harris's dialogue on Islam with Maajid Nawaz received a combination of positive reviews[115][116][117] and mixed reviews.[118][119] Irshad Manji wrote: "Their back-and-forth clarifies multiple confusions that plague the public conversation about Islam." Of Harris specifically, she said "[he] is right that liberals must end their silence about the religious motives behind much Islamist terror. At the same time, he ought to call out another double standard that feeds the liberal reflex to excuse Islamists: Atheists do not make nearly enough noise about hatred toward Muslims."[119]

Hamid Dabashi, a professor at Columbia University, accused Sam Harris of being a "new atheist crusader" while having never studied Islam thoroughly and having no special insight into any Muslim community on earth.[120] He further accused Harris of engaging in such language to justify Western imperialism in the Muslim world.[120] An article published in The Guardian accused Harris, along with Milo Yiannopoulos, of influencing young white men into becoming racists and anti-Muslim bigots.[121] Hatewatch staff at the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) wrote that members of the "skeptics" movement, of which Harris is "one of the most public faces", help to "channel people into the alt-right."[122] Bari Weiss wrote that the SPLC had misrepresented Harris's views.[46]

Chris Hedges accused Harris of "advancing neoconservative agendas" and of advocating a nuclear first strike policy on Muslims if an Islamist regime ever obtained nuclear weapons, quoting from The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason by Harris that "in such a situation, the only thing likely to ensure our survival may be a nuclear first strike of our own."[123][124][125] In 2018, Nathan J. Robinson also criticized Harris for promoting the possibility of a nuclear first strike on an Islamist regime.[126]

Reception and recognition

Harris's first two books, in which he lays out his criticisms of religion, received negative reviews from Christian scholars.[59][127][128] From secular sources, the books received a mixture of negative reviews[129][130][131] and positive reviews.[132][133][134][135] In his review of The End of Faith, American historian Alexander Saxton criticized what he called Harris's "vitriolic and selective polemic against Islam", (emphasis in original) which he said "obscure[s] the obvious reality that the invasion of Iraq and the War against Terror are driven by religious irrationalities, cultivated and conceded to, at high policy levels in the U.S., and which are at least comparable to the irrationality of Islamic crusaders and Jihadists."[129] By contrast, Stephanie Merritt wrote of the same book that Harris's "central argument in The End of Faith is sound: religion is the only area of human knowledge in which it is still acceptable to hold beliefs dating from antiquity and a modern society should subject those beliefs to the same principles that govern scientific, medical or geographical inquiry – particularly if they are inherently hostile to those with different ideas."[132] Harris's first book, The End of Faith (2004), won the PEN/Martha Albrand Award for First Nonfiction.[136]

Harris's next two books, which discuss philosophical issues relating to ethics and free will, received several negative academic reviews.[137][138][139][140][141][142] In his review of The Moral Landscape, neuroscientist Kenan Malik criticized Harris for not engaging adequately with philosophical literature: "Imagine a sociologist who wrote about evolutionary theory without discussing the work of Darwin, Fisher, Mayr, Hamilton, Trivers or Dawkins on the grounds that he did not come to his conclusions by reading about biology and because discussing concepts such as 'adaptation', 'speciation', 'homology', 'phylogenetics' or 'kin selection' would 'increase the amount of boredom in the universe'. How seriously would we, and should we, take his argument?"[140] On the other hand, The Moral Landscape received a largely positive review from psychologists James Diller and Andrew Nuzzolilli.[143] Additionally, Free Will received a mixed academic review from philosopher Paul Pardi, who acknowledged that while it suffers from some conceptual confusions and that the core argument is a bit too 'breezy', it serves as a "good primer on key ideas in physicalist theories of freedom and the will".[144]

Harris's book on spirituality and meditation received mainly positive reviews[145][146][61][63] as well as some mixed reviews.[147][62] It was praised by Frank Bruni, for example, who described it as "so entirely of this moment, so keenly in touch with the growing number of Americans who are willing to say that they do not find the succor they crave, or a truth that makes sense to them, in organized religion."[145]

In 2018, Robert Wright, a visiting professor of science and religion at Union Theological Seminary, published an article in Wired criticizing Harris, whom he described as "annoying" and "deluded". Wright wrote that Harris, despite claiming to be a champion of rationality, ignored his own cognitive biases and engaged in faulty and inconsistent arguments in his book The End of Faith. He wrote that "the famous proponent of New Atheism is on a crusade against tribalism but seems oblivious to his own version of it." Wright wrote that these biases are rooted in natural selection and impact everyone, but that they can be mitigated when acknowledged.[106]

The UK Business Insider included Harris's podcast in their list of "8 podcasts that will change how you think about human behavior" in 2017,[148] and PC Magazine included it in their list of "The Best Podcasts of 2018".[149] In January 2020, Max Sanderson included Harris's podcast as a "Producer pick" in a "podcasts of the week" section for The Guardian.[44] The Waking Up podcast won the 2017 Webby Award for "People's Voice" in the category "Science & Education" under "Podcasts & Digital Audio".[150]

Harris was included on a list of the "100 Most Spiritually Influential Living People 2019" in the Watkins Review, a publication of Watkins Books, a London esoterica bookshop.[151]

Personal life

In 2004, Harris married Annaka Gorton, an author and editor of nonfiction and scientific books after engaging in a common interest about the nature of consciousness.[152] They have two daughters[153][154] and live in Los Angeles.[155]

In September 2020, Harris became a member of Giving What We Can, an effective altruism organization whose members pledge to give at least 10% of their income to effective charities, both as an individual and as a company with Waking Up.[50][49]

Harris practices Brazilian jiu-jitsu.[156][5]

Works

Books

  • Harris, Sam (2004). The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393035158. OCLC 62265386.
  • Harris, Sam (2006). Letter to a Christian Nation. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. ISBN 0307265773. OCLC 70158553.
  • Harris, Sam (2010). The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values. Free Press. ISBN 978-1439171219. OCLC 535493357.
  • Harris, Sam (2011). Lying. Four Elephants Press. ISBN 978-1940051000.
  • Harris, Sam (2012). Free Will. Free Press. ISBN 978-1451683400.
  • Harris, Sam (2014). Waking Up: A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1451636017.
  • Harris, Sam; Nawaz, Maajid (2015). Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674088702.
  • Harris, Sam; Dawkins, Richard; Dennett, Daniel; Hitchens, Christopher (2019). The Four Horsemen: The Discussion that Sparked an Atheist Revolution. Bantam Press. ISBN 978-0593080399.
  • Harris, Sam (2020). Making Sense: Conversations on Consciousness, Morality, and the Future of Humanity. Ecco. ISBN 978-0062857781.

Documentary

  • Amila, D. & Shapiro, J. (2018). Islam and the Future of Tolerance. United States: The Orchard.[157]

Peer-reviewed articles

  • Harris, S.; Sheth, S. A.; Cohen, M. S. (February 27, 2008). "Functional neuroimaging of belief, disbelief, and uncertainty". Annals of Neurology. 63 (2): 141–147. doi:10.1002/ana.21301. PMID 18072236. S2CID 17335600.
  • Harris, S.; Kaplan, J. T.; Curiel, A.; Bookheimer, S. Y.; Iacoboni, M.; Cohen, M. S. (October 1, 2009). Sporns, Olaf (ed.). "The Neural Correlates of Religious and Nonreligious Belief". PLOS One. 4 (10): e7272. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7272H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007272. PMC 2748718. PMID 19794914.
  • Douglas, P. K.; Harris, S.; Yuille, A.; Cohen, M. S. (May 15, 2011). "Performance comparison of machine learning algorithms and number of independent components used in fMRI decoding of belief vs. disbelief". NeuroImage. 56 (2): 544–553. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.002. PMC 3099263. PMID 21073969.
  • Kaplan, Jonas T.; Gimbel, Sarah I.; Harris, Sam (December 23, 2016). "Neural correlates of maintaining one's political beliefs in the face of counterevidence". Scientific Reports. 6: 39589. Bibcode:2016NatSR...639589K. doi:10.1038/srep39589. PMC 5180221. PMID 28008965.

Notes

  1. ^ now named Waking Up: Guided Meditation

References

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  2. ^ a b Bowles, Nellie (December 14, 2018). "Patreon Bars Anti-Feminist for Racist Speech, Inciting Revolt". The New York Times. Retrieved August 30, 2019. Mr. Harris, who gathered his fan base as a pugnacious atheist and fierce critic of Islam
  3. ^ a b Madigan, Tim (2010). "Meet the New Atheism / Same as the Old Atheism?". Philosophy Now. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
  4. ^ Bullivant, Stephen; Ruse, Michael, eds. (2013). The Oxford Handbook of Atheism. Oxford University Press (OUP). p. 246. ISBN 978-0199644650. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  5. ^ a b Wood, Graeme (April 24, 2013). "The Atheist Who Strangled Me". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  6. ^ "Sam Harris, the New Atheists, and anti-Muslim animus", The Guardian, April 3, 2013.
  7. ^ Religion, Politics, Free Speech | Sam Harris | ACADEMIA | Rubin Report from the YouTube channel The Rubin Report, September 11, 2015.
  8. ^ "Atheists Richard Dawkins, Christopher Hitchens and Sam Harris face Islamophobia backlash", The Independent, April 13, 2013.
  9. ^ Weiss, Bari (May 8, 2018). "Meet the Renegades of the Intellectual Dark Web". The New York Times. New York City. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  10. ^ a b Nguyen, Tina; Goldenberg, Sally (March 15, 2021). "How Yang charmed the right on his road to political stardom". Politico.
  11. ^ a b "#225 – Republic of Lies". YouTube. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021.
  12. ^ Current Biography, January 2012, Vol. 73, Issue 1, p. 37
  13. ^ "Playboy Interview: Sam Harris". Playboy. Vol. 66, no. 1. Winter 2019. p. 44.
  14. ^ a b Anthony, Andrew (February 16, 2019). "Sam Harris, the new atheist with a spiritual side". The Guardian. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  15. ^ Anderson, Jon (October 20, 1985). "'Girls' Series is solid gold for Harris". Chicago Tribune TV Week. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
  16. ^ Samuels, David. May 29, 2012. Q&A: Sam Harris. Tablet. Retrieved: October 6, 2014.
  17. ^ . www.samharris.org. September 15, 2014. Archived from the original on April 18, 2016. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
  18. ^ Sam Harris – Extended Interview; PBS: Religion & Ethics Newsweekly; January 5, 2007
  19. ^ "Sam Harris." (2008). The Science Studio. Science Network. October 3, 2008. Transcript.
  20. ^ Harris, Sam (June 28, 2011). "MDMA Caution with Sam Harris". YouTube.
  21. ^ Cogent Canine (December 6, 2017), , archived from the original on June 2, 2020, retrieved December 8, 2017
  22. ^ a b c Miller, Lisa (2010). "Sam Harris Believes in God". Newsweek.
  23. ^ Segal, David (October 26, 2006). "Atheist Evangelist". The Washington Post.
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August 18, 2023
harris, other, people, with, same, name, disambiguation, samuel, benjamin, harris, born, april, 1967, american, philosopher, neuroscientist, author, podcast, host, work, touches, range, topics, including, rationality, religion, ethics, free, will, neuroscience. For other people with the same name see Sam Harris disambiguation Samuel Benjamin Harris born April 9 1967 is an American philosopher neuroscientist author and podcast host His work touches on a range of topics including rationality religion ethics free will neuroscience meditation psychedelics philosophy of mind politics terrorism and artificial intelligence Harris came to prominence for his criticism of religion and Islam in particular 2 and is known as one of the Four Horsemen of New Atheism along with Richard Dawkins Christopher Hitchens and Daniel Dennett 3 4 5 Sam HarrisHarris in 2016BornSamuel Benjamin Harris 1967 04 09 April 9 1967 age 56 Los Angeles California U S OccupationAuthor podcasterEducationStanford University BA University of California Los Angeles PhD GenreNonfictionSubjectNeuroscience philosophy 1 religion spirituality ethics politicsNotable awardsPEN Martha Albrand Award Webby AwardSpouseAnnaka Gorton m 2004 wbr Children2ParentsBerkeley Harris Susan SpivakSignaturePhilosophy careerEraContemporary philosophyRegionWestern philosophyThesisThe moral landscape How science could determine human values 2009 Doctoral advisorMark CohenInfluences Bertrand Russell Daniel Dennett David Chalmers Derek Parfit Douglas Harding The Buddha Nick Bostrom Richard DawkinsInfluenced Andrew Yang Coleman Hughes Douglas Murray Maajid NawazWebsitesamharris wbr orgHarris s first book The End of Faith 2004 won the PEN Martha Albrand Award for First Nonfiction and remained on The New York Times Best Seller list for 33 weeks Harris has since written six additional books Letter to a Christian Nation in 2006 The Moral Landscape How Science Can Determine Human Values in 2010 the long form essay Lying in 2011 the short book Free Will in 2012 Waking Up A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion in 2014 and with British writer Maajid Nawaz Islam and the Future of Tolerance A Dialogue in 2015 Harris s work has been translated into over 20 languages Some critics have argued that Harris s writings are Islamophobic 6 Harris and his supporters however reject this characterization 7 adding that such a labeling is an attempt to silence criticism 8 Harris has debated with many prominent figures on the topics of God or religion including William Lane Craig Jordan Peterson Rick Warren Robert Wright Andrew Sullivan Reza Aslan David Wolpe Deepak Chopra Ben Shapiro and Jean Houston Since September 2013 Harris has hosted the Making Sense podcast originally titled Waking Up which has a large listenership In September 2018 Harris released a meditation app Waking Up with Sam Harris a He was one of the original core members of the so called intellectual dark web 9 although Harris has stated that he does not identify as a part of that group 10 11 Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2 1 Writing 2 2 Debates on religion 2 3 Podcast 2 4 Meditation app 3 Views 3 1 Religion 3 2 Spirituality 3 3 Science and morality 3 4 Free will 3 5 Artificial intelligence 4 Political views 4 1 Israel 4 2 Presidential elections 4 3 Economics 4 4 Gun rights 4 5 COVID 19 pandemic 4 6 Intellectual dark web 5 Controversies 5 1 Race and IQ controversy 5 2 Accusations of Islamophobia 6 Reception and recognition 7 Personal life 8 Works 8 1 Books 8 2 Documentary 8 3 Peer reviewed articles 9 Notes 10 References 11 External linksEarly life and education EditSamuel Benjamin Harris was born in Los Angeles California on April 9 1967 12 13 He is the son of the late actor Berkeley Harris who appeared mainly in Western films and TV writer and producer Susan Harris nee Spivak who created Soap and The Golden Girls among other series 14 15 His father born in North Carolina came from a Quaker background and his mother is Jewish but not religious 16 He was raised by his mother following his parents divorce when he was age two 17 Harris has stated that his upbringing was entirely secular and that his parents rarely discussed religion though he also stated that he was not raised as an atheist 18 While his original major was in English Harris became interested in philosophical questions while at Stanford University after an experience with MDMA 19 20 21 The experience interested him in the idea he might be able to achieve spiritual insights without the use of drugs 22 Leaving Stanford in his second year a quarter after his psychoactive experience he visited India and Nepal where he studied meditation with teachers of Buddhist and Hindu religions 22 23 including Dilgo Khyentse 24 For a few weeks in the early 1990s he was a volunteer guard in the security detail of the Dalai Lama 25 26 In 1997 after eleven years overseas Harris returned to Stanford completing a B A degree in philosophy in 2000 27 28 29 Harris began writing his first book The End of Faith immediately after the September 11 attacks 27 He received a Ph D in cognitive neuroscience in 2009 from the University of California Los Angeles 27 30 31 using functional magnetic resonance imaging to conduct research into the neural basis of belief disbelief and uncertainty 27 31 His thesis was titled The Moral Landscape How Science Could Determine Human Values His advisor was Mark S Cohen 32 Career EditWriting Edit Harris s writing focuses on philosophy neuroscience and criticism of religion He came to prominence for his criticism of religion Islam in particular and he is described as one of the Four Horsemen of Atheism along with Richard Dawkins Christopher Hitchens and Daniel Dennett 2 3 He has written for publications such as The New York Times the Los Angeles Times Economist London Times The Boston Globe and The Atlantic 33 Five of Harris s books have been New York Times bestsellers and his writing has been translated into over 20 languages 33 The End of Faith 2004 remained on The New York Times Best Seller list for 33 weeks 34 Harris has a chapter giving advice in Tim Ferriss s 2016 self help book Tools of Titans Debates on religion Edit In September 2006 Harris debated Robert Wright on the rationality of religious belief 35 In 2007 he engaged in a lengthy debate with conservative commentator Andrew Sullivan on the Internet forum Beliefnet 36 In April 2007 Harris debated with evangelical pastor Rick Warren for Newsweek magazine 37 Harris debated with Rabbi David Wolpe in 2007 38 In 2010 Harris joined Michael Shermer to debate with Deepak Chopra and Jean Houston on the future of God in a debate hosted by ABC News Nightline 39 Harris debated with Christian philosopher William Lane Craig in April 2011 on whether there can be an objective morality without God 40 In June and July 2018 he met with Canadian psychologist Jordan Peterson for a series of debates on religion particularly the relationship between religious values and scientific fact in defining truth 41 42 Harris has debated with the scholar Reza Aslan 43 Podcast Edit In September 2013 Harris began releasing the Waking Up podcast since re titled Making Sense Episodes vary in length but often last over two hours 44 Releases do not follow a regular schedule 45 The podcast focuses on a wide array of topics related to science and spirituality including philosophy religion morality free will neuroscience meditation psychedelics and artificial intelligence Harris has interviewed a wide range of guests including scientists philosophers spiritual teachers and authors Guests have included Jordan Peterson Dan Dennett Janna Levin Sharon Salzberg and David Chalmers 45 46 14 47 Meditation app Edit In September 2018 Harris released a meditation course app Waking Up with Sam Harris The app provides daily meditations long guided meditations daily Moments brief meditations and reminders conversations with thought leaders in psychology meditation philosophy psychedelics and other disciplines a selection of lessons on various topics such as Mind amp Emotion Free Will and Doing Good and more Users of the app are introduced to several types of meditation such as mindfulness meditation vipassana style meditation loving kindness meditation and Dzogchen 48 In September 2020 Harris announced his commitment to donate at least 10 of Waking Up s profits to highly effective charities 49 thus becoming the first company to sign the Giving What We Can pledge for companies 50 The pledge was retroactive taking into account the profits since the day the app launched 2 years previously 49 Views EditReligion Edit Harris is a critic of religion and is a leading figure in the New Atheist movement Harris is particularly opposed to what he refers to as dogmatic belief and says that Pretending to know things one doesn t know is a betrayal of science and yet it is the lifeblood of religion 51 While purportedly opposed to religion in general and the belief systems of them Harris believes that all religions are not created equal 52 Often invoking Jainism to contrast Islam as a whole Harris highlights the difference in the specific doctrine and scripture as the main indicator of a religion s value or lack thereof 53 better source needed In 2006 Harris described Islam as all fringe and no center 54 and wrote in The End of Faith that the doctrine of Islam represents a unique danger to all of us arguing that the war on terror is really a war against Islam 55 In 2014 Harris said he considers Islam to be especially belligerent and inimical to the norms of civil discourse as it involves what Harris considers to be bad ideas held for bad reasons leading to bad behavior 56 In 2015 Harris and secular Islamic activist Maajid Nawaz cowrote Islam and the Future of Tolerance 57 In this book Harris argues that the word Islamophobia is a pernicious meme a label which prevents discussion about the threat of Islam 55 Harris has been described in 2020 by Jonathan Matusitz Associate Professor at the University of Central Florida as a champion of the counter jihad left 58 Harris is critical of the Christian right in politics in the United States blaming them for the political focus on pseudo problems like gay marriage 59 He is also critical of liberal Christianity as represented for instance by the theology of Paul Tillich which he argues claims to base its beliefs on the Bible despite actually being influenced by secular modernity He further states that in so doing liberal Christianity provides rhetorical cover to fundamentalists 59 Spirituality Edit Harris holds that there is nothing irrational about seeking the states of mind that lie at the core of many religions Compassion awe devotion and feelings of oneness are surely among the most valuable experiences a person can have 22 Everything of value that people get from religion can be had more honestly without presuming anything on insufficient evidence The rest is self deception set to music Sam Harris 60 Harris rejects the dichotomy between spirituality and rationality favoring a middle path that preserves spirituality and science but does not involve religion 61 He writes that spirituality should be understood in light of scientific disciplines like neuroscience and psychology 61 Science he contends can show how to maximize human well being but may fail to answer certain questions about the nature of being answers to some of which he says are discoverable directly through our experience 61 His conception of spirituality does not involve a belief in any god 62 In Waking Up A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion 2014 Harris describes his experience with Dzogchen a Tibetan Buddhist meditation practice and recommends it to his readers 61 He writes that the purpose of spirituality as he defines it he concedes that the term s uses are diverse and sometimes indefensible is to become aware that our sense of self is illusory and says this realization brings both happiness and insight into the nature of consciousness mirroring core Buddhist beliefs 61 63 This process of realization he argues is based on experience and is not contingent on faith 61 Harris especially recommends the headless meditation technique as written about by Douglas Harding Science and morality Edit In The Moral Landscape Harris argues that science can answer moral problems and aid human well being 64 Free will Edit See also Neuroscience of free will Harris says that the idea of free will cannot be mapped on to any conceivable reality and is incoherent 1 Harris writes in Free Will that neuroscience reveals you to be a biochemical puppet 65 Philosopher Daniel Dennett argued that Harris s book Free Will successfully refuted the common understanding of free will but that he failed to respond adequately to the compatibilist understanding of free will Dennett said the book was valuable because it expressed the views of many eminent scientists but that it nonetheless contained a veritable museum of mistakes and that Harris and others need to do their homework if they want to engage with the best thought on the topic 66 Artificial intelligence Edit Harris is a frequent critic of Artificial intelligence 67 68 He has discussed existential risk from artificial general intelligence in depth 69 He has given a TED talk on the topic arguing it will be a major threat in the future and criticizing the paucity of human interest on the subject 70 He argues the dangers from artificial intelligence AI follow from three premises that intelligence is the result of physical information processing that humans will continue innovation in AI and that humans are nowhere near the maximum possible extent of intelligence 70 Harris states that even if superintelligent AI is five to ten decades away the scale of its implications for human civilization warrants discussion of the issue in the present 70 Political views EditHarris describes himself as a liberal is a registered Democrat 71 and has never voted Republican in presidential elections 45 He supports same sex marriage and decriminalizing drugs 72 In an op ed for the Los Angeles Times Harris said that he supported most of the criticism against Bush administration s war in Iraq and all criticism of fiscal policy and the administration s treatment of science Harris also said that liberalism has grown dangerously out of touch with the realities of our world when it comes to threats allegedly posed by Islamic fundamentalism 72 Israel Edit Harris opposes Israel s right to exist as a Jewish state and Jewish claims of ownership made in the Bible Despite this Harris has said due to the hostility towards Jews he has conceded that if there is one religious group which needs protections in the form of a state it is Israel 73 74 With regard to the Israeli Palestinian conflict he has criticized both Israel and Palestine for committing war crimes He has indicated that he believes that Israel genuinely wants peace and that its neighbours are more devoted to the destruction of Israel 75 Harris has also said that Palestine is more guilty citing Palestine and Hamas s use of human shields and genocidal rhetoric towards the Jews as reasons Palestine is more morally culpable 76 He names these as reasons why Israel has a right to defend itself against Palestine 77 Presidential elections Edit In the 2008 United States presidential election he supported the candidacy of Barack Obama and opposed Republican John McCain s candidacy 78 79 During the 2016 United States presidential election Harris supported Hillary Clinton in the Democratic Party presidential primaries against Bernie Sanders 80 and despite calling her a terribly flawed candidate for the presidency he favored her in the general election and came out strongly in opposition to Donald Trump s candidacy 81 46 Harris has criticized Trump for lying stating in 2018 that Trump has assaulted truth more than anyone in human history 46 In the 2020 United States presidential election Harris supported Andrew Yang in the Democratic primaries 82 Harris also introduced Yang to podcaster Joe Rogan 83 After the 2020 election he said that he did not care what was on Hunter Biden s laptop saying Hunter Biden literally could have had the corpses of children in his basement I would not have cared He went on to say that nothing on the laptop would come close to even the Trump University scandal He also said that Twitter s brief censoring of the laptop story on its platform was a conspiracy but that it was warranted He has however walked back his comments about the laptop 84 85 Economics Edit Harris supports raising taxes on the wealthy reducing government spending and has criticized billionaires like Bill Gates and Warren Buffett for paying relatively little in tax He has proposed taxing 10 for estates worth above 10 million taxing 50 for estates worth over a billion dollars and then using the money to fund an infrastructure bank 86 He has accused conservatives of perceiving raising taxes as a form of theft or punishment and of believing that by being rich they create value for others 87 88 He has regarded this view as ludicrous saying markets aren t perfectly reflective of the value of goods and services and many wealthy people don t create much in the way of value for others In fact as our recent financial crisis has shown it is possible for a few people to become extraordinarily rich by wrecking the global economy 89 Gun rights Edit Harris owns guns and wrote in 2015 that he understood people s hostility towards gun culture in the United States and the political influence of the National Rifle Association However he argued that there is a rational case for gun ownership due to the fact that the police can not always be relied on and that guns are a good alternative 90 91 Harris has stated that he disagrees with proposals by liberals and gun control advocates for restricting guns such as the assault weapons ban since more gun crimes are committed with handguns than the semi automatic weapons which the ban would target Harris has also said that the left wing media gets many things wrong about guns He has however offered support for certain regulations on gun ownership such as mandatory training licensure and background checks before a gun can be legally purchased 92 COVID 19 pandemic Edit During the COVID 19 pandemic he criticized commentators for pushing views on COVID 19 that he considered to be patently insane Harris accused these commentators of believing that COVID 19 policies were a way of implementing social control and to crackdown on people s freedom politically 93 Harris has feuded with Bret Weinstein over his views on COVID 19 94 In 2023 he said that if COVID 19 had killed more children there would be no patience for vaccine skepticism 95 In March 2023 he hosted Matt Ridley and Alina Chan on his podcast to discuss the origins of COVID 19 and the potential that the COVID 19 virus was made in a lab 96 97 Intellectual dark web Edit Harris has been described alongside others such as Joe Rogan Bret Weinstein and Jordan Peterson as a member of the intellectual dark web a group that opposes political correctness and identity politics 98 New York Times journalist Bari Weiss described the group as a collection of iconoclastic thinkers academic renegades and media personalities who are having a rolling conversation on podcasts YouTube and Twitter and in sold out auditoriums that sound unlike anything else happening at least publicly in the culture right now 46 In November 2020 Harris stated that he does not identify as a part of that group 10 11 In 2021 Harris stated that he had turn ed in his imaginary membership card to this imaginary organization 99 Controversies EditRace and IQ controversy Edit In April 2017 Harris hosted the social scientist Charles Murray on his podcast discussing topics including the heritability of IQ and race and intelligence 100 Harris stated the invitation was out of indignation at a violent protest against Murray at Middlebury College the month before and not out of particular interest in the material at hand 100 The podcast episode garnered significant criticism most notably from Vox 47 101 and Slate 102 In the Vox article scientists including Eric Turkheimer Kathryn Paige Harden and Richard E Nisbett accused Harris of participating in pseudoscientific racialist speculation and peddling junk science Harris and Murray were defended by commentators Andrew Sullivan 103 and Kyle Smith 104 Harris and Vox editor at large Ezra Klein later discussed the affair in a podcast interview in which Klein accused Harris of thinking tribally and Harris accused the Vox article of leading people to think he was racist 105 106 Accusations of Islamophobia Edit Harris has been accused of Islamophobia by journalist Glenn Greenwald and linguist and political commentator Noam Chomsky 107 108 Greenwald characterized some of Harris s statements as Islamophobic such as the people who speak most sensibly about the threat that Islam poses to Europe are actually fascists and t he only future devout Muslims can envisage as Muslims is one in which all infidels have been converted to Islam politically subjugated or killed 107 After Harris and Chomsky exchanged a series of emails on terrorism and U S foreign policy in 2015 Chomsky said Harris had not prepared adequately for the exchange and that this revealed his work as unserious 109 Kyle Schmidlin also wrote in Salon that he considered Chomsky the winner of the exchange because Harris s arguments relied excessively on thought experiments with little application to the real world 109 In a 2016 interview with Al Jazeera English s UpFront Chomsky further criticized Harris saying he specializes in hysterical slanderous charges against people he doesn t like 108 Harris has countered that his views on this and other topics are frequently misrepresented by unethical critics who deliberately take his words out of context 110 He has also criticized the validity of the term Islamophobia 111 My criticism of Islam is a criticism of beliefs and their consequences but my fellow liberals reflexively view it as an expression of intolerance toward people 112 he wrote following a disagreement with actor Ben Affleck in October 2014 on the show Real Time with Bill Maher Affleck had described Harris s and host Bill Maher s views on Muslims as gross and racist and Harris s statement that Islam is the mother lode of bad ideas as an ugly thing to say Affleck also compared Harris s and Maher s rhetoric to that of people who use antisemitic canards or define African Americans in terms of intraracial crime 113 Several conservative American media pundits in turn criticized Affleck and praised Harris and Maher for broaching the topic saying that discussing it had become taboo 114 Harris s dialogue on Islam with Maajid Nawaz received a combination of positive reviews 115 116 117 and mixed reviews 118 119 Irshad Manji wrote Their back and forth clarifies multiple confusions that plague the public conversation about Islam Of Harris specifically she said he is right that liberals must end their silence about the religious motives behind much Islamist terror At the same time he ought to call out another double standard that feeds the liberal reflex to excuse Islamists Atheists do not make nearly enough noise about hatred toward Muslims 119 Hamid Dabashi a professor at Columbia University accused Sam Harris of being a new atheist crusader while having never studied Islam thoroughly and having no special insight into any Muslim community on earth 120 He further accused Harris of engaging in such language to justify Western imperialism in the Muslim world 120 An article published in The Guardian accused Harris along with Milo Yiannopoulos of influencing young white men into becoming racists and anti Muslim bigots 121 Hatewatch staff at the Southern Poverty Law Center SPLC wrote that members of the skeptics movement of which Harris is one of the most public faces help to channel people into the alt right 122 Bari Weiss wrote that the SPLC had misrepresented Harris s views 46 Chris Hedges accused Harris of advancing neoconservative agendas and of advocating a nuclear first strike policy on Muslims if an Islamist regime ever obtained nuclear weapons quoting from The End of Faith Religion Terror and the Future of Reason by Harris that in such a situation the only thing likely to ensure our survival may be a nuclear first strike of our own 123 124 125 In 2018 Nathan J Robinson also criticized Harris for promoting the possibility of a nuclear first strike on an Islamist regime 126 Reception and recognition EditHarris s first two books in which he lays out his criticisms of religion received negative reviews from Christian scholars 59 127 128 From secular sources the books received a mixture of negative reviews 129 130 131 and positive reviews 132 133 134 135 In his review of The End of Faith American historian Alexander Saxton criticized what he called Harris s vitriolic and selective polemic against Islam emphasis in original which he said obscure s the obvious reality that the invasion of Iraq and the War against Terror are driven by religious irrationalities cultivated and conceded to at high policy levels in the U S and which are at least comparable to the irrationality of Islamic crusaders and Jihadists 129 By contrast Stephanie Merritt wrote of the same book that Harris s central argument in The End of Faith is sound religion is the only area of human knowledge in which it is still acceptable to hold beliefs dating from antiquity and a modern society should subject those beliefs to the same principles that govern scientific medical or geographical inquiry particularly if they are inherently hostile to those with different ideas 132 Harris s first book The End of Faith 2004 won the PEN Martha Albrand Award for First Nonfiction 136 Harris s next two books which discuss philosophical issues relating to ethics and free will received several negative academic reviews 137 138 139 140 141 142 In his review of The Moral Landscape neuroscientist Kenan Malik criticized Harris for not engaging adequately with philosophical literature Imagine a sociologist who wrote about evolutionary theory without discussing the work of Darwin Fisher Mayr Hamilton Trivers or Dawkins on the grounds that he did not come to his conclusions by reading about biology and because discussing concepts such as adaptation speciation homology phylogenetics or kin selection would increase the amount of boredom in the universe How seriously would we and should we take his argument 140 On the other hand The Moral Landscape received a largely positive review from psychologists James Diller and Andrew Nuzzolilli 143 Additionally Free Will received a mixed academic review from philosopher Paul Pardi who acknowledged that while it suffers from some conceptual confusions and that the core argument is a bit too breezy it serves as a good primer on key ideas in physicalist theories of freedom and the will 144 Harris s book on spirituality and meditation received mainly positive reviews 145 146 61 63 as well as some mixed reviews 147 62 It was praised by Frank Bruni for example who described it as so entirely of this moment so keenly in touch with the growing number of Americans who are willing to say that they do not find the succor they crave or a truth that makes sense to them in organized religion 145 In 2018 Robert Wright a visiting professor of science and religion at Union Theological Seminary published an article in Wired criticizing Harris whom he described as annoying and deluded Wright wrote that Harris despite claiming to be a champion of rationality ignored his own cognitive biases and engaged in faulty and inconsistent arguments in his book The End of Faith He wrote that the famous proponent of New Atheism is on a crusade against tribalism but seems oblivious to his own version of it Wright wrote that these biases are rooted in natural selection and impact everyone but that they can be mitigated when acknowledged 106 The UK Business Insider included Harris s podcast in their list of 8 podcasts that will change how you think about human behavior in 2017 148 and PC Magazine included it in their list of The Best Podcasts of 2018 149 In January 2020 Max Sanderson included Harris s podcast as a Producer pick in a podcasts of the week section for The Guardian 44 The Waking Up podcast won the 2017 Webby Award for People s Voice in the category Science amp Education under Podcasts amp Digital Audio 150 Harris was included on a list of the 100 Most Spiritually Influential Living People 2019 in the Watkins Review a publication of Watkins Books a London esoterica bookshop 151 Personal life EditIn 2004 Harris married Annaka Gorton an author and editor of nonfiction and scientific books after engaging in a common interest about the nature of consciousness 152 They have two daughters 153 154 and live in Los Angeles 155 In September 2020 Harris became a member of Giving What We Can an effective altruism organization whose members pledge to give at least 10 of their income to effective charities both as an individual and as a company with Waking Up 50 49 Harris practices Brazilian jiu jitsu 156 5 Works EditBooks Edit Harris Sam 2004 The End of Faith Religion Terror and the Future of Reason W W Norton amp Company ISBN 0393035158 OCLC 62265386 Harris Sam 2006 Letter to a Christian Nation Alfred A Knopf Inc ISBN 0307265773 OCLC 70158553 Harris Sam 2010 The Moral Landscape How Science Can Determine Human Values Free Press ISBN 978 1439171219 OCLC 535493357 Harris Sam 2011 Lying Four Elephants Press ISBN 978 1940051000 Harris Sam 2012 Free Will Free Press ISBN 978 1451683400 Harris Sam 2014 Waking Up A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion Simon amp Schuster ISBN 978 1451636017 Harris Sam Nawaz Maajid 2015 Islam and the Future of Tolerance A Dialogue Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0674088702 Harris Sam Dawkins Richard Dennett Daniel Hitchens Christopher 2019 The Four Horsemen The Discussion that Sparked an Atheist Revolution Bantam Press ISBN 978 0593080399 Harris Sam 2020 Making Sense Conversations on Consciousness Morality and the Future of Humanity Ecco ISBN 978 0062857781 Documentary Edit Amila D amp Shapiro J 2018 Islam and the Future of Tolerance United States The Orchard 157 Peer reviewed articles Edit Harris S Sheth S A Cohen M S February 27 2008 Functional neuroimaging of belief disbelief and uncertainty Annals of Neurology 63 2 141 147 doi 10 1002 ana 21301 PMID 18072236 S2CID 17335600 Harris S Kaplan J T Curiel A Bookheimer S Y Iacoboni M Cohen M S October 1 2009 Sporns Olaf ed The Neural Correlates of Religious and Nonreligious Belief PLOS One 4 10 e7272 Bibcode 2009PLoSO 4 7272H doi 10 1371 journal pone 0007272 PMC 2748718 PMID 19794914 Douglas P K Harris S Yuille A Cohen M S May 15 2011 Performance comparison of machine learning algorithms and number of independent components used in fMRI decoding of belief vs disbelief NeuroImage 56 2 544 553 doi 10 1016 j neuroimage 2010 11 002 PMC 3099263 PMID 21073969 Kaplan Jonas T Gimbel Sarah I Harris Sam December 23 2016 Neural correlates of maintaining one s political beliefs in the face of counterevidence Scientific Reports 6 39589 Bibcode 2016NatSR 639589K doi 10 1038 srep39589 PMC 5180221 PMID 28008965 Notes Edit now named Waking Up Guided MeditationReferences Edit a b Paul Pardi May 15 2012 An Analysis of Sam Harris Free Will Philosophy News Retrieved April 17 2016 a b Bowles Nellie December 14 2018 Patreon Bars Anti Feminist for Racist Speech Inciting Revolt The New York Times Retrieved August 30 2019 Mr Harris who gathered his fan base as a pugnacious atheist and fierce critic of Islam a b Madigan Tim 2010 Meet the New Atheism Same as the Old Atheism Philosophy Now Retrieved August 15 2018 Bullivant Stephen Ruse Michael eds 2013 The Oxford Handbook of Atheism Oxford University Press OUP p 246 ISBN 978 0199644650 Retrieved May 22 2019 a b Wood Graeme April 24 2013 The Atheist Who Strangled Me The Atlantic Retrieved August 11 2014 Sam Harris the New Atheists and anti Muslim animus The Guardian April 3 2013 Religion Politics Free Speech Sam Harris ACADEMIA Rubin Report from the YouTube channel The Rubin Report September 11 2015 Atheists Richard Dawkins Christopher Hitchens and Sam Harris face Islamophobia backlash The Independent April 13 2013 Weiss Bari May 8 2018 Meet the Renegades of the Intellectual Dark Web The New York Times New York City Retrieved July 30 2022 a b Nguyen Tina Goldenberg Sally March 15 2021 How Yang charmed the right on his road to political stardom Politico a b 225 Republic of Lies YouTube Archived from the original on October 30 2021 Current Biography January 2012 Vol 73 Issue 1 p 37 Playboy Interview Sam Harris Playboy Vol 66 no 1 Winter 2019 p 44 a b Anthony Andrew February 16 2019 Sam Harris the new atheist with a spiritual side The Guardian Retrieved June 22 2020 Anderson Jon October 20 1985 Girls Series is solid gold for Harris Chicago Tribune TV Week Retrieved September 18 2013 Samuels David May 29 2012 Q amp A Sam Harris Tablet Retrieved October 6 2014 I m Not the Sexist Pig You re Looking For www samharris org September 15 2014 Archived from the original on April 18 2016 Retrieved April 23 2016 Sam Harris Extended Interview PBS Religion amp Ethics Newsweekly January 5 2007 Sam Harris 2008 The Science Studio Science Network October 3 2008 Transcript Harris Sam June 28 2011 MDMA Caution with Sam Harris YouTube Cogent Canine December 6 2017 First Time Sam Harris Took E archived from the original on June 2 2020 retrieved December 8 2017 a b c Miller Lisa 2010 Sam Harris Believes in God Newsweek Segal David October 26 2006 Atheist Evangelist The Washington Post Harris Sam November 11 2012 Science on the Brink of Death Archived from the original on September 9 2017 Retrieved November 14 2012 Column No God No problem says god free thinker Sam Harris Los Angeles Times September 24 2014 Retrieved May 4 2023 Segal David October 26 2006 Atheist Evangelist Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Retrieved May 4 2023 a b c d Segal David October 26 2006 Atheist Evangelist The Washington Post Rice Lewis I 2005 The Iconoclast Sam Harris wants believers to stop believing Stanford Magazine Stanford Alumni Association Archived from the original on October 16 2009 Sam Harris The Information Philosopher Retrieved April 30 2016 Greenberg Brad A April 1 2008 Making Belief UCLA Magazine Retrieved October 28 2009 a b Healy Melissa September 30 2009 Religion The heart believes what it will but the brain behaves the same either way Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on January 24 2014 Retrieved October 17 2009 Harris Sam 2009 The Moral Landscape How Science Could Determine Human Values ProQuest PhD UCLA ISBN 978 1124011905 Retrieved June 5 2014 a b Sam Harris Edge org Retrieved August 26 2018 Van Biema David December 14 2007 What Your Brain Looks Like on Faith Time Retrieved August 16 2018 September 22 2006 1 a 90 minute debate Harris Sam Sullivan Andrew January 16 2007 Is Religion Built Upon Lies Beliefnet Harris Sam Warren Rick April 8 2007 Newsweek Poll 90 Believe in God Newsweek Padilla Steve December 29 2007 Rabbi atheist debate with passion humor Los Angeles Times Retrieved June 20 2020 Harris Dan Brown Ely March 22 2010 Nightline Face Off Does God Have a Future ABC News Retrieved June 20 2020 Schneider Nathan July 1 2013 The New Theist The Chronicle of Higher Education Ruffolo Michael June 26 2018 Sam Harris and Jordan Peterson waste a lot of time then talk about God for 20 minutes National Observer Retrieved April 23 2019 Murray Douglas September 16 2018 Arena talks in Dublin and London with Jordan Peterson Sam Harris and Douglas Murray The Spectator USA Archived from the original on April 23 2019 Retrieved April 23 2019 Jennek Rafal 2017 Sam Harris on Religion in Peace and Conflict PDF Department of Theology Uppsala Universitet Retrieved June 20 2020 a b Davies Hannah J Verdier Hannah Sanderson Max January 3 2020 The con woman who scammed New York s elite podcasts of the week The Guardian Retrieved June 22 2020 a b c Waking Up with Sam Harris iTunes Podcasts September 13 2022 Retrieved September 13 2022 I have been traditionally a liberal I have never voted republican certainly not for president a b c d e Weiss Bari May 8 2018 Meet the Renegades of the Intellectual Dark Web The New York Times Retrieved May 8 2018 a b Turkheimer Eric Harden Kathryn Paige Nisbett Richard E May 18 2017 Charles Murray is once again peddling junk science about race and IQ Vox Retrieved October 16 2018 Freeland Ben March 29 2019 Sam Harris Waking Up App Reviewed Medium Retrieved May 30 2019 a b c Waking Up Turns 2 Archived from the original on January 18 2022 Retrieved September 28 2020 a b Members www givingwhatwecan org Retrieved September 25 2020 Meme 8 Sam Harris May 3 2017 Retrieved May 1 2020 Anthony Andrew February 16 2019 Sam Harris the new atheist with a spiritual side The Observer ISSN 0029 7712 Retrieved May 1 2020 Response to Controversy Sam Harris April 4 2013 Retrieved May 1 2020 The Reality of Islam Sam Harris February 8 2006 Retrieved April 30 2020 a b Adams Alex 2016 Political Torture in Popular Culture The Role of Representations in the Post 9 11 Torture Debate Routledge p 29 ISBN 978 1317289395 Harris Sam June 21 2014 Response to Controversy Archived from the original on October 24 2016 Retrieved October 23 2016 Harris Sam Maajid Nawaz 2015 Islam and the Future of Tolerance A Dialogue Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0674088702 Archived from the original on May 7 2020 Retrieved December 14 2020 Matusitz Jonathan 2020 Communication in Global Jihad Routledge p 1988 ISBN 978 1000224351 a b c Mohler R Albert Jr August 19 2004 The End of Faith Secularism with the Gloves Off The Christian Post Archived from the original on June 29 2012 Retrieved February 19 2019 Harris Sam March 15 2007 God s Dupes samharris org Retrieved April 10 2021 a b c d e f g Clothier Peter September 2 2016 Waking Up by Sam Harris A Book Review Huffington Post Retrieved October 1 2017 a b Smith Holly September 17 2014 Waking Up A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion Washington Independent Review of Books Retrieved October 2 2017 a b Waking Up A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion Kirkus Reviews August 29 2014 Retrieved August 12 2016 Don Katherine October 17 2010 The Moral Landscape Why science should shape morality Salon Nahmias Eddy August 13 2012 Does Contemporary Neuroscience Support or Challenge the Reality of Free Will Big Questions Online Dennett Daniel 2017 Reflections on Sam Harris Free Will Rivista internazionale di Filosofia e Psicologia 8 3 214 230 doi 10 4453 rifp 2017 0018 ISSN 2039 4667 Sam Harris 312 The Trouble with AI Sam Harris Retrieved August 12 2023 116 AI Racing Toward the Brink Sam Harris Retrieved August 12 2023 Harris Sam Can We Avoid a Digital Apocalypse Edge org Retrieved June 14 2019 a b c Davey Tucker October 7 2016 Sam Harris TED Talk Can We Build AI Without Losing Control Over It Future of Life Institute Retrieved June 14 2019 Sam Harris Trump Reparations Manifestos Fox News September 9 2019 archived from the original on October 30 2021 retrieved November 21 2019 03 50 I m a registered Democrat a b Harris Sam September 18 2006 Head in the Sand Liberals Western civilization really is at risk from Muslim extremists Los Angeles Times Archived at the Wayback Machine 2 Why Don t I Criticize Israel Sam Harris Retrieved April 13 2023 Staff Salon July 28 2014 Sam Harris Why don t I criticize Israel Salon Retrieved April 13 2023 Sam Harris Making Sense of Gaza Sam Harris Retrieved April 13 2023 2 Why Don t I Criticize Israel Sam Harris Retrieved April 13 2023 Sam Harris Making Sense of Gaza Sam Harris Retrieved April 13 2023 Sam Harris What Barack Obama Could Not and Should Not Say Sam Harris Retrieved April 12 2023 What Barack Obama Could Not and Should Not Say HuffPost March 21 2008 Retrieved April 12 2023 Sam Harris Q amp A Why I m Voting For Hillary Clinton YouTube February 18 2016 Archived from the original on October 30 2021 Harris Sam Trump in Exile Archived February 12 2017 at the Wayback Machine samharris org October 13 2016 Retrieved April 22 2017 Harris Sam November 6 2020 I sure hope Andrew Yang has a significant job in D C next year Twitter Retrieved May 21 2021 Weiss Bari January 31 2020 Opinion Did I Just Get Yanged The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved January 5 2021 Sam Harris defends silencing The Post on Hunter Biden August 19 2022 Retrieved March 14 2023 Mordowanec Nick August 18 2022 Who Is Sam Harris Writer Admits to Ignoring Hunter Biden Laptop Newsweek Retrieved March 14 2023 Sam Harris How Rich is Too Rich Sam Harris Retrieved March 15 2023 Head in the Sand Liberals Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times November 1 2006 Archived from the original on November 1 2006 Retrieved March 15 2023 Sam Harris How Rich is Too Rich Sam Harris Retrieved March 15 2023 Sam Harris How Rich is Too Rich Sam Harris Retrieved March 15 2023 Why I own guns The Week Retrieved May 31 2022 Sam Harris The Riddle of the Gun Sam Harris Retrieved March 14 2023 Sam Harris The Riddle of the Gun Sam Harris Retrieved March 14 2023 Sam Harris Blasts Podcasters Pushing Covid Conspiracies Mediaite December 15 2021 Retrieved March 14 2023 I tried to talk about the hard issues America faces Then the social media storm erupted USA TODAY Retrieved July 22 2023 Silverstein Joe January 16 2023 Podcaster Sam Harris If COVID killed more children there d be no f ing patience for vaccine skeptics Fox News Retrieved March 14 2023 Sam Harris 311 Did SARS CoV 2 Escape from a Lab www samharris org Retrieved March 23 2023 Salzberg Steven The Scientific Error That Might Have Caused The Covid 19 Pandemic Forbes Retrieved March 23 2023 Weiss Bari Winter Damon January 31 2020 Opinion Meet the Renegades of the Intellectual Dark Web The New York Times The New York Times Archived from the original on January 31 2020 Retrieved October 30 2022 Wakeling Adam July 1 2021 What Happened to the Intellectual Dark Web RealClearPolicy www realclearpolicy com Retrieved May 8 2022 a b Harris Sam March 27 2018 Ezra Klein Editor at Large SamHarris org Retrieved October 16 2018 Klein Ezra March 27 2018 Sam Harris Charles Murray and the allure of race science Vox Retrieved October 16 2018 Saletan William April 27 2018 Stop Talking About Race and IQ Slate Retrieved October 17 2018 Sullivan Andrew March 30 2018 Denying Genetics Isn t Shutting Down Racism It s Fueling It New York Retrieved October 17 2018 Smith Kyle April 20 2018 Ezra Klein s Intellectual Demagoguery National Review Retrieved August 11 2020 Klein Ezra April 9 2018 The Sam Harris debate Vox Retrieved August 30 2019 a b Wright Robert May 17 2018 Sam Harris and the Myth of Perfectly Rational Thought Wired Retrieved August 30 2019 a b Greenwald Glenn April 3 2013 Sam Harris the New Atheists and anti Muslim animus The Guardian Retrieved October 17 2018 a b Noam Chomsky tells UpFront he would absolutely vote for Hillary Clinton Al Jazeera January 25 2016 Retrieved July 30 2020 a b Scoring the Noam Chomsky Sam Harris debate How the professor knocked out the atheist Salon May 8 2015 Retrieved July 24 2020 Response to Controversy Sam Harris July 29 2019 Retrieved September 11 2020 Taylor Jerome April 12 2013 Atheists Richard Dawkins Christopher Hitchens and Sam Harris face Islamophobia backlash The Independent Harris Sam October 7 2014 Can Liberalism Be Saved From Itself London archived from the original on December 26 2014 retrieved December 26 2014 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Child Ben October 7 2014 Ben Affleck Sam Harris and Bill Maher racist and gross in views of Islam The Guardian Retrieved August 30 2019 Bond Paul October 8 2014 Ben Affleck Targeted by Conservatives After Islamism Spat With Bill Maher The Hollywood Reporter Retrieved April 3 2021 Brian Stewart October 7 2015 A Liberal Atheist and a Liberal Muslim Discuss the Problems of Contemporary Islam National Review Islam and the Future of Tolerance A Dialogue Publishers Weekly October 2015 Retrieved October 24 2020 Sonenshine Tara Islam and the Future of Tolerance A Dialogue New York Journal of Books Retrieved October 24 2020 Islam and the Future of Tolerance A Dialogue Kirkus Reviews Retrieved October 24 2020 a b Manji Irshad November 3 2015 Islam and the Future of Tolerance and Not in God s Name The New York Times Retrieved August 13 2016 a b Dabashi Hamid The resurrection of new atheism www aljazeera com Retrieved November 4 2021 Anonymous November 28 2016 Alt right online poison nearly turned me into a racist the Guardian Retrieved November 4 2021 Hatewatch Staff April 19 2018 McInnes Molyneux and 4chan Investigating pathways to the alt right Southern Poverty Law Center Retrieved September 1 2019 Excerpts from Sam Harris lib tcu edu Retrieved November 4 2021 Sam Harris Quotes a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link I don t believe in atheists Salon March 13 2008 Retrieved November 4 2021 Massey Eli Robinson Nathan J October 12 2018 Being Mr Reasonable Current Affairs ISSN 2471 2647 Retrieved April 24 2023 Matthew Simpson 2005 Unbelievable Religion is really really bad for you Christianity Today Michael Novak National Review Lonely Atheists of the Global Village Archived May 16 2013 at the Wayback Machine Book Reviews National Review March 19 2007 a b Saxton Alexander October 2006 The End of Faith Religion Terror and the Future of Reason Science amp Society 70 4 572 574 doi 10 1521 siso 2006 70 4 572 ISSN 0036 8237 Tom Flynn 2005 Glimpses of Nirvana Free Inquiry volume 25 number 2 David Boulton 2005 Faith kills New Humanist volume 120 number 2 a b Stephanie Merritt 2005 Faith no more The Observer Hari Johann February 11 2005 BOOKS The sea of faith and violence The Independent Retrieved February 3 2022 Dawkins Richard August 4 2005 Coming Out Against Religious Mania The Huffington Post Retrieved February 3 2022 Pinker Steven June 1 2008 Survey Truth to Power The New York Times Retrieved March 10 2014 PEN American Center 2005 The PEN Martha Albrand Award for First Nonfiction Archived May 21 2006 at the Wayback Machine Jollimore Barnes amp Noble Review Oct 22 2010 Appiah Kwame Anthony October 1 2010 Science Knows Best The New York Times Retrieved February 3 2022 Atran Atran February 23 2011 Sam Harris s Guide to Nearly Everything The National Interest Archived from the original on October 20 2013 Retrieved September 24 2011 a b Malik Kenan April 14 2011 Test tube truths newhumanist org uk Retrieved July 24 2020 Is Sam Harris Right About Free Will A Book Review Biola University Center for Christian Thought The Table May 26 2014 Retrieved August 6 2020 Dennett Daniel December 31 2017 Reflections on Sam Harris Free Will Rivista Internazionale di Filosofia e Psicologia 8 vol 8 n 3 2017 214 230 doi 10 4453 rifp 2017 0018 Retrieved August 6 2020 Diller J W Nuzzolilli A E 2012 The Science of Values The Moral Landscape by Sam Harris The Behavior Analyst 35 2 265 273 doi 10 1007 BF03392286 PMC 3501430 Pardi Paul May 15 2012 An Analysis of Sam Harris s Free Will Philosophy News Retrieved August 6 2020 a b Bruni Frank August 30 2014 Between Godliness and Godlessness The New York Times Retrieved October 18 2015 Cave Stephen October 31 2014 Waking Up A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion by Sam Harris Financial Times Archived from the original on December 11 2022 Retrieved August 12 2016 Quirk Trevor September 10 2014 I Thought I Hated the New Atheists Then I Read Sam Harris s New Book The New Republic Retrieved August 12 2016 8 podcasts that will change how you think about human behavior Business Insider Retrieved April 23 2017 Moore Ben September 27 2018 The Best Podcasts of 2018 PC Magazine Retrieved August 11 2020 The 2017 Webby Awards for the best science and education podcasts webbyawards com The Webby Awards Retrieved April 26 2017 Watkins Spiritual 100 List for 2019 Watkins Magazine April 2019 Retrieved May 7 2019 Project Reason Trustees Advisory Board Archived December 15 2014 at the Wayback Machine Project Reason Retrieved May 5 2015 Harris 2014a For Annaka Emma and Violet sfn error no target CITEREFHarris2014a help Harris Sam July 4 2011 Drugs and the Meaning of Life Sam Harris Archived from the original on September 24 2015 Retrieved November 5 2014 Sam Harris the new atheist with a spiritual side The Guardian February 16 2019 Retrieved February 12 2021 Harris 2012 Islam and the Future of Tolerance Islam and the Future of Tolerance Retrieved June 26 2019 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sam Harris Wikiquote has quotations related to Sam Harris Official website Sam Harris at TED Sam Harris at IMDb Library resources in your library and in other libraries by Sam Harris Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sam Harris amp oldid 1170644570, 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