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Muslim Rajputs

Muslim Rajputs or Musalman Rajpoots are the descendants of Rajputs in the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent who generally are followers of Islam.[1] Reportedly, they converted from Hinduism to Islam from the medieval period onwards, creating various dynasties and states while retaining Hindu surnames such as Chauhan.[2][3][4] Today, Muslim Rajputs can be found mostly in present-day Northern India and Pakistan.[5] They are further divided into different clans.[6]

Muslim Rajputs
Regions with significant populations
 India and  Pakistan
Languages
Religion
Islam
Related ethnic groups
Rajputs and other Indo-Aryan peoples

History edit

The term Rajput is traditionally applied to the original Suryavanshi, Chandravanshi and Agnivanshi clans, who claimed to be Kshatriya in the Hindu varna system.[citation needed]

Conversion to Islam and ethos edit

Upon their conversion from Hinduism to Islam, many Muslim Rajputs maintained many of their Hindu customs, and hence retained their Cultural Hindu identity.[2] Muslim Rajputs also often retained common social practices, such as purdah (seclusion of women), with Hindu Rajputs.[5]

Despite the difference in religious faith, where the question has arisen of common Rajput honour, there have been instances where both Muslim and Hindu Rajputs have united together against threats from external ethnic groups.[7][weasel words]

There are recorded instances of recent conversions of Rajputs to Islam in Western Uttar Pradesh, Khurja tahsil of Bulandshahr.[8]

Muslim Rajput dynasties edit

Kharagpur Raj edit

The Kharagpur Raj was a Muslim Kindwar Rajput chieftaincy in modern-day Munger district of Bihar.[9][10] Raja Sangram Singh led a rebellion against the Mughal authorities and was subsequently defeated and executed. His son, Toral Mal, was made to convert to Islam and renamed as Roz Afzun. Roz Afzun was a loyal Commander to the Emperors Jahangir and Shah Jahan and Jahangir referred to him as his "favourite" commander in the empire.[11] Another prominent chieftain of this dynasty was Tahawar Singh who played an active role in the Mughal expedition against the nearby Cheros of Palamu.[12]

Muzaffarid dynasty edit

The Gujarat Sultanate was an independent Muslim kingdom established in the early 15th century by the Muzaffarid dynasty in Gujarat. The Muzafarrid Dynasty was founded by Sultan Zafar Khan Muzaffar, who was either a Tank Rajput[13][14][15] from Punjab, a Chaudhary,[16] a Tānk Khatri[17] or even a Jat convert to Islam.[18][19]

Samma dynasty edit

 
Makli Hill is one of the largest necropolises in the world.

In 1339 Jam Unar founded a Sindhi Muslim Rajput Samma dynasty[20] and challenged the Sultans of Delhi. He used the title of the Sultan of Sindh. The Samma tribe reached its peak during the reign of Jam Nizamuddin II (also known by the nickname Jám Nindó). During his reign from 1461 to 1509, Nindó greatly expanded the new capital of Thatta and its Makli hills, which replaced Debal. He patronized Sindhi art, architecture and culture. The Samma had left behind a popular legacy especially in architecture, music and art. Important court figures included the poet Kazi Kadal, Sardar Darya Khan, Moltus Khan, Makhdoom Bilawal and the theologian Kazi Kaadan. However, Thatta which was a port city unlike garrison towns, it could not mobilize large armies against the Arghun and Tarkhan Mongol invaders, who killed many regional Sindhi Mirs and Amirs loyal to the Samma. Some parts of Sindh still remained under the Sultans of Delhi and the ruthless Arghuns and the Tarkhans sacked Thatta during the rule of Jam Ferozudin.

Khanzada dynasty edit

Mewat was a kingdom in Rajputana with its capital at Alwar ruled by a Khanzada Mewati Rajput dynasty during the period of the Delhi Sultanate in India. Raja Hassan Khan Mewati was represented the Meo Khanzada in Battle of Khanwa.[21] Mewat was covered over a wide area, it included Hathin tehsil, Nuh district, Tijara, Gurgaon, Kishangarh Bas, Ramgarh, Laxmangarh Tehsils Aravalli Range in Alwar district and Pahari, Nagar, Kaman tehsils in Bharatpur district of Rajasthan and also some part of Mathura district of Uttar Pradesh. The last ruler of Mewat, Hasan Khan Mewati was killed in the battle of Khanwa against the Mughal emperor Babur. The Meo Khanzadas were descended from Hindu Yadu Rajputs.[22][21][6]

Lalkhani Nawabs edit

 
Muhammad Said Khan, the Nawab or Chhatri and a Lalkhani Rajput

The Lalkhanis are a Muslim Rajput community and a sub-clan of the Bargujars. They were the Nawabs of various estates in Western Uttar Pradesh. These included Chhatari and neighbouring regions including parts of Aligarh and Bulandshahr.[23]

Langah dynasty edit

The Langah Sultanate was a kingdom which emerged after the decline of Delhi Sultanate in the Punjab region. The capital of the Sultanate was the city of Multan in south Punjab. The founding Langah tribe is said to have had either Muslim Rajput[24][25] or Baloch origins.[26]

Soomra dynasty edit

After the decline of Habbari dynasty, the Abbasid Caliphate then appointed Al Khafif from Samarra; 'Soomro' means 'of Samarra' in Sindhi. The new governor of Sindh was to create a better, stronger and stable government. Once he became the governor, he allotted several key positions to his family and friends; thus Al-Khafif or Sardar Khafif Soomro formed the Soomro Dynasty in Sindh;[27] and became its first ruler. Until the Siege of Baghdad (1258) the Soomro dynasty was the Abbasid Caliphate's functionary in Sindh, but after that it became independent. The Soomros were first native Muslim dynasty in Sindh with probable Parmar Rajput origin.[28] Along with Rajput origins, the Soomros also claimed Arab ancestry.[29][30]

Qaimkhanis of Fatehpur-Jhunjhunu edit

The Qaimkhanis were a Muslim Rajput dynasty who were notable for ruling the Fatehpur-Jhunjhunu region in Rajasthan from the 1300s to the 1700s.[31][32] They were descended from Hindu Chauhan Rajputs, though as also stated by the historian Dirk Kolff the Qaimkhani have Turkic origins.[33]

Mayi chiefs edit

The Mayi clan were the chieftains of the Narhat-Samai (Hisua) chieftaincy in modern-day Nawada district in South Bihar. The founder of the Mayi clan was Nuraon Khan who arrived in Bihar in the 17th century. His descendants were Azmeri and Deyanut who were granted zamindari rights over six parganas by the Mughal authorities. Deyanut's son was Kamgar Khan who expanded his land by attacking and plundering neighbouring zamindars. Kamgar Khan also led numerous revolts against the Mughals and attempted to assert the Mayi's independence. His descendant was Iqbal Ali Khan who took part in the 1781 revolt in Bihar against the British however his revolt failed and Mayi's lost much of their land.[34]

Bengal edit

Rajput communities began settling in Bengal during the Sultanate period where they were given high ranks in the Bengal government. One notable example is of Bhagirath of Ayodhya, who belonged to the Hindu Bais clan, who was appointed as the Dewan of Sultan Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah.[citation needed] His son, Kalidas Gajdani embraced Sunni Islam through the guidance of Ibrahim Danishmand and became known as Sulaiman Khan. Bhagirath's grandson, Isa Khan, grew to become the chief of Bengal's Baro-Bhuiyan confederacy which posed as a threat to the Mughals who wanted to conquer Bengal.[35] The diwans of Mymensingh and Dhaka during the 19th-century were said to be the descendants of Muslim Rajputs.[36]

Another Bengali Rajput community are the Ghosi, who can predominantly be found in the 24 Parganas and Midnapore districts, particularly near the towns of Barrackpur and Kharagpur. They migrated to Bengal from Kanpur five centuries ago and are descended from Amar Singh Rathore, a Rajput nobleman from Jhansi who converted to Islam. They are divided into several clans; Rathore, Dogar, Chauhan, Khelari, Tatar, Lehar and Maidul.[37]

Demographics edit

British Punjab edit

In the Punjab province of British India, comprising Punjab and some parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in modern Pakistan as well Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi, and some parts of Himachal Pradesh in modern India, 70.7% of the Punjabi Rajputs were Muslims while 27.7% were Hindus, with the highest percentage of Rajputs found in Rawalpindi, with 21%.[38]

Pakistan Punjab edit

In Pakistan's Punjab province, the Rajputs are dominant in the Potohar plateau through its politics and military.[39]

As per the 2017 Pakistan census, Rajputs numbered around 5% of Lahore's population, their population amounting to some 550 000 individuals out of Lahore's total population of around 11 million.[40]

Uttar Pradesh edit

In India's Uttar Pradesh, many Rajput communities have embraced Islam, such as the Bais or the Gautam, the Gautamanas or Gautam Thakurs as they like to call themselves being the largest such group in the Fatehpur district, where they number around 100 000.[41]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "UNHCR Refugee Review Tribunal. IND32856, 6 February 2008" (PDF).
  2. ^ a b Singhal, Damodar P. (1972). Pakistan. Prentice Hall. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-13-648477-6. Large communities converted to Islam from among Hindus carried with them Hindu customs and usages, and often passed them on to other Muslims. Many Rajput converts even retained their family names, such as Chauhan and Rajput.
  3. ^ Singh, Yogendra (1973). Modernization of Indian Tradition. Oriental Press. p. 74. The next in status are a few higher caste Hindu converts to Islam, particularly the Rajputs
  4. ^ Cambridge South Asian Studies, Issue 16. 1965. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-521-20432-3. The latter may be subdivided into three distinct groups: converts from Hindu high castes such as Muslim Rajputs, converts from clean occupational castes such as Julahas and Qassabs, and converts from unclean occupational castes such as Bhangis and Chamars.
  5. ^ a b "Rajput". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  6. ^ a b توصیف الحسن میواتی الہندی (23 August 2020). تاریخِ میو اور داستانِ میوات.
  7. ^ Self and sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850 by Ayesha Jalal, Routledge 2000, p480, p481
  8. ^ Muslim Women by Zakia A. Siddiqi, Anwar Jahan Zuberi, Aligarh Muslim University, India University Grants, M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd., 1993, p93
  9. ^ Tahir Hussain Ansari (20 June 2019). Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar. Taylor & Francis. pp. 22–28. ISBN 978-1-000-65152-2.
  10. ^ Yogendra P. Roy (1999). "Agrarian Reforms in "Sarkar" Munger under Raja Bahrox Singh (1631-76) Of Kharagpur". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 60: 287–292. JSTOR 44144095.
  11. ^ Yogendra P. Roy (1993). "Raja Roz Afzun of Kharagpur (AD 1601 - 31". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 54: 357–358. JSTOR 44142975.
  12. ^ Yogendra P. Roy (1992). "Tahawar Singh-A Muslim Raja of Kharagpur Raj (1676 - 1727)". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 53: 333–334. JSTOR 44142804.
  13. ^ *Chandra, Satish (2004). Medieval India ( From Sultanat to the Mughals), PART ONE Delhi Sultanat ( 1206-1526). Har-Anand Publications. p. 218. ISBN 978-81-241-1064-5. Sadharan a Rajput who converted to Islam
    *Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, BD Usmani (2011). Concise History of Islam. p. 271. The Gujarat Sultanate was an independent kingdom established in the early 15th century in Gujarat. The founder of the ruling Muzaffarid dynasty, Zafar Khan a convert from Rajput{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    *Journal of Oriental Studies, Volume 39. 1989. p. 120. Wajih- al - Mulk was by birth a Hindu Rajput of Tanka
    *Edward James Rapson, Sir Wolseley Haig, Sir Richard Burn (1965). The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans, edited by W Haig, 1965. Cambridge. p. 294.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    *Mahajan, VD (2007). History of Medieval India. S. Chand. p. 245. ISBN 978-81-219-0364-6. Zafar Khan, a son of Rajput convert to Islam was appointed Governor of Gujarat in 1391AD
    *Jenkins, Everett (2010). The Muslim Diaspora - A comprehensive reference to the spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the America, 570 - 1799. McFarland & Company Inc. p. 275. ISBN 978-0-7864-4713-8.
    *Jutta, Jain-Neubauer (1981). The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art- Historical perspective. p. 62.
    *Saran, Kishori Lal (1992). The legacy of Muslim Rule in India. Aditya Prakashan. p. 233. ISBN 978-81-85689-03-6.
    *Lane-Pool, Stanley (2014). Mohammadan Dyn: Orientalism V 2 - volume 2, page -312, writer. p. 312. ISBN 978-1-317-85394-7.
  14. ^ Kapadia, Aparna (2018). Gujarat: The Long Fifteenth Century and the Making of a Region. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-107-15331-8.
  15. ^ Chaube, J. (1975). History of Gujarat Kingdom, 1458-1537. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-88386-573-6.
  16. ^ "The Rise of Muslim Power in Gujarat. A history of Gujarat from 1298 to 1442. [With a map.] | WorldCat.org". www.worldcat.org. p. 138. Retrieved 24 February 2023. The two brothers were chaudharis of a rather numerous agrarian community, tilling the soil, not high in the caste hierarchy but not without strength in the neighborhood
  17. ^ * Wink, André (2003). Indo-Islamic society: 14th - 15th centuries. BRILL. p. 143. ISBN 978-90-04-13561-1. Similarly, Zaffar Khan Muzaffar, the first independent ruler of Gujarat was not a foreign muslim but a Khatri convert, of low subdivision called Tank.
    • Khan, Iqtidar Alam (25 April 2008). Historical Dictionary of Medieval India. Scarecrow Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-8108-5503-8. The founder of the Gujarat Sultanate he was a convert from a sect of Hindu Khatris known as Tanks.
    • Misra, S. C. (Satish Chandra) (1963). The rise of Muslim power in Gujarat; a history of Gujarat from 1298 to 1442. Internet Archive. New York, Asia Pub. House. p. 137. Zafar Khan was not a foreign muslim. He was a convert to Islam from a sect of the Khatris known as Tank.
    • Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2004). Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India. Oxford University Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-19-566526-0. Zafar Khan (entitled Muzaffar Shah) himself was a convert to Islam from a sub-caste of the Khatris known as Tank.
  18. ^ Agnihotri, V.K (1988). Indian History. pp. B-131. ISBN 978-81-8424-568-4.
  19. ^ Rizvi, S.A.A (1987). The Wonder That Was India. p. 69. ISBN 978-81-8424-568-4. The independent kingdom of Gujarat was founded by Zafar Khan, son of Sadharan, a Jat convert to Islam.
  20. ^ U. M. Chokshi; M. R. Trivedi (1989). Gujarat State Gazetteer. Director, Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State. p. 274. It was the conquest of Kutch by the Sindhi tribe of Sama Rajputs that marked the emergence of Kutch as a separate kingdom in the 14th century.
  21. ^ a b "Tareekh-e-Miyo Chhatri by Hakeem Abdush Shakoor". Rekhta. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  22. ^ Bharadwaj, Suraj (2016). State Formation in Mewat Relationship of the Khanzadas with the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughal State, and Other Regional Potentates. Oxford University Press. p. 11. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199462797.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-946279-7. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
  23. ^ Eric Stokes (1978). The Peasant and the Raj: Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India. CUP Archive. pp. 199–. ISBN 978-0-521-29770-7.
  24. ^ Qanungo, Kalika Ranjan; Kānūnago, Kālikā Rañjana (1965). Sher Shah and His Times. Orient Longmans. p. 286. Under the shadow of Rajput Langah dynasty of Multan...
  25. ^ Kumar, Raj (2008). Encyclopaedia Of Untouchables : Ancient Medieval And Modern. Gyan Publishing House. p. 338. ISBN 978-81-7835-664-8. Meanwhile the Langah Rajputs had established themselves on the throne of Multan...
  26. ^ K̲h̲ānu Balocu, Nabī Bak̲h̲shu (1995). Lands of Pakistan: Perspectives, Historical and CulturalLands of Pakistan: Perspectives, Historical and Cultural. el-Mashriqi Foundation. p. 110.
  27. ^ "Data" (PDF). www.uok.edu.pk.
  28. ^ Dani, Ahmad Hasan (2007). History of Pakistan: Pakistan through ages. Sang-e Meel Publications. p. 218. ISBN 978-969-35-2020-0. But as many kings of the dynasty bore Hindu names, it is almost certain that the Soomras were of local origin. Sometimes they are connected with Paramara Rajputs, but of this there is no definite proof.
  29. ^ Wink, André (2002). Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries. BRILL. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-391-04173-8. The Sumras were a dynasty of local origin, later claiming to be Rajputs as well as Arabs, and are clearly distinguishable from the pastoral-nomadic Jats or Mids.
  30. ^ Siddiqui, Habibullah. "The Soomras of Sindh: their origin, main characteristics and rule – an overview (general survey) (1025 – 1351 AD)" (PDF). Literary Conference on Soomra Period in Sindh.
  31. ^ Sunita Budhwar (1978). "The Qayamkhani Shaikhzada Family of Fatehpur-Jhunjhunu". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 39: 412–425. JSTOR 44139379.
  32. ^ Dr Dasharatha Sharma, Kyam Khan Raso, Ed. Dasharath Sharma, Agarchand Nahta, Rajsthan Puratatva Mandir, 1953, page-15
  33. ^ Kolff, Dirk H. A. (2002). Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850. Cambridge University Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-521-52305-9.
  34. ^ Gyan Prakash (30 October 2003). Bonded Histories: Genealogies of Labor Servitude in Colonial India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 87–89. ISBN 978-0-521-52658-6.
  35. ^ Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin (2012). "Isa Khan". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
  36. ^ Eaton, Richard Maxwell (1993). "Bengal under the Sultans". The rise of Islam and the Bengal frontier, 1204-1760. University of California Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-520-20507-9.
  37. ^ M. K. A. Siddiqui; Institute of Objective Studies (New Delhi, India) (2004). Marginal Muslim communities in India. Institute of Objective Studies. pp. 295–305. ISBN 978-81-85220-58-1. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
  38. ^ Sharma, Subash Chander (1987). Punjab, the Crucial Decade. New Delhi: Nirmal Publishers & Distributors. p. 105. ISBN 978-81-7156-173-5.
  39. ^ Arshad, Sameer (7 May 2013). . The Times of India. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Rajputs are dominant in northern Punjab, where Abbasi's constituency is located, followed by Jats in central and Balochs in the province's south.
  40. ^ . District Lahore - Government of Punjab. Archived from the original on 27 November 2023.
  41. ^ Sethi, Atul (8 July 2007). "The Muslim Rajputs of UP". The Times of India. Retrieved 27 January 2024.

muslim, rajputs, this, article, require, copy, editing, grammar, style, cohesion, tone, spelling, assist, editing, april, 2023, learn, when, remove, this, message, musalman, rajpoots, descendants, rajputs, northern, regions, indian, subcontinent, generally, fo. This article may require copy editing for grammar style cohesion tone or spelling You can assist by editing it April 2023 Learn how and when to remove this message Muslim Rajputs or Musalman Rajpoots are the descendants of Rajputs in the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent who generally are followers of Islam 1 Reportedly they converted from Hinduism to Islam from the medieval period onwards creating various dynasties and states while retaining Hindu surnames such as Chauhan 2 3 4 Today Muslim Rajputs can be found mostly in present day Northern India and Pakistan 5 They are further divided into different clans 6 Muslim RajputsRegions with significant populations India and PakistanLanguagesPunjabiSindhiUrduMewatiPahari PothwariReligionIslamRelated ethnic groupsRajputs and other Indo Aryan peoples Contents 1 History 1 1 Conversion to Islam and ethos 1 2 Muslim Rajput dynasties 1 2 1 Kharagpur Raj 1 2 2 Muzaffarid dynasty 1 2 3 Samma dynasty 1 2 4 Khanzada dynasty 1 2 5 Lalkhani Nawabs 1 2 6 Langah dynasty 1 2 7 Soomra dynasty 1 2 8 Qaimkhanis of Fatehpur Jhunjhunu 1 2 9 Mayi chiefs 1 2 10 Bengal 2 Demographics 2 1 British Punjab 2 2 Pakistan Punjab 2 3 Uttar Pradesh 3 See also 4 ReferencesHistory editThe term Rajput is traditionally applied to the original Suryavanshi Chandravanshi and Agnivanshi clans who claimed to be Kshatriya in the Hindu varna system citation needed Conversion to Islam and ethos edit Upon their conversion from Hinduism to Islam many Muslim Rajputs maintained many of their Hindu customs and hence retained their Cultural Hindu identity 2 Muslim Rajputs also often retained common social practices such as purdah seclusion of women with Hindu Rajputs 5 Despite the difference in religious faith where the question has arisen of common Rajput honour there have been instances where both Muslim and Hindu Rajputs have united together against threats from external ethnic groups 7 weasel words There are recorded instances of recent conversions of Rajputs to Islam in Western Uttar Pradesh Khurja tahsil of Bulandshahr 8 Muslim Rajput dynasties edit Kharagpur Raj edit Main article Kharagpur Raj The Kharagpur Raj was a Muslim Kindwar Rajput chieftaincy in modern day Munger district of Bihar 9 10 Raja Sangram Singh led a rebellion against the Mughal authorities and was subsequently defeated and executed His son Toral Mal was made to convert to Islam and renamed as Roz Afzun Roz Afzun was a loyal Commander to the Emperors Jahangir and Shah Jahan and Jahangir referred to him as his favourite commander in the empire 11 Another prominent chieftain of this dynasty was Tahawar Singh who played an active role in the Mughal expedition against the nearby Cheros of Palamu 12 Muzaffarid dynasty edit Main articles Muzaffarid dynasty of Gujarat and Gujarat Sultanate The Gujarat Sultanate was an independent Muslim kingdom established in the early 15th century by the Muzaffarid dynasty in Gujarat The Muzafarrid Dynasty was founded by Sultan Zafar Khan Muzaffar who was either a Tank Rajput 13 14 15 from Punjab a Chaudhary 16 a Tank Khatri 17 or even a Jat convert to Islam 18 19 Samma dynasty edit Main article Samma dynasty nbsp Makli Hill is one of the largest necropolises in the world In 1339 Jam Unar founded a Sindhi Muslim Rajput Samma dynasty 20 and challenged the Sultans of Delhi He used the title of the Sultan of Sindh The Samma tribe reached its peak during the reign of Jam Nizamuddin II also known by the nickname Jam Nindo During his reign from 1461 to 1509 Nindo greatly expanded the new capital of Thatta and its Makli hills which replaced Debal He patronized Sindhi art architecture and culture The Samma had left behind a popular legacy especially in architecture music and art Important court figures included the poet Kazi Kadal Sardar Darya Khan Moltus Khan Makhdoom Bilawal and the theologian Kazi Kaadan However Thatta which was a port city unlike garrison towns it could not mobilize large armies against the Arghun and Tarkhan Mongol invaders who killed many regional Sindhi Mirs and Amirs loyal to the Samma Some parts of Sindh still remained under the Sultans of Delhi and the ruthless Arghuns and the Tarkhans sacked Thatta during the rule of Jam Ferozudin Khanzada dynasty edit Main article Khanzadas of Mewat Mewat was a kingdom in Rajputana with its capital at Alwar ruled by a Khanzada Mewati Rajput dynasty during the period of the Delhi Sultanate in India Raja Hassan Khan Mewati was represented the Meo Khanzada in Battle of Khanwa 21 Mewat was covered over a wide area it included Hathin tehsil Nuh district Tijara Gurgaon Kishangarh Bas Ramgarh Laxmangarh Tehsils Aravalli Range in Alwar district and Pahari Nagar Kaman tehsils in Bharatpur district of Rajasthan and also some part of Mathura district of Uttar Pradesh The last ruler of Mewat Hasan Khan Mewati was killed in the battle of Khanwa against the Mughal emperor Babur The Meo Khanzadas were descended from Hindu Yadu Rajputs 22 21 6 Lalkhani Nawabs edit nbsp Muhammad Said Khan the Nawab or Chhatri and a Lalkhani Rajput The Lalkhanis are a Muslim Rajput community and a sub clan of the Bargujars They were the Nawabs of various estates in Western Uttar Pradesh These included Chhatari and neighbouring regions including parts of Aligarh and Bulandshahr 23 Langah dynasty edit Main article Langah Sultanate The Langah Sultanate was a kingdom which emerged after the decline of Delhi Sultanate in the Punjab region The capital of the Sultanate was the city of Multan in south Punjab The founding Langah tribe is said to have had either Muslim Rajput 24 25 or Baloch origins 26 Soomra dynasty edit Main article Soomra dynasty After the decline of Habbari dynasty the Abbasid Caliphate then appointed Al Khafif from Samarra Soomro means of Samarra in Sindhi The new governor of Sindh was to create a better stronger and stable government Once he became the governor he allotted several key positions to his family and friends thus Al Khafif or Sardar Khafif Soomro formed the Soomro Dynasty in Sindh 27 and became its first ruler Until the Siege of Baghdad 1258 the Soomro dynasty was the Abbasid Caliphate s functionary in Sindh but after that it became independent The Soomros were first native Muslim dynasty in Sindh with probable Parmar Rajput origin 28 Along with Rajput origins the Soomros also claimed Arab ancestry 29 30 Qaimkhanis of Fatehpur Jhunjhunu edit The Qaimkhanis were a Muslim Rajput dynasty who were notable for ruling the Fatehpur Jhunjhunu region in Rajasthan from the 1300s to the 1700s 31 32 They were descended from Hindu Chauhan Rajputs though as also stated by the historian Dirk Kolff the Qaimkhani have Turkic origins 33 Mayi chiefs edit The Mayi clan were the chieftains of the Narhat Samai Hisua chieftaincy in modern day Nawada district in South Bihar The founder of the Mayi clan was Nuraon Khan who arrived in Bihar in the 17th century His descendants were Azmeri and Deyanut who were granted zamindari rights over six parganas by the Mughal authorities Deyanut s son was Kamgar Khan who expanded his land by attacking and plundering neighbouring zamindars Kamgar Khan also led numerous revolts against the Mughals and attempted to assert the Mayi s independence His descendant was Iqbal Ali Khan who took part in the 1781 revolt in Bihar against the British however his revolt failed and Mayi s lost much of their land 34 Bengal edit Rajput communities began settling in Bengal during the Sultanate period where they were given high ranks in the Bengal government One notable example is of Bhagirath of Ayodhya who belonged to the Hindu Bais clan who was appointed as the Dewan of Sultan Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah citation needed His son Kalidas Gajdani embraced Sunni Islam through the guidance of Ibrahim Danishmand and became known as Sulaiman Khan Bhagirath s grandson Isa Khan grew to become the chief of Bengal s Baro Bhuiyan confederacy which posed as a threat to the Mughals who wanted to conquer Bengal 35 The diwans of Mymensingh and Dhaka during the 19th century were said to be the descendants of Muslim Rajputs 36 Another Bengali Rajput community are the Ghosi who can predominantly be found in the 24 Parganas and Midnapore districts particularly near the towns of Barrackpur and Kharagpur They migrated to Bengal from Kanpur five centuries ago and are descended from Amar Singh Rathore a Rajput nobleman from Jhansi who converted to Islam They are divided into several clans Rathore Dogar Chauhan Khelari Tatar Lehar and Maidul 37 Demographics editBritish Punjab edit In the Punjab province of British India comprising Punjab and some parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in modern Pakistan as well Punjab Haryana Chandigarh Delhi and some parts of Himachal Pradesh in modern India 70 7 of the Punjabi Rajputs were Muslims while 27 7 were Hindus with the highest percentage of Rajputs found in Rawalpindi with 21 38 Pakistan Punjab edit In Pakistan s Punjab province the Rajputs are dominant in the Potohar plateau through its politics and military 39 As per the 2017 Pakistan census Rajputs numbered around 5 of Lahore s population their population amounting to some 550 000 individuals out of Lahore s total population of around 11 million 40 Uttar Pradesh edit In India s Uttar Pradesh many Rajput communities have embraced Islam such as the Bais or the Gautam the Gautamanas or Gautam Thakurs as they like to call themselves being the largest such group in the Fatehpur district where they number around 100 000 41 See also editRajput architecture Rajput painting Rajputization List of Rajput dynasties and states Rajput clans List of RajputsReferences edit UNHCR Refugee Review Tribunal IND32856 6 February 2008 PDF a b Singhal Damodar P 1972 Pakistan Prentice Hall p 17 ISBN 978 0 13 648477 6 Large communities converted to Islam from among Hindus carried with them Hindu customs and usages and often passed them on to other Muslims Many Rajput converts even retained their family names such as Chauhan and Rajput Singh Yogendra 1973 Modernization of Indian Tradition Oriental Press p 74 The next in status are a few higher caste Hindu converts to Islam particularly the Rajputs Cambridge South Asian Studies Issue 16 1965 p 24 ISBN 978 0 521 20432 3 The latter may be subdivided into three distinct groups converts from Hindu high castes such as Muslim Rajputs converts from clean occupational castes such as Julahas and Qassabs and converts from unclean occupational castes such as Bhangis and Chamars a b Rajput Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 30 October 2014 a b توصیف الحسن میواتی الہندی 23 August 2020 تاریخ میو اور داستان میوات Self and sovereignty Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850 by Ayesha Jalal Routledge 2000 p480 p481 Muslim Women by Zakia A Siddiqi Anwar Jahan Zuberi Aligarh Muslim University India University Grants M D Publications Pvt Ltd 1993 p93 Tahir Hussain Ansari 20 June 2019 Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar Taylor amp Francis pp 22 28 ISBN 978 1 000 65152 2 Yogendra P Roy 1999 Agrarian Reforms in Sarkar Munger under Raja Bahrox Singh 1631 76 Of Kharagpur Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 60 287 292 JSTOR 44144095 Yogendra P Roy 1993 Raja Roz Afzun of Kharagpur AD 1601 31 Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 54 357 358 JSTOR 44142975 Yogendra P Roy 1992 Tahawar Singh A Muslim Raja of Kharagpur Raj 1676 1727 Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 53 333 334 JSTOR 44142804 Chandra Satish 2004 Medieval India From Sultanat to the Mughals PART ONE Delhi Sultanat 1206 1526 Har Anand Publications p 218 ISBN 978 81 241 1064 5 Sadharan a Rajput who converted to Islam Muzaffar Husain Syed Syed Saud Akhtar BD Usmani 2011 Concise History of Islam p 271 The Gujarat Sultanate was an independent kingdom established in the early 15th century in Gujarat The founder of the ruling Muzaffarid dynasty Zafar Khan a convert from Rajput a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Journal of Oriental Studies Volume 39 1989 p 120 Wajih al Mulk was by birth a Hindu Rajput of Tanka Edward James Rapson Sir Wolseley Haig Sir Richard Burn 1965 The Cambridge History of India Turks and Afghans edited by W Haig 1965 Cambridge p 294 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Mahajan VD 2007 History of Medieval India S Chand p 245 ISBN 978 81 219 0364 6 Zafar Khan a son of Rajput convert to Islam was appointed Governor of Gujarat in 1391AD Jenkins Everett 2010 The Muslim Diaspora A comprehensive reference to the spread of Islam in Asia Africa Europe and the America 570 1799 McFarland amp Company Inc p 275 ISBN 978 0 7864 4713 8 Jutta Jain Neubauer 1981 The Stepwells of Gujarat In Art Historical perspective p 62 Saran Kishori Lal 1992 The legacy of Muslim Rule in India Aditya Prakashan p 233 ISBN 978 81 85689 03 6 Lane Pool Stanley 2014 Mohammadan Dyn Orientalism V 2 volume 2 page 312 writer p 312 ISBN 978 1 317 85394 7 Kapadia Aparna 2018 Gujarat The Long Fifteenth Century and the Making of a Region Cambridge University Press p 8 ISBN 978 1 107 15331 8 Chaube J 1975 History of Gujarat Kingdom 1458 1537 Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers p 4 ISBN 978 0 88386 573 6 The Rise of Muslim Power in Gujarat A history of Gujarat from 1298 to 1442 With a map WorldCat org www worldcat org p 138 Retrieved 24 February 2023 The two brothers were chaudharis of a rather numerous agrarian community tilling the soil not high in the caste hierarchy but not without strength in the neighborhood Wink Andre 2003 Indo Islamic society 14th 15th centuries BRILL p 143 ISBN 978 90 04 13561 1 Similarly Zaffar Khan Muzaffar the first independent ruler of Gujarat was not a foreign muslim but a Khatri convert of low subdivision called Tank Khan Iqtidar Alam 25 April 2008 Historical Dictionary of Medieval India Scarecrow Press p 107 ISBN 978 0 8108 5503 8 The founder of the Gujarat Sultanate he was a convert from a sect of Hindu Khatris known as Tanks Misra S C Satish Chandra 1963 The rise of Muslim power in Gujarat a history of Gujarat from 1298 to 1442 Internet Archive New York Asia Pub House p 137 Zafar Khan was not a foreign muslim He was a convert to Islam from a sect of the Khatris known as Tank Khan Iqtidar Alam 2004 Gunpowder and Firearms Warfare in Medieval India Oxford University Press p 57 ISBN 978 0 19 566526 0 Zafar Khan entitled Muzaffar Shah himself was a convert to Islam from a sub caste of the Khatris known as Tank Agnihotri V K 1988 Indian History pp B 131 ISBN 978 81 8424 568 4 Rizvi S A A 1987 The Wonder That Was India p 69 ISBN 978 81 8424 568 4 The independent kingdom of Gujarat was founded by Zafar Khan son of Sadharan a Jat convert to Islam U M Chokshi M R Trivedi 1989 Gujarat State Gazetteer Director Government Print Stationery and Publications Gujarat State p 274 It was the conquest of Kutch by the Sindhi tribe of Sama Rajputs that marked the emergence of Kutch as a separate kingdom in the 14th century a b Tareekh e Miyo Chhatri by Hakeem Abdush Shakoor Rekhta Retrieved 20 June 2022 Bharadwaj Suraj 2016 State Formation in Mewat Relationship of the Khanzadas with the Delhi Sultanate the Mughal State and Other Regional Potentates Oxford University Press p 11 doi 10 1093 acprof oso 9780199462797 001 0001 ISBN 978 0 19 946279 7 Retrieved 24 October 2019 Eric Stokes 1978 The Peasant and the Raj Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India CUP Archive pp 199 ISBN 978 0 521 29770 7 Qanungo Kalika Ranjan Kanunago Kalika Ranjana 1965 Sher Shah and His Times Orient Longmans p 286 Under the shadow of Rajput Langah dynasty of Multan Kumar Raj 2008 Encyclopaedia Of Untouchables Ancient Medieval And Modern Gyan Publishing House p 338 ISBN 978 81 7835 664 8 Meanwhile the Langah Rajputs had established themselves on the throne of Multan K h anu Balocu Nabi Bak h shu 1995 Lands of Pakistan Perspectives Historical and CulturalLands of Pakistan Perspectives Historical and Cultural el Mashriqi Foundation p 110 Data PDF www uok edu pk Dani Ahmad Hasan 2007 History of Pakistan Pakistan through ages Sang e Meel Publications p 218 ISBN 978 969 35 2020 0 But as many kings of the dynasty bore Hindu names it is almost certain that the Soomras were of local origin Sometimes they are connected with Paramara Rajputs but of this there is no definite proof Wink Andre 2002 Al Hind the Making of the Indo Islamic World Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th 11th Centuries BRILL p 166 ISBN 978 0 391 04173 8 The Sumras were a dynasty of local origin later claiming to be Rajputs as well as Arabs and are clearly distinguishable from the pastoral nomadic Jats or Mids Siddiqui Habibullah The Soomras of Sindh their origin main characteristics and rule an overview general survey 1025 1351 AD PDF Literary Conference on Soomra Period in Sindh Sunita Budhwar 1978 The Qayamkhani Shaikhzada Family of Fatehpur Jhunjhunu Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 39 412 425 JSTOR 44139379 Dr Dasharatha Sharma Kyam Khan Raso Ed Dasharath Sharma Agarchand Nahta Rajsthan Puratatva Mandir 1953 page 15 Kolff Dirk H A 2002 Naukar Rajput and Sepoy The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan 1450 1850 Cambridge University Press p 57 ISBN 978 0 521 52305 9 Gyan Prakash 30 October 2003 Bonded Histories Genealogies of Labor Servitude in Colonial India Cambridge University Press pp 87 89 ISBN 978 0 521 52658 6 Ahmed ABM Shamsuddin 2012 Isa Khan In Sirajul Islam Miah Sajahan Khanam Mahfuza Ahmed Sabbir eds Banglapedia the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh Online ed Dhaka Bangladesh Banglapedia Trust Asiatic Society of Bangladesh ISBN 984 32 0576 6 OCLC 52727562 OL 30677644M Retrieved 21 May 2024 Eaton Richard Maxwell 1993 Bengal under the Sultans The rise of Islam and the Bengal frontier 1204 1760 University of California Press p 122 ISBN 978 0 520 20507 9 M K A Siddiqui Institute of Objective Studies New Delhi India 2004 Marginal Muslim communities in India Institute of Objective Studies pp 295 305 ISBN 978 81 85220 58 1 Retrieved 1 June 2011 Sharma Subash Chander 1987 Punjab the Crucial Decade New Delhi Nirmal Publishers amp Distributors p 105 ISBN 978 81 7156 173 5 Arshad Sameer 7 May 2013 Caste plays dominant role in Pak elections The Times of India Archived from the original on 15 January 2024 Rajputs are dominant in northern Punjab where Abbasi s constituency is located followed by Jats in central and Balochs in the province s south District Profile District Lahore Government of Punjab Archived from the original on 27 November 2023 Sethi Atul 8 July 2007 The Muslim Rajputs of UP The Times of India Retrieved 27 January 2024 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Muslim Rajputs amp oldid 1224427644, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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