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Tarkhan

Tarkhan (Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰺𐰴𐰣, romanized: Tarqan,[1] Mongolian: ᠳᠠᠷᠬᠠᠨ Darqan or Darkhan;[2][3] Persian: ترخان; Chinese: 達干/達爾罕/答剌罕; Arabic: طرخان; Punjabi: ترکھان; alternative spellings Tarkan, Tarkhaan, Tarqan, Tarchan, Turxan, Tarcan, Turgan, Tárkány, Tarján, Tarxan) is an ancient Central Asian title used by various Turkic, Hungarian, Mongolic, and even Iranian peoples. Its use was common among the successors of the Mongol Empire and Turkic Khaganate.

Etymology edit

The origin of the word is not known. Various historians identify the word as either East Iranian (Sogdian or Khotanese Saka)[4][5][6] or Turkic.[1][7][8]

Although Richard N. Frye reports that the word "was probably foreign to Sogdian", Gerhard Doerfer points out that even in Turkic languages, its plural is not Turkic (sing. tarxan --> plur. tarxat), suggesting a non-Turkic origin.[9] L. Ligeti comes to the same conclusion, saying that "tarxan and tegin [prince] form the wholly un-Turkic plurals tarxat and tegit" and that the word was unknown to medieval western Turkic languages, such as Bulgar.[10] Taking this into consideration, the word may be derived from medieval Mongolian darqat (plural suffix -at), itself perhaps derived from the earlier Sogdian word *tarxant ('free of taxes').[9] A. Alemany gives the additional elaboration that the possibly related East Iranian Scytho-Sarmatian (and Alanic) word *tarxan still survives in Ossetic tærxon ('argument, trial') and tærxon kænyn ('to judge').[6] Harold Walter Bailey also proposes an Iranian (Khotanese Saka) root for the word,[11] L. Rogers and Edwin G. Pulleyblank argue that the Mongolian word may have actually originated among the Xiongnu, as a pronunciation of the word recorded in Old Chinese as chanyu, which Pulleyblank argues may have originally represented a Chinese approximation of dān-ĥwāĥ for *darxan.[12]

History edit

Tarkhan was used among the Sogdian,[4] Saka, Hephthalite, Turkic, and proto-Mongol peoples of Central Asia and by other Eurasian nomads. It was a high rank in the army of Timur. Tarkhans commanded military contingents (roughly of regimental size under the Turkic Khazars) and were, roughly speaking, generals. They could also be assigned as military governors of conquered regions.

The Göktürks probably adopted the title darqan from the Rourans or Avars.[13] Oğul Tarqan (𐰆𐰍𐰞𐱃𐰺𐰴𐰣) and other tarqat (𐱃𐰺𐰴𐱃) were mentioned in the Orkhon inscription of Kul Tigin (d. c. 731 CE).[14] They were given high honors such as entering the yurt of the khagan without any prior appointment and shown unusual ninefold pardon to the ninth generation from any crime they committed.[15] Although the etymology of the word is unknown, it is attested under the Khitan people, whose Liao dynasty ruled most of Mongolia and North China from 916 to 1125.[16] G. Clauson argued that Tarqan in Ancient Turkic was considered to be the supreme title and was not even, like Tegin and Shad, peculiar to the royal family, but that it was still a high title, carrying administrative responsibility.[17]

The title has different meanings in different times. In Uyghurs, it meant 'deputy, minister'. By Oghuz Turks, it meant 'head constable'.[18][19]

Like many titles, Tarkhan also occurs as a personal name, independent of a person's rank, which makes some historical references confusing. For example, Arabic texts refer to a "Tarkhan, king of the Khazars" as reigning in the mid ninth century. Whether this is a confused reference to a military official or the name of an individual Khazar khagan remains unclear. The name is occasionally used today in Turkish and Arabic speaking countries. It is used as family name in Hungary today.

In the Mongol Empire, the darkhans were exempted from taxation, socage and requisitioning. Genghis Khan made those who helped his rise darkhans in 1206. The families of the darkhans played crucial roles later when the succession crisis occurred in Yuan dynasty and Ilkhanate. Abaqa Khan (1234–82) made an Indian Darkhan after he had led his mother and her team all the way from Central Asia to Persia safely. A wealthy merchant of Persia was made a Darkhan by Ghazan (1271–1304) for his service during the early defeat of the Ilkhan. In Russia, the Khans of the Golden Horde assigned important tasks to the Darkhan. A jarlig of Temür Qutlugh (ca. 1370–1399) authorized rights of the tarkhan of Crimea.[20]

After suppressing the rebellion of the right three tumens in Mongolia, Dayan Khan exempted his soldiers, who participated the battle of Dalan-Terqin, from imposts and made them Darkhan in 1513. Even after the collapse of Northern Yuan dynasty with the death of Ligdan Khan in 1635, the title of darkhan continued to be bestowed on religious dignitaries, sometimes on persons of low birth. For example, in 1665, Erinchin Lobsang Tayiji, the Altan Khan of the Khalkha, bestowed the title on a Russian interpreter and requested the Tsar of Russia to exempt the interpreter from all tax obligations.[3]

A tarkhan of the Arghun dynasty, Muhammad 'Isa Tarkhan, established the Tarkhan dynasty, which ruled Sindh from 1554 to 1591.

All craftsmen held the status of darkhan and were immune to occasional requisitions levied incessantly by passing imperial envoys.[21] From then on, the word referred to craftsmen or blacksmiths[22] in the Mongolian language now and is still used in Mongolia as privilege.[23] People who served the Khagan's orda were granted the title of darkhan and their descendants are known as the darkhad in Ordos City, Inner Mongolia.

One of the seven Magyar (Hungarian) tribes was called Tarjan (Ταριάνου) according to Constantin VII's De Administrando Imperio, and it is a common geographical name used in many villages and city names.

Notable Tarkans edit

In popular culture edit

  • In C. S. Lewis' The Chronicles of Narnia series of novels, the apparent spelling variation Tarkaan is the title of a Calormen nobleman, tarkheena that of a noble woman.
  • In Age of Empires II: The Conquerors, the tarkan is the Huns' unique unit with the appearance of a horseman with a torch and scourge in place of sword. Their strength is destroying buildings.
  • Tarkan in the comic Tarkan is a fictional Hun warrior created by Turkish cartoonist Sezgin Burak.
  • Tarkan: Golden medallion, Turkish film, 1973.
  • "Tarkhan" is a military title used by recruitable allies in the 2021 action-strategy video game HighFleet

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b Choi, Han-Woo (Oct 2005), (PDF), KR: Handong University, archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-03-11, retrieved 2010-11-28
  2. ^ Rogers, Leland Liu, The Golden Summary of Cinggis Qayan: Cinggis Qayan-u Altan Tobci, p. 80
  3. ^ a b Ratchnevsky, Paul, Genghis Khan: his life and legacy, p. 82
  4. ^ a b Qarīb, Badr-az-Zamān (1995), Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian – Persian – English, Tehran: Farhangan
  5. ^ Doerfer, Gerhard (1993), "Chaladschica extragottingensia", Central Asiatic Journal, 37 (1–2): 43
  6. ^ a b Alemany, Agustí (2000), Sources on the Alans, Brill, p. 328, Abaev considers this word (lacking in a Turco-Mongolian etymology), as well Old Hungarian tarchan "olim judex", borrowing from Scythians (Alans) *tarxan "judge" -> Ossetian. Taerxon "argument, trial"; cf. the Ossete idioms taerxon kaenyn "to judge" (+ kænyn "to do") and tærxon læg "judge" (+l æg man). Iron ævzag
  7. ^ Róna-Tas, András; "Hungarians and Europe in the early Middle Ages", Central European University Press, p 228, 1999, ISBN 9639116483
  8. ^ Frye, Richard N, "Tarxun-Turxun and Central Asian History", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 14 (1/2): 105–29, doi:10.2307/2718297, JSTOR 2718297
  9. ^ a b Doerfer, Gerhard (1985), Harrassowitz, O (ed.), Mongolo-Tungusica, University of Virginia
  10. ^ Ligeti, L (1975), Kiadó, A (ed.), Researches in Altaic languages, University of Michigan, p. 48
  11. ^ Bailey, Harold W (1985), Indo-Scythian Studies: being Khotanese Texts, vol. VII, Cambridge Univ. Press
  12. ^ Universität Bonn. Seminar für Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft Zentralasiens: Zentralasiatische Studien, Vol. 24–26, p.21
  13. ^ Pelliot, Neuf Notes [Nine notes] (in French), p. 250
  14. ^ "Kül Tigin inscription", 2nd side: line 11, 3rd side: line 1. published and translated by Türik Bitig
  15. ^ Eberhard, Conquerors and Rulers, p. 98
  16. ^ Wittfogel; et al., Liao dynasty, p. 433
  17. ^ G. Clauson, (1972) 539
  18. ^ Tekin (1983) 836)
  19. ^ Aydın (2016), p. 19-20
  20. ^ "Ярлики ханів Золотої Орди як джерело права і як джерело з історії права".
  21. ^ Atwood, Christopher, Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p. 25
  22. ^ Ratchnevsky, Paul, Genghis Khan: his life and legacy, p. 243
  23. ^ Kohn, Michael, Mongolia, p. 126

External links edit

tarkhan, this, article, about, ancient, central, asian, title, other, uses, tarkan, darkhan, this, article, contains, special, characters, without, proper, rendering, support, question, marks, boxes, other, symbols, turkic, 𐱃𐰺𐰴𐰣, romanized, tarqan, mongolian, . This article is about the ancient Central Asian title For other uses see Tarkan and Darkhan This article contains special characters Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols Tarkhan Old Turkic 𐱃𐰺𐰴𐰣 romanized Tarqan 1 Mongolian ᠳᠠᠷᠬᠠᠨ Darqan or Darkhan 2 3 Persian ترخان Chinese 達干 達爾罕 答剌罕 Arabic طرخان Punjabi ترکھان alternative spellings Tarkan Tarkhaan Tarqan Tarchan Turxan Tarcan Turgan Tarkany Tarjan Tarxan is an ancient Central Asian title used by various Turkic Hungarian Mongolic and even Iranian peoples Its use was common among the successors of the Mongol Empire and Turkic Khaganate Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Notable Tarkans 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External linksEtymology editThis section should specify the language of its non English content using lang transliteration for transliterated languages and IPA for phonetic transcriptions with an appropriate ISO 639 code Wikipedia s multilingual support templates may also be used See why November 2021 The origin of the word is not known Various historians identify the word as either East Iranian Sogdian or Khotanese Saka 4 5 6 or Turkic 1 7 8 Although Richard N Frye reports that the word was probably foreign to Sogdian Gerhard Doerfer points out that even in Turkic languages its plural is not Turkic sing tarxan gt plur tarxat suggesting a non Turkic origin 9 L Ligeti comes to the same conclusion saying that tarxan and tegin prince form the wholly un Turkic plurals tarxat and tegit and that the word was unknown to medieval western Turkic languages such as Bulgar 10 Taking this into consideration the word may be derived from medieval Mongolian darqat plural suffix at itself perhaps derived from the earlier Sogdian word tarxant free of taxes 9 A Alemany gives the additional elaboration that the possibly related East Iranian Scytho Sarmatian and Alanic word tarxan still survives in Ossetic taerxon argument trial and taerxon kaenyn to judge 6 Harold Walter Bailey also proposes an Iranian Khotanese Saka root for the word 11 L Rogers and Edwin G Pulleyblank argue that the Mongolian word may have actually originated among the Xiongnu as a pronunciation of the word recorded in Old Chinese as chanyu which Pulleyblank argues may have originally represented a Chinese approximation of dan ĥwaĥ for darxan 12 History editTarkhan was used among the Sogdian 4 Saka Hephthalite Turkic and proto Mongol peoples of Central Asia and by other Eurasian nomads It was a high rank in the army of Timur Tarkhans commanded military contingents roughly of regimental size under the Turkic Khazars and were roughly speaking generals They could also be assigned as military governors of conquered regions The Gokturks probably adopted the title darqan from the Rourans or Avars 13 Ogul Tarqan 𐰆𐰍𐰞𐱃𐰺𐰴𐰣 and other tarqat 𐱃𐰺𐰴𐱃 were mentioned in the Orkhon inscription of Kul Tigin d c 731 CE 14 They were given high honors such as entering the yurt of the khagan without any prior appointment and shown unusual ninefold pardon to the ninth generation from any crime they committed 15 Although the etymology of the word is unknown it is attested under the Khitan people whose Liao dynasty ruled most of Mongolia and North China from 916 to 1125 16 G Clauson argued that Tarqan in Ancient Turkic was considered to be the supreme title and was not even like Tegin and Shad peculiar to the royal family but that it was still a high title carrying administrative responsibility 17 The title has different meanings in different times In Uyghurs it meant deputy minister By Oghuz Turks it meant head constable 18 19 Like many titles Tarkhan also occurs as a personal name independent of a person s rank which makes some historical references confusing For example Arabic texts refer to a Tarkhan king of the Khazars as reigning in the mid ninth century Whether this is a confused reference to a military official or the name of an individual Khazar khagan remains unclear The name is occasionally used today in Turkish and Arabic speaking countries It is used as family name in Hungary today In the Mongol Empire the darkhans were exempted from taxation socage and requisitioning Genghis Khan made those who helped his rise darkhans in 1206 The families of the darkhans played crucial roles later when the succession crisis occurred in Yuan dynasty and Ilkhanate Abaqa Khan 1234 82 made an Indian Darkhan after he had led his mother and her team all the way from Central Asia to Persia safely A wealthy merchant of Persia was made a Darkhan by Ghazan 1271 1304 for his service during the early defeat of the Ilkhan In Russia the Khans of the Golden Horde assigned important tasks to the Darkhan A jarlig of Temur Qutlugh ca 1370 1399 authorized rights of the tarkhan of Crimea 20 After suppressing the rebellion of the right three tumens in Mongolia Dayan Khan exempted his soldiers who participated the battle of Dalan Terqin from imposts and made them Darkhan in 1513 Even after the collapse of Northern Yuan dynasty with the death of Ligdan Khan in 1635 the title of darkhan continued to be bestowed on religious dignitaries sometimes on persons of low birth For example in 1665 Erinchin Lobsang Tayiji the Altan Khan of the Khalkha bestowed the title on a Russian interpreter and requested the Tsar of Russia to exempt the interpreter from all tax obligations 3 A tarkhan of the Arghun dynasty Muhammad Isa Tarkhan established the Tarkhan dynasty which ruled Sindh from 1554 to 1591 All craftsmen held the status of darkhan and were immune to occasional requisitions levied incessantly by passing imperial envoys 21 From then on the word referred to craftsmen or blacksmiths 22 in the Mongolian language now and is still used in Mongolia as privilege 23 People who served the Khagan s orda were granted the title of darkhan and their descendants are known as the darkhad in Ordos City Inner Mongolia One of the seven Magyar Hungarian tribes was called Tarjan Tarianoy according to Constantin VII s De Administrando Imperio and it is a common geographical name used in many villages and city names Notable Tarkans editAlp Sol Tepek military leader of Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate Tonyukuk General commander of Second Turkic Khaganate Kul Tigin Tigin of Second Turkic Khaganate Kul chor Turgesh Kaghan Tun Baga Tarkhan fourth Khagan of Uyghur Khaganate Chorpan Tarkhan Khazar commander Mirza Ghazi Beg Ruler of Tarkhan dynasty SindhIn popular culture editIn C S Lewis The Chronicles of Narnia series of novels the apparent spelling variation Tarkaan is the title of a Calormen nobleman tarkheena that of a noble woman In Age of Empires II The Conquerors the tarkan is the Huns unique unit with the appearance of a horseman with a torch and scourge in place of sword Their strength is destroying buildings Tarkan in the comic Tarkan is a fictional Hun warrior created by Turkish cartoonist Sezgin Burak Tarkan Golden medallion Turkish film 1973 Tarkhan is a military title used by recruitable allies in the 2021 action strategy video game HighFleetSee also editAstrakhan a city in Russia named after a Tarkhan Tamantarkhan a Khazar fortress in present day Taman RussiaNotes edit a b Choi Han Woo Oct 2005 A Study of the Ancient Turkic TARQAN PDF KR Handong University archived from the original PDF on 2021 03 11 retrieved 2010 11 28 Rogers Leland Liu The Golden Summary of Cinggis Qayan Cinggis Qayan u Altan Tobci p 80 a b Ratchnevsky Paul Genghis Khan his life and legacy p 82 a b Qarib Badr az Zaman 1995 Sogdian dictionary Sogdian Persian English Tehran Farhangan Doerfer Gerhard 1993 Chaladschica extragottingensia Central Asiatic Journal 37 1 2 43 a b Alemany Agusti 2000 Sources on the Alans Brill p 328 Abaev considers this word lacking in a Turco Mongolian etymology as well Old Hungarian tarchan olim judex borrowing from Scythians Alans tarxan judge gt Ossetian Taerxon argument trial cf the Ossete idioms taerxon kaenyn to judge kaenyn to do and taerxon laeg judge l aeg man Iron aevzag Rona Tas Andras Hungarians and Europe in the early Middle Ages Central European University Press p 228 1999 ISBN 9639116483 Frye Richard N Tarxun Turxun and Central Asian History Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 14 1 2 105 29 doi 10 2307 2718297 JSTOR 2718297 a b Doerfer Gerhard 1985 Harrassowitz O ed Mongolo Tungusica University of Virginia Ligeti L 1975 Kiado A ed Researches in Altaic languages University of Michigan p 48 Bailey Harold W 1985 Indo Scythian Studies being Khotanese Texts vol VII Cambridge Univ Press Universitat Bonn Seminar fur Sprach und Kulturwissenschaft Zentralasiens Zentralasiatische Studien Vol 24 26 p 21 Pelliot Neuf Notes Nine notes in French p 250 Kul Tigin inscription 2nd side line 11 3rd side line 1 published and translated by Turik Bitig Eberhard Conquerors and Rulers p 98 Wittfogel et al Liao dynasty p 433 G Clauson 1972 539 Tekin 1983 836 Aydin 2016 p 19 20 Yarliki haniv Zolotoyi Ordi yak dzherelo prava i yak dzherelo z istoriyi prava Atwood Christopher Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire p 25 Ratchnevsky Paul Genghis Khan his life and legacy p 243 Kohn Michael Mongolia p 126External links editTerminology in Russian history Archived 2016 12 27 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tarkhan amp oldid 1195534112, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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