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North Sea Germanic

January 13, 2023

North Sea Germanic, also known as Ingvaeonic /ˌɪŋviːˈɒnɪk/, is a postulated grouping of the northern West Germanic languages that consists of Old Frisian, Old English, and Old Saxon, and their descendants.

North Sea Germanic
Ingvaeonic
Geographic
distribution		Originally the North Sea coast from Friesland to Jutland; today, worldwide
Linguistic classificationIndo-European
Subdivisions
Glottolognort3175
The distribution of the primary Germanic languages in Europe c. AD 1:
  North Germanic
  North Sea Germanic, or Ingvaeonic
  Weser-Rhine Germanic, or Istvaeonic
  Elbe Germanic, or Irminonic
  East Germanic †

Ingvaeonic is named after the Ingaevones, a West Germanic cultural group or proto-tribe along the North Sea coast that was mentioned by both Tacitus and Pliny the Elder (the latter also mentioned that tribes in the group included the Cimbri, the Teutoni and the Chauci). It is thought of as not a monolithic proto-language but as a group of closely related dialects that underwent several areal changes in relative unison.

The grouping was first proposed in Nordgermanen und Alemannen (1942) by German linguist and philologist Friedrich Maurer as an alternative to the strict tree diagrams, which had become popular following the work of 19th-century linguist August Schleicher and assumed the existence of a special Anglo-Frisian group. The other groupings are Istvaeonic, from the Istvaeones, including Dutch, Afrikaans and related languages; and Irminonic, from the Irminones, including the High German languages.

Characteristics

Broadly speaking, the changes that characterise the Ingvaeonic languages can be divided into two groups, those being changes that occurred after the split from Proto-Northwest-Germanic (Ingvaeonic B) and those preceding it (Ingvaeonic A).[1] Linguistic evidence for Ingvaeonic B observed in Old Frisian, Old English and Old Saxon is as follows:

  • The so-called Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law: converted *munþ "mouth" into *mų̄þ (compare Old English mūþ).
  • Loss of the third-person reflexive pronouns[2]
  • The loss of person distinctions in plural forms of verbs, which reduced three forms into one form:[3] merged *habjum "we have" and *habēþ "you (plural) have" with *habją̄þ "they have"
  • Palatalisation of velar consonants before front vowels; while the Anglo-Frisian languages further develop these palatal consonants into continuants like in church, Old Saxon did undergo palatalisation as evidenced by forms like kiennan "know" and kiesur "emperor" (contrast German kennen, Kaiser) as well as ieldan "pay," similar to English yield.[4]
  • Only four unstressed vowels, those being /i~e/, /æ/, /ɑ/, and /o~u/, all of which are short, though only in Early Old English before the loss of unstressed /æ/[5]
  • Lack of i-mutation in s/z-stem plurals; compare Anglian OE lombur "lambs" with OHG lembir[5]
  • The development of Class III weak verbs into a relic class consisting of four verbs (*sagjan "to say", *hugjan "to think", *habjan "to have", *libjan "to live")
  • The split of the Class II weak verb ending *-ōn into *-ōjan: converted *makōn "to make" into *makōjan
  • Development of a plural ending *-ōs in a-stem nouns
  • Development of numerous new words, such as the replacement of *newun "nine" with *nigun and *minni "less" (adverb) with *laisi[6]

Changes originating in Ingvaeonic A, like Old Norse but unlike Gothic and Old High German include:[7]

  • Dative plurals and first person plural forms in numerous paradigms reduced to -um/-un. Compare an-stem dative plural han-ōm/ōn (OHG) and han-am (Gothic) with hǫn-um (ON), han-um/un (OS) and han-um (OE).
  • Elimination of the weak stem -in- in n-stem noun paradigms. For example, OHG gen/dat. sg. han-en and Gothic han-in(s) versus OE han-an, OS han-an/on, OF hon-a, and ON han-a.
  • Shortening of pronominal and adjectival non-feminine dative singulars like ON þeim, OE þǣm~þām, OF thām, and OS thēm, all of which have eliminated the final vowel; contrast Gothic þamma as well as OHG dëmu, dëmo, thëmu, thëmo and the like.

Several, but not all, characteristics are also found in Dutch, which did not generally undergo the nasal spirant law (except for a few words), retained the three distinct plural endings (only to merge them in a later, unrelated change), and exhibits the -s plural in only a limited number of words. However, it lost the reflexive pronoun (even though it did later regain it via borrowing) and had the same four relic weak verbs in Class III.[citation needed]

References

  1. ^ Stiles, Patrick V. (2013-01-01). "The Pan-West Germanic Isoglosses and the Subrelationships of West Germanic to Other Branches". NOWELE: North-Western European Language Evolution. 66 (1): 24. doi:10.1075/nowele.66.1.02sti. ISSN 0108-8416.
  2. ^ Harbert, Wayne (2006). The Germanic Languages. Cambridge University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-521-80825-5.
  3. ^ Harbert (2006), pp. 7–8.
  4. ^ Fulk, R. D. (2018-09-15). A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages. Studies in Germanic Linguistics. Vol. 3. John Benjamins. p. 133. doi:10.1075/sigl.3. ISBN 978-90-272-6313-1. S2CID 165765984.
  5. ^ a b Stiles, Patrick V. (2013-01-01). "The Pan-West Germanic Isoglosses and the Subrelationships of West Germanic to Other Branches". NOWELE: North-Western European Language Evolution. 66 (1): 18. doi:10.1075/nowele.66.1.02sti. ISSN 0108-8416.
  6. ^ Ringe, Don; Taylor, Ann (2014). The Development of Old English: A Linguistic History of English, vol. II. Oxford University Press. pp. 165–66. ISBN 978-0199207848.
  7. ^ Stiles, Patrick V. (2013-01-01). "The Pan-West Germanic Isoglosses and the Subrelationships of West Germanic to Other Branches". NOWELE: North-Western European Language Evolution. 66 (1): 21–23. doi:10.1075/nowele.66.1.02sti. ISSN 0108-8416.

Further reading

  • Bremmer, Rolf H. (2009). An Introduction to Old Frisian. Amsterdam: John Benjamins B.V. ISBN 978-90-272-3255-7.
  • Euler, Wolfram (2013). Das Westgermanische - von der Herausbildung im 3. bis zur Aufgliederung im 7. Jahrhundert - Analyse und Rekonstruktion (West Germanic: from its Emergence in the 3rd up until its Dissolution in the 7th Century CE: Analyses and Reconstruction). 244 p., in German with English summary, London/Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-9812110-7-8.
  • (in German) Maurer, Friedrich (1942) Nordgermanen und Alemannen: Studien zur germanischen und frühdeutschen Sprachgeschichte, Stammes- und Volkskunde, Strasbourg: Hüneburg.
  • Ringe, Donald R. and Taylor, Ann (2014). The Development of Old English - A Linguistic History of English, vol. II, 632p. ISBN 978-0199207848. Oxford.
  • (in German) Sonderegger, Stefan (1979). Grundzüge deutscher Sprachgeschichte. Diachronie des Sprachsystems. Band I: Einführung – Genealogie – Konstanten. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-003570-7.
  • Voyles, Joseph B. (1992). Early Germanic Grammar: Pre-, Proto-, and Post-Germanic. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-728270-X.

January 13, 2023
north, germanic, also, known, ingvaeonic, postulated, grouping, northern, west, germanic, languages, that, consists, frisian, english, saxon, their, descendants, ingvaeonicgeographicdistributionoriginally, north, coast, from, friesland, jutland, today, worldwi. North Sea Germanic also known as Ingvaeonic ˌ ɪ ŋ v iː ˈ ɒ n ɪ k is a postulated grouping of the northern West Germanic languages that consists of Old Frisian Old English and Old Saxon and their descendants North Sea GermanicIngvaeonicGeographicdistributionOriginally the North Sea coast from Friesland to Jutland today worldwideLinguistic classificationIndo EuropeanGermanicWest GermanicNorth Sea GermanicSubdivisionsAnglo Frisian Low GermanGlottolognort3175The distribution of the primary Germanic languages in Europe c AD 1 North Germanic North Sea Germanic or Ingvaeonic Weser Rhine Germanic or Istvaeonic Elbe Germanic or Irminonic East Germanic Ingvaeonic is named after the Ingaevones a West Germanic cultural group or proto tribe along the North Sea coast that was mentioned by both Tacitus and Pliny the Elder the latter also mentioned that tribes in the group included the Cimbri the Teutoni and the Chauci It is thought of as not a monolithic proto language but as a group of closely related dialects that underwent several areal changes in relative unison The grouping was first proposed in Nordgermanen und Alemannen 1942 by German linguist and philologist Friedrich Maurer as an alternative to the strict tree diagrams which had become popular following the work of 19th century linguist August Schleicher and assumed the existence of a special Anglo Frisian group The other groupings are Istvaeonic from the Istvaeones including Dutch Afrikaans and related languages and Irminonic from the Irminones including the High German languages Characteristics EditBroadly speaking the changes that characterise the Ingvaeonic languages can be divided into two groups those being changes that occurred after the split from Proto Northwest Germanic Ingvaeonic B and those preceding it Ingvaeonic A 1 Linguistic evidence for Ingvaeonic B observed in Old Frisian Old English and Old Saxon is as follows The so called Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law converted munth mouth into mu th compare Old English muth Loss of the third person reflexive pronouns 2 The loss of person distinctions in plural forms of verbs which reduced three forms into one form 3 merged habjum we have and habeth you plural have with habja th they have Palatalisation of velar consonants before front vowels while the Anglo Frisian languages further develop these palatal consonants into continuants like in church Old Saxon did undergo palatalisation as evidenced by forms like kiennan know and kiesur emperor contrast German kennen Kaiser as well as ieldan pay similar to English yield 4 Only four unstressed vowels those being i e ae ɑ and o u all of which are short though only in Early Old English before the loss of unstressed ae 5 Lack of i mutation in s z stem plurals compare Anglian OE lombur lambs with OHG lembir 5 The development of Class III weak verbs into a relic class consisting of four verbs sagjan to say hugjan to think habjan to have libjan to live The split of the Class II weak verb ending ōn into ōjan converted makōn to make into makōjan Development of a plural ending ōs in a stem nouns Development of numerous new words such as the replacement of newun nine with nigun and minni less adverb with laisi 6 Changes originating in Ingvaeonic A like Old Norse but unlike Gothic and Old High German include 7 Dative plurals and first person plural forms in numerous paradigms reduced to um un Compare an stem dative plural han ōm ōn OHG and han am Gothic with hǫn um ON han um un OS and han um OE Elimination of the weak stem in in n stem noun paradigms For example OHG gen dat sg han en and Gothic han in s versus OE han an OS han an on OF hon a and ON han a Shortening of pronominal and adjectival non feminine dative singulars like ON theim OE thǣm tham OF tham and OS them all of which have eliminated the final vowel contrast Gothic thamma as well as OHG demu demo themu themo and the like Several but not all characteristics are also found in Dutch which did not generally undergo the nasal spirant law except for a few words retained the three distinct plural endings only to merge them in a later unrelated change and exhibits the s plural in only a limited number of words However it lost the reflexive pronoun even though it did later regain it via borrowing and had the same four relic weak verbs in Class III citation needed References Edit Stiles Patrick V 2013 01 01 The Pan West Germanic Isoglosses and the Subrelationships of West Germanic to Other Branches NOWELE North Western European Language Evolution 66 1 24 doi 10 1075 nowele 66 1 02sti ISSN 0108 8416 Harbert Wayne 2006 The Germanic Languages Cambridge University Press p 179 ISBN 978 0 521 80825 5 Harbert 2006 pp 7 8 Fulk R D 2018 09 15 A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages Studies in Germanic Linguistics Vol 3 John Benjamins p 133 doi 10 1075 sigl 3 ISBN 978 90 272 6313 1 S2CID 165765984 a b Stiles Patrick V 2013 01 01 The Pan West Germanic Isoglosses and the Subrelationships of West Germanic to Other Branches NOWELE North Western European Language Evolution 66 1 18 doi 10 1075 nowele 66 1 02sti ISSN 0108 8416 Ringe Don Taylor Ann 2014 The Development of Old English A Linguistic History of English vol II Oxford University Press pp 165 66 ISBN 978 0199207848 Stiles Patrick V 2013 01 01 The Pan West Germanic Isoglosses and the Subrelationships of West Germanic to Other Branches NOWELE North Western European Language Evolution 66 1 21 23 doi 10 1075 nowele 66 1 02sti ISSN 0108 8416 Further reading EditBremmer Rolf H 2009 An Introduction to Old Frisian Amsterdam John Benjamins B V ISBN 978 90 272 3255 7 Euler Wolfram 2013 Das Westgermanische von der Herausbildung im 3 bis zur Aufgliederung im 7 Jahrhundert Analyse und Rekonstruktion West Germanic from its Emergence in the 3rd up until its Dissolution in the 7th Century CE Analyses and Reconstruction 244 p in German with English summary London Berlin 2013 ISBN 978 3 9812110 7 8 in German Maurer Friedrich 1942 Nordgermanen und Alemannen Studien zur germanischen und fruhdeutschen Sprachgeschichte Stammes und Volkskunde Strasbourg Huneburg Ringe Donald R and Taylor Ann 2014 The Development of Old English A Linguistic History of English vol II 632p ISBN 978 0199207848 Oxford in German Sonderegger Stefan 1979 Grundzuge deutscher Sprachgeschichte Diachronie des Sprachsystems Band I Einfuhrung Genealogie Konstanten Berlin New York Walter de Gruyter ISBN 3 11 003570 7 Voyles Joseph B 1992 Early Germanic Grammar Pre Proto and Post Germanic San Diego Academic Press ISBN 0 12 728270 X Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title North Sea Germanic amp oldid 1123660413, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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