Ningxia

Ningxia (/nɪŋˈʃɑː/,^[5]/ˈnɪŋˈʃjɑː/;^[6] Chinese: 宁夏, Mandarin pronunciation: [nǐŋ.ɕjâ]; alternately romanized as Ninghsia), officially the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region in the northwest of the People's Republic of China. Formerly a province, Ningxia was incorporated into Gansu in 1954 but was later separated from Gansu in 1958 and reconstituted as an autonomous region for the Hui people, one of the 56 officially recognised nationalities of China. Twenty percent of China's Hui population lives in Ningxia.^[7]

Ningxia
Autonomous region
Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
Chinese transcription(s)
• Chinese characters	宁夏壮族自治区
• Xiao'erjing	نِئٍ‌ثِيَا خُوِزُو زِجِ‌کِیُوِ
• Pinyin	Níngxià Huízú Zìzhìqū
View of the Yellow River passing through Shapotou
Location of Ningxia within China
Country	China
Capital (and largest city)	Yinchuan
Divisions	5 prefectures, 21 counties, 219 townships
Government
• Type	Autonomous region
• Body	Ningxia Hui Autonomous Regional People's Congress
• CCP Secretary	Liang Yanshun
• Congress Chairman	Liang Yanshun
• Government Chairman	Zhang Yupu
• CPPCC Chairman	Chen Yong
Area ^[1]
• Total	66,399.73 km^2 (25,637.08 sq mi)
• Rank	27th
Highest elevation (Helan Mountains)	3,556 m (11,667 ft)
Population  (2020)^[2]
• Total	7,202,654
• Rank	30th
• Density	110/km^2 (280/sq mi)
• Rank	25th
Demographics
• Ethnic composition	Han: 62% Hui: 38%
• Languages and dialects	Lanyin Mandarin, Zhongyuan Mandarin
ISO 3166 code	CN-NX
GDP (2021)	CN¥452 billion US$71.19 billion (29th)^[3]
GDP per capita	CN¥62,549 US$9,695 (20th)
GDP growth	6.7%
HDI (2019)	0.728^[4] (high) (25th)
Website	www.nx.gov.cn

Ningxia
"Níngxià" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
Simplified Chinese	宁夏
Traditional Chinese	寧夏
Xiao'erjing	نِئٍ‌ثِيَا
Hanyu Pinyin	Níngxià
Postal	Ningsia
Literal meaning	"Pacified Xià"
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Níngxià Bopomofo ㄋㄧㄥˊ   ㄒㄧㄚˋ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Ningshiah Wade–Giles Ning^2-hsia^4 Yale Romanization Níngsyà IPA [nǐŋ.ɕjâ] other Mandarin Xiao'erjing نِئٍ‌ثِيَا Dungan Нинщя Wu Suzhounese Nyín-ghô Hakka Romanization Nèn-ha Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Nìhnghah Jyutping Ning4haa6 IPA [neŋ˩.haː˨] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Lêng-hā Teochew Peng'im Lêng-hiā Eastern Min Fuzhou BUC Nìng-hâ
Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
Simplified Chinese	宁夏回族自治区
Traditional Chinese	寧夏回族自治區
Xiao'erjing	نِئٍ‌ثِيَا خُوِزُو زِجِ‌ٿِيُوِ
Hanyu Pinyin	Níngxià Huízú Zìzhìqū
Postal	Ningsia Hui Autonomous Region
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Níngxià Huízú Zìzhìqū Bopomofo ㄋㄧㄥˊ   ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄏㄨㄟˊ   ㄗㄨˊ ㄗˋ   ㄓˋ   ㄑㄩ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Ningshiah Hweitzwu Tzyhjyhchiu Wade–Giles Ning^2-hsia^4 Hui^2-tsu^2 Tzŭ^4-chih^4-chʻü^1 Yale Romanization Níngsyà Hwéidzú Dz̀jr̀chyū IPA [nǐŋ.ɕjâ xwěɪ.tsǔ tsɹ̩̂.ʈʂɻ̩̂.tɕʰý] other Mandarin Xiao'erjing نِئٍ‌ثِيَا خُوِزُو زِجِ‌ٿِيُوِ Dungan Нинщя Хуэйзў Зыҗычў Wu Romanization nyin^平ya^去 we^平zoh^入 zy^去zy^去chiu^平 Hakka Romanization Nèn-ha Fui-tshu̍k Tshṳ-tshṳ-khî Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Nìhnghah Wùihjuhk Jihjihkēui Jyutping Ning4haa6 Wui4zuk6 Zi6zi6keoi1 IPA [neŋ˩.haː˨ wuːy˩.tsok̚˨ tsiː˨.tsiː˨.kʰɵy˥] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Lêng-hā Hôe-cho̍k Chū-tī-khu Teochew Peng'im Lêng-hiā Huê-tsôk Tsĕu-tī-khu Eastern Min Fuzhou BUC Nìng-hâ Huòi-cŭk Cê̤ṳ-dê-kṳ̆

Ningxia is bounded by Shaanxi to the east, Gansu to the south and west and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region to the north and has an area of around 66,400 square kilometres (25,600 sq mi).^[1] This sparsely settled, mostly desert region lies partially on the Loess Plateau and in the vast plain of the Yellow River and features the Great Wall of China along its northeastern boundary. Over about 2000 years an extensive system of canals ( total length about 1397 kilometers^[8]) has been built from Qin dynasty. Extensive land reclamation and irrigation projects have made increased cultivation possible. The arid region of Xihaigu, which covers large parts of the province, suffers from severe water shortage, which the canals were intended to alleviate.^[9]

Ningxia was the core area of the Western Xia in the 11th-13th century, established by the Tangut people; its name, "Peaceful Xia", derived from the Mongol conquest of the state.^[10] The Tanguts made significant achievements in literature, art, music, and architecture, particularly invented Tangut script. Long one of the country's poorest areas, a small winemaking industry has become economically important since the 1980s. Before the arrival of viticulture, Ningxia's 6.8 million people, 36 per cent of whom are Muslims from the Hui ethnic group, relied largely on animal grazing, subsistence agriculture and the cultivation of wolfberries used in traditional Chinese medicine. Since then, winemaking has become the premier specialty of Ningxia, and the province devotes almost 40,000 hectares to vineyards and producing 120 million bottles of wine in 2017 – a quarter of the entire nation's production.^[11]

History

 

The 108 stupas near Qingtongxia.

As a frontier zone between nomadic pastoralists and sedentary farmers, Ningxia was a frequent seat of war and incursions by non-Chinese tribes. Ningxia and its surrounding areas were incorporated into the Qin as the Beidi Commandery as early as the 3rd century BC. To pacify the region, the imperial government established military colonies to reclaim land. In addition, horse pasturages were founded under the Imperial Stud to safeguard the supply of army horses, as early as the Western Han dynasty (206 BC – AD 9).^[12] Throughout the Han dynasty and the Tang dynasty there were several large cities established in the region. The Liang Province rebellion at the end of the Han Dynasty affected Ningxia.

By the 11th century the Tangut people had established the Western Xia dynasty on the outskirts of the then-Song dynasty. Jews also lived in Ningxia, as evidenced by the fact that in 1489, after a major flood destroyed Torah scrolls in Kaifeng, a replacement set was sent to the Kaifeng Jews by the Ningbo and Ningxia Jewish communities.^[13]

It then came under Mongol domination after Genghis Khan conquered Yinchuan in the early 13th century. Muslims from Central Asia also began moving into Ningxia from the west. By the late 17th century, Ningxia had become a weaving centre, producing many early Chinese carpets.^[14] The Muslim Dungan Revolt of the 19th century affected Ningxia.

In 1914, Ningxia was merged with the province of Gansu. However, in 1928 it was detached from Gansu and became a separate province. Between 1914 and 1928, the Ma clique ruled the provinces of Qinghai, Ningxia and Gansu; General Ma Hongkui was the military governor of Ningxia and had absolute authority in the province. The Muslim conflict in Gansu, which lasted from 1927 to 1930, spilt over into Ningxia. In 1934, warlord and National Revolutionary Army general Sun Dianying attempted to conquer the province, but was defeated by an alliance led by the Ma clique.^[15]

From 1950 to 1958, a Kuomintang Islamic insurgency resulted in fighting throughout Northwest China, including Ningxia. In 1954, the Chinese government merged Ningxia with Gansu, but in 1958 Ningxia formally became an autonomous region of China. In 1969, Ningxia received a part of the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region, but this area was returned in 1979.

A number of Chinese artifacts dating from the Tang dynasty and Song dynasty, some of which had been owned by Emperor Zhenzong, were excavated and then came into the hands of Ma Hongkui, who refused to publicize the findings. Among the artifacts were a white marble tablet from the Tang dynasty, gold nails, and bands made out of metal. It was not until after Ma died that his wife went to Taiwan in 1971 from America to bring the artifacts to Chiang Kai-shek, who turned them over to the Taipei National Palace Museum.^[16]

Geography

 

From a cable car running to the top of Helan Mountains.

Present-day Ningxia is one of the nation's smallest provincial-level units and borders the provinces of Shaanxi and Gansu and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. At 3556 meters above sea level, Aobaogeda (敖包疙瘩) in the Helan Mountains is the highest point in Ningxia.^[17]

Ningxia is a relatively dry, desert-like region and features a diverse geography of forested mountains and hills, table lands, deserts, flood plains and basins cut through by the Yellow River. The Ningxia ecosystem is one of the least studied regions in the world. Significant irrigation supports the growing of wolfberries, a commonly consumed fruit throughout the region. Ningxia's deserts include the Tengger desert in Shapotou.

The northern section, through which the Yellow River flows, supports the best agricultural land. A railroad, linking Lanzhou with Baotou, crosses the region. A highway has been built across the Yellow River at Yinchuan.

On 16 December 1920, the Haiyuan earthquake, 8.6 magnitude, at 36°36′N 105°19′E / 36.6°N 105.32°E / 36.6; 105.32, initiated a series of landslides that killed an estimated 200,000 people. Over 600 large loess landslides created more than 40 new lakes.^[18][19]

In 2006, satellite images indicated that a 700 by 200-meter fenced area within Ningxia—5 km (3.1 mi) southwest of Yinchuan, near the remote village of Huangyangtan—is a near-exact 1:500 scale terrain model reproduction of a 450 by 350-kilometer area of Aksai Chin bordering India, complete with mountains, valleys, lakes and hills. Its purpose is as yet unknown.^[20][21]

Grasslands

It was reported that approximately 34 percent (33.85 million mu; 22,600 km²) of the region's total surface consisted of grassland.^[22] This figure is down from approximately 40 percent in the 1990s. The grasslands are spread over the dry desert-steppe area in the northeast (which forms a part of the Inner Mongolian steppe region), and the hilly pastures located on the semi-arid Loess Plateau in the south.^[23] It is ascertained that the grasslands of Ningxia have been degraded to various degrees.^[24] However, there is scientific debate as to what extent this degradation is taking place as measured in time and space.^[25] Historical research has also found limited evidence of expanding grassland degradation and desertification in Ningxia.^[12][26] A major component of land management in Ningxia is a ban on open grazing, which has been in place since 2003.^[27] The ecological and socio-economic effects of this Grazing Ban in relation to the grasslands and pastoralists' livelihood are contested.^[23] The ban stipulates that animal husbandry be limited to enclosed pens and no open grazing be permitted in certain time periods set by the Autonomous Region's People's Government.

Climate

Taole
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     1     2 −14     5     9 −12     4     19 −4     19     27 1     18     36 10     40     39 14     70     40 19     48     38 17     58     30 11     18     24 4     4     12 −6     1     2 −12 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C █ Precipitation totals in mm Source: ^[28]
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0     36 7     0.2     48 10     0.2     66 25     0.7     81 34     0.7     97 50     1.6     102 57     2.8     104 66     1.9     100 63     2.3     86 52     0.7     75 39     0.2     54 21     0     36 10 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inches

The region is 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) from the sea and has an arid continental climate on the north to humid continental climate to the south, with average summer temperatures rising to 17 to 24 °C (63 to 75 °F) in July and average winter temperatures dropping to between −7 and −15 °C (19 and 5 °F) in January. Seasonal extreme temperatures can reach 39 °C (102 °F) in summer and −30 °C (−22 °F) in winter. The diurnal temperature variation can reach above 17 °C (31 °F), especially in spring. Annual rainfall averages from 190 to 700 millimetres (7.5 to 27.6 in), with more rain falling in the south of the region.

Mineral resources

Ningxia is rich in mineral resources with proven deposits of 34 kinds of minerals, much of which located in grassland areas.^[23] In 2011 it was estimated that the potential value per capita of these resources accounted for 163.5 percent of the nation's average. Ningxia boasts verified coal reserves of over 30 billion tons, with an estimated reserve of more than 202 billion tons, ranking sixth nationwide. Coal deposits are spread over one-third of the total surface of Ningxia, and mined in four major fields in the Helan and Xiangshan mountains, Ningdong and Yuanzhou (or Guyuan). The region's reserves of oil and natural gas can be found in Yanchi and Lingwu County, and are ideal for large-scale development of oil, natural gas and chemical industries. Ningxia leads China in gypsum deposits, with a proven reserve of more than 4.5 billion tons, of which the rarely found, top-grade gypsum accounts for half of the total deposits. The Hejiakouzi deposit in Tongxin County features a reserve of 20 million tons of gypsum with a total thickness of 100 meters. There is a considerable deposit of quartz sandstone, of which 17 million tons have been ascertained. In addition, there are phosphorus, flint, copper, iron, barite, other minerals and Helan stone – a special clay stone.^[10][29]

Governance

Main articles: Politics of Ningxia and List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China

The politics of Ningxia is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.^{[citation needed]}

The Chairman of the Autonomous Region is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Ningxia. However, in the Autonomous Region's dual party-government governing system, the Chairman has less power than the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Ningxia Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Ningxia CCP Party Chief".^{[citation needed]}

Ningxia has a friendship agreement with Sogn og Fjordane county of Norway.^[30]

Administrative divisions

Main articles: List of administrative divisions of Ningxia and List of township-level divisions of Ningxia

Ningxia is divided into five prefecture-level divisions: all prefecture-level cities:

Administrative divisions of Ningxia
Yinchuan Shizuishan Wuzhong Guyuan Zhongwei
Division code^[31]	Division	Area in km^2^[32]	Population 2020^[33]	Seat	Divisions^[34]
					Districts	Counties	CL cities
640000	Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region	66400.00	7,202,654	Yinchuan city	9	11	2
640100	Yinchuan city	8874.61	2,859,074	Jinfeng District	3	2	1
640200	Shizuishan city	5208.13	751,389	Dawukou District	2	1
640300	Wuzhong city	21420.14	1,382,713	Litong District	2	2	1
640400	Guyuan city	13449.03	1,142,142	Yuanzhou District	1	4
640500	Zhongwei city	17448.09	1,067,336	Shapotou District	1	2

Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations
English	Chinese	Pinyin	Xiao'erjing
Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region	宁夏回族自治区	Níngxià Huízú Zìzhìqū	نِئٍ‌ثِيَا خُوِزُو زِجِ‌ٿِيُوِ
Yinchuan city	银川市	Yínchuān Shì	ءٍچُوًا شِ
Shizuishan city	石嘴山市	Shízuǐshān Shì	شِ‌ظُوِشًا شِ
Wuzhong city	吴忠市	Wúzhōng Shì	وُجْو شِ
Guyuan city	固原市	Gùyuán Shì	قُ‌يُوًا شِ
Zhongwei city	中卫市	Zhōngwèi Shì	جْووِ شِ

The five prefecture-level cities of Ningxia are subdivided into 22 county-level divisions (9 districts, 2 county-level cities, and 11 counties).

Urban areas

Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
#	City	Urban area^[35]	District area^[35]	City proper^[35]	Census date
1	Yinchuan	1,159,457	1,290,170	1,993,088	2010-11-01
2	Shizuishan	403,901	472,472	725,482	2010-11-01
3	Wuzhong	232,134	544,362	1,273,792	2010-11-01
4	Zhongwei	160,279	378,606	1,080,832	2010-11-01
5	Guyuan	130,155	411,854	1,228,156	2010-11-01
6	Lingwu	125,976	261,677	see Yinchuan	2010-11-01
7	Qingtongxia	99,367	264,717	see Wuzhong	2010-11-01

Economy

See also: List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP

 

Wolfberry harvest celebration.

Rural Ningxia was for long an officially designated poverty area, and remains on the lower rungs of the developmental ladder.^[23] It is the province with the third smallest GDP (Tibet being the last) in China, even though its neighbors, Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi, are among the strongest emerging provincial economies in the country. Its nominal GDP in 2011 was just 200.0 billion yuan (US$32.7 billion) and a per capita GDP of 21,470 yuan (US$3,143). It comprises 0.44% of the national economy.

Agriculture

Similar to other areas, Ningxia has seen a gradual decline of its peasant population due to rural–urban migration. Despite this, the great majority (62.8 percent) was still agricultural at the time of the survey.^[36] Animal husbandry is important for the regional economy. In the main pastoral county, Yanchi, it is even the leading industry when specified for the primary sector. The dominant grazing animals are sheep and goat.^[37] In the (semi-)pastoral regions, herders engage in a mixed sedentary farming operation of dryland agriculture and extensive animal husbandry, while full nomadic pastoralism is no longer practiced.^[23]

Ningxia is the principal region of China where wolfberries are grown. Other specialties of Ningxia are licorice, products made from Helan stone, fiddlehead and products made from sheepskin.

Ningxia wines are a promising area of development. The Chinese authorities have given approval to the development of the eastern base of the Helan Mountains as an area suitable for wine production. Several large Chinese wine companies including Changyu and Dynasty Wine have begun development in the western region of the province. Together they now own 20,000 acres of land for wine plantations and Dynasty has ploughed 100 million yuan into Ningxia. In addition, the major oil company China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation has founded a grape plantation near the Helan Mountains. The household appliance company Midea has also begun participating in Ningxia's wine industry.^[38] Vineyards have been set up in the region.^[39]

Industries and economic zones

Yinchuan Economic and Technological Development Zone^[40] was established in 1992. Spanning 32 km² (12 sq mi), it has an annual economic output Rmb23.7 billion (25.1% up) (US$3.5 billion). Major investors are mainly local enterprises such as Kocel Steel Foundry, FAG Railway Bearing (Ningxia), Ningxia Little Giant Machine Tools, etc. Major industries include machinery and equipment manufacturing, new materials, fine chemicals and the animation industry.

Desheng Industrial Park (in Helan County) is a base for about 400 enterprises. The industrial park has industrial chains from Muslim food and commodities to trade and logistics, new materials and bio-pharmaceuticals that has 80 billion yuan in fixed assets. Desheng is looking to be the most promising industrial park in the city. It achieved a total output value of 4.85 billion in 2008, up 40 percent year-on-year. The local government plans to cut taxes and other fees to reduce the burden on local enterprises. The industrial output value reached 2.68 billion yuan in 2008, an increase of 48 percent from a year earlier.

Transport

 

Yinchuan Hedong Airport

Airports

• Yinchuan Hedong International Airport
• Zhongwei Shapotou Airport
• Guyuan Liupanshan Airport
• Wuhai Airport (serves the northern area)

Highways

• China National Highway 109
• China National Highway 110
• China National Highway 211
• China National Highway 307
• China National Highway 309
• China National Highway 312

Bridge

• Taole Yellow River Expressway Bridge (陶乐黄河大桥)

Rail

• Baotou–Lanzhou railway
• Baoji–Zhongwei railway (宝中铁路)

Education

Further information: List of universities and colleges in Ningxia

Demographics

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1912^[41]	303,000	—
1928^[42]	1,450,000	+378.5%
1936-37^[43]	978,000	−32.6%
1947^[44]	759,000	−22.4%
1982^[45]	3,895,578	+413.3%
1990^[46]	4,655,451	+19.5%
2000^[47]	5,486,393	+17.8%
2010^[48]	6,301,350	+14.9%
2020^[49]	7,202,654	+14.3%
Ningxia Province/AR was part of Gansu 1914–1929 and 1954–1958 In 1947 parts of Ningxia Province/AR were incorporated into Inner Mongolia AR.

Religion

Religion in Ningxia (around 2010)

  Islam^[50] (34%)

  Christianity^[51] (1.17%)

  Others (Chinese religions, Buddhism, or not religious) (64.83%)

Islam is the single biggest religious tradition in Ningxia, adhered to by 34% of the population according to a 2010 survey.^[50] Many of the Han Chinese practise Chinese folk religions, Taoism, Confucianism and Chinese Buddhism. Christianity was the religion of 1.17% of the province's population according to the Chinese General Social Survey of 2004.^[51]

In 2008, there were 3,760 mosques in Ningxia , which is about one per 1730 residents.^[52]

Hospitals

• People's Hospital of Ningxia
• Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Ningxia
• Ningxia Medical College Affiliated Hospital
• Yinchuan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine
• Yinchuan People's Hospital
• Yinchuan Stomatological Hospital
• Yinchuan Women and Children's Healthcare Center
• Women and Children's Healthcare Center of Ningixa
• Yinchuan No.1 People's Hospital
• Yinchuan No.2 People's Hospital
• Yinchuan No.3 People's Hospital
• Shizuishan No.2 People's Hospital
• Guyuan Hospital of Ningxia

Tourism

One of Ningxia's main tourist spots is the internationally renowned Xixia Tombs site located 30 km (19 mi) west of Yinchuan. The remnants of nine Western Xia emperors' tombs and two hundred other tombs lie within a 50 km² (19 sq mi) area. Other famous sites in Ningxia include the Helan Mountains, the mysterious 108 stupas, the twin pagodas of Baisikou and the desert research outpost at Shapatou. A less visited tourist spot in Ningxia is the Mount Sumeru Grottoes (须弥山), which is among the ten most famous grottoes in China.^[53]

Museums

• Ningxia Museum, opened in 1988
• Ningxia Transportation Museum, opened in August 2008
• Museum of Contemporary Art Yinchuan (MOCA Yinchuan), opened on 8 August 2015.

Notable people

• Emma Gao, winemaker
• Zhang Jin, physical chemist and nanotechnologist

Gallery

•  

  View of Yinchuan looking east from top of Chengtian Temple Pagoda.

•  

  People's Square in Yinchuan.

•  

  Phoenix Tablet fountain in Yinchuan.

•  

  Tongxin Great Mosque, one of the oldest mosques in Ningxia and a famous cultural relic among the locals.

•  

  A tomb of the Western Xia

See also

• Major national historical and cultural sites in Ningxia

References

Citations

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2. "Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3)". National Bureau of Statistics of China. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
3. GDP-2020 is a preliminary data "Home - Regional - Quarterly by Province" (Press release). China National Bureau of Statistics. 1 March 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
4. United Nations Development Programme; China Institute for Development Planning at Tsinghua University; State Information Center (2019). China National Human Development Report Special Edition—In Pursuit of a More Sustainable Future for All: China's Historic Transformation over Four Decades of Human Development (PDF) (Report). Beijing: China Translation Publishing House. ISBN 978-7-5001-6138-7.
5. . Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021.
6. "Ningxia". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.
7. "By Choosing Assimilation, China's Hui Have Become One of the World's Most Successful Muslim Minorities". The Economist. 8 October 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
8. [Overview of Resources in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region]. Zhōngguó wǎng (in Chinese). 17 December 2009. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
9. In China's Ningxia province, water shortage is so severe that the government is relocating people
10. Hsieh, Chiao-min; Falkenheim, Victor C. . Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 27 October 2016.
11. Tobin, Meaghan (12 May 2019). "Can China Become the Wine World's Next California?". South China Morning Post.
12. Ho, Peter (2000). "The Myth of Desertification at China's Northwestern Frontier: The Case of Ningxia Province, 1929-1958". Modern China. 26 (3): 348–395. doi:10.1177/009770040002600304. S2CID 83080752.
13. Xu, Xin (2003). The Jews of Kaifeng: China History, Culture, and Religion. Jersey City, NJ: Ktav Publishing House.
14. Eiland, Murray L. (2003). "Carpets of the Ming Dynasty?". East and West. 53 (1/4): 179–208. ISSN 0012-8376.
15. Lin (2011), pp. 37–39.
16. China Archaeology and Art Digest, Volume 3, Issue 4. Art Text (HK). 2000. p. 354. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
17. "Dēng áobāo gēda shǎng juédǐng měijǐng" 登敖包疙瘩 赏绝顶美景. Fènghuáng zīxùn (in Chinese). 2 September 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
18. Close, U.; McCormick (1922). "Where the Mountains Walked". National Geographic Magazine. Vol. 41, no. 5. pp. 445–464.
19. Feng, X.; Guo, A. (1985). "Earthquake Landslides in China". Proceedings, IVth International Conference and Field Workshop on Landslides. Tokyo: Japan Landslide Society. pp. 339–346.. (1985) "
20. Haines, Lester (19 July 2006). "Chinese Black Helicopters Circle Google Earth". The Register.
21. Cassidy, Katherine (13 September 2006). "Armchair Sleuths Uncover Strange Military Sites in China" 18 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine. McClatchy Newspapers/ Real Cities Network.
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Sources

• Lin, Hsiao-ting (2011). Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge.

External links

• Ningxia Provincial Government 15 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine
• Ningxia at the Encyclopædia Britannica
• Economic profile for Ningxia at HKTDC
• Ningxia Profile - UNESCAP 16 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine