"Kokola" redirects here. For the city in Finland, see Kokkola.
Makhuwa (Emakhuwa; also spelt Makua and Macua) is the primary Bantu language of northern Mozambique. It is spoken by four million Makua people, who live north of the Zambezi River, particularly in Nampula Province, which is virtually entirely ethnically Makua.[3] It is the most widely spoken indigenous language of Mozambique.
Apart from the languages in the same group, eMakhuwa is distinguished from other Bantu languages by the loss of consonant + vowel prefixes in favour of e; compare epula, "rain", with Tswanapula.
Long and short vowels distinguish five vowel qualities /i e a o u/, which is unusually sparse for a Bantu language:
omala - to finish
omaala - to paste, stick
omela - to sprout, bud
omeela - to share out
The consonants are more complex: postalveolar tt and tth exist, both p and ph are used. Both x (English "sh") and h exist while x varies with s. Regionally, there are also θ (the "th" of English "thorn"), ð (the "th" of English "seethe"), z and ng. For instance in eLomwe, to which Makhuwa is closely related, the tt of eMakhuwa is represented by a "ch" as in English "church".[3]
In Makhuwa, tone is distinctive. In the eNahara dialect, there are two tones, low (L) and high (H), and the tone-bearing unit in Makhuwa phonology is the mora. Low tone is unmarked in writing, while high tone is indicated by an acute accent above vowels or nasals (á, ń) or next to tone-bearing consonants (´l).
Dialectsedit
The names of the dialects vary in different sources. The shibboleth or distinctive variant in the dialects is the treatment of the s:
eSamgagi dialect: odhiva
eSangagi dialect: θtiva
eSaaka dialect: ociva
eNahara dialect: oziva - all meaning "agreeable, pleasant" [3]
Marrevone (Coastal Makhuwa; 460,000 including eNahara)
eNahara (Naharra)
eSaka (Saka, 210,000)
Ruvuma Makhuwa (Tanzanian Makhuwa, including subdialects Imithupi, Ikorovere)
Mutual intelligibility between these is limited. Central Makhuwa ("Makhuwa-Makhuwana") is the basis of the standard language. Ethnologue lists Central Makhuwa, Meetto–Ruvuma, Marrevone–Enahara, and Esaka as separate languages, and Chirima as six languages.
The population figures are from Ethnologue for 2006. They tally 3.1 million speakers of Central Makhuwa and 3.5 million of the other varieties, though the Ethnologue article for Central Makhuwa covers Marrevone and Enahara, so these might be double counted.
Reading material in eMakhuwaedit
Muluku Onnalavuliha Àn'awe - Ipantte sikosolasiwe sa Biblia ("God speaks to his children" - extracts from the Scriptures for children) Aid to the Church in Need. Edição em Macúa / eMakhuwa) Editorial Verbo Divino, Estella, Navarra, 1997.
Sample textedit
6 Moovirikana ni mamwene ale ootakhala, aakhala atthu akina yaawenrye woona ntata na Muluku, nnaamwi awo okathi mukina yaarina makhalelo mamosaru yaarina aya atthu ale akina aromoliwe.
Translation
6 In contrast with those wicked kings, others saw God’s hand, even though they were in the same situation as those mentioned above.
Referencesedit
^Central Makhuwa at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) Makhuwa-Meetto at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) Makhuwa-Shirima at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) Kokola at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) Lolo at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) Manyawa at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) (Additional references under 'Language codes' in the information box)
^ abcdRelatório do I Seminário sobre a Padronização da Ortografia de Línguas Moçambicanas. NELIMO, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, 1989.
^van der Wal, Guenever Johanna. Word order and information structure in Makhuwa-Enahara(PDF).
External linksedit
Makhuwa language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
Oliver Kröger (2005), Report on a Survey of Coastal Makua Dialects (SIL International)
April 10, 2024
makhuwa, language, kokola, redirects, here, city, finland, kokkola, makhuwa, emakhuwa, also, spelt, makua, macua, primary, bantu, language, northern, mozambique, spoken, four, million, makua, people, live, north, zambezi, river, particularly, nampula, province. Kokola redirects here For the city in Finland see Kokkola Makhuwa Emakhuwa also spelt Makua and Macua is the primary Bantu language of northern Mozambique It is spoken by four million Makua people who live north of the Zambezi River particularly in Nampula Province which is virtually entirely ethnically Makua 3 It is the most widely spoken indigenous language of Mozambique MakhuwaEmakuanaNative toMozambique TanzaniaEthnicityMakuaNative speakers8 6 million 2017 1 Language familyNiger Congo Atlantic CongoVolta CongoBenue CongoBantoidSouthern BantoidBantuSouthern BantuMakua languagesMakhuwaWriting systemLatinLanguage codesISO 639 3Variously a href https iso639 3 sil org code vmw class extiw title iso639 3 vmw vmw a Central Makhuwa a href https iso639 3 sil org code mgh class extiw title iso639 3 mgh mgh a Makhuwa Meetto a href https iso639 3 sil org code vmk class extiw title iso639 3 vmk vmk a Makhuwa Shirima a href https iso639 3 sil org code kzn class extiw title iso639 3 kzn kzn a Kokola a href https iso639 3 sil org code llb class extiw title iso639 3 llb llb a Lolo a href https iso639 3 sil org code mny class extiw title iso639 3 mny mny a Manyawa a href https iso639 3 sil org code vmr class extiw title iso639 3 vmr vmr a Marenje a href https iso639 3 sil org code tke class extiw title iso639 3 tke tke a Takwane a href https iso639 3 sil org code xmc class extiw title iso639 3 xmc xmc a Makhuwa Marrevone a href https iso639 3 sil org code xsq class extiw title iso639 3 xsq xsq a Makhuwa SakaGlottologmaku1279 Makua Lomwe adds Lomwe amp Monigachuw1239 Chuwaboic adds Chuwabokoko1267 Kokolamany1259 ManyawaGuthrie codeP 31 2 A Makhuwa family in Nampula Apart from the languages in the same group eMakhuwa is distinguished from other Bantu languages by the loss of consonant vowel prefixes in favour of e compare epula rain with Tswana pula Long and short vowels distinguish five vowel qualities i e a o u which is unusually sparse for a Bantu language omala to finish omaala to paste stick omela to sprout bud omeela to share outThe consonants are more complex postalveolar tt and tth exist both p and ph are used Both x English sh and h exist while x varies with s Regionally there are also 8 the th of English thorn d the th of English seethe z and ng For instance in eLomwe to which Makhuwa is closely related the tt of eMakhuwa is represented by a ch as in English church 3 Contents 1 Phonology 1 1 Consonants 1 2 Vowels 1 3 Tone 4 2 Dialects 3 Reading material in eMakhuwa 4 Sample text 5 References 6 External linksPhonology editConsonants edit Labial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar GlottalPlosive voiceless p t ʈ c kaspirated pʰ tʰ ʈʰ kʰFricative voiceless f s ʃ hvoiced v 8 d zNasal m n ɲ ŋLateral l ʎTrill rApproximant w jVowels edit Front Central BackClose i iː u uːMid e eː o oːOpen a aː 3 Tone 4 edit In Makhuwa tone is distinctive In the eNahara dialect there are two tones low L and high H and the tone bearing unit in Makhuwa phonology is the mora Low tone is unmarked in writing while high tone is indicated by an acute accent above vowels or nasals a n or next to tone bearing consonants l Dialects editThe names of the dialects vary in different sources The shibboleth or distinctive variant in the dialects is the treatment of the s eSamgagi dialect odhiva eSangagi dialect 8tiva eSaaka dialect ociva eNahara dialect oziva all meaning agreeable pleasant 3 Maho 2009 lists the following dialects 2 Central Makhuwa 3 1 million Meetto Metto 1 3 million including Ruvuma Chirima Shirima 1 5 million including subdialects Kokola Lolo Manyawa Marenje Takwane Marrevone Coastal Makhuwa 460 000 including eNahara eNahara Naharra eSaka Saka 210 000 Ruvuma Makhuwa Tanzanian Makhuwa including subdialects Imithupi Ikorovere Mutual intelligibility between these is limited Central Makhuwa Makhuwa Makhuwana is the basis of the standard language Ethnologue lists Central Makhuwa Meetto Ruvuma Marrevone Enahara and Esaka as separate languages and Chirima as six languages The population figures are from Ethnologue for 2006 They tally 3 1 million speakers of Central Makhuwa and 3 5 million of the other varieties though the Ethnologue article for Central Makhuwa covers Marrevone and Enahara so these might be double counted Reading material in eMakhuwa editMuluku Onnalavuliha An awe Ipantte sikosolasiwe sa Biblia God speaks to his children extracts from the Scriptures for children Aid to the Church in Need Edicao em Macua eMakhuwa Editorial Verbo Divino Estella Navarra 1997 Sample text edit6 Moovirikana ni mamwene ale ootakhala aakhala atthu akina yaawenrye woona ntata na Muluku nnaamwi awo okathi mukina yaarina makhalelo mamosaru yaarina aya atthu ale akina aromoliwe Translation6 In contrast with those wicked kings others saw God s hand even though they were in the same situation as those mentioned above References edit Central Makhuwa at Ethnologue 26th ed 2023 nbsp Makhuwa Meetto at Ethnologue 26th ed 2023 nbsp Makhuwa Shirima at Ethnologue 26th ed 2023 nbsp Kokola at Ethnologue 26th ed 2023 nbsp Lolo at Ethnologue 26th ed 2023 nbsp Manyawa at Ethnologue 26th ed 2023 nbsp Additional references under Language codes in the information box a b Jouni Filip Maho 2009 New Updated Guthrie List Online a b c d Relatorio do I Seminario sobre a Padronizacao da Ortografia de Linguas Mocambicanas NELIMO Universidade Eduardo Mondlane 1989 van der Wal Guenever Johanna Word order and information structure in Makhuwa Enahara PDF External links edit nbsp Makhuwa language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Oliver Kroger 2005 Report on a Survey of Coastal Makua Dialects SIL International Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Makhuwa language amp oldid 1212334509, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
