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Wikipedia

List of vegetable oils

February 15, 2024

Vegetable oils are triglycerides extracted from plants. Some of these oils have been part of human culture for millennia.[1] Edible vegetable oils are used in food, both in cooking and as supplements. Many oils, edible and otherwise, are burned as fuel, such as in oil lamps and as a substitute for petroleum-based fuels. Some of the many other uses include wood finishing, oil painting, and skin care.

Definition edit

The term "vegetable oil" can be narrowly defined as referring only to substances that are liquid at room temperature,[2] or broadly defined without regard to a substance's state (liquid or solid) at a given temperature.[3] While a large majority of the entries in this list fit the narrower of these definitions, some do not qualify as vegetable oils according to all understandings of the term.

Classification edit

Vegetable oils can be classified in several ways. For instance, by their use or by the method used to extract them. In this article, vegetable oils are grouped in common classes of use.

Extraction method edit

There are several types of plant oils, distinguished by the method used to extract the oil from the plant. The relevant part of the plant may be placed under pressure to extract the oil, giving an expressed (or pressed) oil. The oils included in this list are of this type. Oils may also be extracted from plants by dissolving parts of plants in water or another solvent. The solution may be separated from the plant material and concentrated, giving an extracted or leached oil. The mixture may also be separated by distilling the oil away from the plant material. Oils extracted by this latter method are called essential oils. Essential oils often have different properties and uses than pressed or leached vegetable oils. Finally, macerated oils are made by infusing parts of plants in a base oil, a process called liquid–liquid extraction.

Sources and Uses edit

Most, but not all vegetable oils are extracted from the fruits or seeds of plants. For instance, palm oil is extracted from palm fruits, while soybean oil is extracted from soybean seeds. Vegetable oils may also be classified by grouping oils extracted from similar plants, such as "nut oils".

Although most plants contain some oil, only the oil from certain major oil crops[4] complemented by a few dozen minor oil crops[5] is widely used and traded.

Use edit

Oils from plants are used for several different purposes. Edible vegetable oils may be used for cooking, or as food additives. Many vegetable oils, edible and otherwise, are burned as fuel, for instance as a substitute for petroleum-based fuels. Some may be also used for cosmetics, medical purposes, wood finishing, oil painting and other industrial purposes.

Edible oils edit

See also: Cooking oil

Major oils edit

These oils make up a significant fraction of worldwide edible oil production. All are also used as fuel oils.

Nut oils edit

 
Hazelnuts from the Common Hazel, used to make Hazelnut oil

Nut oils are generally used in cooking, for their flavor. Most are quite costly, because of the difficulty of extracting the oil.

Citrus oils edit

A number of citrus plants yield pressed oils. Some, such as lemon and orange oil, are used as essential oils, which is uncommon for pressed oils.[note 1][35] The seeds of many if not most members of the citrus family yield usable oils.[35][36][37][38]

  • Grapefruit seed oil, extracted from the seeds of grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi). Grapefruit seed oil was extracted experimentally in 1930 and was shown to be suitable for making soap.[39]
  • Lemon oil, similar in fragrance to the fruit. One of a small number of cold pressed essential oils.[40] Used as a flavoring agent[41] and in aromatherapy.[42]
  • Orange oil, like lemon oil, cold pressed rather than distilled.[43] Consists of 90% d-Limonene. Used as a fragrance, in cleaning products and in flavoring foods.[44]
     
    The fruit of the sea-buckthorn

Oils from melon and gourd seeds edit

 
Watermelon seed oil, extracted from the seeds of Citrullus vulgaris, is used in cooking in West Africa.

Members of the Cucurbitaceae include gourds, melons, pumpkins, and squashes. Seeds from these plants are noted for their oil content, but little information is available on methods of extracting the oil. In most cases, the plants are grown as food, with dietary use of the oils as a byproduct of using the seeds as food.[45]

Food supplements edit

A number of oils are used as food supplements (or "nutraceuticals"), for their nutrient content or purported medicinal effect. Borage seed oil, blackcurrant seed oil, and evening primrose oil all have a significant amount of gamma-Linolenic acid (GLA) (about 23%, 15–20% and 7–10%, respectively), and it is this that has drawn the interest of researchers.

Other edible oils edit

 
Carob seed pods, used to make carob pod oil
 
Coriander seeds are the source of an edible pressed oil, Coriander seed oil.
 
Poppy seeds, used to make poppyseed oil
 
Virgin pracaxi oil
 
Shea nuts, from which shea butter is pressed

Oils used for biofuel edit

See also: Vegetable oil fuel
 
A flask of biodiesel
 
Sunflower kernels
 
Jojoba fruit

A number of oils are used for biofuel (biodiesel and Straight Vegetable Oil) in addition to having other uses. Other oils are used only as biofuel.[note 4][147]

Although diesel engines were invented, in part, with vegetable oil in mind,[148] diesel fuel is almost exclusively petroleum-based. Vegetable oils are evaluated for use as a biofuel based on:

  1. Suitability as a fuel, based on flash point, energy content, viscosity, combustion products and other factors
  2. Cost, based in part on yield, effort required to grow and harvest, and post-harvest processing cost

Multipurpose oils also used as biofuel edit

The oils listed immediately below are all (primarily) used for other purposes – all but tung oil are edible – but have been considered for use as biofuel.

Inedible oils used only or primarily as biofuel edit

See also: Algae fuel

These oils are extracted from plants that are cultivated solely for producing oil-based biofuel.[note 5] These, plus the major oils described above, have received much more attention as fuel oils than other plant oils.

Drying oils edit

See also: Drying oil

Drying oils are vegetable oils that dry to a hard finish at normal room temperature. Such oils are used as the basis of oil paints, and in other paint and wood finishing applications. In addition to the oils listed here, walnut, sunflower and safflower oil are also considered to be drying oils.[176]

Other oils edit

A number of pressed vegetable oils are either not edible, or not used as an edible oil.

 
The fruit of the amur cork tree
 
Castor beans are the source of castor oil.
 
Astrocaryum vulgare (Tucumã) oil

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Lime oil, for example, is distilled, not pressed. See Jackson, p. 131
  2. ^ "Egusi" is the common name of several species of melons, including Citrullus vulgaris cultivars and Lagenaria sicerari.
  3. ^ The Targanine 2011-10-28 at the Wayback Machine cooperative was founded by Zoubida Charrouf in the 1990s to help local poor, widowed and divorced women derive an income from producing and exporting high-quality argan oil. See Rainer Höfer, ed. (2009). Sustainable Solutions for Modern Economies. Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain). p. 401. ISBN 978-1847559050.
  4. ^ Ethanol and, to a lesser degree, methanol and butanol are the other major types of biofuel.
  5. ^ There are some plants that yield a commercial vegetable oil, that are also used to make other sorts of biofuel. Eucalyptus, for example, has been explored as a means of biomass for producing ethanol. These plants are not listed here.
  6. ^ Carrot seeds are also used to obtain an essential oil with quite different properties than carrot seed pressed oil.

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Further reading edit

  • "Fats and Cholesterol: Out with the Bad, In with the Good". The Nutrition Source. Harvard School of Public Health. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
  • "Bulk Oil Trading". Archived from the original on 2006-07-18. Retrieved 2006-07-25. An older version of this site was very helpful in making this list more comprehensive.
  • "Vegetable Oil Yields and Characteristics". Retrieved 2011-10-24. Compiles useful information on vegetable oils from a number of sources.
  • . Archived from the original on 2006-07-15. Retrieved 2006-07-25. The site contains a large set of resources on castor oil and many other oils, particularly those used to make biodiesel.
  • Botanical Garden of Indian Republic (BGIR) (April 5, 2004). (PDF). Botanical Survey of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2010-10-19. List of about 300 plants that grow in India, and that yield oil. Also includes common names in languages spoken in India.
  • Macmillan, H.F. (1989). "Oils and Vegetable Fats". . Herbdata New Zealand. ISBN 978-81-7041-177-2. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Old reference with basic information on an unusually large variety of plant oils.
  • Ashurst, P. R. (1999). Food Flavorings. Springer. ISBN 978-0-8342-1621-1. Retrieved 2014-10-05. Comprehensive information on cooking oils that are used for flavoring foods.
  • Duke, James A. (1982). Handbook of Energy Crops. Purdue University Center for New Crops. Retrieved 2011-11-19.

February 15, 2024
list, vegetable, oils, vegetable, oils, triglycerides, extracted, from, plants, some, these, oils, have, been, part, human, culture, millennia, edible, vegetable, oils, used, food, both, cooking, supplements, many, oils, edible, otherwise, burned, fuel, such, . Vegetable oils are triglycerides extracted from plants Some of these oils have been part of human culture for millennia 1 Edible vegetable oils are used in food both in cooking and as supplements Many oils edible and otherwise are burned as fuel such as in oil lamps and as a substitute for petroleum based fuels Some of the many other uses include wood finishing oil painting and skin care Contents 1 Definition 2 Classification 2 1 Extraction method 2 2 Sources and Uses 2 3 Use 3 Edible oils 3 1 Major oils 3 2 Nut oils 3 3 Citrus oils 3 4 Oils from melon and gourd seeds 3 5 Food supplements 3 6 Other edible oils 4 Oils used for biofuel 4 1 Multipurpose oils also used as biofuel 4 2 Inedible oils used only or primarily as biofuel 5 Drying oils 6 Other oils 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further readingDefinition editThe term vegetable oil can be narrowly defined as referring only to substances that are liquid at room temperature 2 or broadly defined without regard to a substance s state liquid or solid at a given temperature 3 While a large majority of the entries in this list fit the narrower of these definitions some do not qualify as vegetable oils according to all understandings of the term Classification editVegetable oils can be classified in several ways For instance by their use or by the method used to extract them In this article vegetable oils are grouped in common classes of use Extraction method edit There are several types of plant oils distinguished by the method used to extract the oil from the plant The relevant part of the plant may be placed under pressure to extract the oil giving an expressed or pressed oil The oils included in this list are of this type Oils may also be extracted from plants by dissolving parts of plants in water or another solvent The solution may be separated from the plant material and concentrated giving an extracted or leached oil The mixture may also be separated by distilling the oil away from the plant material Oils extracted by this latter method are called essential oils Essential oils often have different properties and uses than pressed or leached vegetable oils Finally macerated oils are made by infusing parts of plants in a base oil a process called liquid liquid extraction Sources and Uses edit Most but not all vegetable oils are extracted from the fruits or seeds of plants For instance palm oil is extracted from palm fruits while soybean oil is extracted from soybean seeds Vegetable oils may also be classified by grouping oils extracted from similar plants such as nut oils Although most plants contain some oil only the oil from certain major oil crops 4 complemented by a few dozen minor oil crops 5 is widely used and traded Use edit Oils from plants are used for several different purposes Edible vegetable oils may be used for cooking or as food additives Many vegetable oils edible and otherwise are burned as fuel for instance as a substitute for petroleum based fuels Some may be also used for cosmetics medical purposes wood finishing oil painting and other industrial purposes Edible oils editSee also Cooking oil Major oils edit These oils make up a significant fraction of worldwide edible oil production All are also used as fuel oils Coconut oil a cooking oil with medical and industrial applications as well Extracted from the kernel or meat of the fruit of the coconut palm Common in the tropics and unusual in composition with medium chain fatty acids dominant 6 Corn oil one of the principal oils sold as salad and cooking oil 7 Cottonseed oil used as a salad and cooking oil both domestically and industrially 8 Olive oil used in cooking cosmetics soaps and as a fuel for traditional oil lamps Palm oil the most widely produced tropical oil 9 Popular in West African and Brazilian cuisine 10 Also used to make biofuel 11 Peanut oil Ground nut oil a clear oil with some applications as a salad dressing and due to its high smoke point especially used for frying 12 Rapeseed oil including Canola oil the most sold cooking oil all around the world used as a salad and cooking oil both domestically and industrially 8 Also used in fuel industry as bio fuel Safflower oil until the 1960s used in the paint industry now mostly as a cooking oil 13 Sesame oil cold pressed as light cooking oil hot pressed for a darker and stronger flavor 14 Soybean oil produced as a byproduct of processing soy meal 15 Sunflower oil a common cooking oil also used to make biodiesel 16 Nut oils edit nbsp Hazelnuts from the Common Hazel used to make Hazelnut oilNut oils are generally used in cooking for their flavor Most are quite costly because of the difficulty of extracting the oil Almond oil used as an edible oil but primarily in the manufacture of cosmetics 17 Beech nut oil from Fagus sylvatica nuts is a well regarded edible oil in Europe used for salads and cooking 18 Brazil nut oil contains 75 unsaturated fatty acids composed mainly of oleic and linolenic acids as well as the phytosterol beta sitosterol 19 and fat soluble vitamin E 20 Extra virgin oil can be obtained during the first pressing of the nuts possibly for use as a substitute for olive oil due to its mild pleasant flavor Cashew oil somewhat comparable to olive oil May have value for fighting dental cavities 21 Jamaican cobnut oil a sweet fine flavored oil 22 23 pressed from the seeds of Omphalea triandra in the tropical Americas It is also reported to be used as a lubricant 24 Hazelnut oil mainly used for its flavor Also used in skin care because of its slight astringent nature 25 Macadamia oil with a mild nutty flavor and a high smoke point 26 Mongongo nut oil or manketti oil from the seeds of the Schinziophyton rautanenii a tree which grows in South Africa High in vitamin E Also used in skin care 27 Pecan oil valued as a food oil but requiring fresh pecans for good quality oil 28 Pine nut oil sold as a gourmet cooking oil 29 30 and of potential medicinal interest as an appetite suppressant 31 Pistachio oil a strongly flavored oil with a distinctive green color 26 Walnut oil used for its flavor 26 also used by Renaissance painters in oil paints 32 33 Pumpkin seed oil 34 Citrus oils edit A number of citrus plants yield pressed oils Some such as lemon and orange oil are used as essential oils which is uncommon for pressed oils note 1 35 The seeds of many if not most members of the citrus family yield usable oils 35 36 37 38 Grapefruit seed oil extracted from the seeds of grapefruit Citrus paradisi Grapefruit seed oil was extracted experimentally in 1930 and was shown to be suitable for making soap 39 Lemon oil similar in fragrance to the fruit One of a small number of cold pressed essential oils 40 Used as a flavoring agent 41 and in aromatherapy 42 Orange oil like lemon oil cold pressed rather than distilled 43 Consists of 90 d Limonene Used as a fragrance in cleaning products and in flavoring foods 44 nbsp The fruit of the sea buckthornOils from melon and gourd seeds edit nbsp Watermelon seed oil extracted from the seeds of Citrullus vulgaris is used in cooking in West Africa Members of the Cucurbitaceae include gourds melons pumpkins and squashes Seeds from these plants are noted for their oil content but little information is available on methods of extracting the oil In most cases the plants are grown as food with dietary use of the oils as a byproduct of using the seeds as food 45 Bitter gourd oil from the seeds of Momordica charantia High in a Eleostearic acid Of current research interest for its potential anti carcinogenic properties 46 Bottle gourd oil extracted from the seeds of the Lagenaria siceraria widely grown in tropical regions Used as an edible oil 47 Buffalo gourd oil from the seeds of the Cucurbita foetidissima a vine with a rank odor native to southwest North America 48 Butternut squash seed oil from the seeds of Cucurbita moschata has a nutty flavor that is used for salad dressings marinades and sauteeing 49 Egusi note 2 seed oil from the seeds of Cucumeropsis mannii naudin is particularly rich in linoleic acid 50 Pumpkin seed oil a specialty cooking oil produced in Austria Slovenia and Croatia Used mostly in salad dressings 51 Watermelon seed oil pressed from the seeds of Citrullus vulgaris Traditionally used in cooking in West Africa 52 53 Food supplements edit A number of oils are used as food supplements or nutraceuticals for their nutrient content or purported medicinal effect Borage seed oil blackcurrant seed oil and evening primrose oil all have a significant amount of gamma Linolenic acid GLA about 23 15 20 and 7 10 respectively and it is this that has drawn the interest of researchers Acai oil from the fruit of several species of the Acai palm Euterpe grown in the Amazon region 54 55 Black seed oil pressed from Nigella sativa seeds has a long history of medicinal use including in ancient Greek Asian and Islamic medicine as well as being a topic of current medical research 56 57 58 Blackcurrant seed oil from the seeds of Ribes nigrum used as a food supplement High in gamma Linolenic omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids 59 Borage seed oil from the seeds of Borago officinalis 59 Evening primrose oil from the seeds of Oenothera biennis 60 the most important plant source of gamma Linolenic acid particularly because it does not contain alpha Linolenic acid 59 61 Flaxseed oil called linseed oil when used as a drying oil from the seeds of Linum usitatissimum High in omega 3 and lignans which can be used medicinally A good dietary equivalent to fish oil 62 Easily turns rancid 63 Other edible oils edit nbsp Carob seed pods used to make carob pod oilAmaranth oil from the seeds of grain amaranth species including Amaranthus cruentus and Amaranthus hypochondriacus high in squalene and unsaturated fatty acids 64 Apricot oil similar to almond oil which it resembles Used in cosmetics 65 Apple seed oil high in linoleic acid 66 Argan oil from the seeds of the Argania spinosa is a food oil from Morocco 67 developed through a women s cooperative founded in the 1990s note 3 that has also attracted recent attention in Europe Avocado oil an edible oil 68 used primarily in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries 69 70 Unusually high smoke point of 510 F 266 C 71 Babassu oil from the seeds of the Attalea speciosa is similar to and used as a substitute for coconut oil 72 Ben oil extracted from the seeds of the Moringa oleifera High in behenic acid Extremely stable edible oil Also suitable for biofuel citation needed Borneo tallow nut oil extracted from the fruit of species of genus Shorea Used as a substitute for cocoa butter and to make soap candles cosmetics and medicines in places where the tree is common 73 Cape chestnut oil also called yangu oil is a popular oil in Africa for skin care 74 Carob pod oil Algaroba oil from carob with an exceptionally high essential fatty acid content 75 76 Cocoa butter from the cacao plant is used in the manufacture of chocolate as well as in some ointments and cosmetics sometimes known as theobroma oil 77 Cocklebur oil from species of genus Xanthium with similar properties to poppyseed oil similar in taste and smell to sunflower oil 78 79 Cohune oil from the Attalea cohune cohune palm used as a lubricant for cooking soapmaking and as a lamp oil 80 nbsp Coriander seeds are the source of an edible pressed oil Coriander seed oil Coriander seed oil from coriander seeds used in a wide variety of flavoring applications including gin and seasoning blends 81 Recent research has shown promise for use in killing food borne bacteria such as E coli 82 Date seed oil extracted from date pits 83 Its low extraction rate and lack of other distinguishing characteristics make it an unlikely candidate for major use 84 Dika oil from Irvingia gabonensis seeds native to West Africa Used to make margarine soap and pharmaceuticals where is it being examined as a tablet lubricant Largely underdeveloped 85 86 False flax oil made of the seeds of Camelina sativa One of the earliest oil crops dating back to the 6th millennium B C 87 Produced in modern times in Central and Eastern Europe fell out of production in the 1940s 88 Considered promising as a food or fuel oil 89 Grape seed oil a cooking and salad oil also sprayed on raisins to help them retain their flavor 90 Hemp oil a high quality food oil 91 also used to make paints varnishes resins and soft soaps 92 Kapok seed oil from the seeds of Ceiba pentandra used as an edible oil and in soap production 93 Kenaf seed oil from the seeds of Hibiscus cannabinus An edible oil similar to cottonseed oil with a long history of use 94 95 Lallemantia oil from the seeds of Lallemantia iberica discovered at archaeological sites in northern Greece 96 Mafura oil extracted from the seeds of Trichilia emetica Used as an edible oil in Ethiopia Mafura butter extracted as part of the same process when extracting the oil is not edible and is used in soap and candle making as a body ointment as fuel and medicinally 97 Marula oil extracted from the kernel of Sclerocarya birrea Used as an edible oil with a light nutty flavor Also used in soaps Fatty acid composition is similar to that of olive oil 98 99 Meadowfoam seed oil highly stable oil with over 98 long chain fatty acids Competes with rapeseed oil for industrial applications 100 Mustard oil pressed used in India as a cooking oil Also used as a massage oil 101 Niger seed oil is obtained from the edible seeds of the Niger plant which belongs to the genus Guizotia of the family Asteraceae The botanical name of the plant is Guizotia abyssinica Cultivation for the plant originated in the Ethiopian highlands and has since spread from Malawi to India 102 nbsp Poppy seeds used to make poppyseed oilNutmeg butter extracted by expression from the fruit of cogeners of genus Myristica Nutmeg butter has a large amount of trimyristin Nutmeg oil by contrast is an essential oil extracted by steam distillation 103 Okra seed oil from Abelmoschus esculentus Composed predominantly of oleic and linoleic acids 104 The greenish yellow edible oil has a pleasant taste and odor 105 Papaya seed oil high in omega 3 and omega 6 similar in composition to olive oil 106 Not to be confused with papaya oil produced by maceration 107 Perilla seed oil high in omega 3 fatty acids Used as an edible oil for medicinal purposes in Asian herbal medicine in skin care products and as a drying oil 108 109 Persimmon seed oil extracted from the seeds of Diospyros virginiana Dark reddish brown color similar in taste to olive oil Nearly equal content of oleic and linoleic acids 110 Pequi oil extracted from the seeds of Caryocar brasiliense Used in Brazil as a highly prized cooking oil 111 Pili nut oil extracted from the seeds of Canarium ovatum Used in the Philippines as an edible oil as well as for a lamp oil 112 Pomegranate seed oil from Punica granatum seeds is very high in punicic acid which takes its name from pomegranates A topic of current medical research for treating and preventing cancer 113 114 Poppyseed oil long used for cooking in paints varnishes and soaps 115 116 117 118 Pracaxi oil extracted from the seeds of Pentaclethra macroloba Similar to peanut oil but has a high concentration of behenic acid 19 119 nbsp Virgin pracaxi oilPrune kernel oil marketed as a gourmet cooking oil 120 121 Similar in composition to peach kernel oil 122 Quinoa oil similar in composition and use to corn oil 123 Ramtil oil pressed from the seeds of the one of several species of genus Guizotia abyssinica Niger pea in India and Ethiopia 124 125 Rice bran oil is a highly stable cooking and salad oil suitable for high temperature cooking 71 126 It also has potential as a biofuel 127 Royle oil pressed from the seeds of Prinsepia utilis a wild edible oil shrub that grows in the higher Himalayas Used medicinally in Nepal 128 nbsp Shea nuts from which shea butter is pressedSacha inchi oil from the Peruvian Amazon High in behenic omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids 129 130 Sapote oil used as a cooking oil in Guatemala 131 Seje oil from the seeds of Jessenia bataua Used in South America as an edible oil similar to olive oil as well as for soaps and in the cosmetics industry 132 Shea butter much of which is produced by African women Used primarily in skin care products and as a substitute for cocoa butter in confections and cosmetics 133 134 Taramira oil from the seeds of the arugula Eruca sativa grown in West Asia and Northern India Used as a pungent edible oil after aging to remove acridity 135 136 Tea seed oil Camellia oil widely used in southern China as a cooking oil Also used in making soaps hair oils and a variety of other products 137 138 Thistle oil pressed from the seeds of Silybum marianum 139 A good potential source of special fatty acids carotenoids tocopherols phenol compounds and natural anti oxidants 140 as well as for generally improving the nutritional value of foods 141 Tigernut oil or nut sedge oil is pressed from the tuber of Cyperus esculentus It has properties similar to soybean sunflower and rapeseed oils 142 It is used in cooking and making soap 143 and has potential as a biodiesel fuel 142 Tobacco seed oil from the seeds of Nicotiana tabacum and other Nicotiana species Edible if purified 144 Tomato seed oil is a potentially valuable by product as a cooking oil from the waste seeds generated from processing tomatoes 145 Wheat germ oil used nutritionally and in cosmetic preparations high in vitamin E and octacosanol 146 Oils used for biofuel editSee also Vegetable oil fuel nbsp A flask of biodiesel nbsp Sunflower kernels nbsp Jojoba fruitA number of oils are used for biofuel biodiesel and Straight Vegetable Oil in addition to having other uses Other oils are used only as biofuel note 4 147 Although diesel engines were invented in part with vegetable oil in mind 148 diesel fuel is almost exclusively petroleum based Vegetable oils are evaluated for use as a biofuel based on Suitability as a fuel based on flash point energy content viscosity combustion products and other factors Cost based in part on yield effort required to grow and harvest and post harvest processing costMultipurpose oils also used as biofuel edit The oils listed immediately below are all primarily used for other purposes all but tung oil are edible but have been considered for use as biofuel Castor oil lower cost than many candidates Kinematic viscosity may be an issue 149 Coconut oil copra oil promising for local use in places that produce coconuts 150 Colza oil from Brassica rapa var oleifera turnip is closely related to rapeseed or canola oil It is a major source of biodiesel in Germany 151 Corn oil appealing because of the abundance of maize as a crop Cottonseed oil the subject of study for cost effectiveness as a biodiesel feedstock 152 153 False flax oil from Camelina sativa used in Europe in oil lamps until the 18th century 89 Hemp oil relatively low in emissions Production is problematic in some countries because of its association with marijuana 154 155 Mustard oil shown to be comparable to Canola oil as a biofuel 156 Palm oil very popular for biofuel but the environmental impact from growing large quantities of oil palms has recently called the use of palm oil into question 157 Peanut oil used in one of the first demonstrations of the Diesel engine in 1900 148 Radish oil Wild radish contains up to 48 oil making it appealing as a fuel 158 Rapeseed oil the most common base oil used in Europe in biodiesel production 147 Ramtil oil used for lighting in India 159 Rice bran oil appealing because of lower cost than many other vegetable oils Widely grown in Asia 160 Safflower oil explored recently as a biofuel in Montana 161 Salicornia oil from the seeds of Salicornia bigelovii a halophyte salt loving plant native to Mexico 162 Soybean oil not economical as a fuel crop but appealing as a byproduct of soybean crops for other uses 147 Sunflower oil suitable as a fuel but not necessarily cost effective 163 Tigernut oil has been described by researchers in China as having great potential as a biodiesel fuel 142 Tung oil referenced in several lists of vegetable oils that are suitable for biodiesel 164 Several factories in China produce biodiesel from tung oil 165 Inedible oils used only or primarily as biofuel edit See also Algae fuel These oils are extracted from plants that are cultivated solely for producing oil based biofuel note 5 These plus the major oils described above have received much more attention as fuel oils than other plant oils Copaiba an oleoresin tapped from species of genus Copaifera Used in Brazil as a cosmetic product and a major source of biodiesel 166 Jatropha oil widely used in India as a fuel oil Has attracted strong proponents for use as a biofuel 167 168 Jojoba oil from the Simmondsia chinensis a desert shrub 169 Milk bush popularized by chemist Melvin Calvin in the 1950s Researched in the 1980s by Petrobras the Brazilian national petroleum company 170 Nahor oil pressed from the kernels of Mesua ferrea is used in India as a lamp oil 171 Paradise oil from the seeds of Simarouba glauca has received interest in India as a feed stock for biodiesel 172 Petroleum nut oil from the Petroleum nut Pittosporum resiniferum native to the Philippines The Philippine government once explored the use of the petroleum nut as a biofuel 173 Pongamia oil also known as Honge oil extracted from Millettia pinnata and pioneered as a biofuel by Udipi Shrinivasa in Bangalore India 174 175 Drying oils editSee also Drying oil Drying oils are vegetable oils that dry to a hard finish at normal room temperature Such oils are used as the basis of oil paints and in other paint and wood finishing applications In addition to the oils listed here walnut sunflower and safflower oil are also considered to be drying oils 176 Dammar oil from the Canarium strictum used in paint as an oil drying agent 177 Can also be used as a lamp oil 178 Linseed oil s properties as a polymer make it highly suitable for wood finishing for use in oil paints as a plasticizer and hardener in putty and in making linoleum 179 When used in food or medicinally linseed oil is called flaxseed oil Poppyseed oil similar in usage to linseed oil but with better color stability 176 Stillingia oil also called Chinese vegetable tallow oil obtained by solvent from the seeds of Sapium sebiferum Used as a drying agent in paints and varnishes 180 181 Tung oil used as an industrial lubricant and highly effective drying agent Also used as a substitute for linseed oil 182 Vernonia oil is produced from the seeds of the Vernonia galamensis It is composed of 73 80 vernolic acid which can be used to make epoxies for manufacturing adhesives varnishes and paints and industrial coatings 183 Other oils editA number of pressed vegetable oils are either not edible or not used as an edible oil nbsp The fruit of the amur cork tree nbsp Castor beans are the source of castor oil nbsp Astrocaryum vulgare Tucuma oilAmur cork tree fruit oil pressed from the fruit of the Phellodendron amurense It has been studied for insecticidal use 184 185 Artichoke oil extracted from the seeds of the artichoke fruit is an unsaturated semi drying oil with potential applications in making soap shampoo alkyd resin and shoe polish 186 Astrocaryum murumuru butter is employed in lotions creams soaps hair conditioners facial masks shampoo oils and emulsions skin moisturizer products for the nutrition of the hair and restore damaged hair depilatory waxes 187 Balanos oil pressed from the seeds of Balanites aegyptiaca was used in ancient Egypt as the base for perfumes citation needed Bladderpod oil pressed from the seeds of Physaria fendleri native to North America Rich in lesquerolic acid which is chemically similar to the ricinoleic acid found in castor oil Many industrial uses Possible substitute for castor oil as it requires much less moisture than castor beans 188 Brucea javanica oil extracted from the seeds of the Brucea javanica The oil has been shown to be effective in treating certain cancers 189 190 Burdock oil Bur oil extracted from the root of the burdock Used as an herbal remedy for scalp conditions 191 Buriti oil extracted from the Mauritia flexuosa fruit is high in carotenoids and monounsaturated fatty acids and of consequent nutritional interest It is also used in the cosmetics industry 192 Candlenut oil Kukui nut oil produced in Hawai i used primarily for skin care products 193 Carrot seed oil pressed from carrot seeds used in skin care products note 6 194 Castor oil with many industrial and medicinal uses Castor beans are also a source of the toxin ricin 147 Chaulmoogra oil from the seeds of Hydnocarpus wightiana used for many centuries internally and externally to treat leprosy 195 Also used to treat secondary syphilis rheumatism scrofula and in phthisis 196 197 Crambe oil extracted from the seeds of the Crambe abyssinica High in erucic acid used as an industrial lubricant a corrosion inhibitor and as an ingredient in the manufacture of synthetic rubber 198 199 Croton oil tiglium oil is pressed from the seeds of Croton tiglium Highly toxic it was formerly used as a drastic purgative 200 Cuphea oil from a number of species of genre Cuphea Of interest as sources of medium chain triglycerides 201 Cupuacu butter is closely analogous to cocoa and is used to make white chocolate 202 Honesty oil from the seeds of Lunaria annua which contain 30 40 oil The oil is particularly rich in long chain fatty acids including erucic and nervonic acid making it suitable for certain industrial purposes 92 203 Illipe butter from the nuts of the Shorea stenoptera Similar to cocoa butter but with a higher melting point Used in cosmetics 204 205 Jojoba oil used in cosmetics as an alternative to whale oil spermaceti 206 Mango oil pressed from the stones of the mango fruit is high in stearic acid and can be used for making soap 207 Mowrah butter from the seeds of the Madhuca latifolia and Madhuca longifolia both native to India Crude Mowrah butter is used as a fat for spinning wool for making candles and soap The refined fat is used as an edible fat and vegetable ghee in India 48 Neem oil from Azadirachta indica a brownish green oil with a high sulfur content used in cosmetics for medicinal purposes and as an insecticide 208 Ojon oil extracted from the nut of the American palm Elaeis oleifera Oil extracted from both the nut and husk is also used as an edible oil in Central and South America Commercialized by a Canadian businessman in the 1990s 209 210 Passiflora edulis Passion fruit oil is extracted from the seeds and composed mainly of linoleic acid 62 with smaller amounts of oleic acid 20 and palmitic acid 7 It has varied applications in cosmetics manufacturing and for uses as a human or animal food 211 Rose hip seed oil used primarily in skin care products particularly for aging or damaged skin 212 Rubber seed oil pressed from the seeds of the Rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis has received attention as a potential use of what otherwise would be a waste product from making rubber It has been explored as a drying oil in Nigeria 213 as a diesel fuel in India 214 and as food for livestock in Cambodia and Vietnam 215 Sea buckthorn oil derived from Hippophae rhamnoides produced in northern China used primarily medicinally 216 Sea rocket seed oil from the halophyte Cakile maritima native to north Africa is high in erucic acid and therefore has potential industrial applications 217 Snowball seed oil Viburnum oil from Viburnum opulus seeds High in tocopherol carotenoides and unsaturated fatty acids Used medicinally 218 Tall oil produced as a byproduct of wood pulp manufacture A further byproduct called tall oil fatty acid TOFA is a cheap source of oleic acid 219 Tamanu or foraha oil 220 from the Calophyllum tacamahaca is important in Polynesian culture and although very expensive 220 is used for skin care 221 Tonka bean oil Cumaru oil popular ingredient in cologne used medicinally in Brazil 222 Tucuma butter is extracted from both the pulp and seed of the fruit of Astrocaryum vulgare a South American oil palm 223 The pulp oil is used as a skin conditioner The seed oil is sold for use as a cooking oil and for making soap due to its high lauric acid content 224 Ucuhuba seed oil extracted from the seeds of Virola surinamensis is unusually high in myristic acid 221 See also edit nbsp Renewable energy portal nbsp Food portalCarrier oil discusses the use of pressed vegetable oils mixed with essential oils Fatty acid discusses the components of most vegetable fats and oils International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients explains naming conventions for oils used in cosmetics and soaps List of essential oilsNotes edit Lime oil for example is distilled not pressed See Jackson p 131 Egusi is the common name of several species of melons including Citrullus vulgaris cultivars and Lagenaria sicerari The Targanine Archived 2011 10 28 at the Wayback Machine cooperative was founded by Zoubida Charrouf in the 1990s to help local poor widowed and divorced women derive an income from producing and exporting high quality argan oil See Rainer Hofer ed 2009 Sustainable Solutions for Modern Economies Royal Society of Chemistry Great Britain p 401 ISBN 978 1847559050 Ethanol and to a lesser degree methanol and butanol are the other major types of biofuel There are some plants that yield a commercial vegetable oil that are also used to make other sorts of biofuel Eucalyptus for example has been explored as a means of biomass for producing ethanol These plants are not listed here Carrot seeds are also used to obtain an essential oil with quite different properties than carrot seed pressed oil References edit 4 000 year old kitchen unearthed in Indiana Archaeo News January 26 2006 Retrieved 2011 12 30 Parwez Saroj September 2007 The Pearson Guide to the B Sc Nursing Entrance Examination Pearson Education India p 109 ISBN 978 81 317 1338 9 Robin Dand 1999 The International Cocoa Trade Woodhead Publishing p 169 ISBN 978 1 85573 434 0 Economic Research Service 1995 2011 Oil Crops Outlook United States Department of Agriculture Retrieved 2011 11 19 This publication is available via email subscription Axtell B L R M Fairman 1992 Minor oil crops FAO Retrieved 2011 10 24 Gursche Siegfried 2008 Coconut Oil Discover the Key to Vibrant Health Book Publishing Company p 12 ISBN 978 1 55312 043 8 Retrieved 2012 01 21 Food Fats and Oils PDF 9 ed Institute of Shortening and Edible Oils 2006 p 27 Retrieved 2011 11 19 a b Twenty Facts about Cottonseed Oil National Cottonseed Producers Association Archived from the original on 2015 10 17 Retrieved 2011 10 17 Palm Oil Facts Soyatech Archived from the original on 2011 10 16 Retrieved 2011 10 19 Palm oil Food dictionary Epicurious Retrieved 2011 10 19 Corporate power The palm oil biodiesel nexus Seedling July 2007 Dean Lisa L Davis Jack P Sanders Timothy H 2011 Groundnut Peanut Oil In Frank Gunstone ed Vegetable Oils in Food Technology Composition Properties and Uses John Wiley amp Sons p 225 ISBN 978 1 4443 3268 1 Retrieved 2014 10 05 Boland Michael January 2011 Safflower Agriculture Marketing Resource Center Archived from the original on 2011 10 11 Retrieved 2011 10 17 Hansen Ray August 2011 Sesame profile Agriculture Marketing Resource Center Retrieved 2011 11 19 Bennett David February 5 2003 World soybean consumption quickens Southeast Farm Press Retrieved 2014 10 05 Boland Michael Stroade Jeri August 2011 Sunflower profile Agricultural Marketing Resource Center Retrieved 2011 10 17 Axtell I Individual monographs Janick Jules Paull Robert E 2008 The encyclopedia of fruit amp nuts Cabi Publishing p 405 ISBN 978 0 85199 638 7 Retrieved 2011 11 21 Kornsteiner Krenn M Wagner KH Elmadfa I 2013 Phytosterol content and fatty acid pattern of ten different nut types Int J Vitam Nutr Res 83 5 263 70 doi 10 1024 0300 9831 a000168 PMID 25305221 Ryan E Galvin K O Connor TP Maguire AR O Brien NM 2006 Fatty acid profile tocopherol squalene and phytosterol content of brazil pecan pine pistachio and cashew nuts Int J Food Sci Nutr 57 3 4 219 28 doi 10 1080 09637480600768077 PMID 17127473 S2CID 22030871 Himejima Masaki Kubo Isao 1991 Antibacterial agents from the cashew Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae nut shell oil Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 39 2 418 21 doi 10 1021 jf00002a039 Non wood Forest Products PDF Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations p 122 ISSN 1020 3370 Omphalea triandra Useful Tropical Plants Retrieved January 24 2023 J L De Lanessan ed 1885 Les Plantes Utiles des Colonies Francaises Madhaven N 2001 Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Corylus Avellana Hazel Seed Oil Corylus Americana Hazel Seed Oil Corylus Avellana Hazel Seed Extract Corylus Americana Hazel Seed Extract Corylus Rostrata Hazel Seed Extract Corylus Avellana Hazel Leaf Extract Corylus Americana Hazel Leaf Extract 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amp Fat Industries 7 5 181 3 doi 10 1007 BF02564074 S2CID 100639068 S R J Robbins ed 1983 The Citrus Oils An Introductory Review Selected markets for the essential oils of lime lemon and orange p 17 Fenaroli Giovanni 1975 Handbook of flavor ingredients Taylor amp Francis US p 577 ISBN 978 0 87819 533 6 Rose Jeanne Hulburd John 1993 The aromatherapy book applications amp inhalations North Atlantic Books p 110 ISBN 978 1 55643 073 2 Wong Dominic W S 1989 Mechanism and theory in food chemistry Springer p 253 ISBN 978 0 442 20753 3 Retrieved 2014 10 05 Ashurst Philip R 994 Production and Packaging of Non Carbonated Fruit Juices and Fruit Beverages Springer p 81 ISBN 978 0 8342 1289 3 Retrieved 2014 10 05 Axtell Cucurbitaceae Kohno Hiroyuki Yasui Yumiko Suzuki Rikako Hosokawa Masashi Miyashita Kazuo Tanaka Takuji 2004 Dietary seed oil rich in conjugated linolenic acid from bitter melon inhibits azoxymethane induced rat colon carcinogenesis through elevation of colonic PPARg expression and 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Xianli 2010 Acai Euterpe oleracea Flavor and Health Benefits of Small Fruits ACS Symposium Series Vol 1035 pp 213 223 doi 10 1021 bk 2010 1035 ch013 ISBN 978 0 8412 2549 7 Pacheco Palencia LA Mertens Talcott S Talcott ST Jun 2008 Chemical composition antioxidant properties and thermal stability of a phytochemical enriched oil from Acai Euterpe oleracea Mart J Agric Food Chem 56 12 4631 6 doi 10 1021 jf800161u PMID 18522407 Jacobson Hilary 2004 Mother Food for Breastfeeding Mothers PageFree Publishing Inc p 364 ISBN 978 1 58961 229 7 Retrieved 2014 10 05 Worku Mulumabet Gerald Carresse 2007 C elegans Chemotaxis and Reproduction Following Environmental Exposure Proceedings of the 2007 National Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Springer ISBN 978 0 387 88482 0 Retrieved 2014 10 05 al Jawziyah Muḥammad ibn Abi Bakr Ibn Qayyim Al Jauziyah Imam Ibn Qayyim Abdullah Abdul Rahman 2003 second ed Healing with the Medicine of the Prophet Darussalam p 261 ISBN 978 9960 892 91 7 Retrieved 2014 10 05 a b c Shahidi Fereidoon 2006 Nutraceutical and specialty lipids and their co products CRC Press pp 13 14 ISBN 978 1 57444 499 5 Retrieved 2014 10 05 Shahidi Fereidoon Miraliakbari Homan 2005 Evening primrose Oenothera biennis In Paul M Coates ed Encyclopedia of dietary supplements CRC Press p 197 ISBN 978 0 8247 5504 1 Retrieved 2014 10 05 Evening Primrose Oil Drugs com Retrieved 2011 10 25 Cousens Gabriel 2009 Conscious Eating 2 ed North Atlantic Books pp 459 460 ISBN 978 1 55643 858 5 Retrieved 2014 10 05 Oomah B David Mazza G 2000 Bioactive Components of Flaxseed Occurrence and Health Benefits In Fereidoon Shahidi Chi Tang Ho eds Phytochemicals and phytopharmaceuticals The American Oil Chemists Society pp 106 116 ISBN 978 1 893997 05 9 Retrieved 2014 10 05 Pina Rodriguez AM Akoh CC June 10 2009 Enrichment of amaranth oil with ethyl palmitate at the sn 2 position by chemical and enzymatic synthesis J Agric Food Chem 57 11 4657 62 doi 10 1021 jf900242g PMID 19413361 Grieve Margaret 1931 Apricot A Modern Herbal Dover Publications ISBN 978 0 486 22798 6 Retrieved 2014 10 05 Originally published in 1931 and republished regularly since Yu Xiuzhu van de Voort Frederick R Li Zhixi Yue Tianli October 25 2007 Proximate Composition of the Apple Seed and Characterization of Its Oil International Journal of Food Engineering 3 5 doi 10 2202 1556 3758 1283 S2CID 98590230 Retrieved 2011 10 24 Jacobs Daniel 2010 The Rough Guide to Morocco Penguin p 498 ISBN 978 1 84836 977 1 Retrieved 2014 10 05 Whiley Antony William Schaffer Bruce Wolstenholme B Nigel 2002 The avocado botany production and uses CABI p 390 ISBN 978 0 85199 357 7 Retrieved 2014 10 05 Magness J R Markle G M Compton C C 1971 Food and feed crops of the United States Interregional Research Project IR 4 IR Bul 1 Bul 828 New Jersey Agr Expt Sta Retrieved 2014 10 05 quoted in Purdue New Crops Avocado oil Ash Irene 2004 Handbook of green chemicals Synapse Info Resources p 531 ISBN 978 1 890595 79 1 Retrieved 2014 10 05 a b Chu Michael Smoke Points of Various Fats Cooking for Engineers Retrieved 2011 10 20 Codex standard for named vegetable oils PDF Codex Alimentarius Codex Alimentarius Commission 2001 Retrieved 2014 10 05 Axtell Borneo tallow nut D Louppe A A Oteng Amoako M Brink eds 2008 Plant resources of tropical Africa Vol 7 PROTA p 110 ISBN 978 90 5782 209 4 Orhan I Sener B 2002 Fatty acid content of selected seed oils J Herb Pharmacother 2 3 29 33 doi 10 1080 J157v02n03 03 PMID 15277087 S2CID 26219361 Dakia Patrick Aubin Wathelet Bernard Paquot Michel 2007 Isolation and chemical evaluation of carob Ceratonia siliqua L seed germ Food Chemistry 102 4 1368 1374 doi 10 1016 j foodchem 2006 05 059 Cocoa butter Britannica Online Encyclopedia Britannica Encyclopedia article July 1998 Retrieved 2007 09 10 Maximov N 1963 Physico Chemical Investigation of Cocklebur Oil Comptes Rendus 381ff McHargue J S April 1921 Some Points of Interest Concerning the Cocklebur and Its Seeds 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Bledsoe Venita 1999 Kenaf alternative fiber the Bledsoe experience Countryside Pub Jones Glynis Valamoti Soultana M 2005 Lallemantia an imported or introduced oil plant in Bronze Age northern Greece Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 14 4 571 7 doi 10 1007 s00334 005 0004 z S2CID 128762541 van der Vossen H A M Mkamilo G S 2007 Vegetable oils Plant Resources of Tropical Africa Vol 14 Plant Resources of Tropical Africa p 172 ISBN 978 90 5782 191 2 Shackleton Sheona E Shackleton Charlie M Cunningham Tony Lombard Cyril Sullivan Caroline A Netshiluvhi Thiambi R 2002 Knowledge on Sclerocarya birrea subsp caffra with emphasis on its importance as a non timber forest product in South and southern Africa A Summary Part 1 Taxonomy ecology and role in rural livelihoods The Southern African Forestry Journal 194 1 27 41 doi 10 1080 20702620 2002 10434589 S2CID 219629203 United States National Research Council Board on Science and Technology for International Development 2008 Marula Lost Crops of Africa Fruits Vol III National Academies Press p 23 ISBN 9780309164436 Retrieved 2013 10 25 Burden Dan Meadowfoam Agricultural Marketing Resource Center Archived from the original on 2011 10 24 Retrieved 2011 10 24 Mustard oil German Transport Information System Retrieved 2011 10 22 Quinn J Myers R L 2002 Trends in new crops and new uses Nigerseed Specialty grain opportunity for Midwestern US ASHS Press pp 174 82 Retrieved 2013 10 15 Nutmeg butter Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 2011 10 24 Holser R Bost G May 2004 Hibiscus seed oil compositions Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 95 Archived from the original on 2007 11 13 Martin Franklin W 1982 Okra Potential Multiple Purpose Crop for the Temperate Zones and Tropics Economic Botany 36 3 340 345 doi 10 1007 BF02858558 S2CID 38546395 Raina Niskanen ed 2003 Crop Management and Postharvest Handling of Horticultural Products Crop Fertilization Nutrition and Growth Vol 3 Science Publishers p 178 ISBN 978 1 57808 140 0 Somonsohn Barbara 2002 Healing Power of Papaya Lotus Press p 153 ISBN 978 81 7769 066 8 Retrieved 2014 10 05 Brenner David M 1993 Perilla Botany Uses and Genetic Resources Retrieved 2011 10 24 Harborne p 102 Cloughly Cecil P Burlage Henry M August 1959 An examination of the oil of the seeds of persimmon Diospyros Virginiana L Fam Ebenaceae Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association 48 8 449 451 doi 10 1002 jps 3030480807 PMID 13672839 Axtell Caryocar spp Axtell Pili nut Stoner Gary D 2010 Berries and Cancer Prevention Springer p 218 ISBN 978 1 4419 7553 9 Retrieved 2014 10 05 Watson Ronald Ross Preedy Victor R 2010 11 11 Bioactive Foods and Extracts Cancer Treatment and Prevention Taylor amp Francis US 2010 p 60 ISBN 978 1 4398 1619 6 Lewkowitsch Julius 1914 George H Warburton ed Chemical technology and analysis of oils fats and waxes Vol 2 5 ed Macmillan p 119 Modern Technology Of Oils Fats amp Its Derivatives National Institute of Industrial Research 2002 p 105 ISBN 978 81 7833 085 3 Retrieved 2014 10 05 Creevy Bill 1999 The Oil Painting Book Materials and Techniques for Today s Artist Watson Guptill ISBN 978 0 8230 3274 7 Gonsalves John 2010 Economic botany and ethnobotany Mittal Publications p 102 ISBN 978 81 8293 067 4 Retrieved 2014 10 05 Pesce Celestino 1941 Oleaginosas da Amazonia Composto e impresso Nas ACNFP Meeting minutes 14 March 2001 Advisory Committee on Novel Foods and Processes March 14 2001 Retrieved 2011 10 22 Virgin Plum Oil cold pressed from d Agen prune seeds Vidalou Farm Retrieved 2011 10 22 Modern Technology Of Oils Fats amp Its Derivatives National Institute of Industrial Research 2002 p 108 ISBN 978 81 7833 085 3 Retrieved 2014 10 05 Koziol Michael J 1993 Quinoa A Potential New Oil Crop New Crops 2 Siegbert Uhlig ed 2007 Nug oil Encyclopaedia Aethiopica He N Otto Harrassowitz Verlag p 1202 ISBN 978 3 447 05607 6 Retrieved 2014 10 05 Getinet A Sharma S M 1996 Niger Guizotia abyssinica L f Cass Bioversity International p 35 ISBN 978 92 9043 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University of Maryland College Park ISBN 978 0 542 96237 0 Retrieved 2014 10 05 p 22 Parry p 89 Parry p 112 a b c He Yuan Zhanga Hannab Milford A Alib Yusuf Lu Nana September 1996 Yellow nut sedge Cyperus esculentus L tuber oil as a fuel Industrial Crops and Products 5 3 177 181 doi 10 1016 0926 6690 96 89446 5 Cyperus esculentus Plants for a Future Retrieved 2011 10 21 Harborne p 104 Eller F J Moser J K Kenar J A Taylor S L 2010 Extraction and Analysis of Tomato Seed Oil Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 87 7 755 762 doi 10 1007 s11746 010 1563 4 S2CID 84110753 Mrak E Emil Marcel Chichester C O Stewart George Franklin eds 1977 Advances in Food Research Vol 23 Academic Press ISBN 978 0080567686 Retrieved 2014 10 05 a b c d Bio fuels Castoroil in Archived from the original on 2011 11 13 Retrieved 2011 11 19 a b Lee Sunggyu Shah Y T 2012 Biofuels and Bioenergy Processes and Technologies CRC Press p 41 ISBN 978 1420089554 Retrieved 2014 10 05 Castor Oil as Biodiesel amp Biofuel CastorOil in Archived from the original on 2011 11 13 Retrieved 2011 10 24 Cloin Jan Coconut Oil as a Biofuel in Pacific Islands Challenges amp Opportunities PDF South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission Retrieved 2011 11 19 Kraminska N Teleto O The as the way to energy safety of the economy of the Ukraine PDF Sumy State University Sumy Ukraine Retrieved 2011 11 19 Morgan Ben Economic Analysis and Feasibility of Cottonseed Oil as a Biodiesel Feedstock PDF Texas Tech University Industrial Engineering Department Archived from the original PDF on 2011 11 22 Retrieved 2011 11 19 Laws Forrest August 29 2007 Can cottonseed join biodiesel race Southeast Farm Press Retrieved 2011 11 19 Deitch Robert 2003 Hemp American history revisited the plant with a divided history Algora Publishing p 223 ISBN 978 0 87586 205 7 Retrieved 2014 10 05 hemp oil Benhaim Paul 2003 Hemp as a Biofueld H E M P Healthy Eating Made Possible Raw With Life pp 76 77 ISBN 978 1 901250 64 0 Retrieved 2014 10 05 Peterson C L Thompson J Jones S Hollenback D November 2001 Biodiesel from Yellow Mustard Oil U S Department of Transportation Archived from the original on 2012 04 03 Retrieved 2013 10 25 Office of University Research and Education Jackson Wes Fall 1999 Clearcutting the Last Wilderness The Land Report 65 Hobbs Steve Bio diesel farming for the future Australian Agronomy Society Archived from the original on 2011 11 21 Retrieved 2011 10 22 Axtell Noog abyssinia Rachmaniah Orchidea Ju Yi Hsu Vali Shaik Ramjan Tjondronegoro Ismojowati Musfil A S 2004 A Study on Acid Catalyzed Transesterification of Crude Rice Bran Oil for Biodiesel Production PDF World Energy Congress 19 Archived from the original PDF on 2014 10 10 Retrieved 2011 11 19 Chef Boy Ari January 5 2006 Safflower Oil in your Tank The Durango Telegraph Archived from the original on March 4 2016 Retrieved 2011 10 22 Dickenson Marty July 10 2008 The old man who farms with the sea Los Angeles Times Retrieved 2011 10 24 Peterson Charles L Auld Dick L 1991 Technical Overview of Vegetable Oil as a Transportation Fuel FACT Solid Fuel Conversion for the Transportation Sector 12 Journey to Forever Bio diesel Yield Retrieved 2011 10 24 Farago Robert July 15 2008 China Builds Tung Tree Oil Biodiesel Plants The Truth about Cars Retrieved 2011 11 19 Duke Handbook Copaifera langsdorfii Desf Kanter James 2011 12 30 Air New Zealand Flies on Engine With Jatropha Biofuel Blend The New York Times Pramanik K February 2003 Properties and use of jatropha curcas oil and diesel fuel blends in compression ignition engine Renewable Energy 28 2 239 248 doi 10 1016 S0960 1481 02 00027 7 Duke Handbook Simmondsia chinensis Duke Handbook Euphorbia tirucalli Salunkhe p 522 Lakshmi Taru tree answer to climate change problems experts oneIndia News April 15 2007 Retrieved 2011 11 05 Duke Handbook Pittosporum resiniferum Chandraju S Prathima B K 2003 Ethyl ester of pongamia Honge oil ecologically safe fuel Chemical amp Environmental Research 12 3 amp 4 ISSN 0971 2151 Archived from the original on 2015 06 10 Retrieved 2013 10 08 Ramoo S K April 6 2001 A case for Honge oil as substitute for diesel The Hindu Archived from the original on October 6 2014 Retrieved 2011 06 19 a b The Encyclopedia of Painting Materials Drying oils Retrieved 2011 10 24 Smyth Herbert Warington 1906 Mast amp Sail in Europe amp Asia E P Dutton p 416 Retrieved 2011 10 19 dammar Mentions the use of dammar oil in marine paints Database of Oil Yielding Plants Postell Jim Gesimondo Nancy 2011 Materiality and Interior Construction John Wiley and Sons p 137 ISBN 978 1 118 01969 6 Retrieved 2012 01 21 Vegetable and Animal Oils and Fats Definition and Classification of Commodities FAO 1992 Retrieved 2011 10 24 Axtell Chinese vegetable tallow Commodity Research Bureau 2007 The CRB Commodity Yearbook 2007 John Wiley and Sons p 288 ISBN 978 0 470 08015 3 Retrieved 2011 10 24 Teynor T M 1992 Vernonia Alternative Field Crops Manual Retrieved 2011 10 24 Schery Robert W 1972 Plants for man Prentice Hall p 325 ISBN 978 0 13 681254 8 Schechter M S Haller H L 1943 The insecticidal principle in the fruit of Amur corktree Phellodendron amurense Journal of Organic Chemistry 8 2 194 197 doi 10 1021 jo01190a012 Miceli A De Leo P September 1996 Extraction characterization and utilization of artichoke seed oil Bioresource Technology 57 3 301 302 doi 10 1016 S0960 8524 96 00075 2 PLANTAS DA AMAZONIA PARA PRODUCAO COSMETICA uma abordagem quimica 60 especies do extrativismo florestal nao madeireiro da Amazonia Floriano Pastore Jr coord Vanessa Fernandes de Araujo et al Brasilia 2005 244 p Kleiman R 1990 J Janick J E Simon eds Chemistry of new industrial oilseed crops Advances in New Crops 196 203 Retrieved 2011 10 24 Zhang Hong Yang Jing Yu Zhou Fan Wang Li Hui Zhang Wen Sha Sha Wu Chun Fu 2011 Seed Oil of Brucea javanica Induces Apoptotic Death of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells via Both the Death Receptors and the Mitochondrial Related Pathways Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011 1 14 doi 10 1155 2011 965016 PMC 3132896 PMID 21760826 Lou Guo Guang Yao Hang Ping Xie Li Ping 2010 Brucea javanica Oil Induces Apoptosis in T24 Bladder Cancer Cells via Upregulation of Caspase 3 Caspase 9 and Inhibition of NF kB and COX 2 Expressions The American Journal of Chinese Medicine 38 3 613 24 doi 10 1142 S0192415X10008093 PMID 20503476 Duke James A 1997 The green pharmacy new discoveries in herbal remedies for common diseases and conditions from the world s foremost authority on healing herbs Rodale ISBN 978 0 87596 316 7 Retrieved 2014 10 05 Rostagno Mauricio A Prado Juliana M 2013 Natural Product Extraction Principles and Applications Royal Society of Chemistry p 35 ISBN 978 1849736060 Retrieved 2015 02 27 Elevitch Craig R Manner Harley I 2006 Traditional trees of Pacific Islands their culture environment and use PAR p 53 ISBN 978 0 9702544 5 0 Retrieved 2014 10 05 Yu Lucy Liangli Zhou Kevin Kequan Parry John 2005 Antioxidant properties of cold pressed black caraway carrot cranberry and hemp seed oils Food Chemistry 91 4 723 729 doi 10 1016 j foodchem 2004 06 044 ISSN 0308 8146 INIST 16541373 Axtell Chaulmoogra Felter Harvey Wickes Lloyd John Uri 1898 Gynocardia Chaulmoogra King s American Dispensatory Retrieved 2011 10 24 Cottle Wyndham 28 June 1879 Chaulmoogra Oil in Leprosy The British Medical Journal 1 965 968 969 doi 10 1136 bmj 1 965 968 JSTOR 25251370 PMC 2239681 PMID 20749243 Oplinger E S 1991 Crambe Alternative Field Crops Manual Retrieved 2011 10 24 Salunkhe p 488 Harborne Jeffrey B Baxter Herbert 2001 Chemical dictionary of economic plants John Wiley and Sons p 99 ISBN 978 0 471 49226 9 Retrieved 2014 10 05 Kleiman Robert 1990 Chemistry of New Industrial Oilseed Crops Advances in New Crops 196 203 Retrieved 2011 10 24 Food and Fruit bearing Forest Species Examples from Latin America FAO 1986 pp 298 ISBN 978 9251023723 Martin R J Porter N G Deo B 2005 Initial studies on seed oil composition of Calendula and Lunaria PDF Agronomy N Z 35 Archived from the original PDF on 2015 01 13 Goreja W G 2004 Comparison of Shea Butter to Other Oils and Emollients Shea Butter The Nourishing Properties of Africa s Best Kept Natural Beauty Secret TNC International Inc p 20 ISBN 978 0 9742962 5 8 Retrieved 2014 10 05 Kochhar S Prakash 2011 Minor and Specialty Oils In Frank Gunstone ed Vegetable Oils in Food Technology Composition Properties and Uses John Wiley amp Sons p 323 ISBN 978 1 4443 3268 1 Retrieved 2014 10 05 Black Michael Bewle J Derek eds 2000 Seed Technology and Its Biological Basis CRC Press p 149 ISBN 978 0849397493 Retrieved 2014 10 05 Morton Julia F 1987 Mango Fruits of Warm Climates J F Morton ISBN 978 0 9610184 1 2 Retrieved 2014 10 05 Puri Harbans Singh 1999 Neem the divine tree Azadirachta indica CRC Press p 74ff ISBN 978 90 5702 348 4 Retrieved 2011 11 15 See Ojon com Web site Ojon com Archived from the original on 2011 02 26 Retrieved 2011 11 19 Munguia Osvaldo Collins Judith December 5 2005 Ojon Oil Footsteps 65 Pruthi J 1963 Physiology Chemistry and Technology of Passion Fruit Vol 12 p 268 doi 10 1016 s0065 2628 08 60009 9 ISBN 9780080567570 PMID 14280862 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a journal ignored help Scott Timothy Lee Buhner Stephen Harrod 2010 Invasive Plant Medicine The Ecological Benefits and Healing Abilities of Invasives Inner Traditions Bear amp Co ISBN 978 1 59477 305 1 Retrieved 2014 10 05 Rubber Seed Oil Finding Uses for a Waste Product Nigeria International Development Research Centre May 29 2000 Archived from the original on April 2 2012 Retrieved 2011 10 24 Ramadha A S Jayaraj S Muraleedharan C April 2003 Characterization and effect of using rubber seed oil as fuel in the compression ignition engines Renewable Energy 20 5 795 803 doi 10 1016 j renene 2004 07 002 Bui Huy Như Phuc March 25 28 2003 Reg Preston Brian Ogle eds Ileal digestibility of coconut oil meal and rubber seed oil meal in growing pigs Proceedings of Final National Seminar Workshop on Sustainable Livestock Production on Local Feed Resources Archived from the original on 2011 10 08 Retrieved 2011 10 24 Dharmananda Subhuti Sea buckthorn Institute for Traditional Medicine Retrieved 2011 10 24 Zarouk M El Almi H Ben Youssef N Sleimi N Smaoui A Bin Miled D Abdelly C 2003 Lipid Composition of Seeds of Local Halophytes Cakile maritima Zygophyllum album and Crithmum maritimum In Helmut Lieth Marina Mochtchenko eds Cash crop halophytes recent studies 10 years after the Al Ain meeting Springer p 124 ISBN 978 1 4020 1202 0 Retrieved 2013 10 25 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Grebneva E V Nesterova O V July 25 2006 Berry Marc Oils as Untraditional Resourse for Functional Food and Fitopreparation In Danik M Martirosyan ed Functional Foods for Chronic Diseases D amp A p 152 ISBN 978 0 9767535 2 0 Panda Himadri 2002 Tall Oil and its Derivatives The Complete Technology Book On Natural Products Forest Based Asia Pacific Business Press pp 361 376 ISBN 978 81 7833 072 3 Retrieved 2014 10 05 a b D Louppe A A Oteng Amoako M Brink eds 2008 Plant resources of tropical Africa Vol 7 PROTA ISBN 978 90 5782 209 4 a b Gunstone F D Harwood John L Dijkstra Albert J 2007 The lipid handbook with CD ROM CRC Press p 86 ISBN 978 0 8493 9688 5 Retrieved 2014 10 05 Duke James A DuCellier Judith L 1993 CRC handbook of alternative cash crops CRC Press p 238 ISBN 978 0 8493 3620 1 Pesce Celestino 2009 Oleaginosas da Amazonia Belem Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi p 334 ISBN 978 85 61377 06 9 Smith Nigel 2014 Palms and People in the Amazon Springer p 81 ISBN 978 3319055091 Further reading edit Fats and Cholesterol Out with the Bad In with the Good The Nutrition Source Harvard School of Public Health Retrieved 2011 10 22 Bulk Oil Trading Archived from the original on 2006 07 18 Retrieved 2006 07 25 An older version of this site was very helpful in making this list more comprehensive Vegetable Oil Yields and Characteristics Retrieved 2011 10 24 Compiles useful information on vegetable oils from a number of sources Castor Oil Archived from the original on 2006 07 15 Retrieved 2006 07 25 The site contains a large set of resources on castor oil and many other oils particularly those used to make biodiesel Botanical Garden of Indian Republic BGIR April 5 2004 Database of Oil Yielding Plants PDF Botanical Survey of India Archived from the original PDF on 2011 07 21 Retrieved 2010 10 19 List of about 300 plants that grow in India and that yield oil Also includes common names in languages spoken in India Macmillan H F 1989 Oils and Vegetable Fats Handbook of Tropical Plants Herbdata New Zealand ISBN 978 81 7041 177 2 Archived from the original on 2011 07 21 Old reference with basic information on an unusually large variety of plant oils Ashurst P R 1999 Food Flavorings Springer ISBN 978 0 8342 1621 1 Retrieved 2014 10 05 Comprehensive information on cooking oils that are used for flavoring foods Duke James A 1982 Handbook of Energy Crops Purdue University Center for New Crops Retrieved 2011 11 19 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of vegetable oils amp oldid 1202551917, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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